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Cartus AT, Lachenmeier DW, Guth S, Roth A, Baum M, Diel P, Eisenbrand G, Engeli B, Hellwig M, Humpf HU, Joost HG, Kulling SE, Lampen A, Marko D, Steinberg P, Wätjen W, Hengstler JG, Mally A. Acetaldehyde as a Food Flavoring Substance: Aspects of Risk Assessment. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200661. [PMID: 37840378 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) has reviewed the currently available data in order to assess the health risks associated with the use of acetaldehyde as a flavoring substance in foods. Acetaldehyde is genotoxic in vitro. Following oral intake of ethanol or inhalation exposure to acetaldehyde, systemic genotoxic effects of acetaldehyde in vivo cannot be ruled out (induction of DNA adducts and micronuclei). At present, the key question of whether acetaldehyde is genotoxic and mutagenic in vivo after oral exposure cannot be answered conclusively. There is also insufficient data on human exposure. Consequently, it is currently not possible to reliably assess the health risk associated with the use of acetaldehyde as a flavoring substance. However, considering the genotoxic potential of acetaldehyde as well as numerous data gaps that need to be filled to allow a comprehensive risk assessment, the SKLM considers that the use of acetaldehyde as a flavoring may pose a safety concern. For reasons of precautionary consumer protection, the SKLM recommends that the scientific base for approval of the intentional addition of acetaldehyde to foods as a flavoring substance should be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr, 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Angelika Roth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr, 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthias Baum
- Solenis Germany Industries GmbH, Fütingsweg 20, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Engeli
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Special Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Risk Assessment Strategies, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Wätjen
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr, 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
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Jokipii Krueger CC, Moran E, Tessier KM, Tretyakova NY. Isotope Labeling Mass Spectrometry to Quantify Endogenous and Exogenous DNA Adducts and Metabolites of 1,3-Butadiene In Vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1409-1418. [PMID: 37477250 PMCID: PMC11009968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to known carcinogen 1,3-butadiene (BD) is common due to its high concentrations in automobile exhaust, cigarette smoke, and forest fires, as well as its widespread use in the polymer industry. The adverse health effects of BD are mediated by epoxide metabolites such as 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), which reacts with DNA to form 1-hydroxyl-3-buten-1-yl adducts on DNA nucleobases. EB-derived mercapturic acids (1- and 2-(N-acetyl-l-cysteine-S-yl)-1-hydroxybut-3-ene (MHBMA) and N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-l-cysteine (DHBMA)) and urinary N7-(1-hydroxyl-3-buten-1-yl) guanine DNA adducts (EB-GII) have been used as biomarkers of BD exposure and cancer risk in smokers and occupationally exposed workers. However, low but significant levels of MHBMA, DHBMA, and EB-GII have been reported in unexposed cultured cells, animals, and humans, suggesting that these metabolites and adducts may form endogenously and complicate risk assessment of butadiene exposure. In the present work, stable isotope labeling in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to accurately quantify endogenous and exogenous butadiene metabolites and DNA adducts in vivo. Laboratory rats were exposed to 0.3, 0.5, or 3 ppm of BD-d6 by inhalation, and the amounts of endogenous (d0) and exogenous (d6) DNA adducts and metabolites were quantified in tissues and urine by isotope dilution capillary liquid chromatography/high resolution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (capLC-ESI-HRMS/MS). Our results reveal that EB-GII adducts and MHBMA originate exclusively from exogenous exposure to BD, while substantial amounts of DHBMA are formed endogenously. Urinary EB-GII concentrations were associated with genomic EB-GII levels in tissues of the same animals. Our findings confirm that EB-GII and MHBMA are specific biomarkers of exposure to BD, while endogenous DHBMA predominates at sub-ppm exposures to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C. Jokipii Krueger
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Erik Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Katelyn M. Tessier
- Masonic Cancer Center, Biostatistics Core, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Natalia Y. Tretyakova
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
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Stellungnahme zu Acetaldehyd als Aromastoff: Aspekte der Risikobewertung. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-022-01386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOpinion on acetaldehyde as a flavouring substance: considerations for risk assessmentAcetaldehyde occurs naturally in many foods and is also used as a flavouring due to its fruity aroma. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified acetaldehyde as possibly carcinogenic to humans and, in combination with oral intake via alcoholic beverages, as carcinogenic to humans. Therefore, the question arises whether the use of acetaldehyde as a flavouring agent is still justifiable. The Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) reviewed the scientific basis for health risk assessment of the use of acetaldehyde as a flavouring substance and adopted an opinion. Based on the available data, it is at present not possible to conclude if acetaldehyde is genotoxic and mutagenic in vivo after oral exposure. There is also uncertainty regarding the contribution of acetaldehyde as a flavouring substance to the overall exposure to acetaldehyde. Therefore, a science-based assessment on health risk related to the use of acetaldehyde as a flavouring is not possible at present. Considering the genotoxic potential as well as numerous data gaps that need to be closed for a full risk assessment, the SKLM is concerned about the safety of acetaldehyde as a flavouring substance. For reasons of precautionary consumer protection, the SKLM considers that the use of acetaldehyde as a food additive should be re-evaluated.
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The role of endogenous versus exogenous sources in the exposome of putative genotoxins and consequences for risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1297-1352. [PMID: 35249149 PMCID: PMC9013691 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe “totality” of the human exposure is conceived to encompass life-associated endogenous and exogenous aggregate exposures. Process-related contaminants (PRCs) are not only formed in foods by heat processing, but also occur endogenously in the organism as physiological components of energy metabolism, potentially also generated by the human microbiome. To arrive at a comprehensive risk assessment, it is necessary to understand the contribution of in vivo background occurrence as compared to the ingestion from exogenous sources. Hence, this review provides an overview of the knowledge on the contribution of endogenous exposure to the overall exposure to putative genotoxic food contaminants, namely ethanol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrylamide, acrolein, α,β-unsaturated alkenals, glycation compounds, N-nitroso compounds, ethylene oxide, furans, 2- and 3-MCPD, and glycidyl esters. The evidence discussed herein allows to conclude that endogenous formation of some contaminants appears to contribute substantially to the exposome. This is of critical importance for risk assessment in the cases where endogenous exposure is suspected to outweigh the exogenous one (e.g. formaldehyde and acrolein).
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Hsiao YC, Liu CW, Hoffman G, Fang C, Lu K. Molecular Dosimetry of DNA Adducts in Rats Exposed to Vinyl Acetate Monomer. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:197-207. [PMID: 34904679 PMCID: PMC8795904 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) is heavily used to synthesize polymers. Previous studies have shown that inhaled VAM, being metabolized to acetaldehyde, may form DNA adducts including N2-ethylidene-deoxyguanosine (N2-EtD-dG), which may subsequently cause mutations and contribute to its carcinogenesis. Currently, there is little knowledge on the molecular dosimetry between VAM exposure and DNA adducts under dosages relevant to human exposure. In this study, 0.02, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, 200, and 600 ppm VAM were exposed to rats by inhalation for 14 days (6 h/day). The use of [13C2]-VAM allows unambiguous differentiation and quantification of the exogenous and endogenous N2-EtD-dG by highly sensitive LC-MS/MS. Our data indicate that VAM-induced exogenous DNA adducts were formed in a non-linear manner. Exogenous DNA adducts were only detected in the nasal epithelium of rats exposed to 10, 50, 200, and 600 ppm VAM, whereas endogenous adducts were found in all nasal and other tissues analyzed. In addition, ratios of exogenous/endogenous DNA adducts were less than 1 with the dose up to 50 ppm, indicating that endogenous DNA adducts are predominant at low VAM concentrations. Moreover, differential dose-response in terms of exogenous DNA adduct formation were observed between nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelium. Furthermore, the lack of exogenous DNA adducts in distant tissues, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells, liver, brain, and bone marrow, indicates that VAM and/or its metabolite do not distribute systemically to cause DNA damage in distant tissues. Together, these results provided new molecular dosimetry to improve science-based cancer risk assessments of VAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Gary Hoffman
- Covance CRS, LLC, Somerset, New Jersey, 08873, United States
| | - Caroline Fang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
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Liu CW, Hsiao YC, Hoffman G, Lu K. LC-MS/MS Analysis of the Formation and Loss of DNA Adducts in Rats Exposed to Vinyl Acetate Monomer through Inhalation. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:793-803. [PMID: 33486946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Formation of DNA adducts is a key event during carcinogenesis. DNA adducts, if not repaired properly, can lead to mutations and cancer. DNA adducts have been frequently used as biomarkers to evaluate chemical exposure. Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) is widely used in the manufacture of various industrial polymers. Previous studies have documented that VAM induced nasal tumors in rodents exposed to high exposure levels of VAM. VAM is metabolized by carboxylesterase to acetaldehyde (AA), which subsequently results in DNA adducts. However, AA is also an endogenous metabolite in living cells, which impedes accurate assessment of the contribution of VAM exposure under the substantial endogenous background. To address this challenge, we exposed rats to stable isotope labeled [13C2]-VAM at 50, 200, and 400 ppm through inhalation for 6 h, followed by DNA adduct analysis in nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelia with highly sensitive mass spectrometry. Our results show that exogenous N2-ethyl-dG adducts were present in all rats exposed to [13C2]-VAM, with over 2-fold higher DNA adducts in nasal respiratory epithelium than olfactory epithelium. Our data also show that N2-ethyl-dG is a more sensitive biomarker to assess VAM exposure than 1,N2-propano-dG adducts. Moreover, a very low amount of exogenous N2-ethyl-dG adducts were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples of exposed rats, suggesting that only an extremely small percentage of [13C2]-VAM or its metabolite may enter into systemic circulation to potentially damage tissues beyond nasal epithelium. Furthermore, exogenous N2-ethyl-dG DNA adducts undergo rapid repair or spontaneous loss in nasal epithelium of exposed rats. Taken together, the results presented herein provide novel quantitative data and lay the foundation for future studies to improve risk assessment of VAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gary Hoffman
- Covance CRS, LLC, 100 Mettlers Road, Somerset, New Jersey 08873, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Hande V, Teo K, Srikanth P, Wong JSM, Sethu S, Martinez-Lopez W, Hande MP. Investigations on the new mechanism of action for acetaldehyde-induced clastogenic effects in human lung fibroblasts. Mutat Res 2020; 861-862:503303. [PMID: 33551104 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde (AA) has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, WHO) and by the US Environmental Protection Agency due to its ability to cause tumours following inhalation or alcohol consumption in animals. Humans are constantly exposed to AA through inhalation from the environment through cigarette smoke, vehicle fumes and industrial emissions as well as by persistent alcohol ingestion. Individuals with deficiencies in the enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of AA are more susceptible to its toxicity and constitute a vulnerable human population. Studies have shown that AA induces DNA damage and cytogenetic abnormalities. A study was undertaken to elucidate the clastogenic effects induced by AA and any preceding DNA damage that occurs in normal human lung fibroblasts as this will further validate the detrimental effects of inhalation exposure to AA. AA exposure induced DNA damage, involving DNA double strand breaks, which could possibly occur at the telomeric regions as well, resulting in a clastogenic effect and subsequent genomic instability, which contributed to the cell cycle arrest. The clastogenic effect induced by AA in human lung fibroblasts was evidenced by micronuclei induction and chromosomal aberrations, including those at the telomeric regions. Co-localisation between the DNA double strand breaks and telomeric regions was observed, suggesting possible induction of DNA double strand breaks due to AA exposure at the telomeric regions as a new mechanism beyond the clastogenic effect of AA. From the cell cycle profile following AA exposure, a G2/M phase arrest and a decrease in cell viability were also detected. Therefore, these effects due to AA exposure via inhalation may have implications in the development of carcinogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith Teo
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Prarthana Srikanth
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jane See Mei Wong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swaminathan Sethu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Wilner Martinez-Lopez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay; Associate Unit on Genomic Stability, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay; Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India; Mangalore University, India; Tembusu College, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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8
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Dingler FA, Wang M, Mu A, Millington CL, Oberbeck N, Watcham S, Pontel LB, Kamimae-Lanning AN, Langevin F, Nadler C, Cordell RL, Monks PS, Yu R, Wilson NK, Hira A, Yoshida K, Mori M, Okamoto Y, Okuno Y, Muramatsu H, Shiraishi Y, Kobayashi M, Moriguchi T, Osumi T, Kato M, Miyano S, Ito E, Kojima S, Yabe H, Yabe M, Matsuo K, Ogawa S, Göttgens B, Hodskinson MRG, Takata M, Patel KJ. Two Aldehyde Clearance Systems Are Essential to Prevent Lethal Formaldehyde Accumulation in Mice and Humans. Mol Cell 2020; 80:996-1012.e9. [PMID: 33147438 PMCID: PMC7758861 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive aldehydes arise as by-products of metabolism and are normally cleared by multiple families of enzymes. We find that mice lacking two aldehyde detoxifying enzymes, mitochondrial ALDH2 and cytoplasmic ADH5, have greatly shortened lifespans and develop leukemia. Hematopoiesis is disrupted profoundly, with a reduction of hematopoietic stem cells and common lymphoid progenitors causing a severely depleted acquired immune system. We show that formaldehyde is a common substrate of ALDH2 and ADH5 and establish methods to quantify elevated blood formaldehyde and formaldehyde-DNA adducts in tissues. Bone-marrow-derived progenitors actively engage DNA repair but also imprint a formaldehyde-driven mutation signature similar to aging-associated human cancer mutation signatures. Furthermore, we identify analogous genetic defects in children causing a previously uncharacterized inherited bone marrow failure and pre-leukemic syndrome. Endogenous formaldehyde clearance alone is therefore critical for hematopoiesis and in limiting mutagenesis in somatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A Dingler
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Meng Wang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anfeng Mu
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Nina Oberbeck
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Sam Watcham
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lucas B Pontel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET, Polo Científico Tecnológico, Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Frederic Langevin
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Camille Nadler
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Rebecca L Cordell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Paul S Monks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nicola K Wilson
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Asuka Hira
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minako Mori
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okamoto
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Muramatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- Section of Genome Analysis Platform, Center for Cancer Genomic and Advanced Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Hematology, Kyoto Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tomoo Osumi
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kato
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Seiji Kojima
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yabe
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Miharu Yabe
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Analytical Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Sweden; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK; MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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9
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Hartwig A, Arand M, Epe B, Guth S, Jahnke G, Lampen A, Martus HJ, Monien B, Rietjens IMCM, Schmitz-Spanke S, Schriever-Schwemmer G, Steinberg P, Eisenbrand G. Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1787-1877. [PMID: 32542409 PMCID: PMC7303094 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic substances in food and at the workplace are still present and often not completely avoidable. The distinction between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens has traditionally been regarded as particularly relevant for risk assessment, with the assumption of the existence of no-effect concentrations (threshold levels) in case of the latter group. In contrast, genotoxic carcinogens, their metabolic precursors and DNA reactive metabolites are considered to represent risk factors at all concentrations since even one or a few DNA lesions may in principle result in mutations and, thus, increase tumour risk. Within the current document, an updated risk evaluation for genotoxic carcinogens is proposed, based on mechanistic knowledge regarding the substance (group) under investigation, and taking into account recent improvements in analytical techniques used to quantify DNA lesions and mutations as well as "omics" approaches. Furthermore, wherever possible and appropriate, special attention is given to the integration of background levels of the same or comparable DNA lesions. Within part A, fundamental considerations highlight the terms hazard and risk with respect to DNA reactivity of genotoxic agents, as compared to non-genotoxic agents. Also, current methodologies used in genetic toxicology as well as in dosimetry of exposure are described. Special focus is given on the elucidation of modes of action (MOA) and on the relation between DNA damage and cancer risk. Part B addresses specific examples of genotoxic carcinogens, including those humans are exposed to exogenously and endogenously, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the corresponding alcohols as well as some alkylating agents, ethylene oxide, and acrylamide, but also examples resulting from exogenous sources like aflatoxin B1, allylalkoxybenzenes, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), benzo[a]pyrene and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Additionally, special attention is given to some carcinogenic metal compounds, which are considered indirect genotoxins, by accelerating mutagenicity via interactions with the cellular response to DNA damage even at low exposure conditions. Part C finally encompasses conclusions and perspectives, suggesting a refined strategy for the assessment of the carcinogenic risk associated with an exposure to genotoxic compounds and addressing research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Schriever-Schwemmer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Retired Senior Professor for Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
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10
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Sobh A, Loguinov A, Stornetta A, Balbo S, Tagmount A, Zhang L, Vulpe CD. Genome-Wide CRISPR Screening Identifies the Tumor Suppressor Candidate OVCA2 As a Determinant of Tolerance to Acetaldehyde. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:235-245. [PMID: 31059574 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaldehyde, a metabolite of ethanol, is a cellular toxicant and a human carcinogen. A genome-wide CRISPR-based loss-of-function screen in erythroleukemic K562 cells revealed candidate genetic contributors affecting acetaldehyde cytotoxicity. Secondary screening exposing cells to a lower acetaldehyde dose simultaneously validated multiple candidate genes whose loss results in increased sensitivity to acetaldehyde. Disruption of genes encoding components of various DNA repair pathways increased cellular sensitivity to acetaldehyde. Unexpectedly, the tumor suppressor gene OVCA2, whose function is unknown, was identified in our screen as a determinant of acetaldehyde tolerance. Disruption of the OVCA2 gene resulted in increased acetaldehyde sensitivity and higher accumulation of the acetaldehyde-derived DNA adduct N2-ethylidene-dG. Together these results are consistent with a role for OVCA2 in adduct removal and/or DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sobh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, Comparative Biochemistry Program, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Alex Loguinov
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alessia Stornetta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Abderrahmane Tagmount
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Chris D Vulpe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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11
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Nakamura J, Nakamura M. DNA-protein crosslink formation by endogenous aldehydes and AP sites. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 88:102806. [PMID: 32070903 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covalent binding between proteins and a DNA strand produces DNA-protein crosslinks (DPC). DPC are one of the most deleterious types of DNA damage, leading to the blockage of DNA replication and transcription. Both DNA lesions and endogenous products with carbonyl functional groups can produce DPC in genomic DNA under normal physiological conditions. For example, formaldehyde, the most abundant endogenous human carcinogen, and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites, the most common type of endogenous DNA lesions, has been shown to crosslink proteins and/or DNA through their carbonyl functional groups. Unfortunately, compared to other types of DNA damage, DPC have been less studied and understood. However, a recent advancement has allowed researchers to determine accurate yields of various DNA lesions including formaldehyde-derived DPC with high sensitivity and specificity, paving the way for new developments in this field of research. Here, we review the current literature and remaining unanswered questions on DPC formation by endogenous formaldehyde and various aldehydic 2-deoxyribose lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakamura
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mai Nakamura
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Huang SJ, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Electronic cigarette: A recent update of its toxic effects on humans. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4466-4478. [PMID: 29215738 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), battery-powered and liquid-vaporizing devices, were invented to replace the conventional cigarette (c-cigarette) smoking for the sake of reducing the adverse effects on multiple organ systems that c-cigarettes have induced. Although some of the identified harmful components in e-cigarettes were alleged to be measured in lower quantity than those in c-cigarettes, researchers unveiled that the toxic effects of e-cigarettes should not be understated. This review is sought for an attempt to throw light on several typical types of e-cigarette components (tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carbonyl compounds, and volatile organic compounds) by revealing their possible impacts on human bodies through different action mechanisms characterized by alteration of specific biomarkers on cellular and molecular levels. In addition, this review is intended to draw the limelight that like c-cigarettes, e-cigarettes could also be accompanied with toxic effects on whole human body, which are especially apparent on respiratory system. From head to foot, from physical aspect to chemical aspect, from genotype to phenotype, potential alterations will take place upon the intake of the liquid aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jie Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Andy T Y Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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13
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Chu AHA, Saati AE, Scarcelli JJ, Cornell RJ, Porter TJ. Reactivity-driven cleanup of 2-Aminobenzamide derivatized oligosaccharides. Anal Biochem 2018; 546:23-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Bevan RJ, Harrison PT. Threshold and non-threshold chemical carcinogens: A survey of the present regulatory landscape. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 88:291-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Soni SK, Kabir KMM, Babarao R, Coyle VE, Sarkar S, Sabri YM, Bhargava SK. A QCM-based ‘on–off’ mechanistic study of gas adsorption by plasmid DNA and DNA–[Bmim][PF6] construct. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14759c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the adsorption behavior of disease markers such as ammonia (NH3) and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) with biomaterials has been presented to enable the development of self-diagnosis technologies, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Kumar Soni
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - K. M. Mohibul Kabir
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Ravichandar Babarao
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship
- Australia
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
| | - Victoria E. Coyle
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Sampa Sarkar
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Ylias M. Sabri
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Suresh K. Bhargava
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
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16
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Greim H, Albertini RJ. Cellular response to the genotoxic insult: the question of threshold for genotoxic carcinogens. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of cellular integrity is crucial for its physiological function, which is constantly threatened by DNA damage arising from numerous intrinsic and environmental sources.
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17
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LoPachin RM, Gavin T. Molecular mechanisms of aldehyde toxicity: a chemical perspective. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1081-91. [PMID: 24911545 PMCID: PMC4106693 DOI: 10.1021/tx5001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes are electrophilic compounds to which humans are pervasively exposed. Despite a significant health risk due to exposure, the mechanisms of aldehyde toxicity are poorly understood. This ambiguity is likely due to the structural diversity of aldehyde derivatives and corresponding differences in chemical reactions and biological targets. To gain mechanistic insight, we have used parameters based on the hard and soft, acids and bases (HSAB) theory to profile the different aldehyde subclasses with respect to electronic character (softness, hardness), electrophilic reactivity (electrophilic index), and biological nucleophilic targets. Our analyses indicate that short chain aldehydes and longer chain saturated alkanals are hard electrophiles that cause toxicity by forming adducts with hard biological nucleophiles, e.g., primary nitrogen groups on lysine residues. In contrast, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives, alkenals, and the α-oxoaldehydes are soft electrophiles that preferentially react with soft nucleophilic thiolate groups on cysteine residues. The aldehydes can therefore be grouped into subclasses according to common electronic characteristics (softness/hardness) and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. As we will discuss, the toxic potencies of these subgroups are generally related to corresponding electrophilicities. For some aldehydes, however, predictions of toxicity based on electrophilicity are less accurate due to inherent physicochemical variables that limit target accessibility, e.g., steric hindrance and solubility. The unsaturated aldehydes are also members of the conjugated type-2 alkene chemical class that includes α,β-unsaturated amide, ketone, and ester derivatives. Type-2 alkenes are electrophiles of varying softness and electrophilicity that share a common mechanism of toxicity. Therefore, exposure to an environmental mixture of unsaturated carbonyl derivatives could cause "type-2 alkene toxicity" through additive interactions. Finally, we propose that environmentally derived aldehydes can accelerate diseases by interacting with endogenous aldehydes generated during oxidative stress. This review provides a basis for understanding aldehyde mechanisms and environmental toxicity through the context of electronic structure, electrophilicity, and nucleophile target selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. LoPachin
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 E. 210th Street, Bronx, New York 10467, United
States
| | - Terrence Gavin
- Department
of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York 10804, United States
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18
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Nakamura J, Mutlu E, Sharma V, Collins L, Bodnar W, Yu R, Lai Y, Moeller B, Lu K, Swenberg J. The endogenous exposome. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 19:3-13. [PMID: 24767943 PMCID: PMC4097170 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the Exposome is a compilation of diseases and one's lifetime exposure to chemicals, whether the exposure comes from environmental, dietary, or occupational exposures; or endogenous chemicals that are formed from normal metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, infections, and other natural metabolic processes such as alteration of the gut microbiome. In this review, we have focused on the endogenous exposome, the DNA damage that arises from the production of endogenous electrophilic molecules in our cells. It provides quantitative data on endogenous DNA damage and its relationship to mutagenesis, with emphasis on when exogenous chemical exposures that produce identical DNA adducts to those arising from normal metabolism cause significant increases in total identical DNA adducts. We have utilized stable isotope labeled chemical exposures of animals and cells, so that accurate relationships between endogenous and exogenous exposures can be determined. Advances in mass spectrometry have vastly increased both the sensitivity and accuracy of such studies. Furthermore, we have clear evidence of which sources of exposure drive low dose biology that results in mutations and disease. These data provide much needed information to impact quantitative risk assessments, in the hope of moving towards the use of science, rather than default assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakamura
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Esra Mutlu
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Vyom Sharma
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Leonard Collins
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rui Yu
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yongquan Lai
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin Moeller
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - James Swenberg
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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19
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Assessment of micronuclei and sister chromatid exchange frequency in the petroleum industry workers in province of Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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20
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Albertini RJ. Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) genotoxicity profile: Relevance for carcinogenicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:671-706. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.827151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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