1
|
Zarrabian M, Sherif SM. Silence is not always golden: A closer look at potential environmental and ecotoxicological impacts of large-scale dsRNA application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175311. [PMID: 39122031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology has emerged as a pivotal strategy in sustainable pest management, offering a targeted approach that significantly mitigates the environmental and health risks associated with traditional insecticides. Originally implemented through genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to produce specific RNAi constructs, the technology has evolved in response to public and regulatory concerns over GMOs. This evolution has spurred the development of non-transgenic RNAi applications such as spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), which employs double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to silence pest genes directly without altering the plant's genetic makeup. Despite its advantages in specificity and reduced ecological footprint, SIGS faces significant obstacles, particularly the instability of dsRNA in field conditions, which limits its practical efficacy. To overcome these limitations, innovative delivery mechanisms have been developed. These include nanotechnology-based systems, minicells, and nanovesicles, which are designed to protect dsRNA from degradation and enhance its delivery to target organisms. While these advancements have improved the stability and application efficiency of dsRNA, comprehensive assessments of their environmental safety and the potential for increased exposure risks to non-target organisms remain incomplete. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the environmental fate of dsRNA and evaluate the potential risks associated with its widespread application on non-target organisms, encompassing soil microorganisms, beneficial insects, host plants, and mammals. The objective is to establish a more refined framework for RNAi risk assessment within environmental and ecotoxicological contexts, thereby fostering the development of safer, non-transgenic RNAi-based pest control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarrabian
- Virginia Tech, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research, and Extension Center, Winchester, VA 22602, United States
| | - Sherif M Sherif
- Virginia Tech, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research, and Extension Center, Winchester, VA 22602, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jacott CN, Schoonbeek HJ, Sidhu GS, Steuernagel B, Kirby R, Zheng X, von Tiedermann A, Macioszek VK, Kononowicz AK, Fell H, Fitt BDL, Mitrousia GK, Stotz HU, Ridout CJ, Wells R. Pathogen lifestyle determines host genetic signature of quantitative disease resistance loci in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:65. [PMID: 38430276 PMCID: PMC10908622 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Using associative transcriptomics, our study identifies genes conferring resistance to four diverse fungal pathogens in crops, emphasizing key genetic determinants of multi-pathogen resistance. Crops are affected by several pathogens, but these are rarely studied in parallel to identify common and unique genetic factors controlling diseases. Broad-spectrum quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is desirable for crop breeding as it confers resistance to several pathogen species. Here, we use associative transcriptomics (AT) to identify candidate gene loci associated with Brassica napus constitutive QDR to four contrasting fungal pathogens: Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea, Pyrenopeziza brassicae, and Verticillium longisporum. We did not identify any shared loci associated with broad-spectrum QDR to fungal pathogens with contrasting lifestyles. Instead, we observed QDR dependent on the lifestyle of the pathogen-hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens had distinct QDR responses and associated loci, including some loci associated with early immunity. Furthermore, we identify a genomic deletion associated with resistance to V. longisporum and potentially broad-spectrum QDR. This is the first time AT has been used for several pathosystems simultaneously to identify host genetic loci involved in broad-spectrum QDR. We highlight constitutive expressed candidate loci for broad-spectrum QDR with no antagonistic effects on susceptibility to the other pathogens studies as candidates for crop breeding. In conclusion, this study represents an advancement in our understanding of broad-spectrum QDR in B. napus and is a significant resource for the scientific community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N Jacott
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Henk-Jan Schoonbeek
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Gurpinder Singh Sidhu
- Computational and Systems Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Burkhard Steuernagel
- Computational and Systems Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rachel Kirby
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xiaorong Zheng
- Department of Crop Sciences, Georg August University, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Violetta K Macioszek
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245, Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej K Kononowicz
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Heather Fell
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management Research, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Bruce D L Fitt
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management Research, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Georgia K Mitrousia
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management Research, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Henrik U Stotz
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management Research, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Christopher J Ridout
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rachel Wells
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hudson A, Mullens A, Hind S, Jamann T, Balint-Kurti P. Natural variation in the pattern-triggered immunity response in plants: Investigations, implications and applications. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13445. [PMID: 38528659 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by the recognition of microbe-derived molecules known as microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns or molecules derived from compromised host cells called damage-associated molecular patterns. Membrane-localized receptor proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much of the machinery of PTI is conserved, natural variation for the PTI response exists within and across species with respect to the components responsible for pattern recognition, activation of the response, and the strength of the response induced. This review describes what is known about this variation. We discuss how variation in the PTI response can be measured and how this knowledge might be utilized in the control of plant disease and in developing plant varieties with enhanced disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asher Hudson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Mullens
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Hind
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiffany Jamann
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mullens A, Lipka AE, Balint-Kurti P, Jamann T. Exploring the Relationship Between Pattern-Triggered Immunity and Quantitative Resistance to Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum in Maize. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:2127-2133. [PMID: 36853191 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-22-0357-sa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of maize is an emerging foliar disease of maize in the Americas. It is caused by the gram-negative nonvascular bacterium Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum. There are no chemical controls available for BLS, and thus, host resistance is crucial for managing X. vasicola pv. vasculorum. The objective of this study was to examine the genetic determinants of resistance to X. vasicola pv. vasculorum in maize, as well as the relationship between other defense-related traits and BLS resistance. Specifically, we examined the correlations among BLS severity, severity for three fungal diseases, flg-22 response, hypersensitive response, and auricle color. We conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for X. vasicola pv. vasculorum resistance using the maize recombinant inbred line population Z003 (B73 × CML228). We detected three QTLs for BLS resistance. In addition to the disease resistance QTL, we detected a single QTL for auricle color. We observed significant, yet weak, correlations among BLS severity, levels of pattern-triggered immunity response and leaf flecking. These results will be useful for understanding resistance to X. vasicola pv. vasculorum and mitigating the impact of BLS on maize yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mullens
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Alexander E Lipka
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7616 Raleigh, NC 27695
- Plant Science Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Tiffany Jamann
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wen F, Wu X, Zhang L, Xiao J, Li T, Jia M. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of WRKY12, A Pathogen Induced WRKY Transcription Factor from Akebia trifoliata. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051015. [PMID: 37239375 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors (TFs), which are plant-specific TFs, play significant roles in plant defense. Here, a pathogen-induced WRKY gene, named AktWRKY12, which was the homologous gene of AtWRKY12, was isolated from Akebia trifoliata. The AktWRKY12 gene has a total length of 645 nucleotides and an open reading frame (ORF) encoding 214 amino acid polypeptides. The characterizations of AktWRKY12 were subsequently performed with the ExPASy online tool Compute pI/Mw, PSIPRED and SWISS-MODEL softwares. The AktWRKY12 could be classified as a member of WRKY group II-c TFs based on sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. The results of tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that the AktWRKY12 gene was expressed in all the tested tissues, and the highest expression level was detected in A. trifoliata leaves. Subcellular localization analysis showed that AktWRKY12 was a nuclear protein. Results showed that the expression level of AktWRKY12 significantly increased in A. trifoliata leaves with pathogen infection. Furthermore, heterologous over-expression of AktWRKY12 in tobacco resulted in suppressed expression of lignin synthesis key enzyme genes. Based on our results, we speculate that AktWRKY12 might play a negative role in A. trifoliata responding to biotic stress by regulating the expression of lignin synthesis key enzyme genes during pathogen infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- Anhui Chuju Planting and Deep Processing Engineering Research Center, School of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Xiaozhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Lishen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Jiantao Xiao
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Tongjian Li
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Mingliang Jia
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang K, Wang Y, Li J, Du Y, Zhai Y, Liang D, Shen D, Ji R, Ren X, Peng H, Jing M, Dou D. The Pythium periplocum elicitin PpEli2 confers broad-spectrum disease resistance by triggering a novel receptor-dependent immune pathway in plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac255. [PMID: 37533673 PMCID: PMC10390855 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Elicitins are microbe-associated molecular patterns produced by oomycetes to elicit plant defense. It is still unclear whether elicitins derived from non-pathogenic oomycetes can be used as bioactive molecules for disease control. Here, for the first time we identify and characterize an elicitin named PpEli2 from the soil-borne oomycete Pythium periplocum, which is a non-pathogenic mycoparasite colonizing the root ecosystem of diverse plant species. Perceived by a novel cell surface receptor-like protein, REli, that is conserved in various plants (e.g. tomato, pepper, soybean), PpEli2 can induce hypersensitive response cell death and an immunity response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Meanwhile, PpEli2 enhances the interaction between REli and its co-receptor BAK1. The receptor-dependent immune response triggered by PpEli2 is able to protect various plant species against Phytophthora and fungal infections. Collectively, our work reveals the potential agricultural application of non-pathogenic elicitins and their receptors in conferring broad-spectrum resistance for plant protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yaxin Du
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Dong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rui Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xuexiang Ren
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Daolong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang K, Wang Y, Zhao H, Shen D, Dou D, Jing M. Novel EIicitin from Pythium oligandrum Confers Disease Resistance against Phytophthora capsici in Solanaceae Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16135-16145. [PMID: 36528808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum is a nonpathogenic oomycete that can boost plant immune responses. Elicitins are microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) specifically produced by oomycetes that activate plant defense. Here, we identified a novel elicitin, PoEli8, from P. oligandrum that exhibits immunity-inducing activity in plants. In vitro-purified PoEli8 induced strong innate immune responses and enhanced resistance to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici in Solanaceae plants, including Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato, and pepper. Cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation triggered by the PoEli8 protein were dependent on the plant coreceptors receptor-like kinases (RLKs) BAK1 and SOBIR1. Furthermore, REli from N. benthamiana, a cell surface receptor-like protein (RLP) was implicated in the perception of PoEli8 in N. benthamiana. These results indicate the potential value of PoEli8 as a bioactive formula to protect Solanaceae plants against Phytophthora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schoonbeek H, Yalcin HA, Burns R, Taylor RE, Casey A, Holt S, Van den Ackerveken G, Wells R, Ridout CJ. Necrosis and ethylene-inducing-like peptide patterns from crop pathogens induce differential responses within seven brassicaceous species. PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 71:2004-2016. [PMID: 36605780 PMCID: PMC9804309 DOI: 10.1111/ppa.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Translational research is required to advance fundamental knowledge on plant immunity towards application in crop improvement. Recognition of microbe/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/PAMPs) triggers a first layer of immunity in plants. The broadly occurring family of necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (NEP1)-like proteins (NLPs) contains immunogenic peptide patterns that are recognized by a number of plant species. Arabidopsis can recognize NLPs by the pattern recognition receptor AtRLP23 and its co-receptors SOBIR1, BAK1, and BKK1, leading to induction of defence responses including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevation of intracellular [Ca2+]. However, little is known about NLP perception in Brassica crop species. Within 12 diverse accessions for each of six Brassica crop species, we demonstrate variation in response to Botrytis cinerea NLP BcNEP2, with Brassica oleracea (CC genome) being nonresponsive and only two Brassica napus cultivars responding to BcNEP2. Peptides derived from four fungal pathogens of these crop species elicited responses similar to BcNEP2 in B. napus and Arabidopsis. Induction of ROS by NLP peptides was strongly reduced in Atrlp23, Atsobir1 and Atbak1-5 Atbkk1-1 mutants, confirming that recognition of Brassica pathogen NLPs occurs in a similar manner to that of HaNLP3 from Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis in Arabidopsis. In silico analysis of the genomes of two B. napus accessions showed similar presence of homologues for AtBAK1, AtBKK1 and AtSOBIR1 but variation in the organization of AtRLP23 homologues. We could not detect a strong correlation between the ability to respond to NLP peptides and resistance to B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henk‐jan Schoonbeek
- Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
- Present address:
Department of Metabolic BiologyJohn Innes CentreNR4 7UHNorwichUK
| | - Hicret Asli Yalcin
- Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
- Present address:
The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK), Marmara Research CentreGenetic Engineering and Biotechnology InstituteKocaeliTurkey
| | - Rachel Burns
- Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
| | - Rachel Emma Taylor
- Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
- Present address:
Centre of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLS2 9JTLeedsUK
| | - Adam Casey
- Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
| | - Sam Holt
- Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
- Pacific Biosciences Ltd. Rolling Stock Yard188 York WayLondonN7 9ASUK
| | | | - Rachel Wells
- Department of Crop GeneticsJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pi L, Yin Z, Duan W, Wang N, Zhang Y, Wang J, Dou D. A G-type lectin receptor-like kinase regulates the perception of oomycete apoplastic expansin-like proteins. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:183-201. [PMID: 34825772 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is one of the most harmful pathogens in agriculture, which threatens the safe production of multiple crops and causes serious economic losses worldwide. Here, we identified a P. capsici expansin-like protein, PcEXLX1, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry from Nicotiana benthamiana apoplastic fluid infected with P. capsici. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/crispr associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated PcEXLX1 knockout mutants exhibited significantly enhanced virulence, while the overexpression of PcEXLX1 impaired the virulence. Prokaryotically expressed PcEXLX1 activated multiple plant immune responses, which were BRI1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1)- and suppressor of BIR1-1 (SOBIR1)-dependent. Furthermore, overexpression of PcEXLX1 homologs in N. benthamiana could also increase plant resistance to P. capsici. A G-type lectin receptor-like kinase from N. benthamiana, expansin-regulating kinase 1 (ERK1), was shown to regulate the perception of PcEXLX1 and positively mediate the plant resistance to P. capsici. These results reveal that the expansin-like protein, PcEXLX1, is a novel apoplastic effector with plant immunity-inducing activity of oomycetes, perception of which is regulated by the receptor-like kinase, ERK1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pi
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinghao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu Y, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Sun Y, Guo B, Liu F, Huang J, Wang H, Dong S, Wang Y, Wang Y. Phytophthora sojae apoplastic effector AEP1 mediates sugar uptake by mutarotation of extracellular aldose and is recognized as a MAMP. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:321-335. [PMID: 34618132 PMCID: PMC8418418 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by Phytophthora pathogens devastate many crops worldwide. During infection, Phytophthora pathogens secrete effectors, which are central molecules for understanding the complex plant-Phytophthora interactions. In this study, we profiled the effector repertoire secreted by Phytophthora sojae into the soybean (Glycine max) apoplast during infection using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A secreted aldose 1-epimerase (AEP1) was shown to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, as did the other two AEP1s from different Phytophthora species. AEP1 could also trigger immune responses in N. benthamiana, other Solanaceae plants, and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A glucose dehydrogenase assay revealed AEP1 encodes an active AEP1. The enzyme activity of AEP1 is dispensable for AEP1-triggered cell death and immune responses, while AEP-triggered immune signaling in N. benthamiana requires the central immune regulator BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1. In addition, AEP1 acts as a virulence factor that mediates P. sojae extracellular sugar uptake by mutarotation of extracellular aldose from the α-anomer to the β-anomer. Taken together, these results revealed the function of a microbial apoplastic effector, highlighting the importance of extracellular sugar uptake for Phytophthora infection. To counteract, the key effector for sugar conversion can be recognized by the plant membrane receptor complex to activate plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunhuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinyin Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Baodian Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Author for communication:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pujara DS, Kim SI, Nam JC, Mayorga J, Elmore I, Kumar M, Koiwa H, Kang HG. Imaging-Based Resistance Assay Using Enhanced Luminescence-Tagged Pseudomonas syringae Reveals a Complex Epigenetic Network in Plant Defense Signaling Pathways. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:990-1000. [PMID: 34010013 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-20-0351-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput resistance assays in plants have a limited selection of suitable pathogens. In this study, we developed a Pseudomonas syringae strain chromosomally tagged with the Nanoluc luciferase (NL) from the deep-sea shrimp Oplophorus gracilirostris, a bioluminescent marker significantly brighter than the conventional firefly luciferase. Our reporter strain tagged with NL was more than 100 times brighter than P. syringae tagged with the luxCDABE operon from Photorhabdus luminescens, one of the existing luciferase-based strains. In planta imaging was improved by using the surfactant Silwet L-77, particularly at a lower reporter concentration. Using this imaging system, more than 30 epigenetic mutants were analyzed for their resistance traits because the defense signaling pathway is known to be epigenetically regulated. SWC1, a defense-related chromatin remodeling complex, was found to be a positive defense regulator, which supported one of two earlier conflicting reports. Compromises in DNA methylation in the CG context led to enhanced resistance against virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Dicer-like and Argonaute proteins, important in the biogenesis and exerting the effector function of small RNAs, respectively, showed modest but distinct requirements for effector-triggered immunity and basal resistance to P. syringae pv. tomato. In addition, the transcriptional expression of an epigenetic component was found to be a significant predictor of its immunity contribution. In summary, this study showcased how a high-throughput resistance assay enabled by a pathogen strain with an improved luminescent reporter could provide insightful knowledge about complex defense signaling pathways.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh S Pujara
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, U.S.A
| | - Sung-Il Kim
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, U.S.A
| | - Ji Chul Nam
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, U.S.A
| | - José Mayorga
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, U.S.A
| | | | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, U.S.A
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, U.S.A
| | - Hong-Gu Kang
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Variation in Gene Expression between Two Sorghum bicolor Lines Differing in Innate Immunity Response. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081536. [PMID: 34451580 PMCID: PMC8399927 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microbe associated molecular pattern (MAMPs) triggered immunity (MTI) is a key component of the plant innate immunity response to microbial recognition. However, most of our current knowledge of MTI comes from model plants (i.e., Arabidopsis thaliana) with comparatively less work done using crop plants. In this work, we studied the MAMP triggered oxidative burst (ROS) and the transcriptional response in two Sorghum bicolor genotypes, BTx623 and SC155-14E. SC155-14E is a line that shows high anthracnose resistance and the line BTx623 is susceptible to anthracnose. Our results revealed a clear variation in gene expression and ROS in response to either flagellin (flg22) or chitin elicitation between the two lines. While the transcriptional response to each MAMP and in each line was unique there was a considerable degree of overlap, and we were able to define a core set of genes associated with the sorghum MAMP transcriptional response. The GO term and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis discovered more immunity and pathogen resistance related DEGs in MAMP treated SC155-14E samples than in BTx623 with the same treatment. The results provide a baseline for future studies to investigate innate immunity pathways in sorghum, including efforts to enhance disease resistance.
Collapse
|
13
|
The Pleiades are a cluster of fungal effectors that inhibit host defenses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009641. [PMID: 34166468 PMCID: PMC8224859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate the host physiology. Effectors suppress defenses and induce an environment favorable to disease development. Sequence-based prediction of effector function is impeded by their rapid evolution rate. In the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis, effector-coding genes frequently organize in clusters. Here we describe the functional characterization of the pleiades, a cluster of ten effector genes, by analyzing the micro- and macroscopic phenotype of the cluster deletion and expressing these proteins in planta. Deletion of the pleiades leads to strongly impaired virulence and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected tissue. Eight of the Pleiades suppress the production of ROS upon perception of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Although functionally redundant, the Pleiades target different host components. The paralogs Taygeta1 and Merope1 suppress ROS production in either the cytoplasm or nucleus, respectively. Merope1 targets and promotes the auto-ubiquitination activity of RFI2, a conserved family of E3 ligases that regulates the production of PAMP-triggered ROS burst in plants.
Collapse
|
14
|
Genome-wide association analysis of the strength of the MAMP-elicited defense response and resistance to target leaf spot in sorghum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20817. [PMID: 33257818 PMCID: PMC7704633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77684-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have the capacity to respond to conserved molecular features known as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The goal of this work was to assess variation in the MAMP response in sorghum, to map loci associated with this variation, and to investigate possible connections with variation in quantitative disease resistance. Using an assay that measures the production of reactive oxygen species, we assessed variation in the MAMP response in a sorghum association mapping population known as the sorghum conversion population (SCP). We identified consistent variation for the response to chitin and flg22-an epitope of flagellin. We identified two SNP loci associated with variation in the flg22 response and one with the chitin response. We also assessed resistance to Target Leaf Spot (TLS) disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris cookei in the SCP. We identified one strong association on chromosome 5 near a previously characterized disease resistance gene. A moderately significant correlation was observed between stronger flg22 response and lower TLS resistance. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim W, Prokchorchik M, Tian Y, Kim S, Jeon H, Segonzac C. Perception of unrelated microbe-associated molecular patterns triggers conserved yet variable physiological and transcriptional changes in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:186. [PMID: 33328480 PMCID: PMC7603518 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) includes the different transcriptional and physiological responses that enable plants to ward off microbial invasion. Surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and initiate a branched signaling cascade that culminate in an effective restriction of pathogen growth. In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, early PTI events triggered by different PRRs are broadly conserved although their nature or intensity is dependent on the origin and features of the detected MAMP. In order to provide a functional basis for disease resistance in leafy vegetable crops, we surveyed the conservation of PTI events in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis. We identified the PRR homologs present in B. rapa genome and found that only one of the two copies of the bacterial Elongation factor-Tu receptor (EFR) might function. We also characterized the extent and unexpected specificity of the transcriptional changes occurring when B. rapa seedlings are treated with two unrelated MAMPs, the bacterial flagellin flg22 peptide and the fungal cell wall component chitin. Finally, using a MAMP-induced protection assay, we could show that bacterial and fungal MAMPs elicit a robust immunity in B. rapa, despite significant differences in the kinetic and amplitude of the early signaling events. Our data support the relevance of PTI for crop protection and highlight specific functional target for disease resistance breeding in Brassica crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanhui Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Maxim Prokchorchik
- Life Sciences Department, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghua Tian
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelim Jeon
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu Y, Saltzgiver M. A systematic analysis of apple root resistance traits to Pythium ultimum infection and the underpinned molecular regulations of defense activation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:62. [PMID: 32377353 PMCID: PMC7193572 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD), caused by a pathogen complex, significantly impacts apple orchard establishment. The molecular regulation on ARD resistance has not been investigated until recently. A systematic phenotyping effort and a series of transcriptomic analyses were performed to uncover the underpinned molecular mechanism of apple root resistance to P. ultimum, a representative member in ARD pathogen complex. Genotype-specific plant survival rates and biomass reduction corresponded with microscopic features of necrosis progression patterns along the infected root. The presence of defined boundaries separating healthy and necrotic sections likely caused delayed necrosis expansion in roots of resistant genotypes compared with swift necrosis progression and profuse hyphae growth along infected roots of susceptible genotypes. Comprehensive datasets from a series of transcriptome analyses generated the first panoramic view of genome-wide transcriptional networks of defense activation between resistant and susceptible apple roots. Earlier and stronger molecular defense activation, such as pathogen perception and hormone signaling, may differentiate resistance from susceptibility in apple root. Delayed and interrupted activation of multiple defense pathways could have led to an inadequate resistance response. Using the panel of apple rootstock germplasm with defined resistant and susceptible phenotypes, selected candidate genes are being investigated by transgenic manipulation including CRISPR/Cas9 tools for their specific roles during apple root defense toward P. ultimum infection. Individual apple genes with validated functions regulating root resistance responses can be exploited for developing molecular tools for accurate and efficient incorporation of resistance traits into new apple rootstocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhu
- USDA-ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kimball J, Cui Y, Chen D, Brown P, Rooney WL, Stacey G, Balint-Kurti PJ. Identification of QTL for Target Leaf Spot resistance in Sorghum bicolor and investigation of relationships between disease resistance and variation in the MAMP response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18285. [PMID: 31797989 PMCID: PMC6893015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Target leaf spot (TLS) of sorghum, a foliar disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris cookei (also known as Bipolaris sorghicola), can affect grain yield in sorghum by causing premature drying of leaves and defoliation. Two sorghum recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, BTx623/BTx642 and BTx623/SC155-14E, were assessed for TLS resistance in replicated trials. Using least square mean trait data, four TLS resistance QTL were identified, two in each population. Of these, three were previously unidentified while a major QTL on chromosome 5 in the BTx623/BTx642 RIL population corresponded to the previously identified TLS resistance gene ds1. A set of sorghum lines were assessed for production of reactive oxygen species induced by treatment with the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) flg22 (a derivative of flagellin). Flg22-induced ROS production varied between lines in a consistent fashion. One QTL associated with variation in the flg22 response was detected in the RIL populations. No evidence was found to link variation in the MAMP response to variation in TLS resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kimball
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Dept of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yaya Cui
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Dongqin Chen
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Pat Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - William L Rooney
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Peter J Balint-Kurti
- Dept of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brulé D, Villano C, Davies LJ, Trdá L, Claverie J, Héloir M, Chiltz A, Adrian M, Darblade B, Tornero P, Stransfeld L, Boutrot F, Zipfel C, Dry IB, Poinssot B. The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) LysM receptor kinases VvLYK1-1 and VvLYK1-2 mediate chitooligosaccharide-triggered immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:812-825. [PMID: 30256508 PMCID: PMC6419575 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a major component of fungal cell walls, is a well-known pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that triggers defense responses in several mammal and plant species. Here, we show that two chitooligosaccharides, chitin and chitosan, act as PAMPs in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) as they elicit immune signalling events, defense gene expression and resistance against fungal diseases. To identify their cognate receptors, the grapevine family of LysM receptor kinases (LysM-RKs) was annotated and their gene expression profiles were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis clearly distinguished three V. vinifera LysM-RKs (VvLYKs) located in the same clade as the Arabidopsis CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (AtCERK1), which mediates chitin-induced immune responses. The Arabidopsis mutant Atcerk1, impaired in chitin perception, was transformed with these three putative orthologous genes encoding VvLYK1-1, -2, or -3 to determine if they would complement the loss of AtCERK1 function. Our results provide evidence that VvLYK1-1 and VvLYK1-2, but not VvLYK1-3, functionally complement the Atcerk1 mutant by restoring chitooligosaccharide-induced MAPK activation and immune gene expression. Moreover, expression of VvLYK1-1 in Atcerk1 restored penetration resistance to the non-adapted grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator). On the whole, our results indicate that the grapevine VvLYK1-1 and VvLYK1-2 participate in chitin- and chitosan-triggered immunity and that VvLYK1-1 plays an important role in basal resistance against E. necator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daphnée Brulé
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| | | | - Laura J. Davies
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)AdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Lucie Trdá
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| | - Justine Claverie
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| | - Marie‐Claire Héloir
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| | - Annick Chiltz
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| | - Marielle Adrian
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| | | | - Pablo Tornero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasValenciaSpain
| | | | | | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Ian B. Dry
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)AdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Knip M, Richard MM, Oskam L, van Engelen HT, Aalders T, Takken FL. Activation of immune receptor Rx1 triggers distinct immune responses culminating in cell death after 4 hours. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:575-588. [PMID: 30537296 PMCID: PMC6637897 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-type immune receptors are a fundamental part of plant immune systems. As infection occurs at foci, activation of immune responses is typically non-uniform and non-synchronized, hampering the systematic dissection of their cellular effects and determining their phasing. We investigated the potato NLR Rx1 using the CESSNA (Controlled Expression of effectors for Synchronized and Systemic NLR Activation) platform. CESSNA-mediated Potato virus X coat protein (CP) expression allowed the monitoring of Rx1-mediated immune responses in a quantitative and reproducible manner. Rx1 was found to trigger a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and ion leakage within 1 h and a change in autofluorescence within 2 h after the induction of CP production. After 2 h, HIN1 expression was increased and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) damage and loss of cellular integrity became apparent, followed by double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) damage after 3 h and increased PR-1a, LOX, ERF1 and AOX1B expression and cell death at 4 h. Nuclear exclusion of Rx1 resulted in increased basal levels of ROS and permitted Rx1 activation by an Rx1-breaking CP variant. In contrast, nuclear-targeted Rx1 showed diminished basal ROS levels, and only avirulent CP could trigger a compromised ROS production. Both nuclear-excluded and nuclear-targeted Rx1 triggered a delayed ion leakage compared with non-modified Rx1, suggesting that ion leakage and ROS production originate from distinct signalling pathways. This work offers novel insights into the influence of Rx1 localization on its activity, and the interplay between Rx1-triggered processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Knip
- Molecular Plant PathologyUniversity of Amsterdam, SILSSciencepark 904Amsterdam1098SMthe Netherlands
| | - Manon M.S. Richard
- Molecular Plant PathologyUniversity of Amsterdam, SILSSciencepark 904Amsterdam1098SMthe Netherlands
| | - Lisa Oskam
- Molecular Plant PathologyUniversity of Amsterdam, SILSSciencepark 904Amsterdam1098SMthe Netherlands
| | - Hylco T.D. van Engelen
- Molecular Plant PathologyUniversity of Amsterdam, SILSSciencepark 904Amsterdam1098SMthe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Aalders
- Molecular Plant PathologyUniversity of Amsterdam, SILSSciencepark 904Amsterdam1098SMthe Netherlands
| | - Frank L.W. Takken
- Molecular Plant PathologyUniversity of Amsterdam, SILSSciencepark 904Amsterdam1098SMthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Samira R, Zhang X, Kimball J, Cui Y, Stacey G, Balint-Kurti P. Quantifying MAMP-induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Sorghum and Maize. Bio Protoc 2019. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
21
|
Trdá L, Janda M, Macková D, Pospíchalová R, Dobrev PI, Burketová L, Matušinsky P. Dual Mode of the Saponin Aescin in Plant Protection: Antifungal Agent and Plant Defense Elicitor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1448. [PMID: 31850004 PMCID: PMC6893899 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Being natural plant antimicrobials, saponins have potential for use as biopesticides. Nevertheless, their activity in plant-pathogen interaction is poorly understood. We performed a comparative study of saponins' antifungal activities on important crop pathogens based on their effective dose (EC50) values. Among those saponins tested, aescin showed itself to be the strongest antifungal agent. The antifungal effect of aescin could be reversed by ergosterol, thus suggesting that aescin interferes with fungal sterols. We tested the effect of aescin on plant-pathogen interaction in two different pathosystems: Brassica napus versus (fungus) Leptosphaeria maculans and Arabidopsis thaliana versus (bacterium) Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). We analyzed resistance assays, defense gene transcription, phytohormonal production, and reactive oxygen species production. Aescin activated B. napus defense through induction of the salicylic acid pathway and oxidative burst. This defense response led finally to highly efficient plant protection against L. maculans that was comparable to the effect of fungicides. Aescin also inhibited colonization of A. thaliana by Pst DC3000, the effect being based on active elicitation of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent immune mechanisms and without any direct antibacterial effect detected. Therefore, this study brings the first report on the ability of saponins to trigger plant immune responses. Taken together, aescin in addition to its antifungal properties activates plant immunity in two different plant species and provides SA-dependent resistance against both fungal and bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Trdá
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Lucie Trdá, ;
| | - Martin Janda
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Department Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Denisa Macková
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Romana Pospíchalová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petre I. Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Matušinsky
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agrotest Fyto, Ltd, Kroměrˇíž, Czechia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
de Vries S, de Vries J, von Dahlen JK, Gould SB, Archibald JM, Rose LE, Slamovits CH. On plant defense signaling networks and early land plant evolution. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:1-14. [PMID: 30214675 PMCID: PMC6132428 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1486168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
All land plants must cope with phytopathogens. Algae face pathogens, too, and it is reasonable to assume that some of the strategies for dealing with pathogens evolved prior to the origin of embryophytes – plant terrestrialization simply changed the nature of the plant-pathogen interactions. Here we highlight that many potential components of the angiosperm defense toolkit are i) found in streptophyte algae and non-flowering embryophytes and ii) might be used in non-flowering plant defense as inferred from published experimental data. Nonetheless, the common signaling networks governing these defense responses appear to have become more intricate during embryophyte evolution. This includes the evolution of the antagonistic signaling pathways of jasmonic and salicylic acid, multiple independent expansions of resistance genes, and the evolution of resistance gene-regulating microRNAs. Future comparative studies will illuminate which modules of the streptophyte defense signaling network constitute the core and which constitute lineage- and/or environment-specific (peripheral) signaling circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Janina K von Dahlen
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,iGRAD-Plant Graduate School, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,iGRAD-Plant Graduate School, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Ceplas, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudio H Slamovits
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Monnier N, Furlan A, Botcazon C, Dahi A, Mongelard G, Cordelier S, Clément C, Dorey S, Sarazin C, Rippa S. Rhamnolipids From Pseudomonas aeruginosa Are Elicitors Triggering Brassica napus Protection Against Botrytis cinerea Without Physiological Disorders. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1170. [PMID: 30135699 PMCID: PMC6092566 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids (RLs) are amphiphilic molecules naturally produced by some bacteria with a large range of biological activities. Although some studies report their potential interest in plant protection, evaluation of their effects and efficiency on annual crops of worldwide agronomic interest is lacking. The main objective of this work was to investigate their elicitor and protective activities on rapeseed crop species while evaluating their physiological effects. Here we report that RLs from Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretome trigger an effective protection of Brassicanapus foliar tissues toward the fungus Botrytis cinerea involving the combination of plant defense activation and direct antimicrobial properties. We demonstrated their ability to activate canonical B.napus defense responses including reactive oxygen species production, expression of defense genes, along with callose deposits and stomatal closure as efficient physical protections. In addition, microscopic cell death observations and electrolyte leakage measurements indicated that RLs trigger a hypersensitive response-like defense in this plant. We also showed that foliar spray applications of RLs do not induce deleterious physiological consequences on plant growth or chlorophyll content and that RL protective properties are efficient on several grown cultivars of rapeseed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of RLs as an elicitor that suppresses fungal disease on tissues of an annual crop species under greenhouse conditions. Our results highlight the dual mode of action of these molecules exhibiting plant protection activation and antifungal activities and demonstrate their potential for crop cultures as environmental-friendly biocontrol solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noadya Monnier
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Universités, Compiègne, France
| | - Aurélien Furlan
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Camille Botcazon
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Universités, Compiègne, France
| | - Abdellatif Dahi
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Universités, Compiègne, France
| | - Gaëlle Mongelard
- Centre de Ressources Régional en Biologie Moléculaire, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- Unité RIBP-EA 2069, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Unité RIBP-EA 2069, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Unité RIBP-EA 2069, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Catherine Sarazin
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Sonia Rippa
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Universités, Compiègne, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bozsoki Z, Cheng J, Feng F, Gysel K, Vinther M, Andersen KR, Oldroyd G, Blaise M, Radutoiu S, Stougaard J. Receptor-mediated chitin perception in legume roots is functionally separable from Nod factor perception. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8118-E8127. [PMID: 28874587 PMCID: PMC5617283 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706795114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of root cells to distinguish mutualistic microbes from pathogens is crucial for plants that allow symbiotic microorganisms to infect and colonize their internal root tissues. Here we show that Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula possess very similar LysM pattern-recognition receptors, LjLYS6/MtLYK9 and MtLYR4, enabling root cells to separate the perception of chitin oligomeric microbe-associated molecular patterns from the perception of lipochitin oligosaccharide by the LjNFR1/MtLYK3 and LjNFR5/MtNFP receptors triggering symbiosis. Inactivation of chitin-receptor genes in Ljlys6, Mtlyk9, and Mtlyr4 mutants eliminates early reactive oxygen species responses and induction of defense-response genes in roots. Ljlys6, Mtlyk9, and Mtlyr4 mutants were also more susceptible to fungal and bacterial pathogens, while infection and colonization by rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was maintained. Biochemical binding studies with purified LjLYS6 ectodomains further showed that at least six GlcNAc moieties (CO6) are required for optimal binding efficiency. The 2.3-Å crystal structure of the LjLYS6 ectodomain reveals three LysM βααβ motifs similar to other LysM proteins and a conserved chitin-binding site. These results show that distinct receptor sets in legume roots respond to chitin and lipochitin oligosaccharides found in the heterogeneous mixture of chitinaceous compounds originating from soil microbes. This establishes a foundation for genetic and biochemical dissection of the perception and the downstream responses separating defense from symbiosis in the roots of the 80-90% of land plants able to develop rhizobial and/or mycorrhizal endosymbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Bozsoki
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeryl Cheng
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Feng Feng
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kira Gysel
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Vinther
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Mickael Blaise
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang X, Valdés-López O, Arellano C, Stacey G, Balint-Kurti P. Genetic dissection of the maize (Zea mays L.) MAMP response. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:1155-1168. [PMID: 28289802 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Loci associated with variation in maize responses to two microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) were identified. MAMP responses were correlated. No relationship between MAMP responses and quantitative disease resistance was identified. Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are highly conserved molecules commonly found in microbes which can be recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors. Recognition triggers a suite of responses including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and expression changes of defense-related genes. In this study, we used two well-studied MAMPs (flg22 and chitooctaose) to challenge different maize lines to determine whether there was variation in the level of responses to these MAMPs, to dissect the genetic basis underlying that variation and to understand the relationship between MAMP response and quantitative disease resistance (QDR). Naturally occurring quantitative variation in ROS, NO production, and defense genes expression levels triggered by MAMPs was observed. A major quantitative traits locus (QTL) associated with variation in the ROS production response to both flg22 and chitooctaose was identified on chromosome 2 in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the maize inbred lines B73 and CML228. Minor QTL associated with variation in the flg22 ROS response was identified on chromosomes 1 and 4. Comparison of these results with data previously obtained for variation in QDR and the defense response in the same RIL population did not provide any evidence for a common genetic basis controlling variation in these traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Division of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Laboratorio de Genomica Funcional de Leguminosas, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Arellano
- Statistics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Methods to Quantify PAMP-Triggered Oxidative Burst, MAP Kinase Phosphorylation, Gene Expression, and Lignification in Brassicas. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1578:325-335. [PMID: 28220438 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6859-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) based on PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) could be durable and effective against many pathogens (broad spectrum). Development of methods to evaluate PTI responses in crops could therefore accelerate breeding for durable QDR. Most PTI-studies involved model plants such as Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana or cell cultures, and cannot be directly applied to diverse germplasm of crop plants.We developed methods to measure PTI in Brassica crop species (Lloyd et al., Mol Plant Microbe Interact 27:286-295, 2014) which we have elaborated and expanded here to enable their use for screening and evaluating germplasm for potential QDR in breeding programs.
Collapse
|
27
|
Laflamme B, Middleton M, Lo T, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. Image-Based Quantification of Plant Immunity and Disease. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:919-924. [PMID: 27996374 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-16-0129-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the extent and severity of disease is a critical component of plant pathology research and crop breeding. Unfortunately, existing visual scoring systems are qualitative, subjective, and the results are difficult to transfer between research groups, while existing quantitative methods can be quite laborious. Here, we present plant immunity and disease image-based quantification (PIDIQ), a quantitative, semi-automated system to rapidly and objectively measure disease symptoms in a biologically relevant context. PIDIQ applies an ImageJ-based macro to plant photos in order to distinguish healthy tissue from tissue that has yellowed due to disease. It can process a directory of images in an automated manner and report the relative ratios of healthy to diseased leaf area, thereby providing a quantitative measure of plant health that can be statistically compared with appropriate controls. We used the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae model system to show that PIDIQ is able to identify both enhanced plant health associated with effector-triggered immunity as well as elevated disease symptoms associated with effector-triggered susceptibility. Finally, we show that the quantitative results provided by PIDIQ correspond to those obtained via traditional in planta pathogen growth assays. PIDIQ provides a simple and effective means to nondestructively quantify disease from whole plants and we believe it will be equally effective for monitoring disease on excised leaves and stems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Laflamme
- 1 Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Maggie Middleton
- 2 Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto
| | - Timothy Lo
- 1 Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- 1 Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- 2 Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto
| | - David S Guttman
- 1 Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- 2 Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Larkan NJ, Raman H, Lydiate DJ, Robinson SJ, Yu F, Barbulescu DM, Raman R, Luckett DJ, Burton W, Wratten N, Salisbury PA, Rimmer SR, Borhan MH. Multi-environment QTL studies suggest a role for cysteine-rich protein kinase genes in quantitative resistance to blackleg disease in Brassica napus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:183. [PMID: 27553246 PMCID: PMC4995785 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to the blackleg disease of Brassica napus (canola/oilseed rape), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans, is determined by both race-specific resistance (R) genes and quantitative resistance loci (QTL), or adult-plant resistance (APR). While the introgression of R genes into breeding material is relatively simple, QTL are often detected sporadically, making them harder to capture in breeding programs. For the effective deployment of APR in crop varieties, resistance QTL need to have a reliable influence on phenotype in multiple environments and be well defined genetically to enable marker-assisted selection (MAS). RESULTS Doubled-haploid populations produced from the susceptible B. napus variety Topas and APR varieties AG-Castle and AV-Sapphire were analysed for resistance to blackleg in two locations over 3 and 4 years, respectively. Three stable QTL were detected in each population, with two loci appearing to be common to both APR varieties. Physical delineation of three QTL regions was sufficient to identify candidate defense-related genes, including a cluster of cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases contained within a 49 gene QTL interval on chromosome A01. Individual L. maculans isolates were used to define the physical intervals for the race-specific R genes Rlm3 and Rlm4 and to identify QTL common to both field studies and the cotyledon resistance response. CONCLUSION Through multi-environment QTL analysis we have identified and delineated four significant and stable QTL suitable for MAS of quantitative blackleg resistance in B. napus, and identified candidate genes which potentially play a role in quantitative defense responses to L. maculans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Larkan
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
- Armatus Genetics Inc, Saskatoon, SK S7W 0C9 Canada
| | - Harsh Raman
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650 Australia
| | - Derek J. Lydiate
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Stephen J. Robinson
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Fengqun Yu
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Denise M. Barbulescu
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC 3400 Australia
| | - Rosy Raman
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650 Australia
| | - David J. Luckett
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650 Australia
| | - Wayne Burton
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC 3400 Australia
- Seednet Australia, Golf Course Road, Horsham, VIC 3402 Australia
| | - Neil Wratten
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650 Australia
| | - Philip A. Salisbury
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - S. Roger Rimmer
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - M. Hossein Borhan
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
CHEMOTYPIC Variation in Volatiles and Herbivory for Sagebrush. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:829-840. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
30
|
Teixeira MA, Wei L, Kaloshian I. Root-knot nematodes induce pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:276-87. [PMID: 26892116 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) are plant parasites with a broad host range causing great losses worldwide. To parasitize their hosts, RKNs establish feeding sites in roots known as giant cells. The majority of work studying plant-RKN interactions in susceptible hosts addresses establishment of the giant cells and there is limited information on the early defense responses. Here we characterized early defense or pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) against RKNs in Arabidopsis thaliana. To address PTI, we evaluated known canonical PTI signaling mutants with RKNs and investigated the expression of PTI marker genes after RKN infection using both quantitative PCR and β-glucuronidase reporter transgenic lines. We showed that PTI-compromised plants have enhanced susceptibility to RKNs, including the bak1-5 mutant. BAK1 is a common partner of distinct receptors of microbe- and damage-associated molecular patterns. Furthermore, our data indicated that nematode recognition leading to PTI responses involves camalexin and glucosinolate biosynthesis. While the RKN-induced glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway was BAK1-dependent, the camalexin biosynthetic pathway was only partially dependent on BAK1. Combined, our results indicate the presence of BAK1-dependent and -independent PTI against RKNs in A. thaliana, suggesting the existence of diverse nematode recognition mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella A Teixeira
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Petre B, Hecker A, Germain H, Tsan P, Sklenar J, Pelletier G, Séguin A, Duplessis S, Rouhier N. The Poplar Rust-Induced Secreted Protein (RISP) Inhibits the Growth of the Leaf Rust Pathogen Melampsora larici-populina and Triggers Cell Culture Alkalinisation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:97. [PMID: 26925067 PMCID: PMC4756128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells secrete a wide range of proteins in extracellular spaces in response to pathogen attack. The poplar rust-induced secreted protein (RISP) is a small cationic protein of unknown function that was identified as the most induced gene in poplar leaves during immune responses to the leaf rust pathogen Melampsora larici-populina, an obligate biotrophic parasite. Here, we combined in planta and in vitro molecular biology approaches to tackle the function of RISP. Using a RISP-mCherry fusion transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we demonstrated that RISP is secreted into the apoplast. A recombinant RISP specifically binds to M. larici-populina urediniospores and inhibits their germination. It also arrests the growth of the fungus in vitro and on poplar leaves. Interestingly, RISP also triggers poplar cell culture alkalinisation and is cleaved at the C-terminus by a plant-encoded mechanism. Altogether our results indicate that RISP is an antifungal protein that has the ability to trigger cellular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesChampenoux, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich, UK
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesChampenoux, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Hugo Germain
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-RivièresQC, Canada
| | - Pascale Tsan
- CRM, Equipe BioMod, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 7036, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS, CRM, Equipe BioMod, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 7036Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Gervais Pelletier
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Armand Séguin
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesChampenoux, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesChampenoux, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shi Q, Febres VJ, Jones JB, Moore GA. A survey of FLS2 genes from multiple citrus species identifies candidates for enhancing disease resistance to Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2016; 3:16022. [PMID: 27222722 PMCID: PMC4863249 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-triggered immunity (PTI) is an important component of plant innate immunity. In a previous study, we showed that the PAMP flg22 from Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xflg22), the causal agent of citrus canker, induced PTI in citrus, which correlated with the observed levels of canker resistance. Here, we identified and sequenced two bacterial flagellin/flg22 receptors (FLS2-1 and FLS2-2) from 'Duncan' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi, CpFLS2-1 and CpFLS2-2) and 'Sun Chu Sha' mandarin (C. reticulata, CrFLS2-1 and CrFLS2-2). We were able to isolate only one FLS2 from 'Nagami' kumquat (Fortunella margarita, FmFLS2-1) and gene flanking sequences suggest a rearrangement event that resulted in the deletion of FLS2-2 from the genome. Phylogenetic analysis, gene structure and presence of critical amino acid domains all indicate we identified the true FLS2 genes in citrus. FLS2-2 was more transcriptionally responsive to Xflg22 than FLS2-1, with induced expression levels higher in canker-resistant citrus than in susceptible ones. Interestingly, 'Nagami' kumquat showed the highest FLS2-1 steady-state expression levels, although it was not induced by Xflg22. We selected FmFLS2-1, CrFLS2-2 and CpFLS2-2 to further evaluate their capacity to enhance bacterial resistance using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assays. Both FmFLS2-1 and CrFLS2-2, the two proteins from canker-resistant species, conferred stronger Xflg22 responses and reduced canker symptoms in leaves of the susceptible grapefruit genotype. These two citrus genes will be useful resources to enhance PTI and achieve resistance against canker and possibly other bacterial pathogens in susceptible citrus types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Shi
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Vicente J Febres
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Gloria A Moore
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schoonbeek HJ, Wang HH, Stefanato FL, Craze M, Bowden S, Wallington E, Zipfel C, Ridout CJ. Arabidopsis EF-Tu receptor enhances bacterial disease resistance in transgenic wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:606-13. [PMID: 25760815 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Perception of pathogen (or microbe)-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key component of plant innate immunity. The Arabidopsis PRR EF-Tu receptor (EFR) recognizes the bacterial PAMP elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and its derived peptide elf18. Previous work revealed that transgenic expression of AtEFR in Solanaceae confers elf18 responsiveness and broad-spectrum bacterial disease resistance. In this study, we developed a set of bioassays to study the activation of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in wheat. We generated transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants expressing AtEFR driven by the constitutive rice actin promoter and tested their response to elf18. We show that transgenic expression of AtEFR in wheat confers recognition of elf18, as measured by the induction of immune marker genes and callose deposition. When challenged with the cereal bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. oryzae, transgenic EFR wheat lines had reduced lesion size and bacterial multiplication. These results demonstrate that AtEFR can be transferred successfully from dicot to monocot species, further revealing that immune signalling pathways are conserved across these distant phyla. As novel PRRs are identified, their transfer between plant families represents a useful strategy for enhancing resistance to pathogens in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henk-Jan Schoonbeek
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Karban R, Wetzel WC, Shiojiri K, Ishizaki S, Ramirez SR, Blande JD. Deciphering the language of plant communication: volatile chemotypes of sagebrush. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:380-5. [PMID: 24920243 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Volatile communication between sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) individuals has been found previously to reduce herbivory and to be more effective between individuals that are genetically identical or related relative to between strangers. The chemical nature of the cues involved in volatile communication remains unknown for this and other systems. We collected headspace volatiles from sagebrush plants in the field and analyzed these using GC-MS. Volatile profiles were highly variable among individuals, but most individuals could be characterized as belonging to one of two chemotypes, dominated by either thujone or camphor. Analyses of parents and offspring revealed that chemotypes were highly heritable. The ecological significance of chemotypes and the genetic mechanisms that control them remain poorly understood. However, we found that individuals of the same chemotype communicated more effectively and experienced less herbivory than individuals of differing chemotypes. Plants may use chemotypes to distinguish relatives from strangers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Karban
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zipfel C. Plant pattern-recognition receptors. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:345-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
36
|
Vinatzer BA, Monteil CL, Clarke CR. Harnessing population genomics to understand how bacterial pathogens emerge, adapt to crop hosts, and disseminate. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 52:19-43. [PMID: 24820995 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Crop diseases emerge without warning. In many cases, diseases cross borders, or even oceans, before plant pathologists have time to identify and characterize the causative agents. Genome sequencing, in combination with intensive sampling of pathogen populations and application of population genetic tools, is now providing the means to unravel how bacterial crop pathogens emerge from environmental reservoirs, how they evolve and adapt to crops, and what international and intercontinental routes they follow during dissemination. Here, we introduce the field of population genomics and review the population genomics research of bacterial plant pathogens over the past 10 years. We highlight the potential of population genomics for investigating plant pathogens, using examples of population genomics studies of human pathogens. We also describe the complementary nature of the fields of population genomics and molecular plant-microbe interactions and propose how to translate new insights into improved disease prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Vinatzer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061; ,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|