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Wilhelm de Almeida L, Pastenes C, Ojeda H, Torregrosa L, Pellegrino A. Water deficit differentially modulates leaf photosynthesis and transpiration of fungus-tolerant Muscadinia x Vitis hybrids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1405343. [PMID: 38817935 PMCID: PMC11137165 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1405343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Screening for drought performance among novel fungi-tolerant grapevine genotypes is a key point to consider in semiarid regions where water scarcity is a common problem during fruit ripening period. It is therefore important to evaluate the genotypes' responses at the level of carbon metabolism and water demand, under water deficit conditions. This study aimed to characterize leaf and plant water use efficiency (respectively named WUEi and WUEpl) of novel INRAE fungi-tolerant genotypes (including LowSugarBerry (LSB) genotypes), under mild and high-water deficit (WD) and to decipher the photosynthetic parameters leading to higher WUEi. For this purpose, experiments were conducted on potted plants during one season using a phenotyping platform. Two stabilized soil moisture capacity (SMC) conditions, corresponding to mild (SMC 0.6) and high (SMC 0.3) WD, were imposed from the onset of berry ripening until the physiological ripeness stage, which was defined as the point at which fruits reach their maximum solutes and water content. At the whole plant level, all genotypes increased WUEpl under high WD. The highest WUEpl was reached for 3176N, which displayed both a high rate of non-structural carbon accumulation in fruits due to high fruit-to-leaf ratio and low plant transpiration because of low total leaf area. However, when normalizing the fruit-to-leaf ratio among the genotypes, G14 reached the highest normalized WUEpl_n under high WD. At the leaf level, WUEi also increased under high WD, with the highest value attained for G14 and 3176N and the lowest value for Syrah. The higher WUEi values for all genotypes compared to Syrah were associated to higher levels of photosynthesis and changes in light-harvesting efficiency parameters (ΦCO2, qP and qN), while no clear trend was apparent when considering the photosynthetic biochemical parameters (Vcmax, Jmax). Finally, a positive correlation between leaf and plant WUE was observed regardless of genotypes. This study allowed us to classify grapevine genotypes based on their grapes primary metabolite accumulation and water consumption during the critical sugar-loading period. Additionally, the study highlighted the potential drought adaptation mechanism of the LSB genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Wilhelm de Almeida
- UE Pech Rouge, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Gruissan, France
- UMR LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudio Pastenes
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernán Ojeda
- UE Pech Rouge, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Gruissan, France
| | - Laurent Torregrosa
- UE Pech Rouge, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Gruissan, France
- UMR LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Pellegrino
- UMR LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Wang L, Guo J, Chu Y, Pan Q, Zhu Y. MdCo31 interacts with an RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 32 to regulate dwarf growth with short internodes in columnar apple. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111496. [PMID: 36240910 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The dominant Co locus controls the columnar growth phenotype of apple (Malus × domestica) trees. Candidate gene MdCo31, encoding 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, causes dwarf growth with short internodes in transgenic plants by reducing the abundance of biologically active gibberellin. However, the pathway regulating MdCo31 in the dwarfism of apple trees remains unclear. In this study, expression of MdCo31 was proved to be negatively correlated with internode length in F1 populations created by crossing columnar parents, and with dwarfism in transgenic apple plantlets. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid screening identified the RNA polymerase II transcription subunit MdMED32 as putative interactor of MdCo31. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, co-immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed this interaction both in vivo and in vitro. Ectopic expression of MdMED32 in Nicotiana tabacum led to a dwarf phenotype, similar to that of MdCo31 transgenic apple plants. Expression of GA2ox1 and GA20ox1, encoding key enzymes of gibberellin metabolism, was upregulated in transgenic plants. Transient transcriptional activity demonstrated that MdMED32 functioned as an activator, promoting expression of MdGA2ox1 and MdGA20ox1. These findings indicate that the interaction between MdCo31 and MdMED32 functions in the regulation of internode length in columnar apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yu Chu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yuandi Zhu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Belhassine F, Pallas B, Pierru-Bluy S, Martinez S, Fumey D, Costes E. A genotype-specific architectural and physiological profile is involved in the flowering regularity of apple trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2306-2318. [PMID: 35951430 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In polycarpic plants, meristem fate varies within individuals in a given year. In perennials, the proportion of floral induction (FI) in meristems also varies between consecutive years and among genotypes of a given species. Previous studies have suggested that FI of meristems could be determined by the within-plant competition for carbohydrates and by hormone signaling as key components of the flowering pathway. At the genotypic level, variability in FI was also associated with variability in architectural traits. However, the part of genotype-dependent variability in FI that can be explained by either tree architecture or tree physiology is still not fully understood. This study aimed at deciphering the respective effect of architectural and physiological traits on FI variability within apple trees by comparing six genotypes with contrasted architectures. Shoot type demography as well as the flowering and fruit production patterns were followed over 6 years and characterized by different indexes. Architectural morphotypes were then defined based on architectural traits using a clustering approach. For two successive years, non-structural starch content in leaf, stem and meristems, and hormonal contents (gibberellins, cytokinins, auxin and abscisic acid) in meristems were quantified and correlated to FI within-tree proportions. Based on a multi-step regression analysis, cytokinins and gibberellins content in meristem, starch content in leaves and the proportion of long shoots in tree annual growth were shown to contribute to FI. Although the predictive linear model of FI was common to all genotypes, each of the explicative variables had a different weight in FI determination, depending on the genotype. Our results therefore suggest both a common determination model and a genotype-specific architectural and physiological profile linked to its flowering behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Belhassine
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- ITK, 34830, Clapiers, France
| | - Benoît Pallas
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sylvie Pierru-Bluy
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Evelyne Costes
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Imada S, Tako Y. Seasonal accumulation of photoassimilated carbon relates to growth rate and use for new aboveground organs of young apple trees in following spring. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2294-2305. [PMID: 35796531 PMCID: PMC9652006 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deciduous trees accumulate carbon (C) in woody parts during the growth season which is subsequently used for the initial development and growth of newly formed organs in the following season; however, it is unclear which period during the growth season contributes to C accumulation. Three-year-old potted Malus domestica (apple) trees were grown in controlled growth chambers during the growth season and exposed to 13CO2 in an exposure chamber at seven different periods of the growth season, including vegetative and reproductive growth periods. Approximately half of the trees were harvested in late autumn, and the remaining trees were grown in a field in the following year. The 13C accumulation in the different organs in late autumn, and its concentration in the new aboveground growth during the following growth season, was determined. The concentration of the photoassimilated 13C in woody parts (shoots, trunk, rootstock and coarse roots) in the late autumn was higher in the trees labeled during the period of vigorous vegetative growth than in those labeled during other periods of growth. Furthermore, 13C concentration in the leaves, annual shoots, flower buds and flowers in the following early spring was also high in the trees labeled during this period. The concentration of 13C in the flower buds and flowers was positively correlated with that in the woody parts in the late autumn and old shoots in the following spring. Hence, the seasonal accumulation of photoassimilated C in woody parts in late autumn is related to growth rates during the growth season and its use for the initial development of newly formed organs in the following spring. These results suggest that under non-stressed conditions, C accumulated during the period of vigorous vegetative growth largely contributes to the C reserves that are used for the development of new organs in the following year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Tako
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
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5
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Penzel M, Herppich WB, Weltzien C, Tsoulias N, Zude-Sasse M. Modeling of Individual Fruit-Bearing Capacity of Trees Is Aimed at Optimizing Fruit Quality of Malus x domestica Borkh. 'Gala'. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:669909. [PMID: 34326853 PMCID: PMC8315137 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.669909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of apple trees to produce fruit of a desired diameter, i.e., fruit-bearing capacity (FBC), was investigated by considering the inter-tree variability of leaf area (LA). The LA of 996 trees in a commercial apple orchard was measured by using a terrestrial two-dimensional (2D) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) laser scanner for two consecutive years. The FBC of the trees was simulated in a carbon balance model by utilizing the LiDAR-scanned total LA of the trees, seasonal records of fruit and leaf gas exchanges, fruit growth rates, and weather data. The FBC was compared to the actual fruit size measured in a sorting line on each individual tree. The variance of FBC was similar in both years, whereas each individual tree showed different FBC in both seasons as indicated in the spatially resolved data of FBC. Considering a target mean fruit diameter of 65 mm, FBC ranged from 84 to 168 fruit per tree in 2018 and from 55 to 179 fruit per tree in 2019 depending on the total LA of the trees. The simulated FBC to produce the mean harvest fruit diameter of 65 mm and the actual number of the harvested fruit >65 mm per tree were in good agreement. Fruit quality, indicated by fruit's size and soluble solids content (SSC), showed enhanced percentages of the desired fruit quality according to the seasonally total absorbed photosynthetic energy (TAPE) of the tree per fruit. To achieve a target fruit diameter and reduce the variance in SSC at harvest, the FBC should be considered in crop load management practices. However, achieving this purpose requires annual spatial monitoring of the individual FBC of trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Penzel
- Chair of Agromechatronics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Horticultural Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Werner B. Herppich
- Horticultural Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cornelia Weltzien
- Chair of Agromechatronics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Horticultural Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nikos Tsoulias
- Horticultural Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Manuela Zude-Sasse
- Horticultural Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
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Imada S, Tani T, Tako Y, Moriya Y, Hisamatsu S. In situ experimental exposure of fruit-bearing shoots of apple trees to 13CO 2 and construction of a dynamic transfer model of carbon. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2021; 233:106595. [PMID: 33827008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the transfer and metabolism of carbon (C) in apple fruit is key to estimating the potential accumulation of atmospheric 14C in fruit near and around nuclear facilities. We developed a dynamic compartment model for apple fruit-bearing shoots, assuming that the shoots are a simple unit of source and sink for photoassimilates. Fruit-bearing shoots of Malus domestica "Fuji" at different fruit growth stages were exposed to 13CO2in situ, followed by sampling at 72 h after exposure or at harvest. The 13C/(13C+12C) mole ratio in fruits, leaves, and current branch were measured to construct a five-compartment model of 13C (fruit, each fast and slow component of leaves, and current branch). The C inventories in the compartments were presented in accordance with the measured growth curves of C in the organs. The model simulated the 13C dynamics in plant tissues well. Simulation results of photoassimilate distribution using the model indicated that the retention of photoassimilated C at the harvest depended on the growth rate of C in the organs at the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Imada
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori, 039-3212, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tani
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori, 039-3212, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tako
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori, 039-3212, Japan
| | - Yuki Moriya
- Division of Apple Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Nabeyashiki-92 Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0123, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Hisamatsu
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori, 039-3212, Japan
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7
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Ngao J, Martinez S, Marquier A, Bluy S, Saint-Joanis B, Costes E, Pallas B. Spatial variability in carbon- and nitrogen-related traits in apple trees: the effects of the light environment and crop load. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1933-1945. [PMID: 33249486 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic carbon assimilation rates are highly dependent on environmental factors such as light availability and on metabolic limitations such as the demand for carbon by sink organs. The relative effects of light and sink demand on photosynthesis in perennial plants such as trees remain poorly characterized. The aim of the present study was therefore to characterize the relationships between light and fruit load on a range of leaf traits including photosynthesis, non-structural carbohydrate content, leaf structure, and nitrogen-related variables in fruiting ('ON') and non-fruiting ('OFF') 'Golden Delicious' apple trees. We show that crop status (at the tree scale) exerts a greater influence over leaf traits than the local light environment or the local fruit load. High rates of photosynthesis were observed in the ON trees. This was correlated with a high leaf nitrogen content. In contrast, little spatial variability in photosynthesis rates was observed in the OFF trees. The lack of variation in photosynthesis rates was associated with high leaf non-structural carbohydrate content at the tree level. Taken together, these results suggest that low carbon demand leads to feedback limitation on photosynthesis resulting in a low level of within-tree variability. These findings provide new insights into carbon and nitrogen allocations within trees, which are heavily dependent on carbon demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Ngao
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- Université de Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, AGAP, Montpellier, France
| | - André Marquier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvie Bluy
- Université de Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, AGAP, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Evelyne Costes
- Université de Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, AGAP, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoît Pallas
- Université de Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, AGAP, Montpellier, France
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8
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Aslani L, Gholami M, Mobli M, Sabzalian MR. The influence of altered sink-source balance on the plant growth and yield of greenhouse tomato. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2109-2123. [PMID: 33268917 PMCID: PMC7688802 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This experiment aimed to investigate the status of tomato plants in terms of sink or source-limitation of 2 cultivars of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), i.e., 'Grandella' and 'Isabella' under the greenhouse conditions of Iran and to improve the yield and plant growth by manipulating the sink-source balance. To this end, 4 treatments were applied: leaves were not pruned and fruits were pruned to one per truss (1F/3L), leaves were not pruned and fruits were pruned to two per truss (2F/3L), leaves were not pruned and fruits were pruned to three per truss (3F/3L) and no leaf and fruit pruning (control). The results showed that truss pruning reduced the sink demand and consequently, increased the amount of available assimilate for the growth of the remaining fruits or vegetative parts. The negative correlation between the leaf area index and the net assimilation rate and no significant difference in the net assimilation rate between different sink/source ratios showed that the excess leaf area index does not contribute in increasing the assimilate production and hence, total yield. Total fruit weight, harvest index, and the ratio of the ripe fruits to the total fruit led to the highest yield for control plants. No changes in chlorophyll, protein content and nitrate reductase activity were the evidence for the fact that sink/source ratio do not affect light-harvesting and light-utilizing components of photosynthesis. Since the individual weight of fruits increased with decreasing fruit number per trusses, the growth of individual fruits in both cultivars was source-limited and truss pruning can decrease this limitation. Future studies should be carried out to determine the best level of sink/source ratio that in addition to producing an acceptable amount of yield, meets the needs of consumers in the current stressful world by increasing the antioxidant and nutriceutical content of fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Aslani
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Gholami
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Mobli
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sabzalian
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
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Liang B, Sun Y, Li Z, Zhang X, Yin B, Zhou S, Xu J. Crop Load Influences Growth and Hormone Changes in the Roots of "Red Fuji" Apple. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:665. [PMID: 32528508 PMCID: PMC7265680 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crop load has a substantial impact on growth of the aerial and belowground parts of apple trees. Here, we examined the effects of different crop loads on growth and hormone levels in apple roots. A crop load of 1.5 (T1.5) fruits per cm2 trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) treatment resulted in lower root growth vigor, while non-fruiting (T0) and T0.4 conditions showed higher root growth vigor. In all treatments, dead roots increased in length 90 days after full bloom (DAFB), whereas live roots were more abundant at about 50 and 170 DAFB, showing a bimodal curve. During each root growth peak, levels of cytokinins (CTKs), indole acetic acid (IAA), and gibberellic acid (GA3) were higher. Moreover, hormone levels gradually decreased with increasing crop load within each peak. Root turnover tended to decrease with decreasing crop load. These findings indicate that root growth and hormone contents were positively correlated during the fruit growth phase, and that the negative impact of crop load on root growth may have been caused by hormone level decreases.
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Belhassine F, Martinez S, Bluy S, Fumey D, Kelner JJ, Costes E, Pallas B. Impact of Within-Tree Organ Distances on Floral Induction and Fruit Growth in Apple Tree: Implication of Carbohydrate and Gibberellin Organ Contents. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1233. [PMID: 31695709 PMCID: PMC6816281 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, organs are inter-dependent for growth and development. Here, we aimed to investigate the distance at which interaction between organs operates and the relative contribution of within-tree variation in carbohydrate and hormonal contents on floral induction and fruit growth, in a fruit tree case study. Manipulations of leaf and fruit numbers were performed in two years on "Golden delicious" apple trees, at the shoot or branch scale or one side of Y-shape trees. For each treatment, floral induction proportion and mean fruit weight were recorded. Gibberellins content in shoot apical meristems, photosynthesis, and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in organs were measured. Floral induction was promoted by leaf presence and fruit absence but was not associated with non-structural content in meristems. This suggests a combined action of promoting and inhibiting signals originating from leaves and fruit, and involving gibberellins. Nevertheless, these signals act at short distance only since leaf or fruit presence at long distances had no effect on floral induction. Conversely, fruit growth was affected by leaf presence even at long distances when sink demands were imbalanced within the tree, suggesting long distance transport of carbohydrates. We thus clarified the inter-dependence and distance effect among organs, therefore their degree of autonomy that appeared dependent on the process considered, floral induction or fruit growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Belhassine
- UMR AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- ITK, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- UMR AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Bluy
- UMR AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Kelner
- UMR AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Evelyne Costes
- UMR AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoît Pallas
- UMR AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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11
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Baïram E, leMorvan C, Delaire M, Buck-Sorlin G. Fruit and Leaf Response to Different Source-Sink Ratios in Apple, at the Scale of the Fruit-Bearing Branch. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1039. [PMID: 31555309 PMCID: PMC6722240 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Apple fruit growth is the result of several factors: inherent demand (relative sink strength) of the fruit (defined by the demands for cell division and expansion growth, etc.), carbon assimilation by the source leaves (source strength), and the resulting allocation to the organ in question. It is thus a complex process involving source-sink interactions. In the present study, we designed an experimental system in which parts of fruit-bearing branches of two apple cultivars ("Fuji" and "Ariane") were isolated from the rest of the tree by girdling and then subjected to specific pruning and fruit removal treatments to create a wide range of global (branch-level) source-sink ratios. We monitored not only fruit kinetics but also photosynthesis as a response to light in leaves of the three different shoot types (i.e., the rosette, the bourse, and the vegetative shoots) to 1) study the impact of source-sink distance on carbon partitioning between fruits within the same branch and 2) to investigate the impact of source/sink ratio on fruit growth and leaf photosynthetic activity. Our results indicate 1) no significant differences among lateral fruits belonging to different ranks, and this independent of source availability; 2) that a modification of the source/sink ratio seems to be compensated by an alteration of the photosynthetic rate of leaves, with stronger and weaker values obtained for lower and higher ratios, respectively. Moreover, our results seem to suggest that two growing sinks together will upregulate photosynthesis rate more strongly than one growing sink does on its own, and this with the same leaf area per fruit. These results are discussed, and some hypotheses are put forward to explain them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Baïram
- INRA, Unité PSH, Domaine St Paul, Agroparc, Avignon, France
| | - Christian leMorvan
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, Quasav, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Mickaël Delaire
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, Quasav, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Gerhard Buck-Sorlin
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, Quasav, Beaucouzé, France
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