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Muthumbi EM, Mwanzu A, Mbae C, Bigogo G, Karani A, Mwarumba S, Verani JR, Kariuki S, Scott JAG. The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011716. [PMID: 37883602 PMCID: PMC10629669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the importance of non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) disease in Africa, epidemiologic data on carriage and transmission are few. These data are important to understand the transmission of NTS in Africa and to design control strategies. METHOD To estimate the prevalence of stool carriage of NTS in Kenya, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Kilifi, Nairobi, and Siaya, sites with a low, moderate and high incidence of invasive NTS disease, respectively. At each site, we randomly selected 100 participants in each age-group of 0-11 months, 12-59 months, 5-14 years, 15-54 years and ≥55 years. We collected stool, venous blood (for hemoglobin and malaria rapid tests), anthropometric measurements, and administered a questionnaire on Water Access Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices. Stool samples were cultured on selective agar for Salmonella; suspect isolates underwent serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. RESULT Overall, 53 (3.5%) isolates of NTS were cultured from 1497 samples. Age-adjusted prevalence was 13.1% (95%CI 8.8-17.4) in Kilifi, 0.4% (95%CI 0-1.3) in Nairobi, and 0.9% (95%CI 0-2.0) in Siaya. Prevalence was highest among those aged 15-54 years (6.2%). Of 53 isolates; 5 were S. Enteritidis, 1 was S. Typhimurium. No S. Typhi was isolated. None of the risk factors were associated with carriage of NTS. All isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole. CONCLUSION Prevalence of fecal carriage was high in Kilifi, an area of low incidence of invasive NTS disease and was low in areas of higher incidence in Nairobi and Siaya. The age-prevalence, risk factors, geographical and serotype distribution of NTS in carriage differs from invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M. Muthumbi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred Mwanzu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Cecilia Mbae
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Microbiology Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Angela Karani
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Salim Mwarumba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer R. Verani
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Health Protection, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Microbiology Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J. Anthony G. Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Xu J, Li J, Yan Y, Han P, Tong Y, Li X. SW16-7, a Novel Ackermannviridae Bacteriophage with Highly Effective Lytic Activity Targets Salmonella enterica Serovar Weltevreden. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2090. [PMID: 37630650 PMCID: PMC10458263 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden is a foodborne pathogen commonly transmitted through fresh vegetables and seafood. In this study, a lytic phage, SW16-7, was isolated from medical sewage, demonstrating high infectivity against S. Weltevreden, S. London, S. Meleagridis, and S. Give of Group O:3. In vitro inhibition assays revealed its effective antibacterial effect for up to 12 h. Moreover, analysis using the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) and the Virulence Factor Database (VFDB) showed that SW16-7's genome does not contain any virulence factors or antibiotic resistance genes, indicating its potential as a promising biocontrol agent against S. Weltevreden. Additionally, a TSP gene cluster was identified in SW16-7's genome, with TSP1 and TSP2 showing a high similarity to lysogenic phages ε15 and ε34, respectively, in the C-terminal region. The whole-genome phylogenetic analysis classified SW16-7 within the Ackermannviridae family and indicated a close relationship with Agtrevirus, which is consistent with the ANI results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Xu
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.X.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jia Li
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.X.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yi Yan
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.X.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Pengjun Han
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (P.H.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (P.H.); (Y.T.)
| | - Xu Li
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.X.); (J.L.); (Y.Y.)
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Genomic Characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden Associated with Human Diarrhea. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0354222. [PMID: 36651774 PMCID: PMC9927414 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03542-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Weltevreden is an emerging pathogen associated with human diarrhea, and knowledge of the genomics and epidemiology of this serovar is still limited. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 96 S. Weltevreden isolates recovered from diarrheal patients and 62 isolates from food animals in China between 2006 and 2017. Together, with an additional 199 genome sequences of S. Weltevreden published in NCBI, we performed an analysis on all 357 S. Weltevreden genome sequences. Our results demonstrated that the majority of S. Weltevreden from diarrheal patients from China (97.92%, 94/96) and the other regions in the world (94.97%, 189/199) identified in this study were sequence type (ST) 365. The remaining types were ST3771 (n = 3), ST22 (n = 1), ST155 (n = 1), and ST684 (n = 1). In addition, ST365 was also widely recovered from animals, food, and environmental samples in different regions of the world. Phylogenetic analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed that S. Weltevreden from diarrheal patients was closely related to those recovered from food and environmental specimens. We also showed that S. Weltevreden did not exhibit severe antimicrobial resistance profiles, suggesting administering antibiotics is still effective for controlling the agent. Interestingly, we found that S. Weltevreden strains carried a number of virulence factor genes, and a 100.03-kb IncFII(S) type plasmid was widely distributed in S. Weltevreden strains. Elimination of this plasmid decreased the bacterial capacity to infect both Caco-2 cells and C57BL/6 mice, suggesting the importance of this plasmid for bacterial virulence. Our results contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology and virulence of S. Weltevreden. IMPORTANCE Salmonella Weltevreden is a pathogen associated with human diarrheal diseases found across the globe. However, knowledge of the genomics and epidemiology of this pathogen is still limited. In this study, we found S. Weltevreden sequence type (ST) 365 is commonly recovered from diarrheal patients in China and many other regions of the world, and there is no major difference between the Chinese isolates and the global isolates at the phylogenetic level. We also demonstrated that ST365 was widely recovered from animal, food, and environmental samples collected in different, global regions. Importantly, we discovered an IncFII(S) type plasmid commonly carried by S. Weltevreden strains of human, animal, and food origins, and this plasmid is likely to contribute to the bacterial pathogenesis. These findings enhance our understanding of the emergence of S. Weltevreden involved in diarrheal outbreaks and the global spread of S. Weltevreden strains.
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Xie L, Ming L, Ding M, Deng L, Liu M, Cong Y. Paratyphoid Fever A: Infection and Prevention. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:945235. [PMID: 35875577 PMCID: PMC9304857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.945235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, B, and C. While S. Typhi remains the primary causative agent of enteric fever, S. Paratyphi A is responsible for an increasing portion of enteric fever incidence. However, the current available vaccines for enteric fever are all developed from S. Typhi, and lack adequate cross immune protection against paratyphoid fever A. Therefore, paratyphoid A vaccines are urgently needed. The present paper reviews the latest progresses in pathogenesis, global burden, infection features of paratyphoid fever A, as well as the status of vaccine development, highlighting the necessity for the development of vaccines against paratyphoid fever A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lan Ming
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Manlin Ding
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Luxin Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yanguang Cong
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanguang Cong,
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Vinayaka AC, Golabi M, Than TLQ, Wolff A, Bang DD. Point-of-care diagnosis of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica in bloodstream infections using immunomagnetic capture and loop-mediated isothermal amplification. N Biotechnol 2022; 66:1-7. [PMID: 34428583 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis is gaining worldwide attention as an emerging disease cluster among bloodstream infections. The disease has the highest burden among immunocompromised and malnourished children in resource-limited areas due to poor access to reliable and rapid diagnostics. Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics are promising for use in such low infrastructure laboratory settings. However, there still remains a major challenge for POC testing to deal with the complexity of blood matrices in rapid detection of an extremely low concentration of blood-borne pathogens. In this work, the challenges were addressed by combining magnetic bead based pathogen concentration and Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) technology. Sensitivity and performance of the combined approach were determined and compared with a direct PCR method. A direct visual detection strategy, adapted using SYTO-24 DNA intercalating dye, resulted in a limit of detection (LoD) as low as 14 CFU/mL in blood samples with a total analysis time of less than 2 h, including sample preparation. This approach has the potential for wide application as a high-throughput POC testing method to analyze pathogens in clinical, food, feed and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaydha C Vinayaka
- Laboratory of Applied Micro and Nanotechnology (LAMINATE), Department of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Mohsen Golabi
- Laboratory of Applied Micro and Nanotechnology (LAMINATE), Department of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thi Linh Quyen Than
- Biolabchip Group, Department of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Wolff
- Biolabchip Group, Department of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dang D Bang
- Laboratory of Applied Micro and Nanotechnology (LAMINATE), Department of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
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Chansamouth V, Mayxay M, Dance DA, Roberts T, Phetsouvanh R, Vannachone B, Vongsouvath M, Davong V, Inthavong P, Khounsy S, Keohavong B, Keoluangkhot V, Choumlivong K, Day NP, Turner P, Ashley EA, van Doorn HR, Newton PN. Antimicrobial use and resistance data in human and animal sectors in the Lao PDR: evidence to inform policy. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e007009. [PMID: 34853032 PMCID: PMC8638151 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the scientific evidence base on antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human and animal sectors in the Lao PDR (Laos). METHODS We reviewed all publications from July 1994 (the first article describing AMR in Laos) to December 2020. Electronic searches were conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed with specific terms relating to AMR and AMU in Lao, French and English languages. FINDINGS We screened 1,357 peer-reviewed and grey reports by title and abstract and then full articles/reports. Of 80 included, 66 (83%) related to human health, nine (11%) to animal health, four (5%) to both animal and human health and one (1%) to the environment. Sixty-two (78%) were on AMR and 18 (22%) on AMU. Extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing Escherichia coli was the greatest concern identified; the proportion of isolates increased fivefold from 2004 to 2016 (2/28 (7%) to 27/78 (35%)) from blood cultures submitted to the Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane. Carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli was first identified in 2015. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was uncommon, with 15 cases of MRSA from blood cultures between its first identification in 2017 and December 2020. AMR patterns of global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (GLASS) target pathogens from livestock were less well documented. There were few data on AMU in human health and none on AMU in livestock. The first hospital AMU survey in Laos showed that 70% (1,386/1,981) of in-patients in five hospitals from 2017 to 2018 received antimicrobial(s). Antibiotic self-medication was common. CONCLUSION AMR in Laos is occurring at relatively low proportions for some GLASS pathogens, giving the country a window of opportunity to act quickly to implement strategies to protect the population from a worsening situation. Urgent interventions to roll out new guidelines with enhanced one-health antibiotic stewardship, reduce antibiotic use without prescriptions, enhance surveillance and improve understanding of AMU and AMR are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilada Chansamouth
- Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - David Ab Dance
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tamalee Roberts
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rattanaxay Phetsouvanh
- Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Bouakham Vannachone
- Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Manivanh Vongsouvath
- Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Viengmon Davong
- Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Phout Inthavong
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Bounxou Keohavong
- Department of Food and Drug, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Valy Keoluangkhot
- Infectious Disease Center, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | | | - Nicholas Pj Day
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Turner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Elizabeth A Ashley
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Paul N Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Patra SD, Mohakud NK, Panda RK, Sahu BR, Suar M. Prevalence and multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica Typhimurium: an overview in South East Asia. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:185. [PMID: 34580741 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute/chronic gastroenteritis is caused by a few serovars of Salmonella enterica. Among different serovars, S. enterica Typhimurium is a potent pathogen that contributes significantly to self-limiting diarrhea related mortality worldwide. With no successful vaccine in hand against this pathogen, antibiotics are used as for gold standard for treatment against Salmonella induced gastroenteritis. Indispensably, rise in multi drug resistance against Salmonella Typhimurium poses challenge to treatment options. South East Asia, with 11 different countries, stands 3rd as super region for global burden of Salmonella induced gastroenteritis. In this review, we made an attempt to discuss on prevalence and multidrug resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium in 11 countries of South East Asia-the issue that has not been seriously addressed so far. By thorough analysis of reported data, we found varying frequencies for prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium as well as subtle evidences on resistance of this pathogen to multiple antibiotics in different countries. Vietnam ranked top in terms of reports for prevalence and antimicrobial resistance. However, in countries such as Brunei and Timor Leste, no study has been performed so far to track the frequency of incidence and drug resistance of this pathogen. Our review, the first of its kind, emphasizes that, although the pathogen was not found as dominant serovar in South East Asia in last 20 years unlike sub-Saharan Africa, it may be still considered as a major threat in this region due to available evidences for infection in humans as well as contamination in several animal and food sources. More importantly, the importance as a public threat in this subregion of Asia is also due to resistance of this pathogen to multiple antibiotics. South East Asian countries showing incidence and multi drug resistance of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium in human and non-human sources (1969-2020). -Drug resistant S. enterica Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India.
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8
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Nguyen KT, Hasegawa M, Vo TMT, Huynh TL, Nagata E, Ly TLK, Taniguchi T, Hayashidani H. Wild geckos considered as the natural reservoir of Salmonella Weltevreden in Southeast Asian countries. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:815-822. [PMID: 34151522 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1,318 wild geckos were collected in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam (Hue and the Mekong Delta) from 2012 to 2015 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella Weltevreden. Those geckos belong to three species: common house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), flat-tailed house gecko (Hemidactylus platyurus) and four-clawed gecko (Gehyra mutilata). Of 1,318 gecko samples, 293 (22.2%) samples were positive for Salmonella in this study. The prevalence of Salmonella in geckos was 46.0% in Thailand, 17.3% in Cambodia and 16.3% in Vietnam. Among the Salmonella isolates, S. Weltevreden was the most predominant serovar (32.1%) isolated from wild geckos in these countries. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Salmonella among gecko species. All S. Weltevreden isolates (100%) were susceptible to the nine antibiotics examined in this study. The PFGE assay by XbaI enzyme identified 19 different patterns from 75 S. Weltevreden isolates. These isolates showed high genetic heterogenicity, and there were specific types prevalent in each region. Furthermore, S. Weltevreden has been prevalent since the ancient times in this region. The results indicate that wild gecko seems to be an important natural reservoir for S. Weltevreden as well as a source of Salmonella infections in humans in Southeast Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Thuan Nguyen
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Mizuki Hasegawa
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thi Minh Tam Vo
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue city, Vietnam
| | | | - Emi Nagata
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Xu X, Chen Y, Pan H, Pang Z, Li F, Peng X, Ed-dra A, Li Y, Yue M. Genomic characterization of Salmonella Uzaramo for human invasive infection. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000401. [PMID: 32589568 PMCID: PMC7478631 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is composed of a wide variety of serovars, causing human self-limited gastrointestinal illnesses or invasive infections. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) is well documented, with high mortality for children and immunocompromised adults in sub-Saharan Africa and has recently been reported in Southeast Asia. However, iNTS in China remains unknown. In May 2019, a case of invasive infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Uzaramo (S. Uzaramo) was reported for the first time in China. Phylogenomic analysis was performed by genomic sequencing the available contextualized isolates, which separated the two Chinese strains into different sublineages. Both phenotypic and genomic characterization demonstrated that the S. Uzaramo isolates showed in general low antimicrobial resistance potential, except one isolated from lake-water in China. Additional comparative genomic analysis and Caenorhabditis elegans killing assays suggested a unique combination of virulence factors, including typhoid toxin and tcf fimbrial adhesin, which might play a role in the invasive infection. This study highlights that the transparency of global surveillance genomic data could accelerate understanding of virulence and antimicrobial resistance makeup of a previously unknown threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Xu
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- Panzhihua Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Panzhihua 617000, PR China
| | - Hang Pan
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Zaiyuan Pang
- Panzhihua Municipal Central Hospital, Panzhihua 617000, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xianqi Peng
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Abdelaziz Ed-dra
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Min Yue
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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Balasubramanian R, Im J, Lee JS, Jeon HJ, Mogeni OD, Kim JH, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Baker S, Marks F. The global burden and epidemiology of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:1421-1426. [PMID: 30081708 PMCID: PMC6663144 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1504717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease has emerged as a major public health concern. Yet, understanding of the global burden is incomplete, limited particularly by the breadth of blood culture-based surveillance systems that are able to accurately diagnose the etiology of bacteremia. The accessibility of whole genome sequencing has allowed for genetic characterization of pathogens, shedding light on its evolutionary history and sounding alerts for its future progression. iNTS disease is observed to be a particular threat in sub-Saharan Africa, with a case fatality rate greatly exceeding that of typhoid fever, and commonly affecting infants, young children and immunocompromised adults. While iNTS disease might also be a threat in Asia and Latin America, its burden is not well characterized, primarily owing to the lack of comprehensive reporting in these regions. Drug-resistant Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) serovars (e.g. Typhimurium sequence type 313 (ST313)) have emerged as a potential consequence of sustained antibiotic pressure. Genetic analyses have identified distinguished iNTS disease-causing strains that are particularly virulent in certain human host populations. Effective treatment strategies, including vaccination, are necessary; iNTS vaccines targeting the most common S. enterica serovars, Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Dublin, are currently in early developmental stages. Funding and political support is needed to promote vaccine development and implementation programs to ultimately reduce the threat of iNTS disease in high risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Im
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Lee
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon Jin Jeon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jerome H. Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Stephen Baker
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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