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Carrillo‐Carrasco VP, Hernandez‐Garcia J, Mutte SK, Weijers D. The birth of a giant: evolutionary insights into the origin of auxin responses in plants. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113018. [PMID: 36786017 PMCID: PMC10015382 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant signaling molecule auxin is present in multiple kingdoms of life. Since its discovery, a century of research has been focused on its action as a phytohormone. In land plants, auxin regulates growth and development through transcriptional and non-transcriptional programs. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses are well understood, mainly in Arabidopsis. Recently, the availability of genomic and transcriptomic data of green lineages, together with phylogenetic inference, has provided the basis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of some components involved in auxin biology. In this review, we follow the evolutionary trajectory that allowed auxin to become the "giant" of plant biology by focusing on bryophytes and streptophyte algae. We consider auxin biosynthesis, transport, physiological, and molecular responses, as well as evidence supporting the role of auxin as a chemical messenger for communication within ecosystems. Finally, we emphasize that functional validation of predicted orthologs will shed light on the conserved properties of auxin biology among streptophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth K Mutte
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
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2
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Feng W, Sun X, Ding G. Morphological and Transcriptional Characteristics of the Symbiotic Interaction between Pinus massoniana and Suillus bovinus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1162. [PMID: 36354929 PMCID: PMC9699607 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) function has been well studied; however, there is little detailed information regarding the establishment of ECM symbioses. We investigated the morphological and transcriptional changes that occur during the establishment of the Pinus massoniana-Suillus bovinus ECM. S. bovinus promoted the growth of P. massoniana via the release of volatile organic compounds and exudates during the pre-symbiotic stage. Exudate-induced effects showed host plant specificity. At seven days post-inoculation (dpi), the mycelium started to penetrate P. massoniana roots. At 28 dpi, the Hartig net and mantle formed. At the pre-symbiotic stage, most differentially expressed genes in P. massoniana roots were mapped to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, signal transduction, and carbohydrate metabolism. At the symbiotic stage, S. bovinus colonization induced the reprogramming of pathways involved in genetic information processing in P. massoniana, particularly at the Hartig net and mantle formation stage. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was present at all stages and was regulated via S. bovinus colonization. Enzyme inhibitor tests suggested that hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate transferase is involved in the development of the Hartig net. Our findings outline the mechanism involved in the P. massoniana-S. bovinus ECM. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in ECM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyan Feng
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xueguang Sun
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guijie Ding
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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3
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Chen X, Chen J, Liao D, Ye H, Li C, Luo Z, Yan A, Zhao Q, Xie K, Li Y, Wang D, Chen J, Chen A, Xu G. Auxin-mediated regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: A role of SlGH3.4 in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:955-968. [PMID: 34713922 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants can establish symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to increase fitness to environmental challenges. The development of AM symbiosis is controlled by intricate procedures involving all phytohormones. However, the mechanisms underlying the auxin-mediated regulation of AM symbiosis remains largely unknown. Here, we report that AM colonisation promotes auxin response and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) accumulation, but downregulates IAA biosynthesis genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). External IAA application modulates the AM symbiosis by promoting arbuscule formation at low concentrations but repressing it at high concentrations. An AM-induced GH3 gene, SlGH3.4, encoding a putative IAA-amido synthetase, negatively regulates mycorrhization via maintaining cellular auxin homoeostasis. Loss of SlGH3.4 function increased free IAA content and arbuscule incidence, while constitutively overexpressing SlGH3.4 in either tomato or rice resulted in decreased IAA content, total colonisation level and arbuscule abundance in mycorrhizal roots. Several auxin-inducible expansin genes involved in AM formation or resistance to pathogen infection were upregulated in slgh3.4 mycorrhizal roots but downregulated in the SlGH3.4-overexpressing plants. Taken together, our results highlight a positive correlation between the endogenous IAA content and mycorrhization level, particularly arbuscule incidence, and suggest that the SlGH3.4-mediated auxin homoeostasis and regulation of expansin genes is involved in finely tuning the AM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiadong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dehua Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hanghang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anning Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingchun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Ecological Environment and Soil Science, Nanjing Institute of Vegetable Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Horticulture Technology, Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Wei X, Chen J, Zhang C, Liu H, Zheng X, Mu J. Ericoid mycorrhizal fungus enhances microcutting rooting of Rhododendron fortunei and subsequent growth. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:140. [PMID: 32922812 PMCID: PMC7459316 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious root (AR) formation is a unique feature of plant reproduction and plays a vital role in crop production as many horticultural and forestry plants are propagated through cuttings. A growing number of reports have shown that microbes, particularly mycorrhizal fungi are able to promote AR formation, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. This study established an in vitro culture system and investigated AR formation in microcuttings of Rhododendron fortunei Lindl. inoculated with Oidiodendron maius Barron Om19, an ericoid mycorrhizal fungus strain. Hormones and precursors involved in the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in Om19 mycelium were analyzed. Om19 was able to produce a large quantity of tryptophan (Trp) and also indole-3-pyruvate (IPA) and IAA, indicating that IAA biosynthesis in Om19 could be through a Trp-dependent pathway. After inoculation of Om19, ARs were quickly formed in microcuttings. Symbiosis related genes were activated in ARs, and Om19 effectively colonized the roots. YUC3, a key gene in plant biosynthesis of IAA and genes involved in nitrogen (N) uptake and metabolism, phosphorus (P) uptake were highly upregulated. Plants absorbed significantly greater quantity of mineral nutrients, and their growth was substantially enhanced compared to the control plants without Om19 inoculation. A working model for Om19 enhanced AR formation was proposed. The rapid formation of ARs in cuttings could be due in part to the induction of IAA biosynthesized by Om19 and also attributed to Trp catalyzed biosynthesis of IAA in plants. AR formation, in turn, provided Om19 preferred sites for colonization. Our study suggested that in addition to promoting AR formation, Om19 could potentially be used as a new biofertilizer for enhancing production of ericaceous plants, such as blueberry, cranberry, and rhododendron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Wei
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, 350108 Fuzhou, Fujian Province China
- Department of Environmental Horticulture and Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Apopka, FL 32703 USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Environmental Horticulture and Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Apopka, FL 32703 USA
| | - Chunying Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Plant Innovation, Shanghai Botanical Garden, 200231 Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian Province China
| | - Xiuxia Zheng
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, 350108 Fuzhou, Fujian Province China
| | - Jingli Mu
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, 350108 Fuzhou, Fujian Province China
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5
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Basso V, Kohler A, Miyauchi S, Singan V, Guinet F, Šimura J, Novák O, Barry KW, Amirebrahimi M, Block J, Daguerre Y, Na H, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Veneault-Fourrey C. An ectomycorrhizal fungus alters sensitivity to jasmonate, salicylate, gibberellin, and ethylene in host roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1047-1068. [PMID: 31834634 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones jasmonate, gibberellin, salicylate, and ethylene regulate an interconnected reprogramming network integrating root development with plant responses against microbes. The establishment of mutualistic ectomycorrhizal symbiosis requires the suppression of plant defense responses against fungi as well as the modification of root architecture and cortical cell wall properties. Here, we investigated the contribution of phytohormones and their crosstalk to the ontogenesis of ectomycorrhizae (ECM) between grey poplar (Populus tremula x alba) roots and the fungus Laccaria bicolor. To obtain the hormonal blueprint of developing ECM, we quantified the concentrations of jasmonates, gibberellins, and salicylate via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, we assessed root architecture, mycorrhizal morphology, and gene expression levels (RNA sequencing) in phytohormone-treated poplar lateral roots in the presence or absence of L. bicolor. Salicylic acid accumulated in mid-stage ECM. Exogenous phytohormone treatment affected the fungal colonization rate and/or frequency of Hartig net formation. Colonized lateral roots displayed diminished responsiveness to jasmonate but regulated some genes, implicated in defense and cell wall remodelling, that were specifically differentially expressed after jasmonate treatment. Responses to salicylate, gibberellin, and ethylene were enhanced in ECM. The dynamics of phytohormone accumulation and response suggest that jasmonate, gibberellin, salicylate, and ethylene signalling play multifaceted roles in poplar L. bicolor ectomycorrhizal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Basso
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
| | - Shingo Miyauchi
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
| | - Vasanth Singan
- Joint Genome Institute (JGI), US Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Frédéric Guinet
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
| | - Jan Šimura
- Laboratory of Growth, Palacký University, Faculty of Science & The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth, Palacký University, Faculty of Science & The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Kerrie W Barry
- Joint Genome Institute (JGI), US Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Mojgan Amirebrahimi
- Joint Genome Institute (JGI), US Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Jonathan Block
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
| | - Yohann Daguerre
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
- Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hyunsoo Na
- Joint Genome Institute (JGI), US Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- Joint Genome Institute (JGI), US Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Zhang W, Sun K, Shi RH, Yuan J, Wang XJ, Dai CC. Auxin signalling of Arachis hypogaea activated by colonization of mutualistic fungus Phomopsis liquidambari enhances nodulation and N 2 -fixation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2093-2108. [PMID: 29469227 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial fungal and rhizobial symbioses share commonalities in phytohormones responses, especially in auxin signalling. Mutualistic fungus Phomopsis liquidambari effectively increases symbiotic efficiency of legume peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with another microsymbiont, bradyrhizobium, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We quantified and manipulated the IAA accumulation in ternary P. liquidambari-peanut-bradyrhizobial interactions to uncover its role between distinct symbioses. We found that auxin signalling is both locally and systemically induced by the colonization of P. liquidambari with peanut and further confirmed by Arabidopsis harbouring auxin-responsive reporter, DR5:GUS, and that auxin action, including auxin transport, is required to maintain fungal symbiotic behaviours and beneficial traits of plant during the symbiosis. Complementation and action inhibition experiments reveal that auxin signalling is involved in P. liquidambari-mediated nodule development and N2 -fixation enhancement and symbiotic gene activation. Further analyses showed that blocking of auxin action compromised the P. liquidambari-induced nodule phenotype and physiology changes, including vascular bundle development, symbiosome and bacteroids density, and malate concentrations, while induced the accumulation of starch granules in P. liquidambari-inoculated nodules. Collectively, our study demonstrated that auxin signalling activated by P. liquidambari symbiosis is recruited by peanut for bradyrhizobial symbiosis via symbiotic signalling pathway activation and nodule carbon metabolism enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Run-Han Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
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Casarrubia S, Sapienza S, Fritz H, Daghino S, Rosenkranz M, Schnitzler JP, Martin F, Perotto S, Martino E. Ecologically Different Fungi Affect Arabidopsis Development: Contribution of Soluble and Volatile Compounds. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168236. [PMID: 27973595 PMCID: PMC5156394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development can be influenced by mutualistic and non-mutualistic microorganisms. We investigated the ability of the ericoid endomycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius to influence growth and development of the non-host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Different experimental setups (non-compartmented and compartmented co-culture plates) were used to investigate the influence of both soluble and volatile fungal molecules on the plant phenotype. O. maius promoted growth of A. thaliana in all experimental setups. In addition, a peculiar clumped root phenotype, characterized by shortening of the primary root and by an increase of lateral root length and number, was observed in A. thaliana only in the non-compartmented plates, suggesting that soluble diffusible molecules are responsible for this root morphology. Fungal auxin does not seem to be involved in plant growth promotion and in the clumped root phenotype because co-cultivation with O. maius did not change auxin accumulation in plant tissues, as assessed in plants carrying the DR5::GUS reporter construct. In addition, no correlation between the amount of fungal auxin produced and the plant root phenotype was observed in an O. maius mutant unable to induce the clumped root phenotype in A. thaliana. Addition of active charcoal, a VOC absorbant, in the compartmented plates did not modify plant growth promotion, suggesting that VOCs are not involved in this phenomenon. The low VOCs emission measured for O. maius further corroborated this hypothesis. By contrast, the addition of CO2 traps in the compartmented plates drastically reduced plant growth, suggesting involvement of fungal CO2 in plant growth promotion. Other mycorrhizal fungi, as well as a saprotrophic and a pathogenic fungus, were also tested with the same experimental setups. In the non-compartmented plates, most fungi promoted A. thaliana growth and some could induce the clumped root phenotype. In the compartmented plate experiments, a general induction of plant growth was observed for most other fungi, especially those producing higher biomass, further strengthening the role of a nonspecific mechanism, such as CO2 emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Casarrubia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Sapienza
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Héma Fritz
- INRA-Nancy and Lorraine University, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - Stefania Daghino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA-Nancy and Lorraine University, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Martino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- INRA-Nancy and Lorraine University, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Champenoux, France
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8
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Wang P, Zhang Y, Mi F, Tang X, He X, Cao Y, Liu C, Yang D, Dong J, Zhang K, Xu J. Recent advances in population genetics of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms Russula spp. Mycology 2015; 6:110-120. [PMID: 30151319 PMCID: PMC6106078 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2015.1062810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mushroom genus Russula is among the largest and morphologically most diverse basidiomycete genera in the world. They are broadly distributed both geographically and ecologically, forming ectomycorrhizal relationships with a diversity of plants. Aside from their ecological roles, some Russula species are gourmet mushrooms. Therefore, understanding their population biology and fundamental life history processes are important for illustrating their ecological roles and for developing effective conservation and utilization strategies. Here, we review recent population genetic and molecular ecological studies of Russula. We focus on issues related to genet sizes, modes of reproduction, population structures, and roles of geography on their genetic relationships. The sampling strategies, molecule markers, and analytical approaches used in these studies will also be discussed. Our review suggests that in Russula, genets are typically small, local recombination is frequent, and that long-distance spore dispersal is relatively uncommon. We finish by discussing several long-standing issues as well as future trends with regard to life history and evolution of this important group of mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Fei Mi
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xiaozhao Tang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia He
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yang Cao
- Yunnan Institute for Tropical Crop Research, Jinghong, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Chunli Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Dan Yang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jianyong Dong
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Keqing Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Volatile signalling by sesquiterpenes from ectomycorrhizal fungi reprogrammes root architecture. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6279. [PMID: 25703994 PMCID: PMC4346619 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutualistic association of roots with ectomycorrhizal fungi promotes plant health and is a hallmark of boreal and temperate forests worldwide. In the pre-colonization phase, before direct contact, lateral root (LR) production is massively stimulated, yet little is known about the signals exchanged during this step. Here, we identify sesquiterpenes (SQTs) as biologically active agents emitted by Laccaria bicolor while interacting with Populus or Arabidopsis. We show that inhibition of fungal SQT production by lovastatin strongly reduces LR proliferation and that (-)-thujopsene, a low-abundance SQT, is sufficient to stimulate LR formation in the absence of the fungus. Further, we show that the ectomycorrhizal ascomycote, Cenococcum geophilum, which cannot synthesize SQTs, does not promote LRs. We propose that the LR-promoting SQT signal creates a win-win situation by enhancing the root surface area for plant nutrient uptake and by improving fungal access to plant-derived carbon via root exudates.
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Genome-wide identification, expression analysis of GH3 family genes in Medicago truncatula under stress-related hormones and Sinorhizobium meliloti infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:841-54. [PMID: 25529315 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of plant growth and development by controlling the expression of auxin response genes rapidly. As one of the major auxin early response gene families, Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) genes are involved in auxin homeostasis by conjugating excess auxins to amino acids. However, how GH3 genes function in environmental stresses and rhizobial infection responses in Medicago truncatula are largely unknown. Here, based on the latest updated M. truncatula genome, a comprehensive identification and expression profiling analysis of MtGH3 genes were performed. Our data showed that most of MtGH3 genes were expressed in tissue-specific manner and were responsive to environmental stress-related hormones. To understand the possible roles of MtGH3 genes involved in symbiosis establishment between M. truncatula and symbiotic bacteria, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to test the expressions of MtGH3 genes during the early phase of Sinorhizobium meliloti infection. The expression levels of most MtGH3 genes were upregulated in shoots and downregulated in roots by S. meliloti infection. The differences in expression responses to S. meliloti infection between roots and shoots were in agreement with the results of free indoleacetic acid (IAA) content measurements. The identification and expression analysis of MtGH3 genes at the early phase of S. meliloti infection may help us to understand the role of GH3-mediated IAA homeostasis in the regulation of nodule formation in model legumes M. truncatula.
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Doré J, Marmeisse R, Combier JP, Gay G. A fungal conserved gene from the basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum is essential for efficient ectomycorrhiza formation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:1059-69. [PMID: 24918768 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-14-0087-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We used Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis to identify genes in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum that are essential for efficient mycorrhiza formation. One of the mutants presented a dramatically reduced ability to form ectomycorrhizas when grown in the presence of Pinus pinaster. It failed to form mycorrhizas in the presence of glucose at 0.5 g liter(-1), a condition favorable for mycorrhiza formation by the wild-type strain. However, it formed few mycorrhizas when glucose was replaced by fructose or when glucose concentration was increased to 1 g liter(-1). Scanning electron microscopy examination of these mycorrhizas revealed that this mutant was unable to differentiate true fungal sheath and Hartig net. Molecular analyses showed that the single-copy disrupting T-DNA was integrated 6,884 bp downstream from the start codon, of an open reading frame potentially encoding a 3,096-amino-acid-long protein. This gene, which we named HcMycE1, has orthologs in numerous fungi as well as different other eukaryotic microorganisms. RNAi inactivation of HcMycE1 in the wild-type strain also led to a mycorrhizal defect, demonstrating that the nonmycorrhizal phenotype of the mutant was due to mutagenic T-DNA integration in HcMycE1. In the wild-type strain colonizing P. pinaster roots, HcMycE1 was transiently upregulated before symbiotic structure differentiation. Together with the inability of the mutant to differentiate these structures, this suggests that HcMycE1 plays a crucial role upstream of the fungal sheath and Hartig net differentiation. This study provides the first characterization of a fungal mutant altered in mycorrhizal ability.
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Etemadi M, Gutjahr C, Couzigou JM, Zouine M, Lauressergues D, Timmers A, Audran C, Bouzayen M, Bécard G, Combier JP. Auxin perception is required for arbuscule development in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:281-92. [PMID: 25096975 PMCID: PMC4149713 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.246595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Most land plant species live in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi differentiate essential functional structures called arbuscules in root cortical cells from which mineral nutrients are released to the plant. We investigated the role of microRNA393 (miR393), an miRNA that targets several auxin receptors, in arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization. Expression of the precursors of the miR393 was down-regulated during mycorrhization in three different plant species: Solanum lycopersicum, Medicago truncatula, and Oryza sativa. Treatment of S. lycopersicum, M. truncatula, and O. sativa roots with concentrations of synthetic auxin analogs that did not affect root development stimulated mycorrhization, particularly arbuscule formation. DR5-GUS, a reporter for auxin response, was preferentially expressed in root cells containing arbuscules. Finally, overexpression of miR393 in root tissues resulted in down-regulation of auxin receptor genes (transport inhibitor response1 and auxin-related F box) and underdeveloped arbuscules in all three plant species. These results support the conclusion that miR393 is a negative regulator of arbuscule formation by hampering auxin perception in arbuscule-containing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Etemadi
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Jean-Malo Couzigou
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Mohamed Zouine
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Dominique Lauressergues
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Antonius Timmers
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Corinne Audran
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Guillaume Bécard
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Combier
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
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Gardiner DM, Kazan K, Manners JM. Cross-kingdom gene transfer facilitates the evolution of virulence in fungal pathogens. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 210:151-158. [PMID: 23849122 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The constant interaction between plants and their pathogens has resulted in the evolution of a diverse array of microbial infection strategies. It is increasingly evident that horizontal acquisition of new virulence functions in fungi is one of the evolutionary processes that maintain pathogens' competitive edge over host plants. Genome analyses of fungi are pointing towards this phenomenon being particularly prevalent in the subphylum Pezizomycota. While the extent of cross-kingdom gene transfer can be determined with existing genomic tools and databases, so far very few horizontally transmitted genes have been functionally characterised, and an understanding of their physiological roles in virulence has been determined for even fewer genes. Understanding the evolutionary selection pressures that drive the retention of acquired genes in particular fungal lineages is important, as it will undoubtedly reveal new insights into both fungal virulence mechanisms and corresponding plant defence processes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Gardiner
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia.
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Sukumar P, Legué V, Vayssières A, Martin F, Tuskan GA, Kalluri UC. Involvement of auxin pathways in modulating root architecture during beneficial plant-microorganism interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:909-19. [PMID: 23145472 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of microorganisms known to produce auxin and auxin precursors form beneficial relationships with plants and alter host root development. Moreover, other signals produced by microorganisms affect auxin pathways in host plants. However, the precise role of auxin and auxin-signalling pathways in modulating plant-microbe interactions is unknown. Dissecting out the auxin synthesis, transport and signalling pathways resulting in the characteristic molecular, physiological and developmental response in plants will further illuminate upon how these intriguing inter-species interactions of environmental, ecological and economic significance occur. The present review seeks to survey and summarize the scattered evidence in support of known host root modifications brought about by beneficial microorganisms and implicate the role of auxin synthesis, transport and signal transduction in modulating beneficial effects in plants. Finally, through a synthesis of the current body of work, we present outstanding challenges and potential future research directions on studies related to auxin signalling in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Sukumar
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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Hilbert M, Voll LM, Ding Y, Hofmann J, Sharma M, Zuccaro A. Indole derivative production by the root endophyte Piriformospora indica is not required for growth promotion but for biotrophic colonization of barley roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:520-534. [PMID: 22924530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial effects elicited by the root endophyte Piriformospora indica are widely known, but the mechanism by which these are achieved is still unclear. It is proposed that phytohormones produced by the fungal symbiont play a crucial role in the interaction with the plant roots. Biochemical analyses of the underlying biosynthetic pathways for auxin production have shown that, on tryptophan feeding, P. indica can produce the phytohormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-lactate (ILA) through the intermediate indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA). Time course transcriptional analyses after exposure to tryptophan designated the piTam1 gene as a key player. A green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter study and transcriptional analysis of colonized barley roots showed that piTam1 is induced during the biotrophic phase. Piriformospora indica strains in which the piTam1 gene was silenced via an RNA interference (RNAi) approach were compromised in IAA and ILA production and displayed reduced colonization of barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots in the biotrophic phase, but the elicitation of growth promotion was not affected compared with the wild-type situation. Our results suggest that IAA is involved in the establishment of biotrophy in P. indica-barley symbiosis and might represent a compatibility factor in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hilbert
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl von Frisch Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars M Voll
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl von Frisch Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Dr. YSP UHF, Nauni, Solan, HP, India
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl von Frisch Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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Felten J, Martin F, Legué V. Signalling in Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANT SYMBIOSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20966-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Felten J, Legué V, Ditengou FA. Lateral root stimulation in the early interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor: is fungal auxin the trigger? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:864-7. [PMID: 20448463 PMCID: PMC3014539 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.7.11896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root (LR) stimulation during early signal exchange between plant roots and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi has recently been shown to be achieved by modulation of auxin gradients. We suggested that this modulation could occur through altered polar auxin transport (PAT) and through activation of auxin signalling pathways in the root. However, it remains unclear, which fungal molecules alter auxin pathways inside the plant partner. It has been suggested in previous studies that auxin released by the fungus could trigger observed plant responses during early signal exchange and later on during root colonization. Here we focus on the early interaction and we provide evidence for an alternative mechanism. Indeed, LR stimulation by the fungus in A. thaliana followed a totally different timing than with exogenously applied auxin. Furthermore, experimental conditions that excluded the exchange of soluble molecules while allowing exchange of volatile(s) between the plant and the fungus were sufficient for LR induction, therefore questioning the role of secreted fungal auxin. These data suggest that volatiles released by the fungus and sensed by the plant may act upstream of altered auxin signalling in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Felten
- INRA and Nancy Université; UMR INRA/Nancy Université 1136 Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes; IFR 110 “Genomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles”; INRA Nancy; Champenoux, France
| | - Valérie Legué
- INRA and Nancy Université; UMR INRA/Nancy Université 1136 Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes; IFR 110 “Genomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelles”; INRA Nancy; Champenoux, France
| | - Franck Anicet Ditengou
- Institutes of Biology II; Faculty of Biology; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität of Freiburg; Center for Applied Bioscience; Freiburg, Germany
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Niemi K, Sarjala T, Chen X, Häggman H. Spermidine and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius synergistically induce maturation of Scots pine embryogenic cultures. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:629-35. [PMID: 16777261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous spermidine (Spd) and the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch had a synergistic effect on the maturation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) somatic embryos. Induced maturation was expressed as a higher number of cell masses able to form embryos and a greater number of embryos formed per cell mass. In contrast, treatment with P. tinctorius alone on the hormone-free medium resulted in the lowest embryo-forming capacity. Retarded proliferation growth appeared to be required for maturation, but did not explain the synergistic effect of the fungus and exogenous Spd. Simultaneous treatment did not result in lower concentrations of putrescine (Put), Spd or spermine (Spm) in the embryogenic cell masses relative to the separate treatments. Our study is the first report on the use of a specific ECM fungus to induce maturation of somatic embryos, and it indicates that P. tinctorius was able to modify the maturation media in a way that, together with exogenous Spd, positively affected embryogenic cultures of Scots pine. Our study also shows that it is possible to enhance plant development other than root formation by using specific ECM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Niemi
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Reddy SM, Hitchin S, Melayah D, Pandey AK, Raffier C, Henderson J, Marmeisse R, Gay G. The auxin-inducible GH3 homologue Pp-GH3.16 is downregulated in Pinus pinaster root systems on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis establishment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 170:391-400. [PMID: 16608463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to determine whether auxin-regulated plant genes play a role in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis establishment, we screened a Pinus pinaster root cDNA library for auxin-upregulated genes. This allowed the identification of a cDNA, Pp-GH3.16, which encodes a polypeptide sharing extensive homologies with GH3 proteins of different plants. Pp-GH3.16 was specifically upregulated by auxins and was not affected by cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid or ethylene, or by heat shock, water stress or anoxia. Pp-GH3.16 mRNAs were quantified in pine roots inoculated with two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Hebeloma cylindrosporum and Rhizopogon roseolus. Surprisingly, Pp-GH3.16 was downregulated following inoculation with both fungal species. The downregulation was most rapid on establishment of symbiosis with an indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-overproducing mutant of H. cylindrosporum, which overproduced mycorrhizas characterized by a hypertrophic Hartig net. This indicates that, despite being auxin-inducible, Pp-GH3.16 can be downregulated on establishment of symbiosis with a fungus that releases auxin. By contrast, Pp-GH3.16 was not downregulated in pine root systems inoculated with a nonmycorrhizal mutant of H. cylindrosporum, suggesting that the downregulation we observed in mycorrhizal root systems was a component of the molecular cross-talk between symbiotic partners at the origin of differentiation of symbiotic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Reddy
- Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5557, USC INRA 1193 d'Ecologie Microbienne Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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20
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Grunze N, Willmann M, Nehls U. The impact of ectomycorrhiza formation on monosaccharide transporter gene expression in poplar roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 164:147-155. [PMID: 33873477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• By using degenerate primers, five putative poplar monosaccharide transporter genes were isolated from ectomycorrhizas by RT-PCR. The expression profiles of the three most strongly expressed ones are presented in detail. • Two transporter genes (PttMST1.2 and PttMST2.2) were down-regulated by ectomycorrhiza formation. However, PttMST3.1, which showed 10-times higher expression rates in noninfected roots than any other transporter gene, was up-regulated 12-fold in mycorrhizas. • While changes in PttMST1.2 and PttMST2.2 expression might be regulated by a fungal metabolite present in axenically grown hyphae, the strong increase of PttMST3.1 expression in mycorrhizas required active plant-fungus interaction. • Up-regulation of PttMST3.1 by mycorrhiza formation suggests that root cells are able to compete with fungal hyphae for hexoses from the common apoplast during symbiosis, redirecting the sugar-flux back into plant cells whenever the fungal partner does not supply sufficient mineral nutrients. Such a mechanism would enable the plant to link nutrient supply and fungal carbon support at a local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Grunze
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Physiologische Ökologie der Pflanzen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Willmann
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Physiologische Ökologie der Pflanzen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Nehls
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Physiologische Ökologie der Pflanzen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Marmeisse R, Guidot A, Gay G, Lambilliotte R, Sentenac H, Combier JP, Melayah D, Fraissinet-Tachet L, Debaud JC. Hebeloma cylindrosporum- a model species to study ectomycorrhizal symbiosis from gene to ecosystem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 163:481-498. [PMID: 33873734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum has been extensively studied with respect to mycorrhiza differentiation and metabolism and also to population dynamics. Its life cycle can be reproduced in vitro and it can be genetically transformed. Combined biochemical, cytological, genetical and molecular approaches led to the characterisation of mutant strains affected in mycorrhiza formation. These studies demonstrated the role of fungal auxin as a signal molecule in mycorrhiza formation and should allow the characterisation of essential fungal genes necessary to achieve a compatible symbiotic interaction. Random sequencing of cDNAs has identified numerous key functional genes which allowed dissection of essential nitrogen assimilation pathways. H. cylindrosporum also proved to be a remarkable model species to uncover the dynamics of natural populations of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the way in which they respond and adapt to anthropogenic disturbance of the forest ecosystem. Although studies on mycorrhiza differentiation and functioning and those on the population dynamics of H. cylindrosporum have been carried out independently, they are likely to converge in a renewed molecular ecophysiology which will envisage how ectomycorrhizal symbiosis functions under varying field conditions. Contents Summary 481 I. Introduction 482 II. Taxonomy, distribution, autecology, and host range of H. cylindrosporum 482 III. The Hebeloma cylindrosporum toolbox 483 IV. Mycorrhiza differentiation 486 V. Nutritional interactions 488 VI. Genetic diversity and dynamics of H. cylindrosporum populations in P. pinaster forest ecosystems 491 VII. Future directions 494 Acknowledgements 494 References 494.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marmeisse
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - A Guidot
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - G Gay
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - R Lambilliotte
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie de Montpellier, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (UMR 5004 Agro-M/CNRS/INRA/UM2), Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - H Sentenac
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie de Montpellier, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (UMR 5004 Agro-M/CNRS/INRA/UM2), Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - J-P Combier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - D Melayah
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - L Fraissinet-Tachet
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - J C Debaud
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Charvet-Candela V, Hitchin S, Ernst D, Sandermann H, Marmeisse R, Gay G. Characterization of an Aux/IAA cDNA upregulated in Pinus pinaster roots in response to colonization by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2002; 154:769-777. [PMID: 33873449 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• In an attempt to determine whether fungal auxin affects host plant gene expression during mycorrhizal formation, an auxin upregulated cDNA, Pp-iaa88, was isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library made from auxin-treated Pinus pinaster roots. • Pp-iaa88 codes for a polypeptide that shares extensive homology to auxin-inducible Aux/IAA proteins, which are supposed to act as transcription factors. Cycloheximide did not inhibit auxin-induced mRNA accumulation, indicating that Pp-iaa88 upregulation is a primary (direct) auxin response. • The level of Pp-iaa88 transcripts in roots increased following inoculation with either an indoleacetic acid-overproducing mutant or a wild-type strain of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum. With both strains, mRNA accumulation was detectable as soon as fungal hyphae reached the root and it increased during differentiation of symbiotic structures. The kinetics of Pp-iaa88 transcript accumulation was closely connected with the dynamics of symbiosis establishment and was more rapid with the mutant than with the wild-type strain. • As a putative transcription factor expressed at the very early stages of symbiosis establishment, Pp-iaa88 could play a key role in mycorrhizal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Charvet-Candela
- Université Lyon 1, UMR d'Ecologie Microbienne, Bâtiment A. Lwoff, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - S Hitchin
- Université Lyon 1, UMR d'Ecologie Microbienne, Bâtiment A. Lwoff, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Coventry University, School of Science of the Environment, Priory street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - D Ernst
- GSF National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H Sandermann
- GSF National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - R Marmeisse
- Université Lyon 1, UMR d'Ecologie Microbienne, Bâtiment A. Lwoff, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - G Gay
- Université Lyon 1, UMR d'Ecologie Microbienne, Bâtiment A. Lwoff, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Hahn M, Mendgen K. Signal and nutrient exchange at biotrophic plant-fungus interfaces. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 4:322-7. [PMID: 11418342 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(00)00180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic interfaces are formed in mutualistic and parasitic plant-fungus interactions. They result from coordinated developmental programs in both partners and represent specialized platforms for the exchange of information and nutritional metabolites. New data on the establishment and the components of functional interfaces have been obtained in a number of ways. First, by isolation of symbiotically defective mutants; second, by characterization of new genes and their products; and, third, by the identification and localization of components of biotrophic interfaces, such as cell-wall proteins, H+-ATPases and nutrient transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hahn
- University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Biology, Post Box 3049, 67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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