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Zhao J, Huang K, Liu R, Lai Y, Abad P, Favery B, Jian H, Ling J, Li Y, Yang Y, Xie B, Quentin M, Mao Z. The root-knot nematode effector Mi2G02 hijacks a host plant trihelix transcription factor to promote nematode parasitism. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100723. [PMID: 37742073 PMCID: PMC10873892 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) cause huge agricultural losses every year. They secrete a repertoire of effectors to facilitate parasitism through the induction of plant-derived giant feeding cells, which serve as their sole source of nutrients. However, the mode of action of these effectors and their targeted host proteins remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the effector Mi2G02 in Meloidogyne incognita parasitism. Host-derived Mi2G02 RNA interference in Arabidopsis thaliana affected giant cell development, whereas ectopic expression of Mi2G02 promoted root growth and increased plant susceptibility to M. incognita. We used various combinations of approaches to study the specific interactions between Mi2G02 and A. thaliana GT-3a, a trihelix transcription factor. GT-3a knockout in A. thaliana affected feeding-site development, resulting in production of fewer egg masses, whereas GT-3a overexpression in A. thaliana increased susceptibility to M. incognita and also root growth. Moreover, we demonstrated that Mi2G02 plays a role in maintaining GT-3a protein stabilization by inhibiting the 26S proteasome-dependent pathway, leading to suppression of TOZ and RAD23C expression and thus promoting nematode parasitism. This work enhances our understanding of how a pathogen effector manipulates the role and regulation of a transcription factor by interfering with a proteolysis pathway to reprogram gene expression for development of nematode feeding cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Kaiwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuqing Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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2
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Behzadian S, Sahebani N, Karimi S. Relationship between suppression of plant defence systems by Meloidogyne javanica with the distance of different parts of the plant from the nematode establishment site. NEMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Suppression of plant defence systems by plant-parasitic nematodes is an important aspect of research on resistance induction in plants. The present work aimed to address the question of whether this suppressive ability by nematodes can be spread systemically and equally to other parts of the plant. The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, and the host plant, tomato, was used with salicylic acid (SA) as a potent inducer of the plant defence systems. SA was sprayed on the second and fifth leaves, as near and far from the nematode establishment site, respectively. The results of hydrogen peroxide and phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme evaluation in the root (site of nematode establishment), crown, second and fifth leaves showed that, firstly, the amount of defence compounds induced by SA in the leaves was not equal in all parts of the plant and gradually decreased from the aerial parts (treatment site) towards the roots. Furthermore, the synthesis and accumulation of the evaluated compounds in the younger parts of the plant (fifth leaf) was more than the older parts (second leaf), and the crown and root. Although the suppression of the plant defence systems by the nematode was transferred to other parts of the plant, the amount of this suppression gradually decreased in the parts farthest from the site of the nematode establishment. Based on the results, it is inferred that the success of a resistance induction strategy in plant disease management depends on the type of pathogen, type of inducer, place of application of the inducer on the plant and the induction area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Behzadian
- Department of Plant Protection, Abouraihan Faculty, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365/4117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navazollah Sahebani
- Department of Plant Protection, Abouraihan Faculty, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365/4117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Karimi
- Department of Plant Protection, Abouraihan Faculty, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365/4117, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Rutter WB, Franco J, Gleason C. Rooting Out the Mechanisms of Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:43-76. [PMID: 35316614 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) engage in complex parasitic interactions with many different host plants around the world, initiating elaborate feeding sites and disrupting host root architecture. Although RKNs have been the focus of research for many decades, new molecular tools have provided useful insights into the biological mechanisms these pests use to infect and manipulate their hosts. From identifying host defense mechanisms underlying resistance to RKNs to characterizing nematode effectors that alter host cellular functions, the past decade of research has significantly expanded our understanding of RKN-plant interactions, and the increasing number of quality parasite and host genomes promises to enhance future research efforts into RKNs. In this review, we have highlighted recent discoveries, summarized the current understanding within the field, and provided links to new and useful resources for researchers. Our goal is to offer insights and tools to support the study of molecular RKN-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Rutter
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
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4
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Mejias J, Chen Y, Bazin J, Truong NM, Mulet K, Noureddine Y, Jaubert-Possamai S, Ranty-Roby S, Soulé S, Abad P, Crespi MD, Favery B, Quentin M. Silencing the conserved small nuclear ribonucleoprotein SmD1 target gene alters susceptibility to root-knot nematodes in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1741-1756. [PMID: 35385078 PMCID: PMC9237699 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are among the most damaging pests of agricultural crops. Meloidogyne is an extremely polyphagous genus of nematodes that can infect thousands of plant species. A few genes for resistance (R-genes) to RKN suitable for use in crop breeding have been identified, but virulent strains and species of RKN have emerged that render these R-genes ineffective. Secretion of RKN effectors targeting plant functions mediates the reprogramming of root cells into specialized feeding cells, the giant cells, essential for RKN development and reproduction. Conserved targets among plant species define the more relevant strategies for controlling nematode infection. The EFFECTOR18 (EFF18) protein from M. incognita interacts with the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D1 (SmD1) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), disrupting its function in alternative splicing regulation and modulating the giant cell transcriptome. We show here that EFF18 is a conserved RKN-specific effector that targets this conserved spliceosomal SmD1 protein in Solanaceae. This interaction modulates alternative splicing events produced by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in response to M. incognita infection. The alteration of SmD1 expression by virus-induced gene silencing in Solanaceae affects giant cell formation and nematode development. Thus, our work defines a promising conserved SmD1 target gene to develop broad resistance for the control of Meloidogyne spp. in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jérémie Bazin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay, Evry, Université de Paris, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Karine Mulet
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Yara Noureddine
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Sarah Ranty-Roby
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Salomé Soulé
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Martin D Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay, Evry, Université de Paris, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
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5
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Sahebani N, Gholamrezaee N. The ability of Meloidogyne javanica to suppress salicylic acid-induced plant defence responses. NEMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Suppression of the defence system of plants by some plant pathogens is an important mechanism of their parasitism, and plant-parasitic nematodes use several mechanisms to affect different parts of the plant defence system. This study was designed to investigate the ability of a root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, to reduce or suppress the plant (tomato) immune system, before or after activation by a strong inducer, salicylic acid (SA). The experimental treatments were tomato plants inoculated with nematodes alone, plants pre-treated with SA and then nematodes (‘SA then nematode’), plants treated with SA after nematode inoculation (‘nematode then SA’), plants treated with SA alone, and plants treated with sterile distilled water. The results showed that treatment of the plants with SA before or after nematode infection reduced nematode disease indices compared to the control (nematode alone). The number of eggs per individual egg mass, in ‘nematode then SA’ treatment was significantly greater than the control, which shows the effect of nematodes on reducing the plant defence mechanism in this treatment. Evaluation of the activity of some defence enzymes such as chitinase, protease, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, catalase and density of hydrogen peroxide also showed that M. javanica is able to suppress these compounds in the ‘SA then nematode’ treatment, and to a greater extent in the ‘nematode then SA’ treatment. Suppression of plant defence responses by phytonematodes is of great importance in their synergistic relationship with secondary pathogens and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navazollah Sahebani
- Department of Plant Protection, Abouraihan Faculty, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365/4117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Gholamrezaee
- Department of Plant Protection, Abouraihan Faculty, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365/4117, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Moreira VJV, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Basso MF, Lisei-de-Sa ME, Morgante CV, Paes-de-Melo B, Arraes FBM, Martins-de-Sa D, Silva MCM, de Almeida Engler J, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Minc03328 effector gene downregulation severely affects Meloidogyne incognita parasitism in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2022; 255:44. [PMID: 35050413 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Minc03328 effector gene downregulation triggered by in planta RNAi strategy strongly reduced plant susceptibility to Meloidogyne incognita and suggests that Minc03328 gene is a promising target for the development of genetically engineered crops to improve plant tolerance to M. incognita. Meloidogyne incognita is the most economically important species of root-knot nematodes (RKN) and causes severe damage to crops worldwide. M. incognita secretes several effector proteins to suppress the host plant defense response, and manipulate the plant cell cycle and other plant processes facilitating its parasitism. Different secreted effector proteins have already been identified in M. incognita, but not all have been characterized or have had the confirmation of their involvement in nematode parasitism in their host plants. Herein, we characterized the Minc03328 (Minc3s00020g01299) effector gene, confirmed its higher expression in the early stages of M. incognita parasitism in plants, as well as the accumulation of the Minc03328 effector protein in subventral glands and its secretion. We also discuss the potential for simultaneous downregulation of its paralogue Minc3s00083g03984 gene. Using the in planta RNA interference strategy, Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) were generated to specifically targeting and downregulating the Minc03328 gene during nematode parasitism. Transgenic Minc03328-dsRNA lines that significantly downregulated Minc03328 gene expression during M. incognita parasitism were significantly less susceptible. The number of galls, egg masses, and [galls/egg masses] ratio were reduced in these transgenic lines by up to 85%, 90%, and 87%, respectively. Transgenic Minc03328-dsRNA lines showed the presence of fewer and smaller galls, indicating that parasitism was hindered. Overall, data herein strongly suggest that Minc03328 effector protein is important for M. incognita parasitism establishment. As well, the in planta Minc03328-dsRNA strategy demonstrated high biotechnological potential for developing crop species that could efficiently control RKN in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdeir Junio Vaz Moreira
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Biotechnology Center, PPGBCM, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
- Federal University of Brasilia, UNB, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Tristan Lourenço-Tessutti
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fernando Basso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia Lisei-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Federal University of Brasilia, UNB, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
- Agriculture Research Company of Minas Gerais State, Uberaba, MG, 31170-495, Brazil
| | - Carolina Vianna Morgante
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil
- Embrapa Semiarid, Petrolina, PE, 56302-970, Brazil
| | - Bruno Paes-de-Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Barbosa Monteiro Arraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Biotechnology Center, PPGBCM, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil
| | - Diogo Martins-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Federal University of Brasilia, UNB, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Mattar Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil
| | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil.
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 71966-700, Brazil.
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7
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Jagdale S, Rao U, Giri AP. Effectors of Root-Knot Nematodes: An Arsenal for Successful Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:800030. [PMID: 35003188 PMCID: PMC8727514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are notorious plant-parasitic nematodes first recorded in 1855 in cucumber plants. They are microscopic, obligate endoparasites that cause severe losses in agriculture and horticulture. They evade plant immunity, hijack the plant cell cycle, and metabolism to modify healthy cells into giant cells (GCs) - RKN feeding sites. RKNs secrete various effector molecules which suppress the plant defence and tamper with plant cellular and molecular biology. These effectors originate mainly from sub-ventral and dorsal oesophageal glands. Recently, a few non-oesophageal gland secreted effectors have been discovered. Effectors are essential for the entry of RKNs in plants, subsequently formation and maintenance of the GCs during the parasitism. In the past two decades, advanced genomic and post-genomic techniques identified many effectors, out of which only a few are well characterized. In this review, we provide molecular and functional details of RKN effectors secreted during parasitism. We list the known effectors and pinpoint their molecular functions. Moreover, we attempt to provide a comprehensive insight into RKN effectors concerning their implications on overall plant and nematode biology. Since effectors are the primary and prime molecular weapons of RKNs to invade the plant, it is imperative to understand their intriguing and complex functions to design counter-strategies against RKN infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Jagdale
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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8
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Zhao J, Sun Q, Quentin M, Ling J, Abad P, Zhang X, Li Y, Yang Y, Favery B, Mao Z, Xie B. A Meloidogyne incognita C-type lectin effector targets plant catalases to promote parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2124-2137. [PMID: 34449897 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., secrete effectors to modulate plant immune responses and establish a parasitic relationship with host plants. However, the functions and plant targets of C-type lectin (CTL)-like effectors of Meloidogyne incognita remain unknown. Here, we characterized a CTL-like effector of M. incognita, MiCTL1a, and identified its target and role in nematode parasitism. In situ hybridization demonstrated the expression of MiCTL1 in the subventral glands; and in planta, immunolocalization showed its secretion during M. incognita parasitism. Virus-induced gene silencing of the MiCTL1 reduced the infection ability of M. incognita in Nicotiana benthamiana. The ectopic expression in Arabidopsis not only increased susceptibility to M. incognita but also promoted root growth. Yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that MiCTL1a interacts with Arabidopsis catalases, which play essential roles in hydrogen peroxide homeostasis. Knockout or overexpression of catalases showed either increased or reduced susceptibility to M. incognita, respectively. Moreover, MiCTL1a not only reduced catalase activity in vitro and in planta but also modulated stress-related gene expressions in Arabidopsis. Our data suggest that MiCTL1a interacts with plant catalases and interferes with catalase activity, allowing M. incognita to establish a parasitic relationship with its host by fine-tuning responses mediated by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
- Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, 024099, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
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9
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Song H, Lin B, Huang Q, Sun T, Wang W, Liao J, Zhuo K. The Meloidogyne javanica effector Mj2G02 interferes with jasmonic acid signalling to suppress cell death and promote parasitism in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1288-1301. [PMID: 34339585 PMCID: PMC8435226 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes can cause devastating damage to crops. These nematodes secrete effectors that suppress the host immune responses to enhance their survival. In this study, Mj2G02, an effector from Meloidogyne javanica, is described. In situ hybridization and transcriptional analysis showed that Mj2G02 was highly expressed in the early infection stages and exclusively expressed in the nematode subventral oesophageal gland cells. In planta RNA interference targeting Mj2G02 impaired M. javanica parasitism, and Mj2G02-transgenic Arabidopsis lines displayed more susceptibility to M. javanica. Using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and plant immune response assays, we demonstrated that Mj2G02 localized in the plant cell nuclei and could suppress Gpa2/RBP-1-induced cell death. Moreover, by RNA-Seq and quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses, we showed that Mj2G02 was capable of interfering with the host jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway. Multiple jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) genes were significantly upregulated, whereas the JAR1 gene and four JA-responsive genes, MYC3, UPI, THI2.1, and WRKY75, were significantly downregulated. In addition, HPLC analysis showed that the endogenous jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) level in Mj2G02-transgenic Arabidopsis lines was significantly decreased compared to that in wildtype plants. Our results indicate that the M. javanica effector Mj2G02 suppresses the plant immune response, therefore facilitating nematode parasitism. This process is probably mediated by a JA-Ile reduction and JAZ enhancement to repress JA-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handa Song
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tianlin Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Research Center of Plant Pest Management and Bioenvironmental Health TechnologyGuangdong Eco‐Engineering PolytechnicGuangzhouChina
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
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10
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Godinho Mendes RA, Basso MF, Fernandes de Araújo J, Paes de Melo B, Lima RN, Ribeiro TP, da Silva Mattos V, Saliba Albuquerque EV, Grossi-de-Sa M, Dessaune Tameirao SN, da Rocha Fragoso R, Mattar da Silva MC, Vignols F, Fernandez D, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Minc00344 and Mj-NULG1a effectors interact with GmHub10 protein to promote the soybean parasitism by Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Exp Parasitol 2021; 229:108153. [PMID: 34508716 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several economically important crops are susceptible to root-knot nematode (RKNs). Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica are the two most reported species from the RKN complex, causing damage to several crops worldwide. The successful outcome of the Meloidogyne-plant interaction is associated with molecular factors secreted by the nematode to suppress the plant's immune response and promote nematode parasitism. In contrast, several plant factors are associated with defense against nematode infection. In this study, we identified and characterized the specific interaction of Minc00344 and Mj-NULG1a effectors with soybean GmHub10 (Glyma.19G008200) protein in vitro and in vivo. An Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA mutant of AtHub10 (AT3G27960, an orthologous gene of GmHub10) showed higher susceptibility to M. incognita. Thus, since soybean and A. thaliana Hub10 proteins are involved in pollen tube growth and indirect activation of the defense response, our data suggest that effector-Hub10 interactions could be associated with an increase in plant susceptibility. These findings indicate the potential of these effector proteins to develop new biotechnological tools based on RNA interference and the overexpression of engineered Hub10 proteins for the efficient management of RKN in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reneida Aparecida Godinho Mendes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Federal University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fernando Basso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Paes de Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Rayane Nunes Lima
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maira Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | - Maria Cristina Mattar da Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Florence Vignols
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/Université de Montpellier/SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Fernandez
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 71966-700, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil.
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11
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Eves-van den Akker S. Plant-nematode interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102035. [PMID: 33784578 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes threaten food security in the developed and developing world. This review looks at the field through a wide lens, aiming to capture a breadth of recent landmark achievements that have changed our understanding of plant-nematode interactions in particular, and plant pathology in general. It recognises the importance of expanding existing paradigms in plant-pathology to encompass plant-nematode interactions and, at the same time, celebrates achievements that build on the uniqueness of the system. It highlights emerging areas of plant nematology. Finally, it argues that the accelerated progress of recent years is prophetic, and that cumulative advances in our understanding, coupled with technological advances in genetic engineering of plants and nematodes, promise to lift perennial constraints on the field and thereby further expedite progress.
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12
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Mejias J, Bazin J, Truong NM, Chen Y, Marteu N, Bouteiller N, Sawa S, Crespi MD, Vaucheret H, Abad P, Favery B, Quentin M. The root-knot nematode effector MiEFF18 interacts with the plant core spliceosomal protein SmD1 required for giant cell formation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3408-3423. [PMID: 33206370 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita secretes specific effectors (MiEFF) and induces the redifferentiation of plant root cells into enlarged multinucleate feeding 'giant cells' essential for nematode development. Immunolocalizations revealed the presence of the MiEFF18 protein in the salivary glands of M. incognita juveniles. In planta, MiEFF18 localizes to the nuclei of giant cells demonstrating its secretion during plant-nematode interactions. A yeast two-hybrid approach identified the nuclear ribonucleoprotein SmD1 as a MiEFF18 partner in tomato and Arabidopsis. SmD1 is an essential component of the spliceosome, a complex involved in pre-mRNA splicing and alternative splicing. RNA-seq analyses of Arabidopsis roots ectopically expressing MiEFF18 or partially impaired in SmD1 function (smd1b mutant) revealed the contribution of the effector and its target to alternative splicing and proteome diversity. The comparison with Arabidopsis galls data showed that MiEFF18 modifies the expression of genes important for giant cell ontogenesis, indicating that MiEFF18 modulates SmD1 functions to facilitate giant cell formation. Finally, Arabidopsis smd1b mutants exhibited less susceptibility to M. incognita infection, and the giant cells formed on these mutants displayed developmental defects, suggesting that SmD1 plays an important role in the formation of giant cells and is required for successful nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Mejias
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Jérémie Bazin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay - Evry, Université de Paris, Gif sur Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Nhat-My Truong
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-11 8555, Japan
| | - Yongpan Chen
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nathalie Marteu
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Nathalie Bouteiller
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-11 8555, Japan
| | - Martin D Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay - Evry, Université de Paris, Gif sur Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Hervé Vaucheret
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
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Petitot AS, Dereeper A, Da Silva C, Guy J, Fernandez D. Analyses of the Root-Knot Nematode ( Meloidogyne graminicola) Transcriptome during Host Infection Highlight Specific Gene Expression Profiling in Resistant Rice Plants. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080644. [PMID: 32784493 PMCID: PMC7460394 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne graminicola causes considerable damages to rice (Oryza sativa) culture. Resistance to M. graminicola in the related species Oryza glaberrima reduces root penetration by juveniles and stops further nematode development. M. graminicola genes expressed during O. sativa infection were previously characterized but no information is available about the molecular dialogue established with a resistant plant. We compared the M. graminicola transcriptomes of stage-two juveniles (J2s) before and during infection of susceptible or resistant rice. Among 36,121 M. graminicola genes surveyed, 367 were differentially expressed during infection of resistant or susceptible plants. Genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes, peptidases and neuropeptides were expressed for a longer time in resistant plants compared to susceptible plants. Conversely, genes related to nematode development were not activated in the resistant host. The majority of M. graminicola effector genes had similar expression patterns, whatever the host genotype. However, two venom allergen-like protein (VAP)-encoding genes were specifically induced in resistant plants and Mg-VAP1 silencing in J2s reduced their ability to colonize roots. This study highlighted that M. graminicola adapts its gene expression to the host susceptibility. Further investigation is required to assess the role of Mg-VAPs in the rice-nematode interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Petitot
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexis Dereeper
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France; (C.D.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Julie Guy
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France; (C.D.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Diana Fernandez
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
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14
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Somvanshi VS, Phani V, Banakar P, Chatterjee M, Budhwar R, Shukla RN, Rao U. Transcriptomic changes in the pre-parasitic juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita induced by silencing of effectors Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:360. [PMID: 32832322 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita uses an array of effector proteins to establish successful plant infections. Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 are two known effectors secreted from nematode subventral oesophageal glands; Mi-msp-1 being a putative secretory venom allergen AG5-like protein, whereas Mi-msp-20 is a pioneer gene with a coiled-coil motif. Expression of specific effector is known to cause disturbances in the expression of other effectors. Here, we used RNA-Seq to investigate the pleiotropic effects of silencing Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20. A total of 25.1-51.9 million HQ reads generated from Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 silenced second-stage juveniles (J2s) along with freshly hatched J2s were mapped to an already annotated M. incognita proteome to understand the impact on various nematode pathways. As compared to control, silencing of Mi-msp-1 caused differential expression of 29 transcripts, while Mi-msp-20 silencing resulted in differential expression of a broader set of 409 transcripts. In the Mi-msp-1 silenced J2s, cytoplasm (GO:0005737) was the most enriched gene ontology (GO) term, whereas in the Mi-msp-20 silenced worms, embryo development (GO:0009792), reproduction (GO:0000003) and nematode larval development (GO:0002119) were the most enriched terms. Limited crosstalk was observed between these two effectors as a sheer 5.9% of the up-regulated transcripts were common between Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 silenced nematodes. Our results suggest that in addition to the direct knock-down caused by silencing of Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20, the cascading effect on other genes might also be contributing to a reduction in nematode's parasitic abilities.
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Joshi I, Kumar A, Singh AK, Kohli D, Raman KV, Sirohi A, Chaudhury A, Jain PK. Development of nematode resistance in Arabidopsis by HD-RNAi-mediated silencing of the effector gene Mi-msp2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17404. [PMID: 31757987 PMCID: PMC6874571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are devastating parasites that infect thousands of plants. As RKN infection is facilitated by oesophageal gland effector genes, one such effector gene, Mi-msp2, was selected for a detailed characterization. Based on domain analysis, the Mi-MSP2 protein contains an ShKT domain, which is likely involved in blocking K+ channels and may help in evading the plant defence response. Expression of the Mi-msp2 gene was higher in juveniles (parasitic stage of RKNs) than in eggs and adults. Stable homozygous transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing Mi-msp2 dsRNA were generated, and the numbers of galls, females and egg masses were reduced by 52-54%, 60-66% and 84-95%, respectively, in two independent RNAi lines compared with control plants. Furthermore, expression analysis revealed a significant reduction in Mi-msp2 mRNA abundance (up to 88%) in female nematodes feeding on transgenic plants expressing dsRNA, and northern blot analysis confirmed expression of the Mi-msp2 siRNA in the transgenic plants. Interestingly, a significant reduction in the reproduction factor was observed (nearly 40-fold). These data suggest that the Mi-msp2 gene can be used as a potential target for RKN management in crops of economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Joshi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.,Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ashish K Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Deshika Kohli
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - K V Raman
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ashok Chaudhury
- Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep K Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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16
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Zhao J, Li L, Liu Q, Liu P, Li S, Yang D, Chen Y, Pagnotta S, Favery B, Abad P, Jian H. A MIF-like effector suppresses plant immunity and facilitates nematode parasitism by interacting with plant annexins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5943-5958. [PMID: 31365744 PMCID: PMC6812717 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete numerous effectors to facilitate parasitism, but detailed functions of nematode effectors and their plant targets remain largely unknown. Here, we characterized four macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIFs) in Meloidogyne incognita resembling the MIFs secreted by human and animal parasites. Transcriptional data showed MiMIFs are up-regulated in parasitism. Immunolocalization provided evidence that MiMIF proteins are secreted from the nematode hypodermis to the parasite surface, detected in plant tissues and giant cells. In planta MiMIFs RNA interference in Arabidopsis decreased infection and nematode reproduction. Transient expression of MiMIF-2 could suppress Bax- and RBP1/Gpa2-induced cell death. MiMIF-2 ectopic expression led to higher levels of Arabidopsis susceptibility, suppressed immune responses triggered by flg22, and impaired [Ca2+]cyt influx induced by H2O2. The immunoprecipitation of MiMIF-2-interacting proteins, followed by co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation validations, revealed specific interactions between MiMIF-2 and two Arabidopsis annexins, AnnAt1 and AnnAt4, involved in the transport of calcium ions, stress responses, and signal transduction. Suppression of expression or overexpression of these annexins modified nematode infection. Our results provide functional evidence that nematode effectors secreted from hypodermis to the parasite cuticle surface target host proteins and M. incognita uses MiMIFs to promote parasitism by interfering with the annexin-mediated plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sophie Pagnotta
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée (CCMA), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Pierre Abad
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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Grijalva-Mañay R, Dorca-Fornell C, Enríquez-Villacreses W, Miño-Castro G, Oliva R, Ochoa V, Proaño-Tuma K, Armijos-Jaramillo V. DnaJ molecules as potential effectors in Meloidogyne arenaria. An unexplored group of proteins in plant parasitic nematodes. Commun Integr Biol 2019; 12:151-161. [PMID: 31666916 PMCID: PMC6802931 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2019.1676138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic organisms secrete proteins called effectors that recognize, infect and promote disease within host cells. Bacteria, like Pseudomona syringae, use effectors with DnaJ function to disrupt plant defenses. DnaJ proteins (also called Hsp40) are a group of co-chaperone molecules, which assist in the folding of proteins. Despite the described role of DnaJs as effectors in several groups of pathogens, this group of proteins has never been correlated with the infection process in plant parasitic nematodes. In this study, we analyze the importance of DnaJ for plant parasitic nematodes. To do that, we compare the number of DnaJ proteins in nematodes with different lifestyles. Then, we predict the secreted DnaJ proteins in order to detect effector candidates. We found that Meloidogyne species have more secreted DnaJs than the rest of the nematodes analyzed in the study. Particularly, M. arenaria possess the highest proportion of secreted DnaJ sequences in comparison to total DnaJ proteins. Furthermore, we found in this species at least five sequences with a putative nuclear localization signal, three of them with a serine rich region with an unknown function. Then, we chose one of these sequences (MG599854) to perform an expression analysis. We found that MG599854 is over-expressed from 3 days post inoculation onwards in tomato plants. Moreover, MG599854 seems to be enough to produce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana under transient expression conditions. In concordance with our results, we propose that DnaJ proteins are a potential source of effector proteins in plant parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Grijalva-Mañay
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Armed Forces University ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Carmen Dorca-Fornell
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Armed Forces University ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | | | - Gabriela Miño-Castro
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Armed Forces University ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Ricardo Oliva
- Genetics and Biotechnology, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 4031 Laguna, Philippines
| | - Valeria Ochoa
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Armed Forces University ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Karina Proaño-Tuma
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Armed Forces University ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Vinicio Armijos-Jaramillo
- Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.,Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
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18
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Mejias J, Truong NM, Abad P, Favery B, Quentin M. Plant Proteins and Processes Targeted by Parasitic Nematode Effectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:970. [PMID: 31417587 PMCID: PMC6682612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, such as root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (CN; Heterodera spp. and Globodera spp.) cause considerable damage to agricultural crops. RKN and CN spend most of their life cycle in plant roots, in which they induce the formation of multinucleate hypertrophied feeding cells, called "giant cells" and "syncytia," respectively. The giant cells result from nuclear divisions of vascular cells without cytokinesis. They are surrounded by small dividing cells and they form a new organ within the root known as a root knot or gall. CN infection leads to the fusion of several root cells into a unique syncytium. These dramatically modified host cells act as metabolic sinks from which the nematode withdraws nutrients throughout its life, and they are thus essential for nematode development. Both RKN and CN secrete effector proteins that are synthesized in the oesophageal glands and delivered to the appropriate cell in the host plant via a syringe-like stylet, triggering the ontogenesis of the feeding structures. Within the plant cell or in the apoplast, effectors associate with specific host proteins, enabling them to hijack important processes for cell morphogenesis and physiology or immunity. Here, we review recent findings on the identification and functional characterization of plant targets of RKN and CN effectors. A better understanding of the molecular determinants of these biotrophic relationships would enable us to improve the yields of crops infected with parasitic nematodes and to expand our comprehension of root development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michaël Quentin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
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19
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Zhuo K, Naalden D, Nowak S, Xuan Huy N, Bauters L, Gheysen G. A Meloidogyne graminicola C-type lectin, Mg01965, is secreted into the host apoplast to suppress plant defence and promote parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:346-355. [PMID: 30315612 PMCID: PMC6637863 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs), a class of multifunctional proteins, are numerous in nematodes. One CTL gene, Mg01965, shown to be expressed in the subventral glands, especially in the second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, was further analysed in this study. In vitro RNA interference targeting Mg01965 in the preparasitic juveniles significantly reduced their ability to infect host plant roots. Immunolocalizations showed that Mg01965 is secreted by M. graminicola into the roots during the early parasitic stages and accumulates in the apoplast. Transient expression of Mg01965 in Nicotiana benthamiana and targeting it to the apoplast suppressed the burst of reactive oxygen species triggered by flg22. The CTL Mg01965 suppresses plant innate immunity in the host apoplast, promoting nematode parasitism in the early infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Diana Naalden
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Silke Nowak
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Nguyen Xuan Huy
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
- Biology Department, College of EducationHue University34 Le LoiHueVietnam
| | - Lander Bauters
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
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Ali MA, Anjam MS, Nawaz MA, Lam HM, Chung G. Signal Transduction in Plant⁻Nematode Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061648. [PMID: 29865232 PMCID: PMC6032140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully invade and infect their host plants, plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) need to evolve molecular mechanisms to overcome the defense responses from the plants. Nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs), including ascarosides and certain proteins, while instrumental in enabling the infection, can be perceived by the host plants, which then initiate a signaling cascade leading to the induction of basal defense responses. To combat host resistance, some nematodes can inject effectors into the cells of susceptible hosts to reprogram the basal resistance signaling and also modulate the hosts’ gene expression patterns to facilitate the establishment of nematode feeding sites (NFSs). In this review, we summarized all the known signaling pathways involved in plant–nematode interactions. Specifically, we placed particular focus on the effector proteins from PPNs that mimic the signaling of the defense responses in host plants. Furthermore, we gave an updated overview of the regulation by PPNs of different host defense pathways such as salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA), auxin, and cytokinin and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling to facilitate their parasitic successes in plants. This review will enhance the understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in both compatible and incompatible plant–nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan.
| | | | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea.
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Leelarasamee N, Zhang L, Gleason C. The root-knot nematode effector MiPFN3 disrupts plant actin filaments and promotes parasitism. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006947. [PMID: 29543900 PMCID: PMC5871015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes secrete effectors that manipulate their host plant cells so that the nematode can successfully establish feeding sites and complete its lifecycle. The root-knot nematode feeding structures, their “giant cells,” undergo extensive cytoskeletal remodeling. Previous cytological studies have shown the cytoplasmic actin within the feeding sites looks diffuse. In an effort to study root-knot nematode effectors that are involved in giant cell organogenesis, we have identified a nematode effector called MiPFN3 (Meloidogyne incognita Profilin 3). MiPFN3 is transcriptionally up-regulated in the juvenile stage of the nematode. In situ hybridization experiments showed that MiPFN3 transcribed in the nematode subventral glands, where it can be secreted by the nematode stylet into the plant. Moreover, Arabidopsis plants that heterologously expressed MiPFN3 were more susceptible to root-knot nematodes, indicating that MiPFN3 promotes nematode parasitism. Since profilin proteins can bind and sequester actin monomers, we investigated the function of MiPFN3 in relation to actin. Our results show that MiPFN3 suppressed the aberrant plant growth phenotype caused by the misexpression of reproductive actin (AtACT1) in transgenic plants. In addition, it disrupted actin polymerization in an in vitro assay, and it reduced the filamentous actin network when expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Over a decade ago, cytological studies showed that the cytoplasmic actin within nematode giant cells looked fragmented. Here we provide the first evidence that the nematode is secreting an effector that has significant, direct effects on the plant’s actin cytoskeleton. Root-knot nematodes are microscopic plant pests that infect plant roots and significantly reduce yields of many crop plants. The nematodes enter the plant roots and modify plant cells into complex, multinuclear feeding sites called giant cells. The formation and maintenance of giant cells is critical to nematode survival. During giant cell organogenesis, the progenitor plant cells undergo many morphological changes, including a re-organization of the cytoplasmic actin cytoskeleton. As a result, the giant cell cytoplasmic actin appears fragmented and disorganized. Plant cells can regulate their actin filament assembly, in part, through the expression of actin binding proteins such as profilins. Here we show that infectious nematode juveniles express a profilin called MiPFN3. Expression of MiPFN3 in Arabidopsis plants made the plants more susceptible to root-knot nematodes, indicating that MiPFN3 acts as an effector that aids parasitism. We show evidence that the expression MiPFN3 in plant cells causes the fragmentation of plant actin filaments. The work here demonstrates that nematode effector MiPFN3 can directly affect plant actin filaments, whose reorganization is necessary for giant cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthanon Leelarasamee
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Shukla N, Yadav R, Kaur P, Rasmussen S, Goel S, Agarwal M, Jagannath A, Gupta R, Kumar A. Transcriptome analysis of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots reveals complex gene expression profiles and metabolic networks of both host and nematode during susceptible and resistance responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:615-633. [PMID: 28220591 PMCID: PMC6638136 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne incognita) are economically important endoparasites with a wide host range. We used a comprehensive transcriptomic approach to investigate the expression of both tomato and RKN genes in tomato roots at five infection time intervals from susceptible plants and two infection time intervals from resistant plants, grown under soil conditions. Differentially expressed genes during susceptible (1827, tomato; 462, RKN) and resistance (25, tomato; 160, RKN) interactions were identified. In susceptible responses, tomato genes involved in cell wall structure, development, primary and secondary metabolite, and defence signalling pathways, together with RKN genes involved in host parasitism, development and defence, are discussed. In resistance responses, tomato genes involved in secondary metabolite and hormone-mediated defence responses, together with RKN genes involved in starvation stress-induced apoptosis, are discussed. In addition, 40 novel differentially expressed RKN genes encoding secretory proteins were identified. Our findings provide novel insights into the temporal regulation of genes involved in various biological processes from tomato and RKN simultaneously during susceptible and resistance responses, and reveal the involvement of a complex network of biosynthetic pathways during disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Shukla
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Pritam Kaur
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | | | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | | | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Amar Kumar
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
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Chen J, Hu L, Sun L, Lin B, Huang K, Zhuo K, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgMO237, interacts with multiple host defence-related proteins to manipulate plant basal immunity and promote parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1942-1955. [PMID: 29485753 PMCID: PMC6638000 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes can secrete effector proteins into the host tissue to facilitate their parasitism. In this study, we report a novel effector protein, MgMO237, from Meloidogyne graminicola, which is exclusively expressed within the dorsal oesophageal gland cell and markedly up-regulated in parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles of M. graminicola. Transient expression of MgMO237 in protoplasts from rice roots showed that MgMO237 was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the host cells. Rice plants overexpressing MgMO237 showed an increased susceptibility to M. graminicola. In contrast, rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting MgMO237 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that MgMO237 interacted specifically with three rice endogenous proteins, i.e. 1,3-β-glucan synthase component (OsGSC), cysteine-rich repeat secretory protein 55 (OsCRRSP55) and pathogenesis-related BetvI family protein (OsBetvI), which are all related to host defences. Moreover, MgMO237 can suppress host defence responses, including the expression of host defence-related genes, cell wall callose deposition and the burst of reactive oxygen species. These results demonstrate that the effector MgMO237 probably promotes the parasitism of M. graminicola by interacting with multiple host defence-related proteins and suppressing plant basal immunity in the later parasitic stages of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kun Huang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Department of Eco‐engineering, Guangdong Eco‐Engineering PolytechnicGuangzhou510520China
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24
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Bournaud C, Gillet FX, Murad AM, Bresso E, Albuquerque EVS, Grossi-de-Sá MF. Meloidogyne incognita PASSE-MURAILLE (MiPM) Gene Encodes a Cell-Penetrating Protein That Interacts With the CSN5 Subunit of the COP9 Signalosome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:904. [PMID: 29997646 PMCID: PMC6029430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of phytonematodes relies on secreted virulence factors to rewire host cellular pathways for the benefits of the nematode. In the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita, thousands of predicted secreted proteins have been identified and are expected to interact with host proteins at different developmental stages of the parasite. Identifying the host targets will provide compelling evidence about the biological significance and molecular function of the predicted proteins. Here, we have focused on the hub protein CSN5, the fifth subunit of the pleiotropic and eukaryotic conserved COP9 signalosome (CSN), which is a regulatory component of the ubiquitin/proteasome system. We used affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to generate the interaction network of CSN5 in M. incognita-infected roots. We identified the complete CSN complex and other known CSN5 interaction partners in addition to unknown plant and M. incognita proteins. Among these, we described M. incognita PASSE-MURAILLE (MiPM), a small pioneer protein predicted to contain a secretory peptide that is up-regulated mostly in the J2 parasitic stage. We confirmed the CSN5-MiPM interaction, which occurs in the nucleus, by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Using MiPM as bait, a GST pull-down assay coupled with MS revealed some common protein partners between CSN5 and MiPM. We further showed by in silico and microscopic analyses that the recombinant purified MiPM protein enters the cells of Arabidopsis root tips in a non-infectious context. In further detail, the supercharged N-terminal tail of MiPM (NTT-MiPM) triggers an unknown host endocytosis pathway to penetrate the cell. The functional meaning of the CSN5-MiPM interaction in the M. incognita parasitism is discussed. Moreover, we propose that the cell-penetrating properties of some M. incognita secreted proteins might be a non-negligible mechanism for cell uptake, especially during the steps preceding the sedentary parasitic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bournaud
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Caroline Bournaud
| | | | - André M. Murad
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Bresso
- Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inria, Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications, Nancy, France
| | | | - Maria F. Grossi-de-Sá
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Maria F. Grossi-de-Sá
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25
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Nguyen CN, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Quentin M, Zhao J, Magliano M, Marteu N, Da Rocha M, Nottet N, Abad P, Favery B. A root-knot nematode small glycine and cysteine-rich secreted effector, MiSGCR1, is involved in plant parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:687-699. [PMID: 29034957 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are obligate endoparasites that maintain a biotrophic relationship with their hosts. They infect roots as microscopic vermiform second-stage juveniles, and establish specialized feeding structures called 'giant-cells', from which they withdraw water and nutrients. The nematode effector proteins secreted in planta are key elements in the molecular dialogue of parasitism. Here, we compared Illumina RNA-seq transcriptomes for M. incognita obtained at various points in the lifecycle, and identified 31 genes more strongly expressed in parasitic stages than in preparasitic juveniles. We then selected candidate effectors for functional characterization. Quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridizations showed that the validated differentially expressed genes are predominantly specifically expressed in oesophageal glands of the nematode. We also soaked the nematodes in siRNA to silence these genes and to determine their role in pathogenicity. The silencing of the dorsal gland specific-Minc18876 and its paralogues resulted in a significant, reproducible decrease in the number of mature females with egg masses, demonstrating a potentially important role for the small glycine- and cysteine-rich effector MiSGCR1 in early stages of plant-nematode interaction. Finally, we report that MiSGCR1 suppresses plant cell death induced by bacterial or oomycete triggers of plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh-Nghia Nguyen
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Laetitia Perfus-Barbeoch
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Marc Magliano
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nathalie Marteu
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Martine Da Rocha
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Nottet
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
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26
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Shi Q, Mao Z, Zhang X, Ling J, Lin R, Zhang X, Liu R, Wang Y, Yang Y, Cheng X, Xie B. The Novel Secreted Meloidogyne incognita Effector MiISE6 Targets the Host Nucleus and Facilitates Parasitism in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:252. [PMID: 29628931 PMCID: PMC5876317 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is highly specialized parasite that interacts with host plants using a range of strategies. The effectors are synthesized in the esophageal glands and secreted into plant cells through a needle-like stylet during parasitism. In this study, based on RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis, we predicted 110 putative Meloidogyne incognita effectors that contain nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Combining the Burkholderia glumae-pEDV based screening system with subcellular localization, from 20 randomly selected NLS effector candidates, we identified an effector MiISE6 that can effectively suppress B. glumae-induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, targets to the nuclei of plant cells, and is highly expressed in early parasitic J2 stage. Sequence analysis showed that MiISE6 is a 157-amino acid peptide, with an OGFr_N domain and two NLS motifs. Hybridization in situ verified that MiISE6 is expressed in the subventral esophageal glands. Yeast invertase secretion assay validated the function of the signal peptide harbored in MiISE6. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing MiISE6 become more susceptible to M. incognita. Inversely, the host-derived RNAi of MiISE6 of the nematode can decrease its parasitism on host. Based on transcriptome analysis of the MiISE6 transgenic Arabidopsis samples and the wild-type samples, we obtained 852 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Integrating Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, we found that expression of MiISE6 in Arabidopsis can suppress jasmonate signaling pathway. In addition, the expression of genes related to cell wall modification and the ubiquitination proteasome pathway also have detectable changes in the transgenic plants. Results from the present study suggest that MiISE6 is involved in interaction between nematode-plant, and plays an important role during the early stages of parasitism by interfering multiple signaling pathways of plant. Moreover, we found homologs of MiISE6 in other sedentary nematodes, Meloidogyne hapla and Globodera pallida. Our experimental results provide evidence to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the manipulation of host immune defense responses by plant parasitic nematodes, and transcriptome data also provide useful information for further study nematode-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- School of Medical Science, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runmao Lin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bingyan Xie, Xinyue Cheng,
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bingyan Xie, Xinyue Cheng,
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27
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Chen J, Lin B, Huang Q, Hu L, Zhuo K, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgGPP, is secreted into host cells and undergoes glycosylation in concert with proteolysis to suppress plant defenses and promote parasitism. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006301. [PMID: 28403192 PMCID: PMC5402989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogen effectors can recruit the host post-translational machinery to mediate their post-translational modification (PTM) and regulate their activity to facilitate parasitism, but few studies have focused on this phenomenon in the field of plant-parasitic nematodes. In this study, we show that the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne graminicola has evolved a novel effector, MgGPP, that is exclusively expressed within the nematode subventral esophageal gland cells and up-regulated in the early parasitic stage of M. graminicola. The effector MgGPP plays a role in nematode parasitism. Transgenic rice lines expressing MgGPP become significantly more susceptible to M. graminicola infection than wild-type control plants, and conversely, in planta, the silencing of MgGPP through RNAi technology substantially increases the resistance of rice to M. graminicola. Significantly, we show that MgGPP is secreted into host plants and targeted to the ER, where the N-glycosylation and C-terminal proteolysis of MgGPP occur. C-terminal proteolysis promotes MgGPP to leave the ER, after which it is transported to the nucleus. In addition, N-glycosylation of MgGPP is required for suppressing the host response. The research data provide an intriguing example of in planta glycosylation in concert with proteolysis of a pathogen effector, which depict a novel mechanism by which parasitic nematodes could subjugate plant immunity and promote parasitism and may present a promising target for developing new strategies against nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JLL); (KZ)
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JLL); (KZ)
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28
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Ali MA, Azeem F, Li H, Bohlmann H. Smart Parasitic Nematodes Use Multifaceted Strategies to Parasitize Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1699. [PMID: 29046680 PMCID: PMC5632807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are omnipresent in nature including many species which are parasitic to plants and cause enormous economic losses in various crops. During the process of parasitism, sedentary phytonematodes use their stylet to secrete effector proteins into the plant cells to induce the development of specialized feeding structures. These effectors are used by the nematodes to develop compatible interactions with plants, partly by mimicking the expression of host genes. Intensive research is going on to investigate the molecular function of these effector proteins in the plants. In this review, we have summarized which physiological and molecular changes occur when endoparasitic nematodes invade the plant roots and how they develop a successful interaction with plants using the effector proteins. We have also mentioned the host genes which are induced by the nematodes for a compatible interaction. Additionally, we discuss how nematodes modulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNA silencing pathways in addition to post-translational modifications in their own favor for successful parasitism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad A. Ali ;
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hongjie Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Zhuo K, Chen J, Lin B, Wang J, Sun F, Hu L, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne enterolobii effector MeTCTP promotes parasitism by suppressing programmed cell death in host plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:45-54. [PMID: 26808010 PMCID: PMC6638250 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne enterolobii is one of the most important plant-parasitic nematodes that can overcome the Mi-1 resistance gene and damage many economically important crops. Translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) is a multifunctional protein that exists in various eukaryotes and plays an important role in parasitism. In this study, a novel M. enterolobii TCTP effector, named MeTCTP, was identified and functionally characterized. MeTCTP was specifically expressed within the dorsal gland and was up-regulated during M. enterolobii parasitism. Transient expression of MeTCTP in protoplasts from tomato roots showed that MeTCTP was localized in the cytoplasm of the host cells. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing MeTCTP were more susceptible to M. enterolobii infection than wild-type plants in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, in planta RNA interference (RNAi) targeting MeTCTP suppressed the expression of MeTCTP in infecting nematodes and attenuated their parasitism. Furthermore, MeTCTP could suppress programmed cell death triggered by the pro-apoptotic protein BAX. These results demonstrate that MeTCTP is a novel plant-parasitic nematode effector that promotes parasitism, probably by suppressing programmed cell death in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Fengxia Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Vocational College of Ecological EngineeringGuangzhou510520China
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Petitot AS, Dereeper A, Agbessi M, Da Silva C, Guy J, Ardisson M, Fernandez D. Dual RNA-seq reveals Meloidogyne graminicola transcriptome and candidate effectors during the interaction with rice plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:860-74. [PMID: 26610268 PMCID: PMC6638361 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes secrete proteinaceous effectors into plant tissues to facilitate infection by suppressing host defences and reprogramming the host metabolism to their benefit. Meloidogyne graminicola is a major pest of rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia and Latin America, causing important crop losses. The goal of this study was to identify M. graminicola pathogenicity genes expressed during the plant-nematode interaction. Using the dual RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) strategy, we generated transcriptomic data of M. graminicola samples covering the pre-parasitic J2 stage and five parasitic stages in rice plants, from the parasitic J2 to the adult female. In the absence of a reference genome, a de novo M. graminicola transcriptome of 66 396 contigs was obtained from those reads that were not mapped on the rice genome. Gene expression profiling across the M. graminicola life cycle revealed key genes involved in nematode development and provided insights into the genes putatively associated with parasitism. The development of a 'secreted protein prediction' pipeline revealed a typical set of proteins secreted by nematodes, as well as a large number of cysteine-rich proteins and putative nuclear proteins. Combined with expression data, this pipeline enabled the identification of 15 putative effector genes, including two homologues of well-characterized effectors from cyst nematodes (CLE-like and VAP1) and a metallothionein. The localization of gene expression was assessed by in situ hybridization for a subset of candidates. All of these data represent important molecular resources for the elucidation of M. graminicola biology and for the selection of potential targets for the development of novel control strategies for this nematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Petitot
- IRD, UMR IRD-Cirad-UM2 Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Alexis Dereeper
- IRD, UMR IRD-Cirad-UM2 Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Mawusse Agbessi
- IRD, UMR IRD-Cirad-UM2 Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE - Centre National de Séquençage, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Julie Guy
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE - Centre National de Séquençage, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Morgane Ardisson
- INRA, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Diana Fernandez
- IRD, UMR IRD-Cirad-UM2 Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Xie J, Li S, Mo C, Wang G, Xiao X, Xiao Y. A Novel Meloidogyne incognita Effector Misp12 Suppresses Plant Defense Response at Latter Stages of Nematode Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:964. [PMID: 27446188 PMCID: PMC4927581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Secreted effectors in plant root-knot nematodes (RKNs, or Meloidogyne spp.) play key roles in their parasite processes. Currently identified effectors mainly focus on the early stage of the nematode parasitism. There are only a few reports describing effectors that function in the latter stage. In this study, we identified a potential RKN effector gene, Misp12, that functioned during the latter stage of parasitism. Misp12 was unique in the Meloidogyne spp., and highly conserved in Meloidogyne incognita. It encoded a secretory protein that specifically expressed in the dorsal esophageal gland, and highly up-regulated during the female stages. Transient expression of Misp12-GUS-GFP in onion epidermal cell showed that Misp12 was localized in cytoplast. In addition, in planta RNA interference targeting Misp12 suppressed the expression of Misp12 in nematodes and attenuated parasitic ability of M. incognita. Furthermore, up-regulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) pathway defense-related genes in the virus-induced silencing of Misp12 plants, and down-regulation of SA pathway defense-related genes in Misp12-expressing plants indicated the gene might be associated with the suppression of the plant defense response. These results demonstrated that the novel nematode effector Misp12 played a critical role at latter parasitism of M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xueqiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Rehman S, Gupta VK, Goyal AK. Identification and functional analysis of secreted effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:48. [PMID: 27001199 PMCID: PMC4802876 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant parasitic nematodes develop an intimate and long-term feeding relationship with their host plants. They induce a multi-nucleate feeding site close to the vascular bundle in the roots of their host plant and remain sessile for the rest of their life. Nematode secretions, produced in the oesophageal glands and secreted through a hollow stylet into the host plant cytoplasm, are believed to play key role in pathogenesis. To combat these persistent pathogens, the identity and functional analysis of secreted effectors can serve as a key to devise durable control measures. In this review, we will recapitulate the knowledge over the identification and functional characterization of secreted nematode effector repertoire from phytoparasitic nematodes. RESEARCH Despite considerable efforts, the identity of genes encoding nematode secreted proteins has long been severely hampered because of their microscopic size, long generation time and obligate biotrophic nature. The methodologies such as bioinformatics, protein structure modeling, in situ hybridization microscopy, and protein-protein interaction have been used to identify and to attribute functions to the effectors. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) has been instrumental to decipher the role of the genes encoding secreted effectors necessary for parasitism and genes attributed to normal development. Recent comparative and functional genomic approaches have accelerated the identification of effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes and offers opportunities to control these pathogens. CONCLUSION Plant parasitic nematodes pose a serious threat to global food security of various economically important crops. There is a wealth of genomic and transcriptomic information available on plant parasitic nematodes and comparative genomics has identified many effectors. Bioengineering crops with dsRNA of phytonematode genes can disrupt the life cycle of parasitic nematodes and therefore holds great promise to develop resistant crops against plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Rehman
- />International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat-Instituts-Morocco, P.O.Box 6299, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Vijai K. Gupta
- />National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aakash K. Goyal
- />International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat-Instituts-Morocco, P.O.Box 6299, Rabat, Morocco
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Lin B, Zhuo K, Chen S, Hu L, Sun L, Wang X, Zhang L, Liao J. A novel nematode effector suppresses plant immunity by activating host reactive oxygen species-scavenging system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1159-73. [PMID: 26484653 PMCID: PMC5057313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that plant-parasitic nematodes can secrete effectors to interfere with the host immune response, but it remains unknown how these effectors can conquer host immune responses. Here, we depict a novel effector, MjTTL5, that could suppress plant immune response. Immunolocalization and transcriptional analyses showed that MjTTL5 is expressed specifically within the subventral gland of Meloidogyne javanica and up-regulated in the early parasitic stage of the nematode. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing MjTTL5 were significantly more susceptible to M. javanica infection than wild-type plants, and vice versa, in planta silencing of MjTTL5 substantially increased plant resistance to M. javanica. Yeast two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays showed that MjTTL5 interacts specifically with Arabidopsis ferredoxin : thioredoxin reductase catalytic subunit (AtFTRc), a key component of host antioxidant system. The expression of AtFTRc is induced by the infection of M. javanica. Interaction between AtFTRc and MjTTL could drastically increase host reactive oxygen species-scavenging activity, and result in suppression of plant basal defenses and attenuation of host resistance to the nematode infection. Our results demonstrate that the host ferredoxin : thioredoxin system can be exploited cunningly by M. javanica, revealing a novel mechanism utilized by plant-parasitic nematodes to subjugate plant innate immunity and thereby promoting parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and HealthUS Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Lian‐Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology61 Biopolis DriveSingapore138673Singapore
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Vocational College of Ecological EngineeringGuangzhou510520China
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Chi Y, Wang X, Le X, Ju Y, Guan T, Li H. Exposure to double-stranded RNA mediated by tobacco rattle virus leads to transcription up-regulation of effector gene Mi-vap-2 from Meloidogyne incognita and promotion of pathogenicity in progeny. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:105-13. [PMID: 26545953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Meloidogyne spp. are economically important plant parasites and cause enormous damage to agriculture world-wide. These nematodes use secreted effectors which modify host cells, allowing them to obtain the nutrients required for growth and development. A better understanding of the roles of effectors in nematode parasitism is critical for understanding the mechanisms of nematode-host interactions. In this study, Mi-vap-2 of Meloidogyne incognita, a gene encoding a venom allergen-like protein, was targeted by RNA interference mediated by the tobacco rattle virus. Unexpectedly, compared with a wild type line, a substantial up-regulation of Mi-vap-2 transcript was observed in juveniles collected at 7 days p.i. from Nicotiana benthamiana agroinfiltrated with TRV::vap-2. This up-regulation of the targeted transcript did not impact development of females or the production of galls, nor the number of females on the TRV::vap-2 line. In a positive control line, the transcript of Mi16D10 was knocked down in juveniles from the TRV::16D10 line at 7 days p.i., resulting in a significant inhibition of nematode development. The up-regulation of Mi-vap-2 triggered by TRV-RNAi was inherited by the progeny of the nematodes exposed to double-stranded RNA. Meanwhile, a substantial increase in Mi-VAP-2 expression in those juvenile progeny was revealed by ELISA. This caused an increase in the number of galls (71.2%) and females (84.6%) produced on seedlings of N. benthamiana compared with the numbers produced by control nematodes. Up-regulation of Mi-vap-2 and its encoded protein therefore enhanced pathogenicity of the nematodes, suggesting that Mi-vap-2 may be required for successful parasitism during the early parasitic stage of M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankai Chi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiuhu Le
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuliang Ju
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tinglong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Favery B, Quentin M, Jaubert-Possamai S, Abad P. Gall-forming root-knot nematodes hijack key plant cellular functions to induce multinucleate and hypertrophied feeding cells. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 26211599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Among plant-parasitic nematodes, the root-knot nematodes (RKNs) of the Meloidogyne spp. are the most economically important genus. RKN are root parasitic worms able to infect nearly all crop species and have a wide geographic distribution. During infection, RKNs establish and maintain an intimate relationship with the host plant. This includes the creation of a specialized nutritional structure composed of multinucleate and hypertrophied giant cells, which result from the redifferentiation of vascular root cells. Giant cells constitute the sole source of nutrients for the nematode and are essential for growth and reproduction. Hyperplasia of surrounding root cells leads to the formation of the gall or root-knot, an easily recognized symptom of plant infection by RKNs. Secreted effectors produced in nematode salivary glands and injected into plant cells through a specialized feeding structure called the stylet play a critical role in the formation of giant cells. Here, we describe the complex interactions between RKNs and their host plants. We highlight progress in understanding host plant responses, focusing on how RKNs manipulate key plant processes and functions, including cell cycle, defence, hormones, cellular scaffold, metabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Favery
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Stéphanie Jaubert-Possamai
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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Zhang L, Davies LJ, Elling AA. A Meloidogyne incognita effector is imported into the nucleus and exhibits transcriptional activation activity in planta. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:48-60. [PMID: 24863562 PMCID: PMC6638493 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are sedentary biotrophic endoparasites that maintain a complex interaction with their host plants. Nematode effector proteins are synthesized in the oesophageal glands of nematodes and secreted into plant tissue through a needle-like stylet. Effectors characterized to date have been shown to mediate processes essential for nematode pathogenesis. To gain an insight into their site of action and putative function, the subcellular localization of 13 previously isolated Meloidogyne incognita effectors was determined. Translational fusions were created between effectors and EGFP-GUS (enhanced green fluorescent protein-β-glucuronidase) reporter genes, which were transiently expressed in tobacco leaf cells. The majority of effectors localized to the cytoplasm, with one effector, 7H08, imported into the nuclei of plant cells. Deletion analysis revealed that the nuclear localization of 7H08 was mediated by two novel independent nuclear localization domains. As a result of the nuclear localization of the effector, 7H08 was tested for the ability to activate gene transcription. 7H08 was found to activate the expression of reporter genes in both yeast and plant systems. This is the first report of a plant-parasitic nematode effector with transcriptional activation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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Genomic characterisation of the effector complement of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:923. [PMID: 25342461 PMCID: PMC4213498 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida has biotrophic interactions with its host. The nematode induces a feeding structure – the syncytium – which it keeps alive for the duration of the life cycle and on which it depends for all nutrients required to develop to the adult stage. Interactions of G. pallida with the host are mediated by effectors, which are produced in two sets of gland cells. These effectors suppress host defences, facilitate migration and induce the formation of the syncytium. Results The recent completion of the G. pallida genome sequence has allowed us to identify the effector complement from this species. We identify 128 orthologues of effectors from other nematodes as well as 117 novel effector candidates. We have used in situ hybridisation to confirm gland cell expression of a subset of these effectors, demonstrating the validity of our effector identification approach. We have examined the expression profiles of all effector candidates using RNAseq; this analysis shows that the majority of effectors fall into one of three clusters of sequences showing conserved expression characteristics (invasive stage nematode only, parasitic stage only or invasive stage and adult male only). We demonstrate that further diversity in the effector pool is generated by alternative splicing. In addition, we show that effectors target a diverse range of structures in plant cells, including the peroxisome. This is the first identification of effectors from any plant pathogen that target this structure. Conclusion This is the first genome scale search for effectors, combined to a life-cycle expression analysis, for any plant-parasitic nematode. We show that, like other phylogenetically unrelated plant pathogens, plant parasitic nematodes deploy hundreds of effectors in order to parasitise plants, with different effectors required for different phases of the infection process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-923) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wang F, Li D, Wang Z, Dong A, Liu L, Wang B, Chen Q, Liu X. Transcriptomic analysis of the rice white tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e91591. [PMID: 24637831 PMCID: PMC3956754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rice white tip nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi, a devastating nematode whose genome has not been sequenced, is distributed widely throughout almost all the rice-growing regions of the world. The aims of the present study were to define the transcriptome of A. besseyi and to identify parasite-related, mortality-related or host resistance-overcoming genes in this nematode. Methodology and Principal Findings Using Solexa/Illumina sequencing, we profiled the transcriptome of mixed-stage populations of A. besseyi. A total of 51,270 transcripts without gaps were produced based on high-quality clean reads. Of all the A. besseyi transcripts, 9,132 KEGG Orthology assignments were annotated. Carbohydrate-active enzymes of glycoside hydrolases (GHs), glycosyltransferases (GTs), carbohydrate esterases (CEs) and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) were identified. The presence of the A. besseyi GH45 cellulase gene was verified by in situ hybridization. Given that 13 unique A. besseyi potential effector genes were identified from 41 candidate effector homologs, further studies of these homologs are merited. Finally, comparative analyses were conducted between A. besseyi contigs and Caenorhabditis elegans genes to look for orthologs of RNAi phenotypes, neuropeptides and peptidases. Conclusions and Significance The present results provide comprehensive insight into the genetic makeup of A. besseyi. Many of this species' genes are parasite related, nematode mortality-related or necessary to overcome host resistance. The generated transcriptome dataset of A. besseyi reported here lays the foundation for further studies of the molecular mechanisms related to parasitism and facilitates the development of new control strategies for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Danlei Li
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Airong Dong
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Buyong Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiaoli Chen
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Hu L, Cui R, Sun L, Lin B, Zhuo K, Liao J. Molecular and biochemical characterization of the β-1,4-endoglucanase gene Mj-eng-3 in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:15-23. [PMID: 23747693 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the molecular and biochemical characterization of the β-1,4-endoglucanase gene (Mj-eng-3) from the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. A 2156-bp genomic DNA sequence of Mj-eng-3 containing six introns was obtained. Mj-eng-3 was localized in the subventral esophageal glands of M. javanica juveniles by in situ hybridization. Real-time RT-PCR assay showed that the highest transcriptional level of Mj-eng-3 occurred in pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles, and this high expression persisted in parasitic second-stage juveniles. Recombinant MJ-ENG-3 degraded carboxymethylcellulose and optimum enzyme activity at 40°C and pH 8.0. EDTA, Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Ca(2+), Co(2+), and Cu(2+) did not affect the activity of MJ-ENG-3; however, Zn(2+) and Fe(2+) inhibited MJ-ENG-3 enzyme activity. In planta Mj-eng-3 RNAi assay displayed a reduction in the number of nematodes and galls in transgenic tobacco roots. These results suggested that MJ-ENG-3 could be secreted by M. javanica to degrade the cellulose of plant cell walls to facilitate its entry and migration during the early stages of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Mitchum MG, Hussey RS, Baum TJ, Wang X, Elling AA, Wubben M, Davis EL. Nematode effector proteins: an emerging paradigm of parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:879-894. [PMID: 23691972 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytonematodes use a stylet and secreted effectors to modify host cells and ingest nutrients to support their growth and development. The molecular function of nematode effectors is currently the subject of intense investigation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of nematode effectors, with a particular focus on proteinaceous stylet-secreted effectors of sedentary endoparasitic phytonematodes, for which a wealth of information has surfaced in the past 10 yr. We provide an update on the effector repertoires of several of the most economically important genera of phytonematodes and discuss current approaches to dissecting their function. Lastly, we highlight the latest breakthroughs in effector discovery that promise to shed new light on effector diversity and function across the phylum Nematoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Richard S Hussey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health and Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Axel A Elling
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Martin Wubben
- USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Genetics and Precision Agriculture Research Unit and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Eric L Davis
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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Rahman M, Haegeman A, Rahman BM, Gheysen G. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Molecular cloning and expression analysis of novel putative effector genes from Meloidogyne graminicola. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:493. [PMID: 23846215 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masuder Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science & Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh,
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