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Saraiva AS, dos Reis EB, Farnese FS, Oliveira MS, Ofoegbu PU, Dornelas ASP, Sarmento RA, de Souza JCP, Resende EC, Rodrigues ACM. Unveiling the Subtle Threats: The Neurobehavioral Impact of Chlorpyrifos on Girardia tigrina. TOXICS 2024; 12:512. [PMID: 39058164 PMCID: PMC11280607 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide widely used to control agricultural pests, poses a significant environmental threat due to its toxicity and persistence in soil and water. Our work aimed to evaluate the acute (survival) and chronic (regeneration, locomotion, and reproduction) toxicity of chlorpyrifos to the non-target freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. The 48 h lethal concentration (LC50) of the commercial formulation, containing 480 g L-1 of chlorpyrifos, the active ingredient, was determined to be 622.8 µg a.i. L-1 for planarians. Sublethal effects were translated into a significant reduction in locomotion and delayed head regeneration (lowest observed effect concentration-LOEC = 3.88 µg a.i. L-1). Additionally, chlorpyrifos exposure did not affect planarian fecundity or fertility. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of chlorpyrifos-based insecticides to harm natural populations of freshwater planarians at environmentally relevant concentrations. The observed toxicity emphasizes the need for stricter regulations and careful management of chlorpyrifos usage to mitigate its deleterious effects on aquatic ecosystems. By understanding the specific impacts on non-target organisms like G. tigrina, we can make more informed suggestions regarding the usage and regulation of organophosphate insecticides, ultimately promoting sustainable agricultural practices and environmental conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Althiéris S. Saraiva
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano—Campus Campos Belos (CAE Research Group—Conservação de Agroecossistemas e Ecotoxicologia), Campos Belos 73840-000, GO, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Borges dos Reis
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano—Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil; (E.B.d.R.); (F.S.F.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Fernanda S. Farnese
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano—Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil; (E.B.d.R.); (F.S.F.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Marilene S. Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano—Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil; (E.B.d.R.); (F.S.F.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Pearl U. Ofoegbu
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Aline S. P. Dornelas
- Programa de Apoio à Fixação de Jovens Doutores no Brasil, Estagio Pós-Doutoral—Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil;
| | - Renato A. Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil;
| | - João C. P. de Souza
- Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”—Unesp—Campus Bauru, Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil;
| | - Erika C. Resende
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano—Campus Iporá-GO, Iporá 76200-000, GO, Brazil;
| | - Andreia C. M. Rodrigues
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
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Huang J, Zhang J, Sun J, Gong M, Yuan Z. Exposure to polystyrene microplastics and perfluorooctane sulfonate disrupt the homeostasis of intact planarians and the growth of regenerating planarians. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171653. [PMID: 38485023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFAS) are widespread in the global ecosystem. MPs have the ability to adsorb organic contaminants such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), leading to combined effects. The current work aims to explore the individual and combined toxicological effects of polystyrene (PS) and PFOS on the growth and nerves of the freshwater planarian (Dugesia japonica). The results showed that PS particles could adsorb PFOS. PS and PFOS impeded the regeneration of decapitated planarians eyespots, whereas the combined treatment increased the locomotor speed of intact planarians. PS and PFOS caused significant DNA damage, while co-treatment with different PS concentrations aggravated and attenuated DNA damage, respectively. Further studies at the molecular level have shown that PS and PFOS affect the proliferation and differentiation of neoblasts in both intact and regenerating planarians, alter the expression levels of neuronal genes, and impede the development of the nervous system. PS and PFOS not only disrupted the homeostasis of intact planarians, but also inhibited the regeneration of decapitated planarians. This study is the first to assess the multiple toxicity of PS and PFOS to planarians after combined exposure. It provides a basis for the environmental and human health risks of MPs and PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Mengxin Gong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China.
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Leynen N, Tytgat JS, Bijnens K, Jaenen V, Verleysen E, Artois T, Van Belleghem F, Saenen ND, Smeets K. Assessing the in vivo toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in Schmidtea mediterranea: uptake pathways and (neuro)developmental outcomes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 270:106895. [PMID: 38554681 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) in aquatic environments, originating from urban run-off, product use and post-consumer degradation, interact with aquatic organisms through water and sediments. Thorough toxicity assessment requires comprehensive data across all ecosystem compartments especially the benthic zone, which is currently lacking. Moreover, a proper physicochemical characterization of the particles is needed before and during toxicity assessment. In the present work, we used the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea to investigate the effects of TiO2-NPs (5 mg/L and 50 mg/L). Planarians are benthic organisms that play an important role in the food chain as predators. Our study integrated particle characterization with toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic parameters and showed that the uptake of TiO2-NPs of 21 nm occurred through the epidermis and intestine. Epidermal irritation and mucus production occurred immediately after exposure, and TiO2-NPs induced stronger effects in regenerating organisms. More specifically, TiO2-NPs interfered with neuroregeneration, inducing behavioral effects. A delay in the formation of the anterior commissure between the two brain lobes after seven and nine days of exposure to 50 mg/L was observed, probably as a result of a decrease in stem cell proliferation. Our findings underscore the need to incorporate multiple exposure routes in toxicity screenings. Additionally, we highlight the vulnerability of developing organisms and recommend their inclusion in future risk assessment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Leynen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - J S Tytgat
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - K Bijnens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - V Jaenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - E Verleysen
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
| | - T Artois
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - F Van Belleghem
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - N D Saenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - K Smeets
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
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Reho G, Menger Y, Goumon Y, Lelièvre V, Cadiou H. Behavioral and pharmacological characterization of planarian nociception. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1368009. [PMID: 38751713 PMCID: PMC11094297 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1368009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pain mostly arises because specialized cells called nociceptors detect harmful or potentially harmful stimuli. In lower animals with less convoluted nervous system, these responses are believed to be purely nociceptive. Amongst invertebrate animal models, planarians are becoming popular in a wide range of pharmacological and behavioral studies beyond the field of regeneration. Recent publications led the way on pain studies by focusing on nociceptive behaviors such as the 'scrunching' gait displayed under various noxious stimuli, as opposed to the 'gliding' gait planarians usually adopt in normal conditions. Methods In this study, we adapted commonly used nociceptive tests to further explore nociception in planarians of the species Girardia dorotocephala. By using behavioral analysis in open fields and place preferences, we managed to set up chemical, thermal and mechanical nociceptive tests. We also adapted RNA interference protocols and explored the effects of knocking down TRPA1 ion channels, one of the main effectors of chemically and thermally-induced nociceptive responses in vertebrates. Results Consequently, we demonstrated the reliability of the scrunching gait in this planarian species, which they displayed in a dose-dependent manner when exposed to the irritant AITC. We also showed that suppressing the expression of TRPA1 ion channels completely suppressed the scrunching gait, demonstrating the involvement of TRPA1 nociceptors in this nociceptive reaction. Besides, we also explored the effects of two common analgesics that both displayed strong antinociceptive properties. First, morphine reduced the chemically-induced nociceptive scrunching gaits by more than 20% and shifted the E C 50 of the dose-response curve by approximately 10 μM. Secondly, the NSAID meloxicam drastically reduced chemically-induced scrunching by up to 60% and reduced heat avoidance in place preference tests. Discussion Thus, we managed to characterize both behavioral and pharmacological aspects of G. dorotocephala's nociception, further developing the use of planarians as a replacement model in pain studies and more globally the study of invertebrate nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hervé Cadiou
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Collins EMS, Hessel EVS, Hughes S. How neurobehavior and brain development in alternative whole-organism models can contribute to prediction of developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2024; 102:48-57. [PMID: 38552718 PMCID: PMC11139590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) is not routinely evaluated in chemical risk assessment because current test paradigms for DNT require the use of mammalian models which are ethically controversial, expensive, and resource demanding. Consequently, efforts have focused on revolutionizing DNT testing through affordable novel alternative methods for risk assessment. The goal is to develop a DNT in vitro test battery amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS). Currently, the DNT in vitro test battery consists primarily of human cell-based assays because of their immediate relevance to human health. However, such cell-based assays alone are unable to capture the complexity of a developing nervous system. Whole organismal systems that qualify as 3 R (Replace, Reduce and Refine) models are urgently needed to complement cell-based DNT testing. These models can provide the necessary organismal context and be used to explore the impact of chemicals on brain function by linking molecular and/or cellular changes to behavioural readouts. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the planarian Dugesia japonica, and embryos of the zebrafish Danio rerio are all suited to low-cost HTS and each has unique strengths for DNT testing. Here, we review the strengths and the complementarity of these organisms in a novel, integrative context and highlight how they can augment current cell-based assays for more comprehensive and robust DNT screening of chemicals. Considering the limitations of all in vitro test systems, we discuss how a smart combinatory use of these systems will contribute to a better human relevant risk assessment of chemicals that considers the complexity of the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria S Collins
- Swarthmore College, Biology, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Ellen V S Hessel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, the Netherlands
| | - Samantha Hughes
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, A-LIFE, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands.
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Rosner A, Ballarin L, Barnay-Verdier S, Borisenko I, Drago L, Drobne D, Concetta Eliso M, Harbuzov Z, Grimaldi A, Guy-Haim T, Karahan A, Lynch I, Giulia Lionetto M, Martinez P, Mehennaoui K, Oruc Ozcan E, Pinsino A, Paz G, Rinkevich B, Spagnuolo A, Sugni M, Cambier S. A broad-taxa approach as an important concept in ecotoxicological studies and pollution monitoring. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:131-176. [PMID: 37698089 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic invertebrates play a pivotal role in (eco)toxicological assessments because they offer ethical, cost-effective and repeatable testing options. Additionally, their significance in the food chain and their ability to represent diverse aquatic ecosystems make them valuable subjects for (eco)toxicological studies. To ensure consistency and comparability across studies, international (eco)toxicology guidelines have been used to establish standardised methods and protocols for data collection, analysis and interpretation. However, the current standardised protocols primarily focus on a limited number of aquatic invertebrate species, mainly from Arthropoda, Mollusca and Annelida. These protocols are suitable for basic toxicity screening, effectively assessing the immediate and severe effects of toxic substances on organisms. For more comprehensive and ecologically relevant assessments, particularly those addressing long-term effects and ecosystem-wide impacts, we recommended the use of a broader diversity of species, since the present choice of taxa exacerbates the limited scope of basic ecotoxicological studies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of (eco)toxicological studies, focusing on major aquatic invertebrate taxa and how they are used to assess the impact of chemicals in diverse aquatic environments. The present work supports the use of a broad-taxa approach in basic environmental assessments, as it better represents the natural populations inhabiting various ecosystems. Advances in omics and other biochemical and computational techniques make the broad-taxa approach more feasible, enabling mechanistic studies on non-model organisms. By combining these approaches with in vitro techniques together with the broad-taxa approach, researchers can gain insights into less-explored impacts of pollution, such as changes in population diversity, the development of tolerance and transgenerational inheritance of pollution responses, the impact on organism phenotypic plasticity, biological invasion outcomes, social behaviour changes, metabolome changes, regeneration phenomena, disease susceptibility and tissue pathologies. This review also emphasises the need for harmonised data-reporting standards and minimum annotation checklists to ensure that research results are findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR), maximising the use and reusability of data. The ultimate goal is to encourage integrated and holistic problem-focused collaboration between diverse scientific disciplines, international standardisation organisations and decision-making bodies, with a focus on transdisciplinary knowledge co-production for the One-Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Rosner
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, PO 2336 Sha'ar Palmer 1, Haifa, 3102201, Israel
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, I-35121, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Barnay-Verdier
- Sorbonne Université; CNRS, INSERM, Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging Nice, 28 avenue Valombrose, Nice, F-06107, France
| | - Ilya Borisenko
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Embryology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya embankment 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Laura Drago
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, I-35121, Italy
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1111, Slovenia
| | - Maria Concetta Eliso
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, 80121, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Zoya Harbuzov
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, PO 2336 Sha'ar Palmer 1, Haifa, 3102201, Israel
- Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Koushy Ave., Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, Varese, 3-21100, Italy
| | - Tamar Guy-Haim
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, PO 2336 Sha'ar Palmer 1, Haifa, 3102201, Israel
| | - Arzu Karahan
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli-Mersin, PO 28, 33731, Turkey
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maria Giulia Lionetto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via prov. le Lecce -Monteroni, Lecce, I-73100, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina, 61, Palermo, I-90133, Italy
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Kahina Mehennaoui
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Elif Oruc Ozcan
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Cukurova University, Balcali, Saricam, Adana, 01330, Turkey
| | - Annalisa Pinsino
- National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, 90146, Italy
| | - Guy Paz
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, PO 2336 Sha'ar Palmer 1, Haifa, 3102201, Israel
| | - Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, PO 2336 Sha'ar Palmer 1, Haifa, 3102201, Israel
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422, Luxembourg
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Liao MH, Lin YK, Gau FY, Tseng CC, Wu DC, Hsu CY, Chung KH, Li RC, Hu CJ, Then CK, Shen SC. Antidepressant sertraline increases thioflavin-S and Congo red deposition in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic mice. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1260838. [PMID: 38259283 PMCID: PMC10800414 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1260838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Depression is strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Antidepressants are commonly used in patients before and after their diagnosis of AD. To date, the relationship between antidepressants and AD remains unclear. Methods: In our study, we administered sertraline or paroxetine to wild type (WT) and APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PSEN1) transgenic mouse models for up to 12 months. We quantified the drug concentrations using LC-MS/MS analysis and measured serum serotonin level using an ELISA assay. Additionally, we evaluated the amyloid burdens through thioflavin-S and Congo red stainings, and recognition memory using the novel object recognition test. Results: Our findings revealed that mice treated with paroxetine exhibited a significantly higher level of weight gain compared to the control group and increased mortality in APP/PSEN1 mice. After 12 months of antidepressant treatment, the sertraline level was measured at 289.8 ng/g for cerebellum, while the paroxetine level was 792.9 ng/g for cerebellum. Sertraline significantly increased thioflavin-S and Congo red depositions, along with gliosis, in both isocortex and hippocampus of APP/PSEN1 mice compared to the control group. Both antidepressants also led to a decreased recognition index in APP/PSEN1 mice. Conclusion: These findings suggest a potential role of sertraline in AD pathogenesis, emphasizing the need to reassess the use of these antidepressants in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsuan Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Kuang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Ying Gau
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Da-Chih Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Yuan Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rung-Chi Li
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chee Kin Then
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Chuan Shen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International Master/Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Yuan Y, Teng H, Zhang T, Wang D, Gu H, Lv W. Toxicological effects induced by two carbamates on earthworms (Eisenia fetida): Acute toxicity, arrested regeneration and underlying mechanisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115824. [PMID: 38096595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Eisenia fetida is recognised as advantageous model species in ecotoxicological and regeneration investigations. The intensive utilization of carbamate pesticides (CARs) imposes heavy residue burdens and grave hazards on edaphic environments as well as soil fauna therein. However, precise mechanisms whereby the specific CAR exerted toxic effects on earthworms remain largely elusive, notably from regenerative perspective. Herein, acute responses and regenerative toxicity of two carbamates (metolcarb, MEB and fenoxycarb, FEB) against E. fetida were dissected using biochemical, histological as well as molecular approaches following OECD guidelines at the cellular, tissue and organismal level. The acute toxicity data implied that MEB/FEB were very toxic/medium to extremely toxic, respectively in filter paper contact test and low to medium toxic/low toxic, respectively in artificial soil test. Chronic exposure to MEB and FEB at sublethal concentrations significantly mitigated the soluble protein content, protein abundance while enhanced the protein carbonylation level. Moreover, severely retarded posterior renewal of amputated earthworms was noticed in MEB and FEB treatments relative to the control group, with pronouncedly compromised morphology, dwindling segments and elevated cell apoptosis of blastema tissues, which were mediated by the rising Sox2 and decreasing TCTP levels. Taken together, these findings not only presented baseline toxicity cues for MEB and FEB exposure against earthworms, but also yielded mechanistic insights into regenerative toxicity upon CAR exposure, further contributing to the environmental risk assessment and benchmark formulation of agrochemical pollution in terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongda Yuan
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Haiyuan Teng
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Haotian Gu
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Weiguang Lv
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; Agricultural Environment and Farmland Conservation Experiment Station of Ministry Agriculture, Shanghai 201403, China.
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9
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Zhao WJ, Yang XQ, Shi CY, Zhang HC, Chen GW, Liu DZ. Neurotoxicity of Glyphosate to Planarian Dugesia japonica. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 111:66. [PMID: 37904018 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most widely used herbicides in agricultural industry, the residues of glyphosate (GLY) are frequent environmental pollutants. Freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica has been developed as a model for neurotoxicology. In this study, the effects of GLY on locomotion and feeding behavior, as well as neuroenzyme activities and mRNA expressions of D. japonica were determined. Additionally, histochemical localization was executed to explore the damage to the central nervous system (CNS) of planarians stressed by GLY. The results showed that the locomotor velocity, ingestion rate and the neuroenzyme activity were inhibited and the gene expressions were altered. Also, histo-architecture injury to CNS of planarians upon GLY exposure in a time-dependent manner was observed. Collectively, our results indicate that GLY can cause neurotoxicity to freshwater planarians representing as reduction in locomotor velocity and feeding rate by disturbing the neurotransmission systems and damaging the structure of CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, No.46, Jianshe East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, No.46, Jianshe East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Chang-Ying Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, No.46, Jianshe East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - He-Cai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, No.46, Jianshe East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Guang-Wen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, No.46, Jianshe East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - De-Zeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, No.46, Jianshe East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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10
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Kang J, Ai Q, Zhao A, Wang H, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang L, Liu Y. Neurotoxicological mechanisms of carbon quantum dots in a new animal model Dugesia japonica. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:711-719. [PMID: 37386302 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
As luminescent nanomaterials, the carbon quantum dots (CQDs) research focused on emerging applications since their discovery. However, their toxicological effects on the natural environment are still unclear. The freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica is distributed extensively in aquatic ecosystems and can regenerate a new brain in 5 days after amputation. Therefore it can be used as a new model organism in the field of neuroregeneration toxicology. In our study, D. japonica was cut and incubated in medium treated with CQDs. The results showed that the injured planarian lost the neuronal ability of brain regeneration after treatment with CQDs. Its Hh signalling system was interfered with at Day 5, and all cultured pieces died on or before Day 10 due to head lysis. Our work reveals that CQDs might affect the nerve regeneration of freshwater planarians via the Hh signalling pathway. The results of this study improve our understanding of CQD neuronal development toxicology and can aid in the development of warning systems for aquatic ecosystem damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kang
- College of Life Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Qing Ai
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ang Zhao
- College of Life Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- College of Life Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiangpeng Zhang
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Life Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | | | - Yuqing Liu
- College of Life Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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11
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Feng M, Xu Z, Yin D, Zhao Z, Zhou X, Song L. Toxic effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on planarian Dugesia japonica. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15660. [PMID: 37456884 PMCID: PMC10340106 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is an anionic surfactant, which is widely used in various fields in human life. However, SDS discharged into the water environment has a certain impact on aquatic organisms. In this study, planarian Dugesia japonica (D. japonica) was used to identify the toxic effects of SDS. A series of SDS solutions with different concentrations were used to treat planarians for the acute toxicity test , and the results showed that the semi-lethal concentration (LC50) of SDS to D. japonica at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h were 4.29 mg/L, 3.76 mg/L, 3.45 mg/L, and 3.20 mg/L respectively. After the planarians were exposed to 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L SDS solutions for 1, 3, and 5 days, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured to detect the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in planarians. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed to detect the genotoxicity caused by SDS to planarians. The results showed that the activities of SOD, CAT, and MDA content increased after the treatment, indicating that SDS induced oxidative stress in planarians. RAPD analysis showed that the genomic template stability (GTS) values of planarians treated by 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L SDS for 1, 3, and 5 days were 67.86%, 64.29%, 58.93%, and 64.29%, 60.71%, 48.21%, respectively. GTS values decreased with the increasing of SDS concentration and exposure time, indicating that SDS had genotoxicity to planarians in a time and dose-related manner. Fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to investigate the effects of SDS on gene expression of planarians. After the planarians were exposed to 1.0 mg/L SDS solution for 1, 3, and 5 days, the expression of caspase3 was upregulated, and that of piwiA, piwiB, PCNA, cyclinB, and RAD51 were downregulated. These results suggested that SDS might induce apoptosis, affect cell proliferation, differentiation, and DNA repair ability of planarian cells and cause toxic effects on planarian D. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Feng
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Zhenbiao Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Dandan Yin
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Zelong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Linxia Song
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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12
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Fuselier SG, Ireland D, Fu N, Rabeler C, Collins EMS. Comparative toxicity assessment of glyphosate and two commercial formulations in the planarian Dugesia japonica. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1200881. [PMID: 37435546 PMCID: PMC10332155 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1200881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Glyphosate is a widely used, non-selective herbicide. Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are considered safe for non-target organisms and environmentally benign at currently allowed environmental exposure levels. However, their increased use in recent years has triggered questions about possible adverse outcomes due to low dose chronic exposure in animals and humans. While the toxicity of GBHs has primarily been attributed to glyphosate, other largely unstudied components of GBHs may be inherently toxic or could act synergistically with glyphosate. Thus, comparative studies of glyphosate and GBHs are needed to parse out their respective toxicity. Methods: We performed such a comparative screen using pure glyphosate and two popular GBHs at the same glyphosate acid equivalent concentrations in the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica. This planarian has been shown to be a useful model for both ecotoxicology and neurotoxicity/developmental neurotoxicity studies. Effects on morphology and various behavioral readouts were obtained using an automated screening platform, with assessments on day 7 and day 12 of exposure. Adult and regenerating planarians were screened to allow for detection of developmentally selective effects. Results: Both GBHs were more toxic than pure glyphosate. While pure glyphosate induced lethality at 1 mM and no other effects, both GBHs induced lethality at 316 μM and sublethal behavioral effects starting at 31.6 μM in adult planarians. These data suggest that glyphosate alone is not responsible for the observed toxicity of the GBHs. Because these two GBHs also include other active ingredients, namely diquat dibromide and pelargonic acid, respectively, we tested whether these compounds were responsible for the observed effects. Screening of the equivalent concentrations of pure diquat dibromide and pure pelargonic acid revealed that the toxicity of either GBH could not be explained by the active ingredients alone. Discussion: Because all compounds induced toxicity at concentrations above allowed exposure levels, our data indicates that glyphosate/GBH exposure is not an ecotoxicological concern for D. japonica planarians. Developmentally selective effects were not observed for all compounds. Together, these data demonstrate the usefulness of high throughput screening in D. japonica planarians for assessing various types of toxicity, especially for comparative studies of several chemicals across different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Grace Fuselier
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Danielle Ireland
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Nicholas Fu
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Christina Rabeler
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Eva-Maria S. Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Rejo L, Malgouyres JM, Bonnafé E, Vignet C. Optimization and calibration of behavioural tests on different species of planaria for ecotoxicological studies. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023:104189. [PMID: 37348774 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater planarian are emerging as a valuable in vivo model for (eco) toxicological studies, but the lack of harmonization of procedures between laboratories remains a challenge. This study aimed to optimize, automate and select the best behavioural tests and analyse the potential of different planarian species as models for toxicological assessment. We implemented four tests: exploration, photomotor response, Tapping and Planarian Light Dark Test, on different planaria species using the DanioVision system. We conclude that the exploration assay performed in 24 wellplate at 10 000 lux is the one that is robust and reliable for toxicological studies with planaria. Dugesia japonica and Schmidtea mediterranea have proved to be sensitive models for toxicological screening of organophosphorus pesticides through behavioural analysis. Under necessary experimental conditions, the motility baseline in controls, for both species allowed the detection of behavioural changes, making both good models for behavioural testing in (eco) toxicological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rejo
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives, EA- 7417, Institut National Universitaire J-F Champollion, 81012 Albi, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Malgouyres
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives, EA- 7417, Institut National Universitaire J-F Champollion, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Elsa Bonnafé
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives, EA- 7417, Institut National Universitaire J-F Champollion, 81012 Albi, France
| | - Caroline Vignet
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives, EA- 7417, Institut National Universitaire J-F Champollion, 81012 Albi, France.
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Cesarini G, Coppola F, Campos D, Venditti I, Battocchio C, Di Giulio A, Muzzi M, Pestana JLT, Scalici M. Nanoplastic exposure inhibits feeding and delays regeneration in a freshwater planarian. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121959. [PMID: 37271363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of nanoplastics (NPs) is expected to increase in aquatic environments thus potentially threatening freshwater organisms through interactions with plastic particles that variously float, circulate in the water column or sink into the benthos. Studies into the mechanisms of any NP effects are still scarce, particularly with respect to the regenerative ability of biota for which there is no recognised model organism. The present study therefore aimed to investigate behavioural and regeneration responses of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina after 10 days exposed to along a gradient 0.01-10 mg/L of poly (styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) NPs (∼426 ± 175 nm). Exposure to NPs induced a significant reduction in planarian feeding rate even at low concentrations (LOEC of 0.01 mg/L), while head regeneration was delayed in a clear dose response way (LOEC of 0.1 mg/L for blastema length). Planaria locomotion assessed was not affected. Our results highlight the potential adverse effects of exposure to poly (styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) NPs and show that feeding behaviour and regeneration of a freshwater benthic organism can be indicators of the resulting toxicity. Planarians are becoming widely used model organisms in ecotoxicology and can help to address potential effects of plastic polymers on regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cesarini
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Coppola
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana Campos
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Iole Venditti
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Battocchio
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Giulio
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muzzi
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - João L T Pestana
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Massimiliano Scalici
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
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15
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Bayingana K, Ireland D, Rosenthal E, Rabeler C, Collins EMS. Adult and regenerating planarians respond differentially to chronic drug exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 96:107148. [PMID: 36539103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of data on the effects of chronic exposure to common drugs and stimulants on the developing nervous system. Freshwater planarians have emerged as a useful invertebrate model amenable to high-throughput behavioral phenotyping to assay chemical safety in adult and developing brains. Here, we leverage the unique strength of the system to test in parallel for effects on the adult and developing nervous system, by screening ten common drugs and stimulants (forskolin, clenbuterol, LRE-1, MDL-12,330A, adenosine, caffeine, histamine, mianserin, fluoxetine and sertraline) using the asexual freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica. The compounds were tested up to 100 μM nominal concentration for their effects on planarian morphology and behavior. Quantitative phenotypic assessments were performed on days 7 and 12 of exposure using an automated screening platform. The antidepressants sertraline and fluoxetine were the most potent to induce lethality, with significant lethality observed at 10 μM. All ten compounds caused sublethal morphological and/or behavioral effects, with the most effects, in terms of potency and breadth of endpoints affected, seen with mianserin and fluoxetine. Four of the compounds (forskolin, clenbuterol, mianserin, and fluoxetine) were developmentally selective, causing effects at lower concentrations in regenerating planarians. Of these, fluoxetine showed the greatest differences between the two developmental stages, inducing many behavioral endpoints in regenerating planarians but only a few in adult planarians. While some of these behavioral effects may be due to neuroefficacy, these results substantiate the need for better evaluation of the safety of these common drugs on the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bayingana
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Danielle Ireland
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Rosenthal
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Christina Rabeler
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America.
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16
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Campillo N, Ireland D, Patel Y, Collins EMS. A Simple Method for Quantifying Blastema Growth in Regenerating Planarians. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e684. [PMID: 36877155 PMCID: PMC10558012 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to their strong regenerative capabilities, freshwater planarians are a well-suited model system for studying the effects of chemicals on stem cell biology and regeneration. After amputation, a planarian will regenerate the missing body parts within 1 to 2 weeks. Because planarians have a distinct head morphology that can be easily identified, head and eye regeneration has been a popular qualitative measure of toxicity. However, qualitative measures can only detect strong defects. Here, we present protocols for quantifying the rate of blastema growth to measure regeneration defects for assessment of chemical toxicity. Following amputation, a regenerative blastema forms at the wound site. Over the course of several days, the blastema grows and subsequently re-forms the missing anatomical structures. This growth can be measured by imaging the regenerating planarian. As the blastema tissue is unpigmented, it can be easily distinguished from the remaining pigmented body using standard image analysis techniques. Basic Protocol 1 provides a step-by-step guide for imaging regenerating planarians over several days of regeneration. Basic Protocol 2 describes the necessary steps for the quantification of blastema size using freeware. It is accompanied by video tutorials to facilitate adaptation. Basic Protocol 3 shows how to calculate the growth rate using linear curve fitting in a spreadsheet. The ease of implementation and low cost make this procedure suitable for an undergraduate laboratory teaching setting, in addition to typical research settings. Although we focus on head regeneration in Dugesia japonica, these protocols are adaptable to other wound sites and planarian species. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Imaging planarians during regeneration Basic Protocol 2: Quantitative analysis of blastema size with ImageJ Basic Protocol 3: Quantification of blastema growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Campillo
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Danielle Ireland
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yashvi Patel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
| | - Eva-Maria S. Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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17
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Zhang HC, Shi CY, Zhao WJ, Chen GW, Liu DZ. Toxicity of herbicide glyphosate to planarian Dugesia japonica and its potential molecular mechanisms. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 256:106425. [PMID: 36805197 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY) is one of the most widely used agrochemicals in the world, and its exposure has become a public health concern. The freshwater planarian is an ideal test organism for detecting the toxicity of pollutants and has been an emerging animal model in toxicological studies. Nevertheless, the underlying toxicity mechanism of GLY to planarians has not been thoroughly explored. To elucidate the toxicity effects and molecular mechanism involved in GLY exposure of planarians, we studied the acute toxicity, histological change, and transcriptional response of Dugesia japonica subjected to GLY. Significant morphological malformations and histopathological changes were observed in planarians after GLY exposure for different times. Also, a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained at 1, 3 and 5 d after exposure; Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of these DEGs were performed, and a global and dynamic view was obtained in planarians upon GLY exposure at the transcriptomic level. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted on nine DEGs associated with detoxification, apoptosis, stress response, DNA repair, etc. The expression patterns were well consistent with the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) results at different time points, which confirmed the reliability and accuracy of the transcriptome data. Collectively, our results established that GLY could pose adverse effects on the morphology and histo-architecture of D. japonica, and the planarians are capable of responding to the disadvantageous stress by dysregulating the related genes and pathways concerning immune response, detoxification, energy metabolism, DNA damage repair, etc. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of transcriptomic analyses of freshwater planarians exposed to environmental pollutants, and it provided detailed sequencing data deriving from transcriptome profiling to deepen our understanding the molecular toxicity mechanism of GLY to planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Cai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chang-Ying Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guang-Wen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - De-Zeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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18
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Jaenen V, Bijnens K, Heleven M, Artois T, Smeets K. Live Imaging in Planarians: Immobilization and Real-Time Visualization of Reactive Oxygen Species. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2680:209-229. [PMID: 37428380 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3275-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of living animals allows the study of metabolic processes in relation to cellular structures or larger functional entities. To enable in vivo imaging during long-term time-lapses in planarians, we combined and optimized existing protocols, resulting in an easily reproducible and inexpensive procedure. Immobilization with low-melting-point agarose eliminates the use of anesthetics, avoids interfering with the animal during imaging-functionally or physically-and allows recovering the organisms after the imaging procedure. As an example, we used the immobilization workflow to image the highly dynamic and fast-changing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living animals. These reactive signaling molecules can only be studied in vivo and mapping their location and dynamics during different physiological conditions is crucial to understand their role in developmental processes and regeneration. In the current protocol, we describe both the immobilization and ROS detection procedure. We used the intensity of the signals together with pharmacological inhibitors to validate the signal specificity and to distinguish it from the autofluorescent nature of the planarian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Jaenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Karolien Bijnens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Martijn Heleven
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tom Artois
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Karen Smeets
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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19
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Braun G, Escher BI. Prioritization of mixtures of neurotoxic chemicals for biomonitoring using high-throughput toxicokinetics and mixture toxicity modeling. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107680. [PMID: 36502700 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Modern society continues to pollute the environment with larger quantities of chemicals that have also become more structurally and functionally diverse. Risk assessment of chemicals can hardly keep up with the sheer numbers that lead to complex mixtures of increasing chemical diversity including new chemicals, substitution products on top of still abundant legacy compounds. Fortunately, over the last years computational tools have helped us to identify and prioritize chemicals of concern. These include toxicokinetic models to predict exposure to chemicals as well as new approach methodologies such as in-vitro bioassays to address toxicodynamic effects. Combined, they allow for a prediction of mixtures and their respective effects and help overcome the lack of data we face for many chemicals. In this study we propose a high-throughput approach using experimental and predicted exposure, toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic data to simulate mixtures, to which a virtual population is exposed to and predict their mixture effects. The general workflow is adaptable for any type of toxicity, but we demonstrated its applicability with a case study on neurotoxicity. If no experimental data for neurotoxicity were available, we used baseline toxicity predictions as a surrogate. Baseline toxicity is the minimal toxicity any chemical has and might underestimate the true contribution to the mixture effect but many neurotoxicants are not by orders of magnitude more potent than baseline toxicity. Therefore, including baseline-toxic effects in mixture simulations yields a more realistic picture than excluding them in mixture simulations. This workflow did not only correctly identify and prioritize known chemicals of concern like benzothiazoles, organochlorine pesticides and plasticizers but we were also able to identify new potential neurotoxicants that we recommend to include in future biomonitoring studies and if found in humans, to also include in neurotoxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Braun
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Xie C, Li X, Guo Z, Dong Y, Zhang S, Li A, Ma S, Xu J, Pang Q, Peijnenburg WJGM, Lynch I, Zhang P. Graphene oxide disruption of homeostasis and regeneration processes in freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica via intracellular redox deviation and apoptosis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114431. [PMID: 36521269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic system is a major sink for engineered nanomaterials released into the environment. Here, we assessed the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) using the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica, an invertebrate model that has been widely used for studying the effects of toxins on tissue regeneration and neuronal development. GO not only impaired the growth of normal (homeostatic) worms, but also inhibited the regeneration processes of regenerating (amputated) worms, with LC10 values of 9.86 mg/L and 9.32 mg/L for the 48-h acute toxicity test, respectively. High concentration (200 mg/L) of GO killed all the worms after 3 (regenerating) or 4 (homeostasis) days of exposure. Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) and immunofluorescence analyses suggest GO impaired stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and subsequently caused cell apoptosis and oxidative DNA damage during planarian regeneration. Mechanistic analysis suggests that GO disturbed the antioxidative system (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) and energy metabolism in the planarian at both molecular and genetic levels, thus causing reactive oxygen species (ROS) over accumulation and oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity, lack of energy supply for cell differentiation and proliferation leading to retardance of neuron regeneration. The intrinsic oxidative potential of GO contributes to the GO-induced toxicity in planarians. These data suggest that GO in aquatic systems can cause oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in planarians. Overall, regenerated tissues are more sensitive to GO toxicity than homeostatic ones, suggesting that careful handling and appropriate decisions are needed in the application of GO to achieve healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Xie
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiling Guo
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yuling Dong
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Ao Li
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Ma
- Zibo Environment Monitoring Center, Zibo 25500, Shandong, China
| | - Jianing Xu
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- School of life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China.
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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21
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Ireland D, Collins EMS. New Worm on the Block: Planarians in (Neuro)Toxicology. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e637. [PMID: 36571713 PMCID: PMC9797031 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traditional mammalian testing is too time- and cost-intensive to keep up with the large number of environmental chemicals needing assessment. This has led to a dearth of information about the potential adverse effects of these chemicals, especially on the developing brain. Thus, there is an urgent need for rapid and cost-effective neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity testing. Because of the complexity of the brain, metabolically competent organismal models are necessary to understand the effects of chemicals on nervous system development and function on a systems level. In this overview, we showcase asexual freshwater planarians as an alternative invertebrate ("non-animal") organismal model for neurotoxicology research. Planarians have long been used to study the effects of chemicals on regeneration and behavior. But they have only recently moved back into the spotlight because modern molecular and computational approaches now enable quantitative high-content and high-throughput toxicity studies. Here, we present a short history of the use of planarians in toxicology research, highlight current techniques to measure toxicity qualitatively and quantitatively in planarians, and discuss how to further promote this non-animal organismal system into mainstream toxicology research. The articles in this collection will help work towards this goal by providing detailed protocols that can be adopted by the community to standardize planarian toxicity testing. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Ireland
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Eva-Maria S. Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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22
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Henry J, Bai Y, Kreuder F, Saaristo M, Kaslin J, Wlodkowic D. A miniaturized electrothermal array for rapid analysis of temperature preference behaviors in ecology and ecotoxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120202. [PMID: 36169081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to technical limitations, there have been minimal studies performed on thermal preferences and thermotactic behaviors of aquatic ectotherm species commonly used in ecotoxicity testing. In this work, we demonstrate an innovative, purpose-built and miniaturized electrothermal array for rapid thermal preference behavioral tests. We applied the novel platform to define thermal preferences in multiple invertebrate and vertebrate species. Specifically, Dugesia notogaea (freshwater planarians), Chironomus tepperi (nonbiting midge larvae), Ostracoda (seed shrimp), Artemia franciscana (brine shrimp), Daphnia carinata (water flea), Austrochiltonia subtenuis (freshwater amphipod), Physa acuta (freshwater snail), Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mud snail) and larval stage of Danio rerio (zebrafish) were tested. The Australian freshwater water fleas, amphipods, snail Physa acuta as well as zebrafish exhibited the most consistent preference to cool zones and clear avoidance of zones >27 °C out of nine species tested. Our results indicate the larval stage of zebrafish as the most responsive species highly suitable for prospective development of multidimensional behavioral test batteries. We also showcase preliminary data that environmentally relevant concentrations of pharmaceutical pollutants such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen (9800 ng/L) and insecticide imidacloprid (4600 ng/L) but not anti-depressant venlafaxine (2200 ng/L) and (iv) anticonvulsant medications gabapentin (400 ng/L) can perturb thermal preference behavior of larval zebrafish. Collectively our results demonstrate the utility of simple and inexpensive thermoelectric technology in rapid exploration of thermal preference in diverse species of aquatic animals. We postulate that more broadly such technologies can also have added value in ecotoxicity testing of emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Henry
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Yutao Bai
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Florian Kreuder
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Minna Saaristo
- Environmental Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science, Macleod, Victoria, 3085, Australia
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3083, Australia. http://www.rmit.edu.au/staff/donald-wlodkowic
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23
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Ireland D, Rabeler C, Gong T, Collins EMS. Bioactivation and detoxification of organophosphorus pesticides in freshwater planarians shares similarities with humans. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3233-3243. [PMID: 36173421 PMCID: PMC10729609 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are a chemically diverse class of insecticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Many OPs require bioactivation to their active oxon form via cytochrome P450 to effectively inhibit AChE. OP toxicity can be mitigated by detoxification reactions performed by carboxylesterase and paraoxonase. The relative extent of bioactivation to detoxification varies among individuals and between species, leading to differential susceptibility to OP toxicity. Because of these species differences, it is imperative to characterize OP metabolism in model systems used to assess OP toxicity. We have shown that the asexual freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica is a suitable model to assess OP neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity via rapid, automated testing of adult and developing organisms in parallel using morphological and behavioral endpoints. D. japonica has two cholinesterase enzymes with intermediate properties between AChE and butyrylcholinesterase that are sensitive to OP inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that D. japonica contains the major OP metabolic machinery to be a relevant model for OP neurotoxicity studies. Adult and regenerating D. japonica can bioactivate chlorpyrifos and diazinon into their respective oxons. Significant AChE inhibition was only observed after in vivo metabolic activation but not when the parent OPs were directly added to planarian homogenate using the same concentrations and timing. Using biochemical assays, we found that D. japonica has both carboxylesterase (24 nmol/(min*mg protein)) and paraoxonase (60 pmol/(min*mg protein)) activity. We show that planarian carboxylesterase activity is distinct from cholinesterase activity using benzil and tacrine. These results further support the use of D. japonica for OP toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - TaiXi Gong
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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24
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Ireland D, Zhang S, Bochenek V, Hsieh JH, Rabeler C, Meyer Z, Collins EMS. Differences in neurotoxic outcomes of organophosphorus pesticides revealed via multi-dimensional screening in adult and regenerating planarians. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:948455. [PMID: 36267428 PMCID: PMC9578561 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.948455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are a chemically diverse class of commonly used insecticides. Epidemiological studies suggest that low dose chronic prenatal and infant exposures can lead to life-long neurological damage and behavioral disorders. While inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the shared mechanism of acute OP neurotoxicity, OP-induced developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) can occur independently and/or in the absence of significant AChE inhibition, implying that OPs affect alternative targets. Moreover, different OPs can cause different adverse outcomes, suggesting that different OPs act through different mechanisms. These findings emphasize the importance of comparative studies of OP toxicity. Freshwater planarians are an invertebrate system that uniquely allows for automated, rapid and inexpensive testing of adult and developing organisms in parallel to differentiate neurotoxicity from DNT. Effects found only in regenerating planarians would be indicative of DNT, whereas shared effects may represent neurotoxicity. We leverage this unique feature of planarians to investigate potential differential effects of OPs on the adult and developing brain by performing a comparative screen to test 7 OPs (acephate, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, diazinon, malathion, parathion and profenofos) across 10 concentrations in quarter-log steps. Neurotoxicity was evaluated using a wide range of quantitative morphological and behavioral readouts. AChE activity was measured using an Ellman assay. The toxicological profiles of the 7 OPs differed across the OPs and between adult and regenerating planarians. Toxicological profiles were not correlated with levels of AChE inhibition. Twenty-two "mechanistic control compounds" known to target pathways suggested in the literature to be affected by OPs (cholinergic neurotransmission, serotonin neurotransmission, endocannabinoid system, cytoskeleton, adenyl cyclase and oxidative stress) and 2 negative controls were also screened. When compared with the mechanistic control compounds, the phenotypic profiles of the different OPs separated into distinct clusters. The phenotypic profiles of adult vs. regenerating planarians exposed to the OPs clustered differently, suggesting some developmental-specific mechanisms. These results further support findings in other systems that OPs cause different adverse outcomes in the (developing) brain and build the foundation for future comparative studies focused on delineating the mechanisms of OP neurotoxicity in planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Ireland
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Veronica Bochenek
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Christina Rabeler
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Zane Meyer
- Department of Engineering, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
- Department of Computer Science, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
| | - Eva-Maria S. Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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25
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Henry J, Bai Y, Kreuder F, Saaristo M, Kaslin J, Wlodkowic D. Sensory-Motor Perturbations in Larval Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Induced by Exposure to Low Levels of Neuroactive Micropollutants during Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168990. [PMID: 36012255 PMCID: PMC9409309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to increasing numbers of anthropogenic chemicals with unknown neurotoxic properties, there is an increasing need for a paradigm shift toward rapid and higher throughput behavioral bioassays. In this work, we demonstrate application of a purpose-built high throughput multidimensional behavioral test battery on larval stages of Danio rerio (zebrafish) at 5 days post fertilization (dpf). The automated battery comprised of the established spontaneous swimming (SS), simulated predator response (SPR), larval photomotor response (LPR) assays as well as a new thermotaxis (TX) assay. We applied the novel system to characterize environmentally relevant concentrations of emerging pharmaceutical micropollutants including anticonvulsants (gabapentin: 400 ng/L; carbamazepine: 3000 ng/L), inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen: 9800 ng/L), and antidepressants (fluoxetine: 300 ng/L; venlafaxine: 2200 ng/L). The successful integration of the thermal preference assay into a multidimensional behavioral test battery provided means to reveal ibuprofen-induced perturbations of thermal preference behaviors upon exposure during embryogenesis. Moreover, we discovered that photomotor responses in larval stages of fish are also altered by the as yet understudied anticonvulsant gabapentin. Collectively our results demonstrate the utility of high-throughput multidimensional behavioral ecotoxicity test batteries in prioritizing emerging risks associated with neuroactive drugs that can perturb neurodevelopment. Moreover, we showcase the added value of thermotaxis bioassays for preliminary screening of emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Henry
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Yutao Bai
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Florian Kreuder
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Minna Saaristo
- Environmental Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science, Macleod, VIC 3085, Australia
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence:
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26
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Sabry Z, Wang R, Jahromi A, Rabeler C, Kristan WB, Collins EMS. Head removal enhances planarian electrotaxis. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276204. [PMID: 35924486 PMCID: PMC9482365 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Certain animal species utilize electric fields for communication, hunting and spatial orientation. Freshwater planarians move toward the cathode in a static electric field (cathodic electrotaxis). This planarian behavior was first described by Raymond Pearl more than a century ago. However, planarian electrotaxis has received little attention since, and the underlying mechanisms and evolutionary significance remain unknown. To close this knowledge gap, we developed an apparatus and scoring metrics for automated quantitative and mechanistic studies of planarian behavior upon exposure to a static electric field. Using this automated setup, we characterized electrotaxis in the planarian Dugesia japonica and found that this species responds to voltage instead of current, in contrast to results from previous studies using other planarian species. Surprisingly, we found differences in electrotaxis ability between small (shorter) and large (longer) planarians. To determine the cause of these differences, we took advantage of the regenerative abilities of planarians and compared electrotaxis in head, tail and trunk fragments of various lengths. We found that tail and trunk fragments electrotaxed, whereas head fragments did not, regardless of size. Based on these data, we hypothesized that signals from the head may interfere with electrotaxis when the head area/body area reached a critical threshold. In support of this hypothesis, we found that (1) smaller intact planarians that cannot electrotax have a relatively larger head-to-body-ratio than large planarians that can electrotax, and (2) the electrotaxis behavior of cut head fragments was negatively correlated with the head-to-body ratio of the fragments. Moreover, we could restore cathodic electrotaxis in head fragments via decapitation, directly demonstrating inhibition of electrotaxis by the head. Summary: A new method for quantitative studies of planarian electrotaxis shows that Dugesia japonica move toward the cathode. This behavior is enhanced by removal of the head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Sabry
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aryo Jahromi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christina Rabeler
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William B Kristan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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27
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Reho G, Lelièvre V, Cadiou H. Planarian nociception: Lessons from a scrunching flatworm. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:935918. [PMID: 35959107 PMCID: PMC9362985 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.935918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to being studied for their exceptional regeneration abilities, planarians (i.e., flatworms) have also been extensively used in the context of pharmacological experiments during the past century. Many researchers used planarians as a model system for the study of drug abuse because they display high similarities with the nervous system of vertebrates at cellular and molecular levels (e.g., neuronal morphology, neurotransmitter ligands, and receptor function). This research field recently led to the discovery of causal relationships between the expression of Transient Receptor Potential ion channels in planarians and their behavioral responses to noxious stimuli such as heat, cold or pharmacological analogs such as TRP agonists, among others. It has also been shown that some antinociceptive drugs modulate these behaviors. However, among the few authors that tried to implement a full behavior analysis, none reached a consensual use of the terms used to describe planarian gaits yet, nor did they establish a comprehensive description of a potential planarian nociceptive system. The aim of this review is therefore to aggregate the ancient and the most recent evidence for a true nociceptive behavior in planarians. It also highlights the convenience and relevance of this invertebrate model for nociceptive tests and suggests further lines of research. In regards to past pharmacological studies, this review finally discusses the opportunities given by the model to extensively screen for novel antinociceptive drugs.
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28
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Majid S, Van Belleghem F, Ploem JP, Wouters A, Blust R, Smeets K. Interactive toxicity of copper and cadmium in regenerating and adult planarians. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:133819. [PMID: 35114265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In a polluted environment, metals are present as complex mixtures. As a result, organisms are exposed to different metals at the same time, which affects both metal-specific as well as overall toxicity. Detailed information about the molecular mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of combined exposures remains limited in terms of different life stages. In this study, the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea was used to investigate developmental and physiological responses associated with a combined exposure to Cu and Cd. In addition, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the provoked adverse effects were studied in different exposure scenarios. Mixed exposure resulted in a decline in survival, diverse non-lethal morphological changes, neuroregenerative impairments, altered behaviour and a limited repair capacity. Underlying to these effects, the cellular redox state was altered in all exposure conditions. In adult animals, this led to DNA damage and corresponding transcriptional changes in cell cycle and DNA repair genes. In regenerating animals, changes in hydrogen peroxide and glutathione contents led to regenerative defects. Overall, our results demonstrate that (1) developing organisms are more susceptible to metal exposures, and (2) the toxicity of an individual metal increases significantly in a mixed exposure scenario. These aspects have to be included in current risk assessment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanah Majid
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium; Systemic Physiological & Eco-toxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, 2020, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Belleghem
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, 6419, AT, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Pieter Ploem
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Annelies Wouters
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological & Eco-toxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, 2020, Belgium
| | - Karen Smeets
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium.
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29
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Tomasello DL, Wlodkowic D. Noninvasive Electrophysiology: Emerging Prospects in Aquatic Neurotoxicity Testing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4788-4794. [PMID: 35196004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The significance of neurotoxicological risks associated with anthropogenic pollution is gaining increasing recognition worldwide. In this regard, perturbations in behavioral traits upon exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of neurotoxic and neuro-modulating contaminants have been linked to diminished ecological fitness of many aquatic species. Despite an increasing interest in behavioral testing in aquatic ecotoxicology there is, however, a notable gap in understanding of the neurophysiological foundations responsible for the altered behavioral phenotypes. One of the canonical approaches to explain the mechanisms of neuro-behavioral changes is functional analysis of neuronal transmission. In aquatic animals it requires, however, invasive, complex, and time-consuming electrophysiology techniques. In this perspective, we highlight emerging prospects of noninvasive, in situ electrophysiology based on multielectrode arrays (MEAs). This technology has only recently been pioneered for the detection and analysis of transient electrical signals in the central nervous system of small model organisms such as zebrafish. The analysis resembles electroencephalography (EEG) applications and provides an appealing strategy for mechanistic explorative studies as well as routine neurotoxicity risk assessment. We outline the prospective future applications and existing challenges of this emerging analytical strategy that is poised to bring new vistas for aquatic ecotoxicology such as greater mechanistic understanding of eco-neurotoxicity and thus more robust risk assessment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Tomasello
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
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30
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Pucci C, Martinelli C, De Pasquale D, Battaglini M, di Leo N, Degl’Innocenti A, Belenli Gümüş M, Drago F, Ciofani G. Tannic Acid-Iron Complex-Based Nanoparticles as a Novel Tool against Oxidative Stress. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15927-15941. [PMID: 35352893 PMCID: PMC9011352 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species in cells leads to oxidative stress, with consequent damage for cellular components and activation of cell-death mechanisms. Oxidative stress is often associated with age-related conditions, as well as with several neurodegenerative diseases. For this reason, antioxidant molecules have attracted a lot of attention, especially those derived from natural sources─like polyphenols and tannins. The main issue related to the use of antioxidants is their inherent tendency to be oxidized, their quick enzymatic degradation in biological fluids, and their poor bioavailability. Nanomedicine, in this sense, has helped in finding new solutions to deliver and protect antioxidants; however, the concentration of the encapsulated molecule in conventional nanosystems could be very low and, therefore, less effective. We propose to exploit the properties of tannic acid, a known plant-derived antioxidant, to chelate iron ions, forming hydrophobic complexes that can be coated with a biocompatible and biodegradable phospholipid to improve stability in biological media. By combining nanoprecipitation and hot sonication procedures, we obtained three-dimensional networks composed of tannic acid-iron with a hydrodynamic diameter of ≈200 nm. These nanostructures show antioxidant properties and scavenging activity in cells after induction of an acute chemical pro-oxidant insult; moreover, they also demonstrated to counteract damage induced by oxidative stress both in vitro and on an in vivo model organism (planarians).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pucci
- Smart
Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- Smart
Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Daniele De Pasquale
- Smart
Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Matteo Battaglini
- Smart
Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Nicoletta di Leo
- Smart
Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- The
Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore
Sant’Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Andrea Degl’Innocenti
- Smart
Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Melike Belenli Gümüş
- Smart
Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- The
Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore
Sant’Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Electron
Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di
Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Smart
Bio-Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
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31
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Silva LCR, Dornelas ASP, de Souza Saraiva A, Gravato C, Pestana JLT, da Maia Soares AMV, Sarmento RA. Do bio-insecticides affect only insect species? Behavior, regeneration, and sexual reproduction of a non-target freshwater planarian. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:10665-10674. [PMID: 34528200 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bio-insecticides have been increasingly used worldwide as ecofriendly alternatives to pesticides, but data on their effects in non-target freshwater organisms is still scarce and limited to insects. The aim of this study was to determine the lethal and sub-lethal effects of the bio-insecticides Bac Control (based on Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki-Btk) and Boveril (based on Beauveria bassiana-Bb) on regeneration, behavioral, and reproductive endpoints of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. The estimated LC50-48h were > 800 mg a.i./L for Btk and 60.74 mg a.i./L for Bb. In addition, exposure to Btk significantly decreased locomotion and feeding activities of planarians (lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) of 12.5 mg a.i./L Btk) and fecundity rate (LOEC = 3.12 mg a.i./L Btk), whereas exposure to Bb significantly delayed regeneration (LOEC = 0.75 mg a.i./L Bb) and decreased fecundity rate (1.5 mg a.i./L Bb) of planarians. Thus, both bio-insecticides induced deleterious sub-lethal effects on a non-insect freshwater invertebrate species. However, only Bb-based formulation affected the survival, fecundity rate, and regeneration at concentrations below the maximum predicted environmental concentration (PEC = 247 mg/L). Thus, care should be taken when using such formulations as alternatives to chemical insecticides near aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Cristina Rezende Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Aline Silvestre Pereira Dornelas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Althiéris de Souza Saraiva
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano-Campus Campos Belos (Laboratório de Conservação de Agroecossistemas e Ecotoxicologia), 73840-000, Campos Belos, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Faculdade de Ciências and CESAM, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Luís Teixeira Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu Mortágua Velho da Maia Soares
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
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Zhen H, Zheng M, Song Q, Liu H, Yuan Z, Cao Z, Zhao B. U73122 and m-3M3FBS Regulate the GABAergic Neuron Regeneration via PLCβ in Planarian Dugesia japonica. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Le D, Sabry Z, Chandra A, Kristan WB, Collins EMS, Kristan WB. Planarian fragments behave as whole animals. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5111-5117.e4. [PMID: 34624209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral responses of freshwater planarians have been studied for over a century.1 In recent decades, behavior has been used as a readout to study planarian development and regeneration,2-6 wound healing,7,8 molecular evolution,4,9,10 neurotoxicology,11-13 and learning and memory.14-17The planarian nervous system is among the simplest of the bilaterally symmetric animals,18 with an anterior brain attached to two ventral nerve cords interconnected by multiple commissures. We found that, in response to mechanical and near-UV stimulation, head stimulation produces turning, tail stimulation produces contraction, and trunk stimulation produces midbody elongation in the planarian Dugesia japonica. When cut into two or three pieces, the anterior end of each headless piece switched its behavior to turning instead of elongation; i.e., it responded as though it were the head. In addition, posterior ends of the head and midbody pieces sometimes produced contraction instead of elongation. Thus, each severed piece acts like an intact animal, with each midbody region having nearly complete behavioral capabilities. These observations show that each midbody region reads the global state of the organism and adapts its response to incoming signals from the remaining tissue. Selective lateral incisions showed that the changes in behavior are not due to nonselective pain responses and that the ventral nerve cords and cross-connectives are responsible for coordinating local behaviors. Our findings highlight a fast functional reorganization of the planarian nervous system that complements the slower repairs provided by regeneration. This reorganization provides needed behavioral responses for survival as regeneration proceeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Le
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ziad Sabry
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Aarav Chandra
- The Bishop's School, 7607 La Jolla Boulevard, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William B Kristan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA; Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - William B Kristan
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Morris J, Bealer EJ, Souza IDS, Repmann L, Bonelli H, Stanzione JF, Staehle MM. Chemical Exposure-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity in Head-Regenerating Schmidtea Mediterranea. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:220-231. [PMID: 34791476 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing number of commercially-used chemicals that are under-evaluated for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) combined with the difficulty in describing the etiology of exposure-related neurodevelopmental toxicity has created a reticent threat to human health. Current means of screening chemicals for DNT are limited to expensive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive traditional laboratory animal models. In this study, we hypothesize that exposed head regenerating planarian flatworms can effectively and efficiently categorize DNT in known developmental neurotoxins (ethanol and bisphenol A (BPA)). Planarian flatworms are an established alternative animal model for neurodevelopmental studies and have remarkable regenerative abilities allowing neurodevelopment to be induced via head resection. Here, we observed changes in photophobic behavior and central nervous system (CNS) morphology to evaluate the impact of exposure to low concentrations of ethanol, BPA, and BPA industry alternatives bisphenol F (BPF), and bisguaiacol (BG) on neurodevelopment. Our studies show that exposure to 1% v/v ethanol during regeneration induces a recoverable 48-hour delay in the development of proper CNS integrity, which aligns with behavioral assessments of cognitive ability. Exposure to BPA and its alternatives induced deviations to neurodevelopment in a range of severities, distinguished by suppressions, delays, or a combination of the two. These results suggest that quick and inexpensive behavioral assessments are a viable surrogate for tedious and costly immunostaining studies, equipping more utility and resolution to the planarian model for neurodevelopmental toxicity in the future of mass chemical screening. These studies demonstrate that behavioral phenotypes observed following chemical exposure are classifiable and also temporally correlated to the anatomical development of the central nervous system in planaria. This will facilitate and accelerate toxicological screening assays with this alternative animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Morris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
| | - E J Bealer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
| | - I D S Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
| | - L Repmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
| | - H Bonelli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
| | - J F Stanzione
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
| | - M M Staehle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
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35
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Dong Z, Huo J, Liang A, Chen J, Chen G, Liu D. Gamma-Secretase Inhibitor (DAPT), a potential therapeutic target drug, caused neurotoxicity in planarian regeneration by inhibiting Notch signaling pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146735. [PMID: 33812110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
DAPT (N-[N-(3, 5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-s-phenylglycinet-butyl ester) is a γ-secretase inhibitor that indirectly blocks the activity of Notch pathway. It is a potential therapeutic target drug for many diseases, such as cancer, neurological, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the pharmacological action and specific mechanisms of DAPT are not clear. Planarians have strong regenerative capacity and can regenerate a new individual with a complete nervous system in one week. Thus, they are used as an ideal indicator of environmental toxicants and a novel model for studying neurodevelopmental toxicology. In this study, different concentrations and treatment times of DAPT are used to analyze the gene expression levels of major components in Notch pathway. The results show that the optimal concentration and exposure time of DAPT is 100 nM for 10 days in planarians and indicate that the inhibitory of DAPT treatment on Notch pathway is time- and concentration-dependent. The potential impact of DAPT is effectively analyzed by qPCR, WISH, and Immunofluorescence. The results indicate that DAPT exposure causes intact planarian wavy or swollen, and regenerative planarians asymmetric growth or muti-eye. Moreover, DAPT exposure increases cell proliferation and apoptosis, results in neurodevelopmental defects and dynamic changes of some marker genes. These results suggest that the balance of proliferation and apoptosis is disturbed, and then, affecting tissue homeostasis and differentiation. These findings demonstrate that DAPT has serious side effects in organisms and relies on Notch pathway to determine cell fate, it is cautious in the use of DAPT as a potential therapeutic approach for the disease in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimei Dong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Jinrui Huo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Ang Liang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Jinzi Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Guangwen Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Dezeng Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.
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36
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Bownik A, Wlodkowic D. Applications of advanced neuro-behavioral analysis strategies in aquatic ecotoxicology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145577. [PMID: 33770877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite mounting evidence of pleiotropic ecological risks, the understanding of the eco-neurotoxic impact of most industrially relevant chemicals is still very limited. In particularly the acute and chronic exposures to industrial pollutants on nervous systems and thus potential alterations in ecological fitness remain profoundly understudied. Since the behavioral phenotype is the highest-level and functional manifestation of integrated neurological functions, the alterations in neuro-behavioral traits have been postulated as very sensitive and physiologically integrative endpoints to assess eco-neurotoxicological risks associated with industrial pollutants. Due to a considerable backlog of risk assessments of existing and new production chemicals there is a need for a paradigm shift from high cost, low throughput ecotoxicity test models to next generation systems amenable to higher throughput. In this review we concentrate on emerging aspects of laboratory-based neuro-behavioral phenotyping approaches that can be amenable for rapid prioritizing pipelines. We outline the importance of development and applications of innovative neuro-behavioral assays utilizing small aquatic biological indicators and demonstrate emerging concepts of high-throughput chemo-behavioral phenotyping. We also discuss new analytical approaches to effectively and rapidly evaluate the impact of pollutants on higher behavioral functions such as sensory-motor assays, decision-making and cognitive behaviors using innovative model organisms. Finally, we provide a snapshot of most recent analytical approaches that can be applied to elucidate mechanistic rationale that underlie the observed neuro-behavioral alterations upon exposure to pollutants. This review is intended to outline the emerging opportunities for innovative multidisciplinary research and highlight the existing challenges as well barriers to future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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37
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Poirier L, Jacquet P, Plener L, Masson P, Daudé D, Chabrière E. Organophosphorus poisoning in animals and enzymatic antidotes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25081-25106. [PMID: 29959732 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are neurotoxic molecules developed as pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs). Most of them are covalent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a key enzyme in nervous systems, and are therefore responsible for numerous poisonings around the world. Many animal models have been studied over the years in order to decipher the toxicity of OPs and to provide insights for therapeutic and decontamination purposes. Environmental impact on wild animal species has been analyzed to understand the consequences of OP uses in agriculture. In complement, various laboratory models, from invertebrates to aquatic organisms, rodents and primates, have been chosen to study chronic and acute toxicity as well as neurobehavioral impact, immune response, developmental disruption, and other pathological signs. Several decontamination approaches were developed to counteract the poisoning effects of OPs. Among these, enzyme-based strategies are particularly attractive as they allow efficient external decontamination without toxicity or environmental impact and may be of interest for treatment. Approaches using bioscavengers for prophylaxis, treatment, and external decontamination are emphasized and their potential is discussed in the light of toxicological observations from various animal models. The relevance of animal models, regarding their cholinergic system and the abundance of naturally protecting enzymes, is also discussed for better extrapolation of results to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Poirier
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Jacquet
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Plener
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - David Daudé
- Gene&GreenTK, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Eric Chabrière
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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38
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Mion S, Carriot N, Lopez J, Plener L, Ortalo-Magné A, Chabrière E, Culioli G, Daudé D. Disrupting quorum sensing alters social interactions in Chromobacterium violaceum. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:40. [PMID: 33888726 PMCID: PMC8062528 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00211-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication system used by bacteria to coordinate a wide panel of biological functions in a cell density-dependent manner. The Gram-negative Chromobacterium violaceum has previously been shown to use an acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-based QS to regulate various behaviors, including the production of proteases, hydrogen cyanide, or antimicrobial compounds such as violacein. By using combined metabolomic and proteomic approaches, we demonstrated that QS modulates the production of antimicrobial and toxic compounds in C. violaceum ATCC 12472. We provided the first evidence of anisomycin antibiotic production by this strain as well as evidence of its regulation by QS and identified new AHLs produced by C. violaceum ATCC 12472. Furthermore, we demonstrated that targeting AHLs with lactonase leads to major QS disruption yielding significant molecular and phenotypic changes. These modifications resulted in drastic changes in social interactions between C. violaceum and a Gram-positive bacterium (Bacillus cereus), a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), immune cells (murine macrophages), and an animal model (planarian Schmidtea mediterranea). These results underscored that AHL-based QS plays a key role in the capacity of C. violaceum to interact with micro- and macroorganisms and that quorum quenching can affect microbial population dynamics beyond AHL-producing bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mion
- Aix Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric Chabrière
- Aix Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Gérald Culioli
- Université de Toulon, MAPIEM, Toulon, France. .,Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, UMR CNRS-IRD, Avignon Université, Aix-Marseille Université, Avignon, France.
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39
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Sonpho E, Wootthichairangsan C, Ishida M, Inoue T, Agata K, Maleehuan A, Charngkaew K, Chomanee N, Moonsom S, Wongtrakoongate P, Chairoungdua A, Ounjai P. ECM-Body: A Cell-Free 3D Biomimetic Scaffold Derived from Intact Planarian Body. Zoolog Sci 2021; 37:307-313. [PMID: 32729708 DOI: 10.2108/zs190135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays key roles in shaping fates of stem cells, not only by providing a suitable niche but also by mediating physical and biochemical cues. Despite intensive investigations on regeneration, the roles of ECM in fate determination of stem cells in animals with great regenerative potency, such as planarian, have remained unclear. Here, we developed a method for decellularizing and isolating extracellular matrix from planarians. Although the isolated scaffold appears translucent, it contains all the internal features resembling those of the structure of intact planarians, and we thus called it the "ECM-body". Nuclear staining demonstrated that the ECM-body contains very few or no remaining cells. Histological sections displayed well-preserved morphological integrity of the specimen. Scanning electron microscopy showed a porous surface on the ECM-body, potentially suitable for housing cells. Furthermore, our preliminary experiment suggested that ECM-body can be utilized as a biomimetic scaffold for cell culture as it may support survival of injected neoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekasit Sonpho
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Miyuki Ishida
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | | | - Komgrid Charngkaew
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 10700, Thailand
| | - Nusara Chomanee
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 10700, Thailand
| | - Saengduen Moonsom
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Arthit Chairoungdua
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400, Thailand
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, 10400, Thailand,
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40
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Abstract
Freshwater planarians are free-living flatworms known for their regenerative ability. Being easily cultured under laboratory conditions, they are recognized test model organisms in regeneration, developmental biology, and neuropharmacological research. Also, they have been recently employed in toxicity testing where they displayed an array of sensitive and reliable responses to environmental stressors. Here, we outline simple and easy-to-follow protocols to evaluate effects of environmental contaminants and other stressors on survival, behavior (feeding and locomotor activity), and regeneration of freshwater planarians. These endpoints are comparable with responses of well-established ecotoxicological model species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pearl Ugochi Ofoegbu
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri, Nigeria
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41
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Bijnens K, Thijs S, Leynen N, Stevens V, McAmmond B, Van Hamme J, Vangronsveld J, Artois T, Smeets K. Differential effect of silver nanoparticles on the microbiome of adult and developing planaria. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105672. [PMID: 33227667 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely incorporated in household, consumer and medical products. Their unintentional release via wastewaters raises concerns on their environmental impact, particularly for aquatic organisms and their associated bacterial communities. It is known that the microbiome plays an important role in its host's health and physiology, e.g. by producing essential nutrients and providing protection against pathogens. A thorough understanding of the effects of AgNPs on bacterial communities and on their interactions with the host is crucial to fully assess AgNP toxicity on aquatic organisms. Our results indicate that the microbiome of the invertebrate Schmidtea mediterranea, a freshwater planarian, is affected by AgNP exposure at the tested 10 μg/ml concentration. Using targeted amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region, two independent experiments on the microbiomes of adult worms revealed a consistent decrease in Betaproteobacteriales after AgNP exposure, mainly attributed to a decrease in Curvibacter and Undibacterium. Although developing tissues and organisms are known to be more sensitive to toxic compounds, three independent experiments in regenerating worms showed a less pronounced effect of AgNP exposure on the microbiome, possibly because underlying bacterial community changes during development mask the AgNP induced effect. The presence of a polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) coating did not significantly alter the outcome of the experiments compared to those with uncoated particles. The observed variation between the different experiments underlines the highly variable nature of microbiomes and emphasises the need to repeat microbiome experiments, within and between physiological states of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Bijnens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thijs
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Leynen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Vincent Stevens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Breanne McAmmond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan Van Hamme
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tom Artois
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Karen Smeets
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
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42
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Martinez O, Sire S, Saunier A, Malgouyres JM, Fournier A, Vignet C. Behavioral responses of three freshwater planaria species to light, visual and olfactory stimuli: Setting the stage for further ecotoxicological studies. Behav Processes 2020; 183:104295. [PMID: 33383124 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Planarians are freshwater flatworms commonly used as environmental bioindicator due to their sensitivity of response and their ease of culturing in lab. Nevertheless, to date, very few studies describing their behavior have been led. This work aims to fill the literature gap by providing preliminary results through six behavioral challenges (locomotion, exploration, light stress, planarian light/dark test, shoaling and foraging) conducted with three different species Dugesia tigrina, Schmidtea mediterranea and Schmidtea polychroa. The behavioral responses of every species in each of these six assays were recorded and differences between species were highlighted, depending on the assays and conditions. Schmidtea polychroa is less active than the two others and had the highest light aversion. Reactions observed in response to diverse and realistic stimuli helped us to select the most suitable tests and choose the species that seem the most appropriate for future ecotoxicological and neurophysiological tests. Four tests - out of the six tested- seem reliable in order to standardize planarian behavioral tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Martinez
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives (BTSB), EA7417, INU Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000, Albi, France
| | - Sacha Sire
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives (BTSB), EA7417, INU Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000, Albi, France
| | - Alice Saunier
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives (BTSB), EA7417, INU Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000, Albi, France
| | - Jean-Michel Malgouyres
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives (BTSB), EA7417, INU Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000, Albi, France
| | - Alice Fournier
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives (BTSB), EA7417, INU Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000, Albi, France
| | - Caroline Vignet
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives (BTSB), EA7417, INU Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000, Albi, France.
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43
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Simão FCP, Gravato C, Machado AL, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Toxicity of different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115185. [PMID: 32777698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater planarians have been gaining relevance as experimental animals for numerous research areas given their interesting features, such as high regeneration potential, shared features with the vertebrates' nervous system or the range of endpoints that can be easily evaluated in response to contaminants. Ecotoxicological research using these animals has been steadily increasing in the past decades, as planarians' potentialities for this research area are being recognized. In this work, we used polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as model contaminants and evaluated effects of exposure to phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in planarians. The freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina was chosen and mortality, cephalic regeneration (during and post-exposure), behavioral endpoints and presence of PAHs in tissues, were evaluated. Mortality was only observed in planarians exposed to phenanthrene, with an estimated LC50 of 830 μg L-1. Results indicate that planarian behavioral endpoints were very sensitive in response to sub-lethal concentrations of PAHs, showing a greater sensitivity towards B[a]P and pyrene. Briefly, post-exposure locomotion and post-exposure feeding were significantly impaired by sub-lethal concentrations of all compounds, whereas regeneration of photoreceptors was only significantly delayed in planarians exposed to pyrene. Moreover, levels of PAH-type compounds in planarian tissues followed a concentration-dependent increase, showing uptake of compounds from experimental solutions. The present results highlight the importance of studying alternative and complementary endpoints, such as behavior, not only because these may be able to detect effects at lower levels of contamination, but also due to their ecological relevance. The simplicity of evaluating a wide range of responses to contaminants further demonstrates the utility of freshwater planarians for ecotoxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C P Simão
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Faculdade de Ciências & CESAM, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Machado
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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44
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Shah SI, Williams AC, Lau WM, Khutoryanskiy VV. Planarian toxicity fluorescent assay: A rapid and cheap pre-screening tool for potential skin irritants. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:105004. [PMID: 33010358 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a new planarian (Dugesia lugubris) fluorescent assay as a rapid and cheap pre-screening tool to predict strong skin irritants. Our aim was to provide a simple and cost-effective in vivo method that avoided use of higher vertebrates. Adapting previously reported methods for planaria mobility alongside an acute toxicity assay, different irritants at five concentrations (0.1%, 0.05%, 0.025%, 0.01% and 0.005% w/v) were tested but both methods failed to discriminate the irritation potential of the test compounds. Therefore, a new alternative fluorescence assay was developed, hypothesising that increasing damage from the irritant to the planarian outer protective membrane will increase accumulation of sodium fluorescein in the flatworm. Fourteen test chemicals were selected representing strong, moderate, mild and non-irritants. In general, results showed increasing sodium fluorescein accumulation within planaria following acute exposure to increasingly strong skin irritants; on exposure to the strong irritants, benzalkonium chloride, citronellal, methyl palmitate, 1-bromohexane and carvacrol, fluorescence within the planaria was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the negative controls and the common non-irritants PEG-400, dipropylene glycol and isopropyl alcohol; fluorescence values of planaria tested with negative controls and non-irritants were not significantly different. For all test compounds, Fluorescence Intensity of the planaria was compared with literature Primary Irritation Index data and generated a statistically significant (P < 0.005) Pearson correlation (r) of 0.87. Thus, the planarian fluorescent assay is a promising tool for rapid early testing of potential strong skin irritants, and non-irritants, and avoids use of higher vertebrate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ibrahim Shah
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C Williams
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Wing Man Lau
- School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Vitaliy V Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom.
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45
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Zhang J, Shao X, Zhao B, Zhai L, Liu N, Gong F, Ma X, Pan X, Zhao B, Yuan Z, Zhang X. Neurotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and post-exposure recovery due to blueberry anthocyanins in the planarians Dugesia japonica. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114471. [PMID: 32268227 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a widely used synthetic industrial chemical which accumulates in ecosystems and organisms. Our study have investigated the neurobehavioral effects of PFOA and the alleviation effects of PFOA-induced neurotoxicity by blueberry anthocyanins (ANT) in Dugesia japonica. The planarians were exposed to PFOA and ANT for ten days. Researchs showed that exposure to PFOA affected locomotor behavior and ANT significantly alleviated the reduction in locomotion induced by PFOA. The regeneration of eyespots and auricles was suppressed by PFOA and was promoted by ANT. Following exposure to PFOA, acetylcholinesterase activity continually decreased and was unaffected in the ANT group, but was elevated after combined administration of PFOA and ANT. Oxidative DNA damage was found in planarians exposed to PFOA and was attenuated after administration of ANT by the alkaline comet assay. Concentrations of three neurotransmitters increased following exposure to PFOA and decreased after administration of ANT. Furthermore, ANT promoted and PFOA inhibited neuronal regeneration. DjotxA, DjotxB, DjFoxG, DjFoxD and Djnlg associated with neural processes were up-regulated following exposure to PFOA. Our findings indicate that PFOA is a neurotoxicant while ANT can attenuate these detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
| | - Xinxin Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
| | - Baoying Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
| | - Liming Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
| | - Na Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
| | - Fangbin Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
| | - Xue Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
| | - Xiaolu Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
| | - Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
| | - Xiufang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
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46
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Ireland D, Bochenek V, Chaiken D, Rabeler C, Onoe S, Soni A, Collins EMS. Dugesia japonica is the best suited of three planarian species for high-throughput toxicology screening. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126718. [PMID: 32298908 PMCID: PMC7350771 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) using new approach methods is revolutionizing toxicology. Asexual freshwater planarians are a promising invertebrate model for neurotoxicity HTS because their diverse behaviors can be used as quantitative readouts of neuronal function. Currently, three planarian species are commonly used in toxicology research: Dugesia japonica, Schmidtea mediterranea, and Girardia tigrina. However, only D. japonica has been demonstrated to be suitable for HTS. Here, we assess the two other species for HTS suitability by direct comparison with D. japonica. Through quantitative assessments of morphology and multiple behaviors, we assayed the effects of 4 common solvents (DMSO, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate) and a negative control (sorbitol) on neurodevelopment. Each chemical was screened blind at 5 concentrations at two time points over a twelve-day period. We obtained two main results: First, G. tigrina and S. mediterranea planarians showed significantly reduced movement compared to D. japonica under HTS conditions, due to decreased health over time and lack of movement under red lighting, respectively. This made it difficult to obtain meaningful readouts from these species. Second, we observed species differences in sensitivity to the solvents, suggesting that care must be taken when extrapolating chemical effects across planarian species. Overall, our data show that D. japonica is best suited for behavioral HTS given the limitations of the other species. Standardizing which planarian species is used in neurotoxicity screening will facilitate data comparisons across research groups and accelerate the application of this promising invertebrate system for first-tier chemical HTS, helping streamline toxicology testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Chaiken
- Department of Computer Science, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | | | - Sumi Onoe
- Department of Computer Science, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Ameet Soni
- Department of Computer Science, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA; Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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47
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Enzymatic decontamination of paraoxon-ethyl limits long-term effects in planarians. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3843. [PMID: 32123261 PMCID: PMC7052158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are highly toxic molecules used as insecticides that inhibit cholinesterase enzymes involved in neuronal transmission. The intensive use of OP for vector control and agriculture has led to environmental pollutions responsible for severe intoxications and putative long-term effects on humans and wild animals. Many in vivo models were studied over the years to assess OP acute toxicity, but the long-term effects are poorly documented. Planarian, a freshwater flatworm having a cholinergic system, has emerged as a new original model for addressing both toxicity and developmental perturbations. We used Schmidtea mediterranea planarians to evaluate long-term effects of paraoxon-ethyl at two sublethal concentrations over three generations. Toxicity, developmental perturbations and disruption of behavior were rapidly observed and higher sensitivity to paraoxon-ethyl of next generations was noticed suggesting that low insecticide doses can induce transgenerational effects. With the view of limiting OP poisoning, SsoPox, an hyperthermostable enzyme issued from the archaea Saccharolobus solfataricus, was used to degrade paraoxon-ethyl prior to planarian exposure. The degradation products, although not lethal to the worms, were found to decrease cholinesterase activities for the last generation of planarians and to induce abnormalities albeit in lower proportion than insecticides.
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48
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Behl M, Ryan K, Hsieh JH, Parham F, Shapiro AJ, Collins BJ, Sipes NS, Birnbaum LS, Bucher JR, Foster PMD, Walker NJ, Paules RS, Tice RR. Screening for Developmental Neurotoxicity at the National Toxicology Program: The Future Is Here. Toxicol Sci 2019; 167:6-14. [PMID: 30496580 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) receives requests to evaluate chemicals with potential to cause adverse health effects, including developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). Some recent requests have included classes of chemicals such as flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic compounds, perfluoroalkyl substances, and bisphenol A analogs with approximately 20-50 compounds per class, many of which include commercial mixtures. However, all the compounds within a class cannot be tested using traditional DNT animal testing guideline studies due to resource and time limitations. Hence, a rapid and biologically relevant screening approach is required to prioritize compounds for further in vivo testing. Because neurodevelopment is a complex process involving multiple distinct cellular processes, one assay will unlikely address the complexity. Hence, the NTP sought to characterize a battery of in vitro and alternative animal assays to quantify chemical effects on a variety of neurodevelopmental processes. A culmination of this effort resulted in a NTP-hosted collaborative project with approximately 40 participants spanning across domains of academia, industry, government, and regulatory agencies; collaborators presented data on cell-based assays and alternative animal models that was generated using a targeted set of compounds provided by the NTP. The NTP analyzed the assay results using benchmark concentration (BMC) modeling to be able to compare results across the divergent assays. The results were shared with the contributing researchers on a private web application during the workshop, and are now publicly available. This article highlights the overview and goals of the project, and describes the NTP's approach in creating the chemical library, development of NTPs data analysis strategy, and the structure of the web application. Finally, we discuss key issues with emphasis on the utility of this approach, and knowledge gaps that need to be addressed for its use in regulatory decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Behl
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Kelly Government Solutions, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Frederick Parham
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Andrew J Shapiro
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Bradley J Collins
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Nisha S Sipes
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - John R Bucher
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Paul M D Foster
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Nigel J Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Kang J, Dong Z, Hao Q, Wang J, Chen G, Liu D. The regulation of rapamycin in planarian Dugesia japonica Ichikawa & Kawakatsu, 1964 regeneration according to TOR signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 185:109680. [PMID: 31546204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater planarian mostly lives in the upper reaches of springs and rivers. Generally, it is realized as a suitable warning indicator of environmental toxicants. The freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica has a powerful regenerative capability and can regenerate a new individual including a complete central nervous system in one week. Rapamycin is an inhibitor of mammalian TORC1 (target of rapamycin complex-1) and used in the treatment of some diseases like cancer, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. However, the roles of rapamycin in the regulation of planarian regeneration remain to be elucidated. In present study, freshwater planarians D. japonica were firstly treated with 1 μM rapamycin for 18 h exposures and the expression patterns of Djtor was analyzed by the whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH). Our results indicated rapamycin could strongly inhibit Djtor expression in planarian D. japonica and cause asymmetric blastemas and neuronal defects in planarians. Furthermore, knockdown of Djtor gene in planarians using RNA interference resulted in the suppression of downstream autophagy genes. These findings suggested that rapamycin might regulate freshwater planarian regeneration via Djtor signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China; College of Life Science, Xingxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Zimei Dong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qin Hao
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guangwen Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Dezeng Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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50
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Goel T, Wang R, Martin S, Lanphear E, Collins EMS. Linalool acts as a fast and reversible anesthetic in Hydra. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224221. [PMID: 31648269 PMCID: PMC6812832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to make transgenic Hydra lines has allowed for quantitative in vivo studies of Hydra regeneration and physiology. These studies commonly include excision, grafting and transplantation experiments along with high-resolution imaging of live animals, which can be challenging due to the animal’s response to touch and light stimuli. While various anesthetics have been used in Hydra studies, they tend to be toxic over the course of a few hours or their long-term effects on animal health are unknown. Here, we show that the monoterpenoid alcohol linalool is a useful anesthetic for Hydra. Linalool is easy to use, non-toxic, fast acting, and reversible. It has no detectable long-term effects on cell viability or cell proliferation. We demonstrate that the same animal can be immobilized in linalool multiple times at intervals of several hours for repeated imaging over 2–3 days. This uniquely allows for in vivo imaging of dynamic processes such as head regeneration. We directly compare linalool to currently used anesthetics and show its superior performance. Linalool will be a useful tool for tissue manipulation and imaging in Hydra research in both research and teaching contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Goel
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sara Martin
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Lanphear
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Eva-Maria S. Collins
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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