1
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O'Connell BP, Wiley E. Heatwaves do not limit recovery following defoliation but alter leaf drought tolerance traits. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:482-496. [PMID: 37877185 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
As heatwave frequency increases, they are more likely to coincide with other disturbances like insect defoliation. But it is unclear if high temperatures after defoliation impact canopy recovery or leaf traits which may affect response to further stressors like drought. To examine these stressor interactions, we subjected defoliated (DEF) and undefoliated (UNDEF) oak saplings to a simulated spring heatwave of +10°C for 25 days. We measured gas exchange, leaf area recovery, carbohydrate storage, turgor loss point (ΨTLP ), and minimum leaf conductance (gmin ). During the heatwave, stem respiration exhibited stronger thermal acclimation in DEF than UNDEF saplings, while stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis increased. The heatwave did not affect leaf area recovery or carbohydrate storage of DEF saplings, but reflush leaves had higher gmin than UNDEF leaves, and this was amplified by the heatwave. Across all treatments, higher gmin was associated with higher daytime stomatal conductance and a lower ΨTLP . The results suggest defoliation stress may not be exacerbated by higher temperatures. However, reflush leaves are less conservative in their water use, limiting their ability to minimise water loss. While lower ΨTLP could help DEF trees maintain gas exchange under mild drought, they may be more vulnerable to dehydration under severe drought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Wiley
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas, USA
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2
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Jung JB, Kim ES, Lim JH, Choi WI. Host-specific growth responses of Larix kaempferi and Quercus acutissima to Asian gypsy moth defoliation in central Korea. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1477. [PMID: 38233543 PMCID: PMC10794211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
As the risk of gypsy moth outbreaks that have detrimental effects on forest ecosystem in the Northern Hemisphere increase due to climate change, a quantitative evaluation of the impact of gypsy moth defoliation is needed to support the adaptive forest management. To evaluate the host-specific impact of gypsy moth defoliation, radial growth and annual carbon accumulation were compared for one severely defoliated (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière) and one moderate defoliated (Quercus acutissima Carruth.) host, in defoliated and non-defoliated site using tree-ring analysis. Finally, the resilience indices of radial growth variables were calculated to assess the ability of sampled trees to withstand defoliation. Gypsy moth defoliation mainly decreased latewood width and caused reduction in annual carbon absorption more than 40% for both tree species. However, L. kaempferi, showed the reduced growth until the year following defoliation, while Q. acutissima, showed no lagged growth depression and rapid growth recover. The findings show how each species reacts differently to gypsy moth defoliation and highlight the need of managing forests in a way that takes resilient tree species into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bin Jung
- Forest Ecology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, 57 Hoegi-Ro, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Kim
- Forest Ecology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, 57 Hoegi-Ro, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lim
- Forest Ecology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, 57 Hoegi-Ro, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Il Choi
- Forest Ecology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, 57 Hoegi-Ro, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Thapa B, Wolter PT, Sturtevant BR, Foster JR, Townsend PA. Linking frass and insect phenology to optimize annual forest defoliation estimation. MethodsX 2023; 10:102075. [PMID: 36875342 PMCID: PMC9978851 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is often logistically impractical to measure forest defoliation events in the field due to seasonal variability in larval feeding phenology (e.g., start, peak, and end) in any given year. As such, field data collections are either incomplete or at coarse temporal resolutions, both of which result in inaccurate estimation of annual defoliation (frass or foliage loss). Using Choristoneura pinus F. and Lymantria dispar dispar L., we present a novel approach that leverages a weather-driven insect simulation model (BioSIM) and defoliation field data. Our approach includes optimization of a weighting parameter (w) for each instar and imputation of defoliation. Results show a negative skew in this weighting parameter, where the second to last instar in a season exhibits the maximum consumption and provides better estimates of annual frass and foliage biomass loss where sampling data gaps exist. Respective cross-validation RMSE (and normalized RMSE) results for C. pinus and L. dispar dispar are 77.53 kg·ha-1 (0.16) and 38.24 kg·ha-1 (0.02) for frass and 74.85 kg·ha-1 (0.10) and 47.77 kg·ha-1 (0.02) for foliage biomass loss imputation. Our method provides better estimates for ecosystem studies that leverage remote sensing data to scale defoliation rates from the field to broader landscapes and regions.•Utilize fine temporal resolution insect life cycle data derived from weather-driven insect simulation model (BioSIM) to bridge critical gaps in coarse temporal resolution defoliation field data.•Fitting distributions to optimize the instar weighting parameter (w) and impute frass and foliage biomass loss based on a cumulative density function (CDF).•Enables accurate estimation of annual defoliation impacts on ecosystems across multiple insect taxa that exhibit distinct but seasonally variable feeding phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Thapa
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology & Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - P T Wolter
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology & Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - B R Sturtevant
- Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies, Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Rhinelander, WI 54501, USA
| | - J R Foster
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - P A Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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4
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Banko PC, Peck RW, Yelenik SG, Paxton EH, Bonaccorso F, Montoya‐Aiona K, Hughes RF, Perakis S. Hypotheses and lessons from a native moth outbreak in a low‐diversity, tropical rainforest. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Banko
- Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Hawai‘i National Park Hawai'i USA
| | - Robert W. Peck
- Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai‘i at Hilo Hawai‘i National Park Hawai'i USA
| | - Stephanie G. Yelenik
- Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Hawai‘i National Park Hawai'i USA
- Rocky Mountain Research Center U.S. Forest Service Reno Nevada USA
| | - Eben H. Paxton
- Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Hawai‘i National Park Hawai'i USA
| | - Frank Bonaccorso
- Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Hawai‘i National Park Hawai'i USA
| | - Kristina Montoya‐Aiona
- Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Hawai‘i National Park Hawai'i USA
| | - R. Flint Hughes
- Institute for Pacific Island Forestry U.S. Forest Service Hilo Hawai'i USA
| | - Steven Perakis
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Corvallis Oregon USA
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5
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Barker Plotkin A, Blumstein M, Laflower D, Pasquarella VJ, Chandler JL, Elkinton JS, Thompson JR. Defoliated trees die below a critical threshold of stored carbon. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Barker Plotkin
- Harvard Forest Harvard University Petersham MA USA
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - Meghan Blumstein
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer L. Chandler
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - Joseph S. Elkinton
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
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6
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Kneeshaw DD, Sturtevant BR, DeGrandpé L, Doblas-Miranda E, James PMA, Tardif D, Burton PJ. The Vision of Managing for Pest-Resistant Landscapes: Realistic or Utopic? CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS 2021; 7:97-113. [PMID: 35620173 PMCID: PMC8050513 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-021-00140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Forest managers have long suggested that forests can be made more resilient to insect pests by reducing the abundance of hosts, yet this has rarely been done. The goal of our paper is to review whether recent scientific evidence supports forest manipulation to decrease vulnerability. To achieve this goal, we first ask if outbreaks of forest insect pests have been more severe in recent decades. Next, we assess the relative importance of climate change and forest management-induced changes in forest composition/structure in driving these changes in severity. RECENT FINDINGS Forest structure and composition continue to be implicated in pest outbreak severity. Mechanisms, however, remain elusive. Recent research elucidates how forest compositional and structural diversity at neighbourhood, stand, and landscape scales can increase forest resistance to outbreaks. Many recent outbreaks of herbivorous forest insects have been unprecedented in terms of duration and spatial extent. Climate change may be a contributing factor, but forest structure and composition have been clearly identified as contributing to these unprecedented outbreaks. SUMMARY Current research supports using silviculture to create pest-resistant forest landscapes. However, the precise mechanisms by which silviculture can increase resistance remains uncertain. Further, humans tend to more often create pest-prone forests due to political, economic, and human resistance to change and a short-sighted risk management perspective that focuses on reactive rather than proactive responses to insect outbreak threats. Future research efforts need to focus on social, political, cultural, and educational mechanisms to motivate implementation of proven ecological solutions if pest-resistant forests are to be favoured by management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Kneeshaw
- Centre for Forest Research, University of Québec in Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Louis DeGrandpé
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forestry Service, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Enrique Doblas-Miranda
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Dominique Tardif
- Centre for Forest Research, University of Québec in Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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7
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Wang Z, Zhou Z, Wang C. Defoliation-induced tree growth declines are jointly limited by carbon source and sink activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143077. [PMID: 33131880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Defoliation resulting from herbivory, storm, drought, and frost may seriously impair tree growth and forest production. However, a comprehensive evaluation of defoliation impacts on tree carbon (C) assimilation and growth has not been conducted. We performed a meta-analysis of a dataset that included 1562 observations of 40 tree species from 50 studies worldwide, and evaluated defoliation impacts on photosynthetic capacity, C allocation, and tree growth. Our results showed that the reduced tree-level leaf area by defoliation outweighed the enhanced leaf-level photosynthesis, leading to a net reduction in tree C assimilation that was accompanied with decreases in nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) concentrations. The negative effects of defoliation on leaf NSCs decreased over time, but leaf production increased following defoliation, suggesting a shift in the C allocation towards shoots over roots. Defoliation intensity negatively affected tree growth, but post-defoliated recovery time did oppositely. The structure equation modelling showed that defoliation reduced tree growth mainly by indirectly reducing C assimilation (r = -0.4), and minorly by direct negative effect of defoliation intensity (r = -0.28) and positive effect of post-defoliated time (r = 0.33). These findings suggest that tree growth declines caused by defoliation are co-limited by C-source and sink activities, which provide a physiological basis of tree growth that is of significance in tree growth modelling and forest management under global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoguo Wang
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhenghu Zhou
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chuankuan Wang
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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8
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Peters RL, Miranda JC, Schönbeck L, Nievergelt D, Fonti MV, Saurer M, Stritih A, Fonti P, Wermelinger B, von Arx G, Lehmann MM. Tree physiological monitoring of the 2018 larch budmoth outbreak: preference for leaf recovery and carbon storage over stem wood formation in Larix decidua. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1697-1711. [PMID: 32722795 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect defoliation impacts forest productivity worldwide, highlighting the relevance of plant-insect interactions. The larch budmoth (Zeiraphera griseana Hübner) is one of the most extensively studied defoliators, where numerous tree ring-based analyses on its host (Larix decidua Mill.) have aided in identifying outbreak dynamics over the past millennia. Yet, outbreaks have been widely absent after the early 1980s, and little is known about the in situ tree physiological responses and the allocation of carbon resources during and after defoliation. In summer 2018, we tracked an ongoing larch budmoth outbreak in a well-studied larch forest in the Swiss Alps. We performed biweekly monitoring on an affected and unaffected site using a unique combination of xylogenesis observations, measurements of non-structural carbohydrates, isotopic analysis of needle assimilates and ground-based and remote-sensed leaf trait observations. The budmoth induced a defoliation that lasted 40 days and could be detected by satellite observations. Soluble sugars significantly decreased in needles and stem phloem of the defoliated trees, while starch levels remained stable in the stem and root xylem compared to the control. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in needle assimilates indicated that neither photosynthetic assimilation rates nor stomatal conductance was different between sites before, during and after the outbreak. Defoliated trees ceased cell wall thickening 17 days earlier than unaffected trees, showing the earliest halt of ring formation recorded from 2007 untill 2013 and causing significant thinner cell walls, particularly in the latewood. No significant differences were found for cell enlargement rates and ring width. Our study revealed that an outbreak causes a downregulation of cell wall thickening first, while no starch is mobilized or leaf physiology is adjusted to compensate for the reduced carbon source due to defoliation. Our observations suggest that affected larch trees prioritize leaf recovery and carbon storage over wood biomass development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Peters
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Jose Carlos Miranda
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forestry Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Leonie Schönbeck
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Nievergelt
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Marina V Fonti
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Ana Stritih
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Landscape and Spatial Development, Planning of Landscape and Urban Systems (PLUS), Stefano-Franscini Platz 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, Davos Dorf 7260, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Beat Wermelinger
- Forest Health and Biotic Interactions, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Georg von Arx
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
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9
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Conrad-Rooney E, Barker Plotkin A, Pasquarella VJ, Elkinton J, Chandler JL, Matthes JH. Defoliation severity is positively related to soil solution nitrogen availability and negatively related to soil nitrogen concentrations following a multi-year invasive insect irruption. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa059. [PMID: 33324482 PMCID: PMC7724974 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding connections between ecosystem nitrogen (N) cycling and invasive insect defoliation could facilitate the prediction of disturbance impacts across a range of spatial scales. In this study we investigated relationships between ecosystem N cycling and tree defoliation during a recent 2015-18 irruption of invasive gypsy moth caterpillars (Lymantria dispar), which can cause tree stress and sometimes mortality following multiple years of defoliation. Nitrogen is a critical nutrient that limits the growth of caterpillars and plants in temperate forests. In this study, we assessed the associations among N concentrations, soil solution N availability and defoliation intensity by L. dispar at the scale of individual trees and forest plots. We measured leaf and soil N concentrations and soil solution inorganic N availability among individual red oak trees (Quercus rubra) in Amherst, MA and across a network of forest plots in Central Massachusetts. We combined these field data with estimated defoliation severity derived from Landsat imagery to assess relationships between plot-scale defoliation and ecosystem N cycling. We found that trees in soil with lower N concentrations experienced more herbivory than trees in soil with higher N concentrations. Additionally, forest plots with lower N soil were correlated with more severe L. dispar defoliation, which matched the tree-level relationship. The amount of inorganic N in soil solution was strongly positively correlated with defoliation intensity and the number of sequential years of defoliation. These results suggested that higher ecosystem N pools might promote the resistance of oak trees to L. dispar defoliation and that defoliation severity across multiple years is associated with a linear increase in soil solution inorganic N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Conrad-Rooney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Elkinton
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Chandler
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jaclyn Hatala Matthes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
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10
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Robert L, Sturtevant BR, Kneeshaw D, James PMA, Fortin M, Wolter PT, Townsend PA, Cooke BJ. Forest landscape structure influences the cyclic‐eruptive spatial dynamics of forest tent caterpillar outbreaks. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louis‐Etienne Robert
- Département de Sciences Biologiques Université de Montréal C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre‐ville Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Brian R. Sturtevant
- Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service 5985, Highway K Rhinelander Wisconsin 54501 USA
| | - Daniel Kneeshaw
- Centre d’étude de la forêt (CEF) Université du Québec à Montréal C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre‐Ville Montreal Quebec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Patrick M. A. James
- Département de Sciences Biologiques Université de Montréal C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre‐ville Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Marie‐Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Peter T. Wolter
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Iowa State University 339 Science II Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Philip A. Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin 1630 Linden Drive Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Barry J. Cooke
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service 1219 Queen Street East Sault Ste. Marie Ontario P6A2E5 Canada
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11
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Palacio S, Paterson E, Hester AJ, Nogués S, Lino G, Anadon-Rosell A, Maestro M, Millard P. No preferential carbon-allocation to storage over growth in clipped birch and oak saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:621-636. [PMID: 32050021 PMCID: PMC7201831 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory is one of the most globally distributed disturbances affecting carbon (C)-cycling in trees, yet our understanding of how it alters tree C-allocation to different functions such as storage, growth or rhizodeposition is still limited. Prioritized C-allocation to storage replenishment vs growth could explain the fast recovery of C-storage pools frequently observed in growth-reduced defoliated trees. We performed continuous 13C-labeling coupled to clipping to quantify the effects of simulated browsing on the growth, leaf morphology and relative allocation of stored vs recently assimilated C to the growth (bulk biomass) and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) stores (soluble sugars and starch) of the different organs of two tree species: diffuse-porous (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) and ring-porous (Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl.). Carbon-transfers from plants to bulk and rhizosphere soil were also evaluated. Clipped birch and oak trees shifted their C-allocation patterns above-ground as a means to recover from defoliation. However, such increased allocation to current-year stems and leaves did not entail reductions in the allocation to the rhizosphere, which remained unchanged between clipped and control trees of both species. Betula pubescens and Q. petraea showed differences in their vulnerability and recovery strategies to clipping, the ring-porous species being less affected in terms of growth and architecture by clipping than the diffuse-porous. These contrasting patterns could be partly explained by differences in their C cycling after clipping. Defoliated oaks showed a faster recovery of their canopy biomass, which was supported by increased allocation of new C, but associated with large decreases in their fine root biomass. Following clipping, both species recovered NSC pools to a larger extent than growth, but the allocation of 13C-labeled photo-assimilates into storage compounds was not increased as compared with controls. Despite their different response to clipping, our results indicate no preventative allocation into storage occurred during the first year after clipping in either of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palacio
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Av. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria, 16, Jaca, Huesca 22700, Spain
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Eric Paterson
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Alison J Hester
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Salvador Nogués
- Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Gladys Lino
- Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, Panamericana Sur km 19, Villa El Salvador 15067, Lima, Peru
| | - Alba Anadon-Rosell
- Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmanstraße 15, Greifswald 17487, Germany
| | - Melchor Maestro
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Av. Montañana, 1005, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
| | - Peter Millard
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
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12
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Castagneri D, Prendin AL, Peters RL, Carrer M, von Arx G, Fonti P. Long-Term Impacts of Defoliator Outbreaks on Larch Xylem Structure and Tree-Ring Biomass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1078. [PMID: 32765561 PMCID: PMC7378862 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Defoliator insects are a major disturbance agent in many forests worldwide. During outbreaks, they can strongly reduce photosynthetic carbon uptake and impact tree growth. In the Alps, larch budmoth (Zeiraphera diniana) outbreaks affect European larch (Larix decidua) radial growth over several years. However, immediate and legacy effects on xylem formation, structure, and functionality are still largely unknown. In this study, we aimed at assessing the impact of budmoth defoliations on larch xylem anatomical features and tree-ring structure. Analyses were performed in the Lötschental (Swiss Alps) within (1,900 m a.s.l.) and above (2,200 m a.s.l.) the optimum elevational range of larch budmoth. We investigated variability of xylem anatomical traits along century-long tree-ring series of larch (host) and Norway spruce (non-host) trees. We identified eight outbreaks affecting larch xylem anatomy during the 20th century, particularly at 1,900 m a.s.l. Tracheid number always showed a higher percent reduction than properties of individual cells. Cell lumen size was slightly reduced in the first 2-3 years of outbreaks, especially in the early part of the ring. The more carbon-demanding cell wall was thinned along the entire ring, but more evidently in the last part. Theoretical tree-ring hydraulic conductivity was reduced for several years (up to 6), mostly due to cell number decrease. Reduced cell wall area and cell number resulted in a strong reduction of the tree-ring biomass, especially in the first year of outbreak. Our study shows that, under carbon source limitations caused by natural defoliation, cell division is more impacted than wall thickening and cell enlargement (the least affected process). Consequences on both xylem hydraulic properties and tree-ring biomass should be considered when assessing long-term defoliator effects on xylem functioning, forest dynamics, and terrestrial carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Castagneri
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Daniele Castagneri,
| | | | - Richard L. Peters
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department TeSAF, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Hillabrand RM, Hacke UG, Lieffers VJ. Defoliation constrains xylem and phloem functionality. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1099-1108. [PMID: 30901057 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect defoliation contributes to tree mortality under drought conditions. Defoliation-induced alterations to the vascular transport structure may increase tree vulnerability to drought; however, this has been rarely studied. To evaluate the response of tree vascular function following defoliation, 2-year-old balsam poplar were manually defoliated, and both physiological and anatomical measurements were made after allowing for re-foliation. Hydraulic conductivity measurements showed that defoliated trees had both increased vulnerability to embolism and decreased water transport efficiency, likely due to misshapen xylem vessels. Anatomical measurements revealed novel insights into defoliation-induced alterations to the phloem. Phloem sieve tube diameter was reduced in the stems of defoliated trees, suggesting reduced transport capability. In addition, phloem fibers were absent, or reduced in number, in stems, shoot tips and petioles of new leaves, potentially reducing the stability of the vascular tissue. Results from this study suggest that the defoliation leads to trees with increased risk for vascular dysfunction and drought-induced mortality through alterations in the vascular structure, and highlights a route through which carbon limitation can influence hydraulic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Hillabrand
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Victor J Lieffers
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Smith MG, Arndt SK, Miller RE, Kasel S, Bennett LT. Trees use more non-structural carbohydrate reserves during epicormic than basal resprouting. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1779-1791. [PMID: 30219862 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are crucial to support tree resprouting after disturbances that damage the crown or stem. Epicormic resprouting (from stem) could demand more from NSC reserves than basal resprouting (following top-kill), since epicormically resprouting trees need to maintain a greater living biomass. Yet, little is known about NSC use during epicormic resprouting, particularly the relative importance of stem and below-ground NSC reserves. We compared the distribution and magnitude of NSC decreases during epicormic and basal resprouting by experimentally removing crowns or stems of 14-year-old Eucalyptus obliqua L'Hér. trees in native forest, then harvesting these trees over a 10-month period (start, sprouts emerged, sprouts expanded) to measure changes in NSC concentration and mass by organ (stem, lignotuber, roots). We hypothesized that (i) NSC depletion during resprouting is primarily due to decreases in starch rather than soluble sugars concentrations; (ii) during epicormic resprouting, stem NSC concentrations are decreased irrespective of any decreases in roots; and (iii) absolute decreases in NSC mass are greater for epicormic than basal resprouting during the leafless period due to the carbon demands associated with maintaining greater living biomass. Results confirmed our hypotheses; starch was the primary storage carbohydrate, stems were an important source of starch during epicormic resprouting and carbon demands of maintenance functions were greater for epicormic resprouting, leading to greater decreases in NSC reserves. Roots were a more important starch storage organ than the lignotuber for both epicormic and basal resprouting. The proportional decrease in starch was severe for both modes of resprouting due to a long leafless period, after which trees resprouting epicormically relied on starch reserves for longer than those resprouting basally. It remains to be seen how the timing of disturbance affects the timing and vigour of resprouting, and how long-term NSC recovery differs for epicormic and basal resprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merryn G Smith
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Miller
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabine Kasel
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren T Bennett
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, Victoria, Australia
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Gustafson EJ, Sturtevant BR, de Bruijn AMG, Lichti N, Jacobs DF, Kashian DM, Miranda BR, Townsend PA. Forecasting effects of tree species reintroduction strategies on carbon stocks in a future without historical analog. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5500-5517. [PMID: 30003643 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
American chestnut (Castanea dentata) was once an important component forests in the central Appalachians (USA), but it was functionally extirpated nearly a century ago. Attempts are underway to reintroduce blight-resistant chestnut to its former range, but it is uncertain how current forest composition, climate, and atmospheric changes and disturbance regimes will interact to determine future forest dynamics and ecosystem services. The combination of novel environmental conditions (e.g. climate change), a reintroduced tree species and new disturbance regimes (e.g. exotic insect pests, fire suppression) have no analog in the past that can be used to parameterize phenomenological models. We therefore used a mechanistic approach within the LANDIS-II forest landscape model that relies on physiological first principles to project forest dynamics as the outcome of competition of tree cohorts for light and water as a function of temperature, precipitation, CO2 concentration, and life history traits. We conducted a factorial landscape simulation experiment to evaluate specific hypotheses about future forest dynamics in two study sites in the center of the former range of chestnut. Our results supported the hypotheses that climate change would favor chestnut because of its optimal temperature range and relative drought resistance, and that chestnut would be less competitive in the more mesic Appalachian Plateau province because competitors will be less stressed. The hypothesis that chestnut will increase carbon stocks was supported, although the increase was modest. Our results confirm that aggressive restoration is needed regardless of climate and soils, and that increased aggressiveness of chestnut restoration increased biomass accumulation. The hypothesis that chestnut restoration will increase both compositional and structural richness was not supported because chestnut displaced some species and age cohorts. Although chestnut restoration did not markedly enhance carbon stocks, our findings provide hope that this formerly important species can be successfully reintroduced and associated ecosystem services recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Gustafson
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies, Rhinelander, Wisconsin
| | - Brian R Sturtevant
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies, Rhinelander, Wisconsin
| | - Arjan M G de Bruijn
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies, Rhinelander, Wisconsin
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Nathanael Lichti
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Douglass F Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Daniel M Kashian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Brian R Miranda
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies, Rhinelander, Wisconsin
| | - Philip A Townsend
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Lucash MS, Scheller RM, Sturtevant BR, Gustafson EJ, Kretchun AM, Foster JR. More than the sum of its parts: how disturbance interactions shape forest dynamics under climate change. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S. Lucash
- Department of Geography Portland State University Portland Oregon 97201 USA
| | - Robert M. Scheller
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695 USA
| | - Brian R. Sturtevant
- Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Rhinelander Wisconsin 54501 USA
| | - Eric J. Gustafson
- Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Rhinelander Wisconsin 54501 USA
| | - Alec M. Kretchun
- Department of Geography Portland State University Portland Oregon 97201 USA
| | - Jane R. Foster
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont 19130 USA
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17
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Decadal-Scale Reduction in Forest Net Ecosystem Production Following Insect Defoliation Contrasts with Short-Term Impacts of Prescribed Fires. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9030145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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