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Bajetto G, Scutera S, Menotti F, Banche G, Chiaradia G, Turesso C, De Andrea M, Vallino M, Es DSV, Biolatti M, Dell’Oste V, Musso T. Antimicrobial Efficacy of a Vegetable Oil Plasticizer in PVC Matrices. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1046. [PMID: 38674966 PMCID: PMC11054656 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of bacterial and viral infections, highlighted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic, urgently calls for new antimicrobial strategies. To this end, we have synthesized and characterized a novel fatty acid epoxy-ester plasticizer for polymers, named GDE. GDE is not only sustainable and user-friendly but also demonstrates superior plasticizing properties, while its epoxy components improve the heat stability of PVC-based matrices. A key feature of GDE is its ability to confer antimicrobial properties to surfaces. Indeed, upon contact, this material can effectively kill enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the β-coronavirus prototype HCoV-OC43, but it is ineffective against nonenveloped viruses like human adenovirus (HAdV). Further analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on HSV-1 virions exposed to GDE showed significant structural damage, indicating that GDE can interfere with the viral envelope, potentially causing leakage. Moreover, GDE demonstrates antibacterial activity, albeit to a lesser extent, against notorious pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Overall, this newly developed plasticizer shows significant potential as an antimicrobial agent suitable for use in both community and healthcare settings to curb the spread of infections caused by microorganisms contaminating physical surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Bajetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Scutera
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
| | - Francesca Menotti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
| | - Giuliana Banche
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
| | | | | | - Marco De Andrea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marta Vallino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Centre (CNR), 10135 Turin, Italy;
| | - Daan S. Van Es
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
| | - Valentina Dell’Oste
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
| | - Tiziana Musso
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.M.); (G.B.); (M.D.A.); (V.D.); (T.M.)
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Hussain T, Metwally E, Murtaza G, Kalhoro DH, Chughtai MI, Tan B, Omur AD, Tunio SA, Akbar MS, Kalhoro MS. Redox mechanisms of environmental toxicants on male reproductive function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1333845. [PMID: 38469179 PMCID: PMC10925774 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1333845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans and wildlife, including domesticated animals, are exposed to a myriad of environmental contaminants that are derived from various human activities, including agricultural, household, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial products. Excessive exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, and phthalates consequently causes the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The equilibrium between reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant system is preserved to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. Mitochondria play a key role in cellular function and cell survival. Mitochondria are vulnerable to damage that can be provoked by environmental exposures. Once the mitochondrial metabolism is damaged, it interferes with energy metabolism and eventually causes the overproduction of free radicals. Furthermore, it also perceives inflammation signals to generate an inflammatory response, which is involved in pathophysiological mechanisms. A depleted antioxidant system provokes oxidative stress that triggers inflammation and regulates epigenetic function and apoptotic events. Apart from that, these chemicals influence steroidogenesis, deteriorate sperm quality, and damage male reproductive organs. It is strongly believed that redox signaling molecules are the key regulators that mediate reproductive toxicity. This review article aims to spotlight the redox toxicology of environmental chemicals on male reproduction function and its fertility prognosis. Furthermore, we shed light on the influence of redox signaling and metabolism in modulating the response of environmental toxins to reproductive function. Additionally, we emphasize the supporting evidence from diverse cellular and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Hussain
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Animal Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Elsayed Metwally
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Government of Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Dildar Hussain Kalhoro
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ismail Chughtai
- Animal Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bie Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ali Dogan Omur
- Department of Artificial Insemination, Faculty, Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Tunio
- Department of Livestock Management, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Akbar
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem Kalhoro
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, Food and Agro-Industrial Research Centre, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
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Mustieles V, Lascouts A, Pozo OJ, Haro N, Lyon-Caen S, Jedynak P, Bayat S, Thomsen C, Sakhi AK, Sabaredzovic A, Slama R, Ouellet-Morin I, Philippat C. Longitudinal Associations between Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and Steroid Hormones in Maternal Hair Samples from the SEPAGES Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19202-19213. [PMID: 37931007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
We assessed phthalate-hormone associations in 382 pregnant women of the new-generation SEPAGES cohort (2014-2017, France) using improved exposure and outcome assessments. Metabolites from seven phthalate compounds and the replacement di(isononyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) were measured in within-subject pools of repeated urine samples collected at the second and third pregnancy trimesters (≈21 samples/trimester). Metabolites from five steroid hormones were measured in maternal hair samples collected at delivery, reflecting cumulative levels over the previous weeks to months. Adjusted linear regression and Bayesian weighted quantile sum (BWQS) mixture models were performed. Each doubling in third-trimester urinary mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentrations was associated with an average increase of 13.3% (95% CI: 2.65, 24.9) for ∑cortisol, 10.0% (95% CI: 0.26, 20.7) for ∑cortisone, 17.3% (95% CI: 1.67, 35.4) for 11-dehydrocorticosterone, and 16.2% (95% CI: 2.20, 32.1) for testosterone, together with a suggestive 10.5% (95% CI: -1.57, 24.1) increase in progesterone levels. Each doubling in second-trimester urinary di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) concentrations was inversely associated with testosterone levels (-11.6%; 95% CI: -21.6, -0.31). For most hormones, a nonsignificant trend toward a positive phthalate mixture effect was observed in the third but not in the second trimester. Our study showed that exposure to some phthalate metabolites, especially MBzP, may affect adrenal and reproductive hormone levels during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Mustieles
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Development and Respiratory Health (EDES), Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélien Lascouts
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Development and Respiratory Health (EDES), Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Applied Metabolomics Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Haro
- Applied Metabolomics Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Lyon-Caen
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Development and Respiratory Health (EDES), Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Paulina Jedynak
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Development and Respiratory Health (EDES), Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sam Bayat
- Department of Pulmonology and Physiology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 Grenoble, France
- Grenoble Alpes University - Inserm UA07, 38400 Grenoble, France
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amrit K Sakhi
- Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Azemira Sabaredzovic
- Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rémy Slama
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Development and Respiratory Health (EDES), Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Ouellet-Morin
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, H1N 3M5 Québec, Canada; School of Criminology, Université de Montréal, H3C 3J7 Québec, Canada
| | - Claire Philippat
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Development and Respiratory Health (EDES), Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Schwendt A, Chammas JB, Maric M, Nicell JA, Leask R, Chalifour LE. Exposure to the non-phthalate plasticizer di-heptyl succinate is less disruptive to C57bl/6N mouse recovery from a myocardial infarction than DEHP, TOTM or related di-octyl succinate. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288491. [PMID: 37440506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalate plasticizers are incorporated into plastics to make them soft and malleable, but are known to leach out of the final product into their surroundings with potential detrimental effects to human and ecological health. The replacement of widely-used phthalate plasticizers, such as di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), that are of known toxicity, by the commercially-available alternative Tris(2-ethylhexyl) tri-mellitate (TOTM) is increasing. Additionally, several newly designed "green" plasticizers, including di-heptyl succinate (DHPS) and di-octyl succinate (DOS) have been identified as potential replacements. However, the impact of plasticizer exposure from medical devices on patient recovery is unknown and, moreover, the safety of TOTM, DHPS, and DOS is not well established in the context of patient recovery. To study the direct effect of clinically based chemical exposures, we exposed C57bl/6 N male and female mice to DEHP, TOTM, DOS, and DHPS during recovery from cardiac surgery and assessed survival, cardiac structure and function, immune cell infiltration into the cardiac wound and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Male, but not female, mice treated in vivo with DEHP and TOTM had greater cardiac dilation, reduced cardiac function, increased infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages and increased expression of inflammasome receptors and effectors, thereby suggesting impaired recovery in exposed mice. In contrast, no impact was detected in female mice and male mice exposed to DOS and DHPS. To examine the direct effects in cells involved in wound healing, we treated human THP-1 macrophages with the plasticizers in vitro and found DEHP induced greater NLRP3 expression and activation. These results suggest that replacing current plasticizers with non-phthalate-based plasticizers may improve patient recovery, especially in the male population. In our assessment, DHPS is a promising possibility for a non-toxic biocompatible plasticizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schwendt
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Milan Maric
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jim A Nicell
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Leask
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lorraine E Chalifour
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Jagarlapudi SS, Cross HS, Das T, Goddard WA. Thermomechanical Properties of Nontoxic Plasticizers for Polyvinyl Chloride Predicted from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24858-24867. [PMID: 37167600 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and toxicity concerns dictate replacement of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) plasticizer used to impart flexibility and thermal stability to polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Potential alternatives to DEHP in PVC include diheptyl succinate (DHS), diethyl adipate (DEA), 1,4-butanediol dibenzoate (1,4-BDB), and dibutyl sebacate (DBS). To examine whether that these bio-based plasticizers can compete with DEHP, we need to compare their tensile, mechanical, and diffusional properties. This work focuses on predicting the effect these plasticizers have on Tg, Young's modulus, shear modulus, fractional free volume, and diffusion for PVC-plasticizer systems. Where data was available, the results from this study are in good agreement with the experiment; we conclude that DBS and DHS are most promising green plasticizers for PVC, since they have properties comparable to DEHP but not the environmental and toxicity concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha S Jagarlapudi
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Heaven S Cross
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tridip Das
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Screening of Potential Plasticizer Alternatives for Their Toxic Effects on Male Germline Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123217. [PMID: 36551973 PMCID: PMC9776359 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticizers give flexibility to a wide range of consumer and medical plastic products. Among them, phthalate esters are recognized as endocrine disruptors that target male reproductive functions. With this notion, past studies designed and produced alternative plasticizers that could replace phthalates with limited toxicity to the environment and to male reproductive functions. Here, we focused on one reproductive cell type that was not investigated in past studies-spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs)-and examined in vitro the effects on 22 compounds (seven plasticizers currently in use and 15 newly synthesized potential alternative plasticizers) for their effects on SSCs. Our in vitro compound screening analyses showed that a majority of the compounds examined had a limited level of toxicity to SSCs. Yet, some commercial plasticizers and their derivatives, such as DEHP (di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) and MEHP (mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), were detrimental at 10-5 to 10-4 M. Among new compounds, some of maleate- and fumarate-derivatives showed toxic effects. In contrast, no detrimental effects were detected with two new compounds, BDDB (1,4 butanediol dibenzoate) and DOS (dioctyl succinate). Furthermore, SSCs that were exposed to BDDB and DOS in vitro successfully established spermatogenic colonies in testes of recipient mice after transplantation. These results demonstrate that SSC culture acts as an effective platform for toxicological tests on SSC function and provide novel information that two new compounds, BDDB and DOS, are alternative plasticizers that do not have significant negative impacts on SSC integrity.
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Crobeddu B, Jutras-Carignan A, Kolasa É, Mounier C, Robaire B, Plante I. Gestational and lactational exposure to the emergent alternative plasticizer 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) impairs lipid metabolism to a greater extent than the commonly used Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the adult rat mammary gland. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:268-286. [PMID: 35861430 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their endocrine disruption properties, phthalate plasticizers such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can affect the hormone-dependent development of the mammary gland. Over the past few years, DEHP has been partially replaced by 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) which also have potential endocrine disrupting properties. The goal of the present study is to understand the impact of a gestational and lactational exposure to DEHP and DINCH on mammary gland development using Sprague-Dawley rats. Both plasticizers altered the adipocytes of the mammary gland fat pad of adult progeny, as demonstrated by a decrease in their size, folding of their membrane and modulations of the lipid profiles. DEHP treatments decreased the expression of Rxrα and Scd1 at the low and high dose, respectively, but did not affect any of the other genes studied. DINCH modulation of lipid metabolism could be observed at puberty by a decreased expression of genes implicated in triglyceride synthesis, lipid transport and lipolysis, but by an increased expression of genes of the β-oxidation pathway and of genes involved in lipid storage and fatty acid synthesis at adulthood, compared to control and DEHP-treated rats. A strong upregulation of different inflammatory markers was observed following DINCH exposure only. Together, our results indicate that a gestational and lactational exposure to DINCH has earlier and more significant effects on lipid homeostasis, adipogenesis and the inflammatory state of the adult mammary gland than DEHP exposure. The long-term consequence of these effects on mammary gland health remained to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bélinda Crobeddu
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Antoine Jutras-Carignan
- Laboratoire du métabolisme des lipides, CERMO-FC, Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Élise Kolasa
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Catherine Mounier
- Laboratoire du métabolisme des lipides, CERMO-FC, Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Isabelle Plante
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
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Insights into the Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Emerging Non-Phthalate Alternate Plasticizers against Thyroid Hormone Receptor: A Structural Perspective. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050263. [PMID: 35622676 PMCID: PMC9145736 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have a ubiquitous presence in our environment due to anthropogenic activity. These EDCs can disrupt hormone signaling in the human and animal body systems including the very important hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis causing adverse health effects. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are hormones of the HPT axis which are essential for regulation of metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, growth, development, etc. In this study, potential endocrine-disrupting activity of the most common phthalate plasticizer, DEHP, and emerging non-phthalate alternate plasticizers, DINCH, ATBC, and DEHA against thyroid hormone receptor (TRα) were characterized. The structural binding characterization of indicated ligands was performed against the TRα ligand binding site employing Schrodinger’s induced fit docking (IFD) approach. The molecular simulations of interactions of the ligands against the residues lining a TRα binding pocket, including bonding interactions, binding energy, docking score, and IFD score were analyzed. In addition, the structural binding characterization of TRα native ligand, T3, was also done for comparative analysis. The results revealed that all ligands were placed stably in the TRα ligand-binding pocket. The binding energy values were highest for DINCH, followed by ATBC, and were higher than the values estimated for TRα native ligand, T3, whereas the values for DEHA and DEHP were similar and comparable to that of T3. This study suggested that all the indicated plasticizers have the potential for thyroid hormone disruption with two alternate plasticizers, DINCH and ATBC, exhibiting higher potential for thyroid dysfunction compared to DEHA and DEHP.
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Geueke B, Groh KJ, Maffini MV, Martin OV, Boucher JM, Chiang YT, Gwosdz F, Jieh P, Kassotis CD, Łańska P, Myers JP, Odermatt A, Parkinson LV, Schreier VN, Srebny V, Zimmermann L, Scheringer M, Muncke J. Systematic evidence on migrating and extractable food contact chemicals: Most chemicals detected in food contact materials are not listed for use. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9425-9435. [PMID: 35585831 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Food packaging is important for today's globalized food system, but food contact materials (FCMs) can also be a source of hazardous chemicals migrating into foodstuffs. Assessing the impacts of FCMs on human health requires a comprehensive identification of the chemicals they contain, the food contact chemicals (FCCs). We systematically compiled the "database on migrating and extractable food contact chemicals" (FCCmigex) using information from 1210 studies. We found that to date 2881 FCCs have been detected, in a total of six FCM groups (Plastics, Paper & Board, Metal, Multi-materials, Glass & Ceramic, and Other FCMs). 65% of these detected FCCs were previously not known to be used in FCMs. Conversely, of the more than 12'000 FCCs known to be used, only 1013 are included in the FCCmigex database. Plastic is the most studied FCM with 1975 FCCs detected. Our findings expand the universe of known FCCs to 14,153 chemicals. This knowledge contributes to developing non-hazardous FCMs that lead to safer food and support a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Department Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Yu-Ting Chiang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Phoenix Jieh
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Paulina Łańska
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Verena N Schreier
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Srebny
- Biointerfaces Lab, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
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Edwards L, McCray NL, VanNoy BN, Yau A, Geller RJ, Adamkiewicz G, Zota AR. Phthalate and novel plasticizer concentrations in food items from U.S. fast food chains: a preliminary analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:366-373. [PMID: 34702987 PMCID: PMC9119856 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fast food consumption is associated with biomarkers of ortho-phthalates exposures. However, the chemical content of fast food is unknown; certain ortho-phthalates (i.e., di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) have been phased out and replaced with other plasticizers (e.g., dioctyl terephthalate (DEHT)). OBJECTIVE We conducted a preliminary study to examine ortho-phthalate and replacement plasticizer concentrations in foods and food handling gloves from U.S. fast food restaurants. METHODS We obtained hamburgers, fries, chicken nuggets, chicken burritos, cheese pizza (n = 64 food samples) and gloves (n = 3) from restaurants and analyzed them for 11 chemicals using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS We found DEHT at the highest concentrations in both foods (n = 19; median = 2510 µg/kg; max = 12,400 µg/kg) and gloves (n = 3; range: 28-37% by weight). We detected DnBP and DEHP in 81% and 70% of food samples, respectively. Median DEHT concentrations were significantly higher in burritos than hamburgers (6000 µg/kg vs. 2200 µg/kg; p < 0.0001); DEHT was not detected in fries. Cheese pizza had the lowest levels of most chemicals. SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, these are the first measurements of DEHT in food. Our preliminary findings suggest that ortho-phthalates remain ubiquitous and replacement plasticizers may be abundant in fast food meals. IMPACT STATEMENT A selection of popular fast food items sampled in this study contain detectable levels of replacement plasticizers and concerning ortho-phthalates. In addition, food handling gloves contain replacement plasticizers, which may be a source of food contamination. These results, if confirmed, may inform individual and regulatory exposure reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lariah Edwards
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nathan L McCray
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brianna N VanNoy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alice Yau
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ruth J Geller
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ami R Zota
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA.
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12
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Delbes G, Blázquez M, Fernandino JI, Grigorova P, Hales BF, Metcalfe C, Navarro-Martín L, Parent L, Robaire B, Rwigemera A, Van Der Kraak G, Wade M, Marlatt V. Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on gonad development: Mechanistic insights from fish and mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112040. [PMID: 34509487 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, evidence has emerged that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have an impact on reproductive health. An increased frequency of reproductive disorders has been observed worldwide in both wildlife and humans that is correlated with accidental exposures to EDCs and their increased production. Epidemiological and experimental studies have highlighted the consequences of early exposures and the existence of key windows of sensitivity during development. Such early in life exposures can have an immediate impact on gonadal and reproductive tract development, as well as on long-term reproductive health in both males and females. Traditionally, EDCs were thought to exert their effects by modifying the endocrine pathways controlling reproduction. Advances in knowledge of the mechanisms regulating sex determination, differentiation and gonadal development in fish and rodents have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of early exposure to EDCs on reproduction. In this manuscript, we review the key developmental stages sensitive to EDCs and the state of knowledge on the mechanisms by which model EDCs affect these processes, based on the roadmap of gonad development specific to fish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Delbes
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada.
| | - M Blázquez
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J I Fernandino
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | | | - B F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - C Metcalfe
- School of Environment, Trent University, Trent, Canada
| | - L Navarro-Martín
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Parent
- Université TELUQ, Montréal, Canada
| | - B Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - A Rwigemera
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada
| | - G Van Der Kraak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - M Wade
- Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - V Marlatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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13
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Kang L, Chen J, Wang J, Zhao T, Wei Y, Wu Y, Han L, Zheng X, Shen L, Long C, Wei G, Wu S. Multiple transcriptomic profiling: potential novel metabolism-related genes predict prepubertal testis damage caused by DEHP exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:13478-13490. [PMID: 34595713 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effect of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on prepubertal testes was examined in this study. We treated 3-week-old male mice with 4.8 mg/kg/day (milligram/kilogram/day) (no observed adverse effect level), 30 mg/kg/day (high exposure dose relative to humans), 100 mg/kg/day (level causing a reproductive system disorder), and 500 mg/kg/day (dose causing a multigenerational reproductive system disorder) of DEHP via gavage. Obvious abnormalities in the testicular organ coefficient, spermatogenic epithelium, and testosterone levels occurred in the 500 mg/kg DEHP group. Ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each group could enrich reproduction and reproductive process terms according to the gene ontology (GO) results, and coenrichment of metabolism pathway was observed by the Reactome pathway analysis. Through the analysis of common genes in the metabolism pathway, we discovered that DEHP exposure at 4.8 to 500 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg caused the same damages to the prepubertal testis. In general, we identified two key transcriptional biomarkers (fatty acid binding protein 3 (Fabp3) and carboxylesterase (Ces) 1d), which provided new insight into the gene regulatory mechanism associated with DEHP exposure and will contribute to the prediction and diagnosis of prepuberty testis injury caused by DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Kang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Room 806, Kejiao Building (NO.6), No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiadong Chen
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Room 806, Kejiao Building (NO.6), No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junke Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Room 806, Kejiao Building (NO.6), No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxin Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Woman and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexin Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Room 806, Kejiao Building (NO.6), No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Room 806, Kejiao Building (NO.6), No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lindong Han
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Room 806, Kejiao Building (NO.6), No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqin Zheng
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Room 806, Kejiao Building (NO.6), No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Room 806, Kejiao Building (NO.6), No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Room 806, Kejiao Building (NO.6), No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Room 806, Kejiao Building (NO.6), No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengde Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Room 806, Kejiao Building (NO.6), No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Rajkumar A, Luu T, Beal MA, Barton-Maclaren TS, Hales BF, Robaire B. Phthalates and Alternative Plasticizers Differentially affect Phenotypic Parameters in Gonadal Somatic and Germ Cell Lines. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:613-627. [PMID: 34792101 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental and reproductive toxicity associated with exposure to phthalates has motivated a search for alternatives. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the adverse effects of some of these chemicals. We used high-content imaging to compare the effects of mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) with six alternative plasticizers: di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP); diisononyl-phthalate (DINP); di-isononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH); 2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA); 2,2,4-trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB) and di-iso-decyl-adipate (DIDA). A male germ spermatogonial cell line (C18-4), a Sertoli cell line (TM4) and two steroidogenic cell lines (MA-10 Leydig and KGN granulosa) were exposed for 48h to each chemical (0.001-100 μM). Cell images were analyzed to assess cytotoxicity and effects on phenotypic endpoints. Only MEHP (100 μM) was cytotoxic and only in C18-4 cells. However, several plasticizers had distinct phenotypic effects in all four cell lines. DINP increased Calcein intensity in C18-4 cells, whereas DIDA induced oxidative stress. In TM4 cells, MEHP, and DINCH affected lipid droplet numbers, while DEHTP and DINCH increased oxidative stress. In MA-10 cells, MEHP increased lipid droplet areas and oxidative stress; DINP decreased the number of lysosomes, while DINP, DEHA and DIDA altered mitochondrial activity. In KGN cells, MEHP, DINP and DINCH increased the number of lipid droplets, whereas DINP decreased the number of lysosomes, increased oxidative stress and affected mitochondria. The Toxicological Priority Index (ToxPi) provided a visual illustration of the cell line specificity of the effects on phenotypic parameters. The lowest administered equivalent doses were observed for MEHP. We propose that this approach may assist in screening alternative plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishankari Rajkumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Trang Luu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Marc A Beal
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, KIA 0K9
| | - Tara S Barton-Maclaren
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, KIA 0K9
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3G 1Y6.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. H3G 1Y6
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15
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Weighted gene coexpression network analysis reveals ESR1, FLNA and Furin as hub genes for DEHP-induced prepubertal testicular injury. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 106:115-125. [PMID: 34718101 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an environmental endocrine disruptor that accumulates in organisms in various ways and induces male reproductive system disorders. In this study, we established a testicular injury model by gavage with different concentrations of DEHP. The testes were then collected for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and the results were analyzed by bioinformatics and verified by experiments. Our research results show that different concentrations of DEHP interfere with testicular development differently. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) generated sixteen modules and identified the turquoise module as key. Then, estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), filamin A (Flna) and Furin were identified as hub genes. qPCR and immunohistochemistry results revealed that all three hub genes were upregulated. We detected the locations of these genes by immunohistochemistry. ESR1 was mainly located in Leydig cells; Flna immunostaining is observed in the Leydig and some germ cells and Furin staining was seen in almost all types of testicular cells. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed enrichment mainly in MAPK signaling pathways, p53 signaling pathways, HIF-1 signaling pathways, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, apoptosis, the cell cycle, RNA degradation, etc. This is the first study using WGCNA to investigate the mechanism of DEHP-induced injury in the prepubertal testis, providing new research angles to further understand the mechanism of DEHP-induced injury in the prepubertal testis.
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16
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Enangue Njembele AN, Tremblay JJ. Mechanisms of MEHP Inhibitory Action and Analysis of Potential Replacement Plasticizers on Leydig Cell Steroidogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111456. [PMID: 34768887 PMCID: PMC8584274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid production in Leydig cells is stimulated mainly by the pituitary luteinizing hormone, which leads to increased expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis, including the gene encoding the steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) protein. Mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), the active metabolite of the widely used plasticizer DEHP, is known to disrupt Leydig steroidogenesis but its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. We found that MEHP caused a significant reduction in hormone-induced steroid hormone production in two Leydig cell lines, MA-10 and MLTC-1. Consistent with disrupted cholesterol transport, we found that MEHP represses cAMP-induced Star promoter activity. MEHP responsiveness was mapped to the proximal Star promoter, which contains multiple binding sites for several transcription factors. In addition to STAR, we found that MEHP also reduced the levels of ferredoxin reductase, a protein essential for electron transport during steroidogenesis. Finally, we tested new plasticizers as alternatives to phthalates. Two plasticizers, dioctyl succinate and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, had no significant effect on hormone-induced steroidogenesis. Our current findings reveal that MEHP represses steroidogenesis by affecting cholesterol transport and its conversion into pregnenolone. We also found that two novel molecules with desirable plasticizer properties have no impact on Leydig cell steroidogenesis and could be suitable phthalate replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick N. Enangue Njembele
- Reproduction, Mother and Child Health, Room T3-67, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval CHUL 2705 Laurier Blvd., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Jacques J. Tremblay
- Reproduction, Mother and Child Health, Room T3-67, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval CHUL 2705 Laurier Blvd., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Centre for Research in Reproduction, Development and Intergenerational Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-525-4444 (ext. 46254)
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Walker C, Garza S, Papadopoulos V, Culty M. Impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on steroidogenesis and consequences on testicular function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 527:111215. [PMID: 33657436 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Testicular steroidogenesis is a tightly regulated process that produces the androgens important for the development, maintenance and function of the male reproductive system. These androgens are also essential for overall health, and well-being. Disruptions in the ability of the testis to form steroids can result in developmental abnormalities, dysfunction, and infertility. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can interfere with the intricate signaling and metabolizing networks that produce androgens and promote their dysfunction. These chemicals are found ubiquitously in our environment, as they are integral components of products that are used every day. The effects of EDCs, such as bisphenols, phthalates, and alkyl chemicals, have been studied independently, revealing deleterious effects; but the combined influence of these structures on steroidogenesis has yet to be completely elucidated. This manuscript presents an updated review on EDC mixtures and their impact on testicular function and fertility, highlighting new findings that illustrate the anti-androgenic capabilities of EDC mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Walker
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Garza
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martine Culty
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Yu Z, Wang F, Han J, Lu R, Li Q, Cai L, Li B, Chen J, Wang K, Lin W, Lin Q, Chen G, Wen J. Opposite effects of high- and low-dose di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure on puberty onset, oestrous cycle regularity and hypothalamic kisspeptin expression in female rats. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 32:610-618. [PMID: 32209209 DOI: 10.1071/rd19024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is ubiquitous in the environment and has been proposed to lead to reproductive disruption. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of different doses of DEHP exposure on female hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis development. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with vehicle (corn oil) or DEHP (5 or 500mgkg-1 day-1) during postnatal Days (PNDs) 22-28 or PNDs 22-70. Results demonstrated that the low and high doses of DEHP exerted opposite effects on puberty onset, circulating luteinising hormone, serum oestradiol and progesterone levels, with the low dose (5mgkg-1) promoting and the high dose (500mgkg-1) inhibiting these parameters. Significant dose-related differences were also found in the D500 group with longer oestrous cycle duration, lower ovarian/bodyweight ratio, fewer corpus lutea and more abnormal ovarian stromal tissue in comparison with the oil or D5 groups. Molecular data showed that the hypothalamic Kiss1 mRNA expression in the anteroventral periventricular but not in the arcuate nucleus significantly decreased in the D500 rats and increased in the D5 rats relative to the rats in the oil group. These findings suggested that the kisspeptin system is a potential target for DEHP to disrupt reproductive development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Measurement, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Measurement, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Junyong Han
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Measurement, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Rongmei Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Qian Li
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Liangchun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Bishuang Li
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jinyan Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Measurement, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Measurement, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Wenjin Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Measurement, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Qinghua Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Measurement, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Measurement, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China; and Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China; and Corresponding authors: Emails: ;
| | - Junping Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China; and Corresponding authors: Emails: ;
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19
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Sears CG, Braun JM. Phthalate Exposure, Adolescent Health, and the Need for Primary Prevention. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2020; 49:759-770. [PMID: 33153678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates, a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, are used widely in many consumer products, and exposure can interfere with a range of hormonal functions during early life. These disruptions may alter development during late childhood and adolescence. This article discusses the potential effects of phthalate exposure on adiposity, puberty, and neurodevelopment during late childhood and adolescence. It also highlights studies of behavioral interventions to reduce phthalate exposures and the roles of health care professionals and policy makers in preventing phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara G Sears
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-2, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-2, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA. https://twitter.com/JosephMBraun1
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20
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Den Braver-Sewradj SP, Piersma A, Hessel EVS. An update on the hazard of and exposure to diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) alternatives used in medical devices. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:650-672. [PMID: 33006299 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1816896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of the plasticizer diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) in PVC medical devices is being questioned due to its potential reprotoxic effects in patients exposed as a result from migration from the device. This article reviews new information on migration and toxicity data of eleven alternative plasticizers that have previously been evaluated by the Danish EPA and the EU SCENIHR (Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks). The new toxicity data did not justify the reconsideration of the critical NOAELs as established by SCENIHR and Danish EPA. The dataset on oral toxicity studies is rather complete for most substances; however, in particular for reproductive toxicity and endocrine disruption, data gaps still exist for many alternatives. Toxicity data on intravenous exposure are lacking and these are essential to conclude on hazard characteristics of alternatives that are poorly absorbed via the oral exposure route. Migration data are emerging for a few alternatives but still sparse for the majority of the alternatives. Taking all data on migration and toxicity in consideration, 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, diisononylester (DINCH), and tris(2-ethylhexyl)benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate display a more favorable profile compared to DEHP. For these promising alternatives, a risk assessment for use in medical devices should be conducted. As a next step, we recommend the (further) generation of relevant migration data and, where needed, relevant toxicity data for the alternative substances, in order to be able to conduct a benefit-risk analysis of DEHP and the alternatives as obligatory in the new European Union Medical Device Regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldert Piersma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen V S Hessel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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21
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Selvaraju V, Baskaran S, Agarwal A, Henkel R. Environmental contaminants and male infertility: Effects and mechanisms. Andrologia 2020; 53:e13646. [PMID: 32447772 DOI: 10.1111/and.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The escalating prevalence of male infertility and decreasing trend in sperm quality have been correlated with rapid industrialisation and the associated discharge of an excess of synthetic substances into the environment. Humans are inevitably exposed to these ubiquitously distributed environmental contaminants, which possess the ability to intervene with the growth and function of male reproductive organs. Several epidemiological reports have correlated the blood and seminal levels of environmental contaminants with poor sperm quality. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of various environmental contaminants on spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, Sertoli cells, blood-testis barrier, epididymis and sperm functions. The reported reprotoxic effects include alterations in the spermatogenic cycle, increased germ cell apoptosis, inhibition of steroidogenesis, decreased Leydig cell viability, impairment of Sertoli cell structure and function, altered expression of steroid receptors, increased permeability of blood-testis barrier, induction of peroxidative and epigenetic alterations in spermatozoa resulting in poor sperm quality and function. In light of recent scientific reports, this review discusses the effects of environmental contaminants on the male reproductive function and the possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaithinathan Selvaraju
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Saradha Baskaran
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ralf Henkel
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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22
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van ′t Erve TJ, Rosen EM, Barrett ES, Nguyen RH, Sathyanarayana S, Milne GL, Calafat AM, Swan SH, Ferguson KK. Phthalates and Phthalate Alternatives Have Diverse Associations with Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Pregnant Women. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3258-3267. [PMID: 30793895 PMCID: PMC6487641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals such as phthalates has been linked to numerous adverse pregnancy outcomes, potentially through an oxidative stress mediated mechanism. Most research examined urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) as the oxidative stress biomarker. However, 8-iso-PGF2α also originates from enzymatic sources linked to inflammation. Therefore, associations between phthalates and 8-iso-PGF2α could have been misinterpreted. To clarify this, the 8-iso-PGF2α/prostaglandin F2α ratio approach was used to quantitatively distinguish between inflammation or oxidative stress derived 8-iso-PGF2α and estimate their associations with phthalate metabolites in a cohort of 758 pregnant women from The Infant Development and Environment Study (TIDES). Most urinary phthalate metabolites were associated with a significant increase in 8-iso-PGF2α. For example, a 22.4% higher 8-iso-PGF2α concentration (95% confidence interval = 14.4, 30.9) was observed with an interquartile range increase in mono- n-butyl phthalate. For most metabolites, associations were observed solely with oxidative stress derived 8-iso-PGF2α. In contrast, monocarboxy-isononyl phthalate and monoisononyl phthalate (MNP) were associated with both sources of 8-iso-PGF2α. Metabolites of the phthalate alternative 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester (DINCH), were only associated with inflammation-derived 8-iso-PGF2α, which is interesting because DINCH metabolites and MNP have structural similarities.In conclusion, phthalates metabolites are not exclusively associated with oxidative stress derived 8-iso-PGF2α. Depending on the metabolite structure, some are also associated with inflammation derived sources, which provides interesting insights in the toxicology of phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. van ′t Erve
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709, NC, USA
| | - Emma M. Rosen
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709, NC, USA
| | - Emily S. Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, 08901, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY,14642, USA
| | - Ruby H.N. Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Antonia, M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Shanna H. Swan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kelly K. Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709, NC, USA
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23
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Erythropel HC, Börmann A, Nicell JA, Leask RL, Maric M. Designing Green Plasticizers: Linear Alkyl Diol Dibenzoate Plasticizers and a Thermally Reversible Plasticizer. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10060646. [PMID: 30966680 PMCID: PMC6404088 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several linear alkyl diol dibenzoate compounds, ranging from C3 to C6 in central diol length, were evaluated for their plasticizing effectiveness in blends with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The results were compared to blends of PVC/di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), the most commonly used commercial plasticizer. DEHP has come under scrutiny, due to its suspected endocrine-disrupting behaviour, and the proposed diol dibenzoates have previously been shown to have the potential to be green, safe candidates for DEHP replacement. The thermal and mechanical properties of PVC/dibenzoate blends were determined, and include glass transition temperature (Tg), the elongation at break, maximum stress, apparent moduli, torsional modulus, and surface hardness. The C3, C5, and C6 dibenzoates performed as well as or better than DEHP, with the exception of torsional modulus, further supporting their use as green plasticizers. For blends with 1,4-butanediol dibenzoate, differential scanning calorimetry and torsional temperature sweeps suggested that the compound partly crystallizes within PVC blends over the course of two days, thereby losing the ability to effectively plasticize PVC. However, upon heating to temperatures above 60 °C, effective plasticization was again observed. 1,4-Butanediol dibenzoate is thereby a reversible heat-activated plasticizer or processing aid with excellent plasticizer properties at mildly elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno C Erythropel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Aurélie Börmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Jim A Nicell
- Department of Civil Engineering & Applied Mechanics, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada.
| | - Richard L Leask
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Milan Maric
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
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