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Zhou Z, Shuai D. Disinfection and post-disinfection conditions drive bacterial and viral evolution across the environment and host. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134811. [PMID: 38850949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Water disinfection practices have long been established as a critical engineering intervention for controlling pathogen transmission and safeguarding individual and public health. However, recent discoveries have unveiled the significant role disinfection and post-disinfection play in accelerating the development of resistance to disinfectants and antimicrobial drugs within bacterial and viral communities in the environment. This phenomenon, in turn, may facilitate the emergence of persistent microbes and those with new genetic characteristics. These microbes may thrive in host environments with increased infectivity and resistance, posing challenges to current medical treatments and jeopardizing human health. In this perspective, we illuminate the intricate interplay between aquatic environments, microbes, and hosts and how microbial virulence evolves across the environment and host under the pressure of disinfection and post-disinfection conditions. We aim to draw attention to the previously overlooked potential risks associated with disinfection in driving the virulence evolution of bacteria and viruses, establish connections between pathogens in diverse environments and hosts within the overarching framework of the One Health concept, and ultimately provide guidelines for advancing future water disinfection technologies to effectively curb the spread of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States.
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States.
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2
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Ormsby MJ, Woodford L, Quilliam RS. Can plastic pollution drive the emergence and dissemination of novel zoonotic diseases? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118172. [PMID: 38220083 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
As the volume of plastic in the environment increases, so too does human interactions with plastic pollution. Similarly, domestic, feral, and wild animals are increasingly interacting with plastic pollution, highlighting the potential for contamination of plastic wastes with animal faeces, urine, saliva, and blood. Substantial evidence indicates that once in the environment, plastics rapidly become colonised by microbial biofilm (the so-called 'plastisphere), which often includes potentially harmful microbial pathogens (including pathogens that are zoonotic in nature). Climate change, increased urbanisation, and the intensification of agriculture, mean that the three-way interactions between humans, animals, and plastic pollution are becoming more frequent, which is significant as almost 60% of emerging human infectious diseases during the last century have been zoonotic. Here, we critically review the potential for contaminated environmental plastics to facilitate the evolution of novel pathogenic strains of microorganisms, and the subsequent role of plastic pollution in the cyclical dissemination of zoonotic pathogens. As the interactions between humans, animals, and plastic pollution continues to grow, and the volume of plastics entering the environment increases, there is clearly an urgent need to better understand the role of plastic waste in facilitating zoonotic pathogen evolution and dissemination, and the effect this can have on environmental and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsby
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Luke Woodford
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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3
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Olive M, Daraspe J, Genoud C, Kohn T. Uptake without inactivation of human adenovirus type 2 by Tetrahymena pyriformis ciliates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023. [PMID: 37376996 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses are ubiquitous contaminants of surface water. Indigenous protists may interact with adenoviruses and contribute to their removal from the water column, though the associated kinetics and mechanisms differ between protist species. In this work, we investigated the interaction of human adenovirus type 2 (HAdV2) with the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. In co-incubation experiments in a freshwater matrix, T. pyriformis was found to efficiently remove HAdV2 from the aqueous phase, with ≥4 log10 removal over 72 hours. Neither sorption onto the ciliate nor secreted compounds contributed to the observed loss of infectious HAdV2. Instead, internalization was shown to be the dominant removal mechanism, resulting in the presence of viral particles inside food vacuoles of T. pyriformis, as visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The fate of HAdV2 once ingested was scrutinized and no evidence of virus digestion was found over the course of 48 hours. This work shows that T. pyriformis can exert a dual role in microbial water quality: while they remove infectious adenovirus from the water column, they can also accumulate infectious viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Olive
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jean Daraspe
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christel Genoud
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Olive M, Moerman F, Fernandez-Cassi X, Altermatt F, Kohn T. Removal of Waterborne Viruses by Tetrahymena pyriformis Is Virus-Specific and Coincides with Changes in Protist Swimming Speed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4062-4070. [PMID: 35258957 PMCID: PMC8988290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biological treatment of waterborne viruses, specifically grazing of viruses by protists, can enhance microbial water quality while avoiding the production of toxic byproducts and high energy costs. However, tangible applications are limited by the lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Here, we examined the feeding behavior of Tetrahymena pyriformis ciliates on 13 viruses, including bacteriophages, enteric viruses, and respiratory viruses. Significant differences in virus removal by T. pyriformis were observed, ranging from no removal (Qbeta, coxsackievirus B5) to ≥2.7 log10 (JC polyomavirus) after 48 h of co-incubation of the protist with the virus. Removal rates were conserved even when protists were co-incubated with multiple viruses simultaneously. Video analysis revealed that the extent of virus removal was correlated with an increase in the protists' swimming speed, a behavioral trait consistent with the protists' response to the availability of food. Protistan feeding may be driven by a virus' hydrophobicity but was independent of virus size or the presence of a lipid envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Olive
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique
Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Felix Moerman
- Department
of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal
Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Fernandez-Cassi
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique
Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department
of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal
Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique
Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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5
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Pavletić B, Runzheimer K, Siems K, Koch S, Cortesão M, Ramos-Nascimento A, Moeller R. Spaceflight Virology: What Do We Know about Viral Threats in the Spaceflight Environment? ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:210-224. [PMID: 34981957 PMCID: PMC8861927 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses constitute a significant part of the human microbiome, so wherever humans go, viruses are brought with them, even on space missions. In this mini review, we focus on the International Space Station (ISS) as the only current human habitat in space that has a diverse range of viral genera that infect microorganisms from bacteria to eukaryotes. Thus, we have reviewed the literature on the physical conditions of space habitats that have an impact on both virus transmissibility and interaction with their host, which include UV radiation, ionizing radiation, humidity, and microgravity. Also, we briefly comment on the practices used on space missions that reduce virus spread, that is, use of antimicrobial surfaces, spacecraft sterilization practices, and air filtration. Finally, we turn our attention to the health threats that viruses pose to space travel. Overall, even though efforts are taken to ensure safe conditions during human space travel, for example, preflight quarantines of astronauts, we reflect on the potential risks humans might be exposed to and how those risks might be aggravated in extraterrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pavletić
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Katharina Runzheimer
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Katharina Siems
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Stella Koch
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Marta Cortesão
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Ana Ramos-Nascimento
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Ralf Moeller
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Linder Hoehe, Cologne (Köln), Germany
- Address correspondence to: Ralf Moeller, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Aerospace Microbiology, Linder Hoehe, Building 24, Room 104, D-51147 Köln, Germany
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6
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Abbasi B, Harper J, Ahmadvand S. A short critique on biomining technology for critical materials. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:87. [PMID: 33881629 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Being around for several decades, there is a vast amount of academic research on biomining, and yet it contributes less to the mining industry compared to other conventional technologies. This critique briefly comments on the current status of biomining research, enumerates a number of primary challenges, and elaborates on some kinetically-oriented strategies and bottom-up policies to sustain biomining with focus on critical material extraction and rare earth elements (REEs). Finally, we present some edge cutting developments which may promote new potentials in biomining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Abbasi
- Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 89557, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, 89557, USA.
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Li R, Cui L, Chen M, Huang Y. Nanomaterials for Airborne Virus Inactivation: A Short Review. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021; 5:1-11. [PMCID: PMC7596633 DOI: 10.1007/s41810-020-00080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that broke out at the end of 2019 spread rapidly around the world, causing a large number of deaths and serious economic losses. Previous studies showed that aerosol transmission is one of the main pathways for the spread of COVID-19, Therefore, effective control measures are urgently needed to contain the epidemic. Nanomaterials have broad-spectrum antiviral capabilities, and their inactivation for viruses in the air has been extensively studied. This review discusses antiviral nanomaterials such as metal nanomaterials, metal oxide-based nano-photocatalysts, and nonmetallic nanomaterials; summarizes their structure and chemical properties, the efficiency of inactivating viruses, the mechanism of inactivating viruses, and the application of virus purification in the air. This review provides insights on the development and application of antiviral nanomaterials, which can help control the aerosol transmission of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Cui
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an, 710061 People’s Republic of China
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8
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Carratalà A, Bachmann V, Julian TR, Kohn T. Adaptation of Human Enterovirus to Warm Environments Leads to Resistance against Chlorine Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11292-11300. [PMID: 32875801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight, temperature, and microbial grazing are among the environmental factors promoting the inactivation of viral pathogens in surface waters. Globally, these factors vary across time and space. The persistence of viral pathogens, and ultimately their ecology and dispersion, hinges on their ability to withstand the environmental conditions encountered. To understand how virus populations evolve under changing environmental conditions, we experimentally adapted echovirus 11 (E11) to four climate regimes. Specifically, we incubated E11 in lake water at 10 and 30 °C and in the presence and absence of sunlight. Temperature was the main driver of adaptation, resulting in an increased thermotolerance of the 30 °C adapted populations, whereas the 10 °C adapted strains were rapidly inactivated at higher temperatures. This finding is consistent with a source-sink model in which strains emerging in warm climates can persist in temperate regions, but not vice versa. A microbial risk assessment revealed that the enhanced thermotolerance increases the length of time in which there is an elevated probability of illness associated with swimming in contaminated water. Notably, 30 °C-adapted viruses also exhibited an increased tolerance toward disinfection by free chlorine. Viruses adapting to warm environments may thus become harder to eliminate by common disinfection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carratalà
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Bachmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy R Julian
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Ismail NS, Olive M, Fernandez-Cassi X, Bachmann V, Kohn T. Viral Transfer and Inactivation through Zooplankton Trophic Interactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9418-9426. [PMID: 32662638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne viruses are responsible for numerous diseases and are abundant in aquatic systems. Understanding the fate of viruses in natural systems has important implications for human health. This research quantifies the uptake of the bacteriophage T4 and the enteric virus echovirus 11 when exposed to the filter feeders Tetrahymena pyriformis and Daphnia magna, and also examines the potential of viral transfer due to trophic interactions. Experiments co-incubating each species with the viruses over 72-96 h showed up to a 4 log virus removal for T. pyriformis, while direct viral uptake by D. magna was not observed. However, viral uptake by D. magna occurred indirectly by viral transfer from prey to predator, through D. magna feeding on virus-loaded T. pyriformis. This prey-predator interaction resulted in a 1 log additional virus removal compared to removal by T. pyriformis alone. Incomplete viral inactivation by D. magna was observed through recovery of infective viruses from the daphnid tissue. This research furthers our understanding of the impacts of zooplankton filter feeding on viral inactivation and shows the potential for viral transfer through the food chain. The viral-zooplankton interactions observed in these studies indicate that zooplankton may improve water quality through viral uptake or may serve as vectors for infection by accumulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niveen S Ismail
- Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
| | - Margot Olive
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Fernandez-Cassi
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Bachmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Waldman P, Lucas FS, Varrault G, Moulin L, Wurtzer S. Hydrophobic Organic Matter Promotes Coxsackievirus B5 Stabilization and Protection from Heat. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:118-129. [PMID: 31912415 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In urban rivers, many of which are used for drinking water production, viruses encounter a range of particulate, colloidal, and dissolved organic and inorganic compounds. To date, the impact of environmental organic matter on virus persistence in the environment has received little attention. In the present study, fresh water was fractioned to separate particulate natural organic matter from dissolved forms. Each fraction was tested for its ability to promote coxsackievirus B5 resistance to heat inactivation. Our results demonstrate that, at natural concentrations, environmental waters contain particulate or dissolved compounds that are able to protect viruses from heat. We also show that hydrophobic compounds promote an efficient protection against heat inactivation. This study suggests that local conditions encountered by viruses in the environment could greatly impact their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Waldman
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement Et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU, UMR MA 102), Faculté des Sciences Et Technologie, Université Paris-Est, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - F S Lucas
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement Et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU, UMR MA 102), Faculté des Sciences Et Technologie, Université Paris-Est, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - G Varrault
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement Et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU, UMR MA 102), Faculté des Sciences Et Technologie, Université Paris-Est, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - L Moulin
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200, Ivry sur Seine, France.
| | - S Wurtzer
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200, Ivry sur Seine, France
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11
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Control of Waterborne Human Viruses by Indigenous Bacteria and Protists Is Influenced by Temperature, Virus Type, and Microbial Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01992-19. [PMID: 31732569 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01992-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human viruses are ubiquitous contaminants in surface waters, where they can persist over extended periods of time. Among the factors governing their environmental persistence, the control (removal or inactivation) by microorganisms remains poorly understood. Here, we determined the contribution of indigenous bacteria and protists to the decay of human viruses in surface waters. Incubation of echovirus 11 (E11) in freshwater from Lake Geneva and seawater from the Mediterranean Sea led to a 2.5-log10 reduction in the infectious virus concentration within 48 h at 22°C, whereas E11 was stable in sterile controls. The observed virus reduction was attributed to the action of both bacteria and protists in the biologically active matrices. The effect of microorganisms on viruses was temperature dependent, with a complete inhibition of microbial virus control in lake water at temperatures of ≤16°C. Among three protist isolates tested (Paraphysomonas sp., Uronema marinum, and Caecitellus paraparvulus), Caecitellus paraparvulus was particularly efficient at controlling E11 (2.1-log10 reduction over 4 days with an initial protist concentration of 103 cells ml-1). In addition, other viruses (human adenovirus type 2 and bacteriophage H6) exhibited different grazing kinetics than E11, indicating that the efficacy of antiviral action also depended on the type of virus. In conclusion, indigenous bacteria and protists in lake water and seawater can modulate the persistence of E11. These results pave the way for further research to understand how microorganisms control human viral pathogens in aquatic ecosystems and to exploit this process as a treatment solution to enhance microbial water safety.IMPORTANCE Waterborne human viruses can persist in the environment, causing a risk to human health over long periods of time. In this work, we demonstrate that in both freshwater and seawater environments, indigenous bacteria and protists can graze on waterborne viruses and thereby reduce their persistence. We furthermore demonstrate that the efficiency of the grazing process depends on temperature, virus type, and protist species. These findings may facilitate the design of biological methods for the disinfection of water and wastewater.
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Majiya H, Adeyemi OO, Herod M, Stonehouse NJ, Millner P. Photodynamic inactivation of non-enveloped RNA viruses. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 189:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Free-Chlorine Disinfection as a Selection Pressure on Norovirus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00244-18. [PMID: 29703740 PMCID: PMC6007107 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00244-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are excreted in feces from infected individuals and included in wastewater. It is critical to remove/inactivate them in wastewater treatment processes, particularly in the disinfection step, before release to aquatic environments. However, the high mutation rates of human noroviruses raise concerns about the emergence of strains that are less susceptible to disinfectants and can survive even after wastewater treatment. This study aimed to demonstrate the strain-dependent susceptibility of norovirus to free chlorine. A population originated from the murine norovirus strain S7-PP3, a surrogate for human noroviruses in environmental testing, was exposed to free chlorine and then propagated in a host cell. This cycle of free chlorine exposure followed by propagation in cells was repeated 10 times, and populations with lower susceptibility to free chlorine were obtained from two independent trials of chlorine exposure cycles. Open reading frame 2 (ORF2) and ORF3 of the murine norovirus genome were analyzed by next-generation sequencing, and a unique nonsynonymous mutation (corresponding to a change from phenylalanine to serine) at nucleotide (nt) 7280 in ORF3, which encodes the minor capsid protein VP2, was found in chlorine-exposed populations from both trials. It was confirmed that all of the clones from the chlorine-treated population had lower susceptibility to free chlorine than those from the control population. These results indicate that exposure to free chlorine and dilution exert different driving forces to form murine norovirus (MNV) quasispecies, and that there is a selective force to form MNV quasispecies under free chlorine exposure.IMPORTANCE This study showed that free chlorine disinfection exerted a selection pressure for murine norovirus (MNV). The strain-dependent viral susceptibility to the disinfectant elucidated in this study highlights the importance of employing less susceptible strains as representative viruses in disinfection tests, because the disinfection rate values obtained from more susceptible strains would be less useful in predicting the virus inactivation efficiency of circulating strains under practical disinfection conditions.
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14
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Meister S, Verbyla ME, Klinger M, Kohn T. Variability in Disinfection Resistance between Currently Circulating Enterovirus B Serotypes and Strains. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3696-3705. [PMID: 29466658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility of waterborne viruses to disinfection is known to vary between viruses and even between closely related strains, yet the extent of this variation is not known. Here, different enteroviruses (six strains of coxsackievirus B5, two strains of coxsackievirus B4 and one strain of coxackievirus B1) were isolated from wastewater and inactivated by UV254, sunlight, free chlorine (FC), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and heat. Inactivation kinetics of these isolates were compared with those of laboratory enterovirus strains (CVB5 Faulkner and echovirus 11 Gregory) and MS2 bacteriophage. FC exhibited the greatest (10-fold) variability in inactivation kinetics between different strains, whereas inactivation by UV254 differed only subtly. The variability in inactivation kinetics was greater between serotypes than it was among the seven strains of the CVB5 serotype. MS2 was a conservative surrogate of enterovirus inactivation by UV254, sunlight, or heat but frequently underestimated the disinfection requirements for FC and ClO2. Similarly, laboratory strains did not always reflect the inactivation behavior of the environmental isolates. Overall, there was considerable variability in inactivation kinetics among and within enteroviruses serotypes, as well as between laboratory and environmental isolates. We therefore recommend that future disinfection studies include a variety of serotypes and environmental isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Meister
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Matthew E Verbyla
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Marius Klinger
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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