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Hou K, Wang J, Li X, Feng J, Yang C, Zhang X, Guo J, Dai X. Inhibition of Fusarium graminearum growth and spore germination by a Streptomyces amritsarensis strain capable of killing and growing on Microcystis scum. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae171. [PMID: 39003242 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Developing energy-saving and ecofriendly strategies for treating harvested Microcystis biomass. METHODS AND RESULTS Streptomyces amritsarensis HG-16 was first reported to effectively kill various morphotypes of natural Microcystis colonies at very high cell densities. Concurrently, HG-16 grown on lysed Microcystis maintained its antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. It could completely inhibit spore germination and destroy mycelial structure of F. graminearum. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that HG-16 attacked F. graminearum in a comprehensive way: interfering with replication, transcription, and translation processes, inhibiting primary metabolisms, hindering energy production and simultaneously destroying stress-resistant systems of F. graminearum. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide a sustainable and economical option for resource reclamation from Microcystis biomass: utilizing Microcystis slurry to propagate HG-16, which can subsequently be employed as a biocontrol agent for managing F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Hou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xu Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junzhou Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Xianzhu Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- National Base of International S&T Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in TGR Region (WEMST, www.wemst.com), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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2
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Bi Z, Wang T, Wang X, Xu H, Wu Y, Zhao C, Wu Z, Yu J, Zhang L. FpPEX5 and FpPEX7 are involved in the growth, reproduction, DON toxin production, and pathogenicity in Fusarium pseudograminearum. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132227. [PMID: 38734339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium crown rot, caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum, is a devastating disease affecting the yield and quality of cereal crops. Peroxisomes are single-membrane organelles that play a critical role in various biological processes in eukaryotic cells. To functionally characterise peroxisome biosynthetic receptor proteins FpPEX5 and FpPEX7 in F. pseudograminearum, we constructed deletion mutants, ΔFpPEX5 and ΔFpPEX7, and complementary strains, ΔFpPEX5-C and ΔFpPEX7-C, and analysed the functions of FpPEX5 and FpPEX7 proteins using various phenotypic observations. The deletion of FpPEX5 and FpPEX7 resulted in a significant deficiency in mycelial growth and conidiation and blocked the peroxisomal targeting signal 1 and peroxisomal targeting signal 2 pathways, which are involved in peroxisomal matrix protein transport, increasing the accumulation of lipid droplets and reactive oxygen species. The deletion of FpPEX5 and FpPEX7 may reduce the formation of toxigenic bodies and decrease the pathogenicity of F. pseudograminearum. These results indicate that FpPEX5 and FpPEX7 play vital roles in the growth, asexual reproduction, virulence, and fatty acid utilisation of F. pseudograminearum. This study provides a theoretical basis for controlling stem rot in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyu Bi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yueming Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jinfeng Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China.
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3
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Park J, Lee N, Kim H, Kim D, Shin S, Choi S, Choi GJ, Son H. A mitochondrial NAD/NADH kinase governs fungal virulence through an oxidative stress response and arginine biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127692. [PMID: 38508088 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
NADP/NADPH plays an indispensable role in cellular metabolism, serving as a pivotal cofactor in numerous enzymatic processes involved in anabolic pathways, antioxidant defense, and the biosynthesis of essential cellular components. NAD/NADH kinases (NADKs) phosphorylate NAD/NADH, constituting the sole de novo synthetic pathway for NADP/NADPH generation. Despite the pivotal role of NADP/NADPH in cellular functions, the physiological role of NADK remains largely unexplored in filamentous fungi. In this study, we identified three putative NADKs in Fusarium graminearum-FgNadk1, FgNadk2, and FgNadk3-responsible for NAD/NADH phosphorylation. NADK-mediated formation of intracellular NADPH proved crucial for vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, and virulence. Specifically, FgNadk2, the mitochondrial NADK, played a role in oxidative stress resistance and the maintenance of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels. Moreover, the deletion of FgNADK2 resulted in arginine auxotrophy, contributing to the reduced fungal virulence. These findings underscore the necessity of mitochondrial NADK in fungal virulence in F. graminearum, revealing its involvement in mitochondrial redox homeostasis and the arginine biosynthetic pathway. This study provides critical insights into the interconnectedness of metabolic pathways essential for fungal growth, stress response, and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nahyun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohun Kim
- Childern's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Soobin Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Buttar ZA, Cheng M, Wei P, Zhang Z, Lv C, Zhu C, Ali NF, Kang G, Wang D, Zhang K. Update on the Basic Understanding of Fusarium graminearum Virulence Factors in Common Wheat Research. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1159. [PMID: 38674569 PMCID: PMC11053692 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important food crops, both in China and worldwide. Wheat production is facing extreme stresses posed by different diseases, including Fusarium head blight (FHB), which has recently become an increasingly serious concerns. FHB is one of the most significant and destructive diseases affecting wheat crops all over the world. Recent advancements in genomic tools provide a new avenue for the study of virulence factors in relation to the host plants. The current review focuses on recent progress in the study of different strains of Fusarium infection. The presence of genome-wide repeat-induced point (RIP) mutations causes genomic mutations, eventually leading to host plant susceptibility against Fusarium invasion. Furthermore, effector proteins disrupt the host plant resistance mechanism. In this study, we proposed systematic modification of the host genome using modern biological tools to facilitate plant resistance against foreign invasion. We also suggested a number of scientific strategies, such as gene cloning, developing more powerful functional markers, and using haplotype marker-assisted selection, to further improve FHB resistance and associated breeding methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ali Buttar
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mengquan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Panqin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chunlei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chenjia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Nida Fatima Ali
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Guozhang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Kunpu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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5
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Dong C, Peng X, Yang X, Wang C, Yuan L, Chen G, Tang X, Wang W, Wu J, Zhu S, Huang X, Zhang J, Hou J. Physiological and Transcriptomic Responses of Bok Choy to Heat Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1093. [PMID: 38674501 PMCID: PMC11053463 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
High temperatures have adverse effects on the yield and quality of vegetables. Bok choy, a popular vegetable, shows varying resistance to heat. However, the mechanism underlying the thermotolerance of bok choy remains unclear. In this study, 26 bok choy varieties were identified in screening as being heat-resistant at the seedling stage; at 43 °C, it was possible to observe obvious heat damage in different bok choy varieties. The physiological and biochemical reactions of a heat-tolerant cultivar, Jinmei (J7), and a heat-sensitive cultivar, Sanyueman (S16), were analyzed in terms of the growth index, peroxide, and photosynthetic parameters. The results show that Jinmei has lower relative conductivity, lower peroxide content, and higher total antioxidant capacity after heat stress. We performed transcriptome analysis of the two bok choy varieties under heat stress and normal temperatures. Under heat stress, some key genes involved in sulfur metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and the ribosome pathway were found to be significantly upregulated in the heat-tolerant cultivar. The key genes of each pathway were screened according to their fold-change values. In terms of sulfur metabolism, genes related to protease activity were significantly upregulated. Glutathione synthetase (GSH2) in the glutathione metabolism pathway and the L3e, L23, and S19 genes in the ribosomal pathway were significantly upregulated in heat-stressed cultivars. These results suggest that the total antioxidant capacity and heat injury repair capacity are higher in Jinmei than in the heat-sensitive variety, which might be related to the specific upregulation of genes in certain metabolic pathways after heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuina Dong
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
| | - Xixuan Peng
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
| | - Xiaona Yang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
| | - Chenggang Wang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Lingyun Yuan
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Guohu Chen
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Shidong Zhu
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Xingxue Huang
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Jinfeng Hou
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
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6
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Chen R, Lu K, Yang L, Jiang J, Li L. Peroxin MoPex22 Regulates the Import of Peroxisomal Matrix Proteins and Appressorium-Mediated Plant Infection in Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:143. [PMID: 38392815 PMCID: PMC10890347 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen responsible for rice blast disease, utilizes specialized infection structures known as appressoria to breach the leaf cuticle and establish intracellular, infectious hyphae. Our study demonstrates that the peroxin MoPex22 is crucial for appressorium function, specifically for the development of primary penetration hyphae. The ∆Mopex22 mutant exhibited slow growth, reduced aerial hyphae, and almost complete loss of virulence. Specifically, despite the mutant's capability to form appressoria, it showed abnormalities during appressorium development, including reduced turgor, increased permeability of the appressorium wall, failure to form septin rings, and significantly decreased ability to penetrate host cells. Additionally, there was a delay in the degradation of lipid droplets during conidial germination and appressorium development. Consistent with these findings, the ΔMopex22 mutant showed an inefficient utilization of long-chain fatty acids and defects in cell wall integrity. Moreover, our findings indicate that MoPex22 acts as an anchor for MoPex4, facilitating the localization of MoPex4 to peroxisomes. Together with MoPex4, it affects the function of MoPex5, thus regulating the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. Overall, these results highlight the essential role of MoPex22 in regulating the transport of peroxisomal matrix proteins, which affect fatty acid metabolism, glycerol accumulation, cell wall integrity, growth, appressorium development, and the pathogenicity of M. oryzae. This study provides valuable insights into the significance of peroxin functions in fungal biology and appressorium-mediated plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangrang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Kailun Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Lina Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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7
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Choi S, Yang JW, Kim JE, Jeon H, Shin S, Wui D, Kim LS, Kim BJ, Son H, Min K. Infectivity and stress tolerance traits affect community assembly of plant pathogenic fungi. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1234724. [PMID: 37692392 PMCID: PMC10486888 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1234724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how ecological communities assemble is an urgent research priority. In this study, we used a community ecology approach to examine how ecological and evolutionary processes shape biodiversity patterns of plant pathogenic fungi, Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum. High-throughput screening revealed that the isolates had a wide range of phenotypic variation in stress tolerance traits. Net Relatedness Index (NRI) and Nearest Taxon Index (NTI) values were computed based on stress-tolerant distance matrices. Certain local regions exhibited positive values of NRI and NTI, indicating phenotypic clustering within the fungal communities. Competition assays of the pooled strains were conducted to investigate the cause of clustering. During stress conditions and wheat colonization, only a few strains dominated the fungal communities, resulting in reduced diversity. Overall, our findings support the modern coexistence theory that abiotic stress and competition lead to phenotypic similarities among coexisting organisms by excluding large, low-competitive clades. We suggest that agricultural environments and competition for host infection lead to locally clustered communities of plant pathogenic fungi in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Wook Yang
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoun Wui
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee Seul Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Poznanski P, Hameed A, Dmochowska-Boguta M, Bryla M, Orczyk W. Low Molecular Weight and High Deacetylation Degree Chitosan Batch Alleviates Pathogenesis, Toxin Accumulation, and Fusarium Gene Regulation in Barley Leaf Pathosystem. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12894. [PMID: 37629074 PMCID: PMC10454492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a cosmopolitan fungal pathogen that destroys cereal production, in terms of loss of yield and grain contamination with mycotoxins, worldwide. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer abundant in the environment with proven antifungal properties that also acts as a plant immunity elicitor. Despite a number of articles, there is a lack of systematic comparison of antifungal activity of diverse batches of chitosan. The current study aimed to test the inhibitory effects of a collection of diverse chitosan samples on the growth and production of F. graminearum toxins, validated by changes in the Fusarium transcriptome. Experiments included testing antifungal activity of different chitosan samples, the application of the best performing one in vitro to investigate the impact on F. graminearum growth, followed by analyzing its effect on Fusarium toxins accumulation, and Fusarium transcriptomics in the barley leaf pathosystem. Confirmatory antifungal assays revealed that CS_10, a specific batch of chitosan, retarded Fusarium growth with an application concentration of 200 ppm, significantly reducing toxin synthesis and disease symptoms in Fusarium-inoculated barley leaves. RNA-Seq analysis of F. graminearum in barley leaf pathosystem exposed to CS_10 showed a list of differentially expressed genes involved in redox balance, cell respiration, nutrient transport, cell wall degradation enzymes, ergosterol biosynthesis, and trichothecenes production. The genes functioning in these essential pathways are discussed and assigned as critical checkpoints to control Fusarium infections. The results suggest some important molecular targets in F. graminearum that may be suitable in gene-specific targeting or transgene-free methods, such as spray-induced gene silencing during host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Poznanski
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (P.P.); (A.H.)
| | - Amir Hameed
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (P.P.); (A.H.)
| | - Marta Dmochowska-Boguta
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (P.P.); (A.H.)
| | - Marcin Bryla
- Professor Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Waclaw Orczyk
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (P.P.); (A.H.)
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9
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Histidine 19 Residue Is Essential for Cell Internalization of Antifungal Peptide SmAPα1-21 Derived from the α-Core of the Silybum marianum Defensin DefSm2-D in Fusarium graminearum. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111501. [PMID: 36358156 PMCID: PMC9686561 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic peptide SmAPα1-21 (KLCEKPSKTWFGNCGNPRHCG) derived from DefSm2-D defensin α-core is active at micromolar concentrations against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum and has a multistep mechanism of action that includes alteration of the fungal cell wall and membrane permeabilization. Here, we continued the study of this peptide’s mode of action and explored the correlation between the biological activity and its primary structure. Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the ultrastructural effects of SmAPα1-21 in conidial cells. New peptides were designed by modifying the parent peptide SmAPα1-21 (SmAPH19R and SmAPH19A, where His19 was replaced by Arg or Ala, respectively) and synthesized by the Fmoc solid phase method. Antifungal activity was determined against F. graminearum. Membrane permeability and subcellular localization in conidia were studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy and CLSM. SmAPα1-21 induced peroxisome biogenesis and oxidative stress through ROS production in F. graminearum and was internalized into the conidial cells’ cytoplasm. SmAPH19R and SmAPH19A were active against F. graminearum with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 38 and 100 µM for SmAPH19R and SmAPH19A, respectively. The replacement of His19 by Ala produced a decrease in the net charge with a significant increase in the MIC, thus evidencing the importance of the positive charge in position 19 of the antifungal peptide. Like SmAPα1-21, SmAP2H19A and SmAP2H19R produced the permeabilization of the conidia membrane and induced oxidative stress through ROS production. However, SmAPH19R and SmAPH19A were localized in the conidia cell wall. The replacement of His19 by Ala turned all the processes slower. The extracellular localization of peptides SmAPH19R and SmAPH19A highlights the role of the His19 residue in the internalization.
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Fusarium verticillioides Pex7/20 mediates peroxisomal PTS2 pathway import, pathogenicity, and fumonisin B1 biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6595-6609. [PMID: 36121485 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides, a well-known fungal pathogen that causes severe disease in maize and contaminates the grains with fumonisin B1 (FB1) mycotoxin, affects the yield and quality of maize worldwide. The intrinsic roles of peroxisome targeting signal (PTS)-containing proteins in phytopathogens remain elusive. We therefore explored the regulatory role and other biological functions of the components of PTS2 receptor complex, FvPex7 and FvPex20, in F. verticillioides. We found that FvPex7 directly interacts with the carboxyl terminus of FvPex20 in F. verticillioides. PTS2-containing proteins are recognized and bound by the FvPex7 receptor or the FvPex7-Pex20 receptor complex in the cytoplasm, but the peroxisome localization of the PTS2-Pex7-Pex20 complex is only determined by Pex20 in F. verticillioides. However, we observed that some putative PTS2 proteins that interact with Pex7 are not transported into the peroxisomes, but a PTS1 protein that interacts with Pex5 was detected in the peroxisomes. Furthermore, ΔFvpex7pex20 as well as ΔFvpex7pex5 double mutants exhibited reduced pathogenicity and FB1 biosynthesis, along with defects in conidiation. The PTS2 receptor complex mutants (ΔFvpex7pex20) grew slowly on minimal media and showed reduced sensitivity to cell wall and cell membrane stress-inducing agents compared to the wild type. Taken together, we conclude that the PTS2 receptor complex mediates peroxisome matrix proteins import and contributes to pathogenicity and FB1 biosynthesis in F. verticillioides. KEY POINTS: • FvPex7 directly interacts with FvPex20 in F. verticillioides. • vThe PTS2 receptor complex is essential for the importation of PTS2-containing matrix protein into peroxisomes in F. verticillioides. • Fvpex7/pex20 is involved in pathogenicity and FB1 biosynthesis in F. verticillioides.
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Li L, Yu MX, Guo J, Hao ZN, Zhang Z, Lu ZQ, Wang JY, Zhu XM, Wang YL, Chen J, Sun GC, Lin FC. The peroxins BcPex8, BcPex10, and BcPex12 are required for the development and pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:962500. [PMID: 36147853 PMCID: PMC9488000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.962500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes have been proved playing roles in infection of several plant pathogens. Although the contribution of a portion of peroxins in pathogenicity was demonstrated, most of them are undocumented in fungi, especially, Botrytis cinerea. The homologs of Pex8, Pex10, and Pex12 in B. cinerea were functionally characterized in this work using gene disruption strategies. Compared with the wild-type strain (WT), the Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 mutants exhibited significant reduction in melanin production, fatty acid utilization, and decreased tolerance to high osmotic pressure and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mycelial growth and conidiation of were significantly inhibited in Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 strains. The mycelial growth rates of Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 were reduced by 32, 35, and 34%, respectively, compared with WT and ectopic transformant (ET), and the conidiation was reduced by approximately 89, 27, and 88%, respectively. The conidial germination, germ tube elongation, and the formation of initiate infection structures (IFSs) were also reduced by the deletion of the genes. The pathogenicity was tested on the leaves of tobacco and strawberry, and fruits of tomato. On the leaves of tobacco and strawberry, the Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 mutants could not induce necrotic lesions, and the lesions on tomato fruits infected with the mutants were significantly reduced than those of the wide type. The results indicated that BcPEX8, BcPEX10, and BcPEX12 are indispensable for the development and pathogenicity of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-xue Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Guo
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-na Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao-yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiao-yu Wang,
| | - Xue-ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-li Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Chang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Guo-Chang Sun,
| | - Fu-cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Li C, Liu C. Enantioselective effect of chiral fungicide prothioconazole on Fusarium graminearum: Fungicidal activity and DON biosynthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119553. [PMID: 35640724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Prothioconazole, a chiral triazole fungicide, is widely used to control Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum), as the main pathogen of FHB, can produce many secondary metabolites including deoxynivalenol (DON), which threatens the health of humans and animals. However, some fungicides may stimulate F. graminearum to synthesize more DON under certain conditions. Until now, the fungicidal activity and enantioselective effect of prothioconazole enantiomers on DON production, transcriptome and metabolome of F. graminearum were unclear. The fungicidal activity of R-(-)-prothioconazole against F. graminearum was 9.12-17.73 times higher than that of S-(+)-prothioconazole under all conditions. Prothioconazole enantiomers can induce F. graminearum to synthesize more DON under 0.99 water activity (aw) and 30 °C, especially R-(-)-prothioconazole. The expression levels of TRI6, TRI10 and TRI101 under R-(-)-prothioconazole treatment were significantly higher than those under S-(+)-prothioconazole treatment. Most genes in glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling transduction pathway and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling transduction pathway showed higher expression levels under R-(-)-prothioconazole treatment than uner S-(+)-prothioconazole treatment and the control. The peroxisome pathway displayed higher transcriptional activity under S-(+)-prothioconazole treatment compared with R-(-)-prothioconazole and the control. Based on metabolomic data, R-(-)-prothioconazole can significantly influence phenylalanine metabolism, and no significantly enriched pathway was found under S-(+)-prothioconazole treatment. These results are helpful to understand the risk of prothioconazole enantiomers on DON production of F. graminearum and uncover the relevant underlying mechanisms of prothioconazole enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture& Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Chenglan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture& Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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AoPEX1 and AoPEX6 Are Required for Mycelial Growth, Conidiation, Stress Response, Fatty Acid Utilization, and Trap Formation in Arthrobotrys oligospora. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0027522. [PMID: 35323036 PMCID: PMC9045386 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00275-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrobotrys oligospora (A. oligospora) is a typical nematode-trapping (NT) fungus that can capture nematodes by producing adhesive networks. Peroxisomes are single membrane-bound organelles that perform multiple physiological functions in filamentous fungi. Peroxisome biogenesis proteins are encoded by PEX genes, and the functions of PEX genes in A. oligospora and other NT fungi remain largely unknown. Here, our results demonstrated that two PEX genes (AoPEX1 and AoPEX6) are essential for mycelial growth, conidiation, fatty acid utilization, stress tolerance, and pathogenicity in A. oligospora. AoPEX1 and AoPEX6 knockout resulted in a failure to produce traps, conidia, peroxisomes, and Woronin bodies and damaged cell walls, reduced autophagosome levels, and increased lipid droplet size. Transcriptome data analysis showed that AoPEX1 and AoPEX6 deletion resulted in the upregulation of the proteasome, membranes, ribosomes, DNA replication, and cell cycle functions, and the downregulation of MAPK signaling and nitrogen metabolism. In summary, our results provide novel insights into the functions of PEX genes in the growth, development, and pathogenicity of A. oligospora and contribute to the elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of peroxisomes in trap formation and lifestyle switching in NT fungi. IMPORTANCE Nematode-trapping (NT) fungi are important resources for the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. They are widely distributed in various ecological environments and capture nematodes by producing unique predatory organs (traps). However, the molecular mechanisms of trap formation and lifestyle switching in NT fungi are still unclear. Here, we provided experimental evidence that the AoPEX1 and AoPEX6 genes could regulate mycelial growth and development, trap formation, and nematode predation of A. oligospora. We further analyzed the global transcription level changes of wild-type and mutant strains using RNA-seq. This study highlights the important role of peroxisome biogenesis genes in vegetative growth, conidiation, trap formation, and pathogenicity, which contribute to probing the mechanism of organelle development and trap formation of NT fungi and lays a foundation for developing high-efficiency nematode biocontrol agents.
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Zhang L, Liu C, Wang M, Tao Y, Liang Y, Yu J. Peroxin FgPEX22-Like Is Involved in FgPEX4 Tethering and Fusarium graminearum Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:756292. [PMID: 34956121 PMCID: PMC8702864 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.756292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential organelles that play important roles in a variety of biological processes in eukaryotic cells. To understand the synthesis of peroxisomes comprehensively, we identified the gene FgPEX22-like, encoding FgPEX22-like, a peroxin, in Fusarium graminearum. Our results showed that although FgPEX22-like was notably different from other peroxins (PEX) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it contained a predicted PEX4-binding site and interacted with FgPEX4 as a rivet protein of FgPEX4. To functionally characterize the roles of FgPEX22-like in F. graminearum, we performed homologous recombination to construct a deletion mutant (ΔPEX22-like). Analysis of the mutant showed that FgPEX22-like was essential for sexual and asexual reproduction, fatty acid utilization, pathogenicity, and production of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Deletion of FgPEX22-like also led to increased production of lipid droplets and decreased elimination of reactive oxygen species. In addition, FgPEX22-like was required for the biogenesis of Woronin bodies. Taken together, our data demonstrate that FgPEX22-like is a peroxin in F. graminearum that interacts with PEX4 by anchoring PEX4 at the peroxisomal membrane and contributes to the peroxisome function in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jinfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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Ma N, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Yang L, Li D, Yang J, Jiang K, Zhang KQ, Yang J. Functional analysis of seven regulators of G protein signaling (RGSs) in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Virulence 2021; 12:1825-1840. [PMID: 34224331 PMCID: PMC8259722 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGSs) are proteins that negatively regulate G protein signal transduction. In this study, seven putative RGSs were characterized in the nematode-trapping (NT) fungus, Arthrobotrys oligospora. Deleting Rgs genes significantly increased intracellular cAMP levels, and caused defects in mycelia growth, stress resistance, conidiation, trap formation, and nematocidal activity. In particular, the ΔAoFlbA mutant was unable to produce conidia and traps. Transcriptomic analysis showed that amino acid metabolic and biosynthetic processes were significantly enriched in the ΔAoFlbA mutant compared to WT. Interestingly, Gas1 family genes are significantly expanded in A. oligospora and other NT fungi that produce adhesive traps, and are differentially expressed during trap formation in A. oligospora. Disruption of two Gas1 genes resulted in defective conidiation, trap formation, and pathogenicity. Our results indicate that RGSs play pleiotropic roles in regulating A. oligospora mycelial growth, development, and pathogenicity. Further, AoFlbA is a prominent member and required for conidiation and trap formation, possibly by regulating amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis. Our results provide a basis for elucidating the signaling mechanism of vegetative growth, lifestyle transition, and pathogenicity in NT fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Yining Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Yunchuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Dongni Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Jiangliu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Kexin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
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Pex7 selectively imports PTS2 target proteins to peroxisomes and is required for anthracnose disease development in Colletotrichum scovillei. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 157:103636. [PMID: 34742890 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pex7 is a shuttling receptor that imports matrix proteins with a type 2 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS2) to peroxisomes. The Pex7-mediated PTS2 protein import contributes to crucial metabolic processes such as the fatty acid β-oxidation and glucose metabolism in a number of fungi, but cellular roles of Pex7 between the import of PTS2 target proteins and metabolic processes have not been fully understood. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of CsPex7, a homolog of the yeast Pex7, by targeted gene deletion in the pepper anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum scovillei. CsPex7 was required for carbon source utilization, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, conidial production, and disease development in C. scovillei. The expression of fluorescently tagged PTS2 signal of hexokinases and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolases showed that peroxisomal localization of the hexokinase CsGlk1 PTS2 is dependent on CsPex7, but those of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolases are independent on CsPex7. In addition, GFP-tagged CsPex7 proteins were intensely localized to the peroxisomes on glucose-containing media, indicating a role of CsPex7 in glucose utilization. Collectively, these findings indicate that CsPex7 selectively recognizes specific PTS2 signal for import of PTS2-containing proteins to peroxisomes, thereby mediating peroxisomal targeting efficiency of PTS2-containing proteins in C. scovillei. On pepper fruits, the ΔCspex7 mutant exhibited significantly reduced virulence, in which excessive accumulation of hydrogen peroxide was observed in the pepper cells. We think the reduced virulence results from the abnormality in hydrogen peroxide metabolism of the ΔCspex7 mutant. Our findings provide insight into the cellular roles of CsPex7 in PTS2 protein import system.
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de Ramón-Carbonell M, Sánchez-Torres P. Unveiling the Role Displayed by Penicillium digitatum PdMut3 Transcription Factor in Pathogen-Fruit Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:828. [PMID: 34682249 PMCID: PMC8540835 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn2Cys6 transcription factors are unique to fungi and are involved in different regulatory functions. In this study, we have identified the Penicillium digitatumPdMut3 gene, which encodes a putative Zn (II) 2Cys6 DNA-binding protein. Elimination of PdMut3 in Pd1 strain caused increased virulence during citrus infection. The transcription of the PdMut3 gene showed a higher expression rate during fungal growth and less transcription during fruit infection. Furthermore, the deletion of the gene in the wild-type isolate of P. digitatum did not produce any modification of the sensitivity to different fungicides, indicating that the gene is not associated with resistance to fungicides. In contrast, PdMut3 null mutants showed a reduction in growth in minimal media, which was associated with severe alterations in conidiophore development and morphological alterations of the hyphae. Mutants showed greater sensitivity to compounds that interfere with the cell wall and an invasive growth block. Thus, PdMut3 might have an indirect role in fungi virulence through metabolism and peroxisomes development.
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Pang MY, Lin HY, Hou J, Feng MG, Ying SH. Different contributions of the peroxisomal import protein Pex5 and Pex7 to development, stress response and virulence of insect fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:509-519. [PMID: 34260798 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Peroxins Pex5 and Pex7 belong to the peroxisomal import machinery and recognize proteins containing peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) type 1 and type 2, respectively. This study seeks to characterize these two peroxins in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. METHODS AND RESULTS The orthologs of Pex5 and Pex7 in B. bassiana (BbPex5 and BbPex7) were functionally analyzed via protein localization and gene disruption. BbPex5 and BbPex7 were associated with peroxisome and specifically required for PTS1 and PTS2 pathways, respectively, which were demonstrated to be involved in development, tolerance to oxidative stress and virulence. ΔBbPex5 mutant displayed additionally defectives that were undetected in ΔBbPex7 in vegetative growth and resistance to osmotic and cell wall-perturbing stresses. Notably, Woronin body major protein Hex1 with PTS1 linked this organelle to the development and virulence of B. bassiana, which indicates that Woronin body is associated with the roles of PTS1 pathway. CONCLUSION Both PTS1 and PTS2 pathways are involved in broad physiological process, and the PTS1 pathway acts as a main peroxisomal import pathway. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study shows the functional divergence of different peroxins and improves our understanding of organellar physiology involved in biocontrol potential of the entomopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meei-Yuan Pang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yan Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Hou
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Yu W, Lin M, Peng M, Yan H, Wang J, Zhou J, Lu G, Wang Z, Shim WB. Fusarium verticillioides FvPex8 Is a Key Component of the Peroxisomal Docking/Translocation Module That Serves Important Roles in Fumonisin Biosynthesis but Not in Virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:803-814. [PMID: 33749306 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0273-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotes that fulfill various important metabolic functions. In this study, we investigated the role of docking/translocation module (DTM) peroxins, mainly FvPex8, FvPex13, FvPex14, and FvPex33, in Fusarium verticillioides development, virulence, and fumonisin B1 (FB1) biosynthesis. Protein interaction experiments suggested that FvPex13 serves as the central DTM subunit in F. verticillioides. Notably, FvPex8 and FvPex14 did not show direct interaction in our experiments. We generated gene-deletion mutants (ΔFvpex8, ΔFvpex13, ΔFvpex14, ΔFvpex33, ΔFvpex33/14) and further examined the functional role of these peroxins. Deletion mutants exhibited disparity in carbon nutrient utilization and defect in cell-wall integrity when stress agents were applied. Under nutrient starvation, mutants also showed higher levels of lipid droplet accumulation. Particularly, ΔFvpex8 mutant showed significant FB1 reduction and altered expression of key FB1 biosynthesis genes. However, FvPex13 was primarily responsible for asexual conidia reproduction and virulence, while the ΔFvpex33/14 double mutant also showed a virulence defect. In summary, our study suggests that FvPex13 is the central component of DTM, with direct physical interaction with other DTM peroxins, and regulates peroxisome membrane biogenesis as well as PTS1- and PTS2-mediated transmembrane cargo transportation. Importantly, we also characterized FvPex8 as a key component in F. verticillioides DTM that affects peroxisome function and FB1 biosynthesis.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Minghui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huijuan Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, U.S.A
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Won Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, U.S.A
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20
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Wu PC, Chen YK, Yago JI, Chung KR. Peroxisomes Implicated in the Biosynthesis of Siderophores and Biotin, Cell Wall Integrity, Autophagy, and Response to Hydrogen Peroxide in the Citrus Pathogenic Fungus Alternaria alternata. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:645792. [PMID: 34262533 PMCID: PMC8273606 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.645792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the roles of peroxisomes in the necrotrophic fungal plant pathogens. In the present study, a Pex6 gene encoding an ATPase-associated protein was characterized by analysis of functional mutations in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata, which produces a host-selective toxin. Peroxisomes were observed in fungal cells by expressing a mCherry fluorescent protein tagging with conserved tripeptides serine-lysing-leucine and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that Pex6 plays no roles in peroxisomal biogenesis but impacts protein import into peroxisomes. The number of peroxisomes was affected by nutritional conditions and H2O2, and their degradation was mediated by an autophagy-related machinery termed pexophagy. Pex6 was shown to be required for the formation of Woronin bodies, the biosynthesis of biotin, siderophores, and toxin, the uptake and accumulation of H2O2, growth, and virulence, as well as the Slt2 MAP kinase-mediated maintenance of cell wall integrity. Adding biotin, oleate, and iron in combination fully restored the growth of the pex6-deficient mutant (Δpex6), but failed to restore Δpex6 virulence to citrus. Adding purified toxin could only partially restore Δpex6 virulence even in the presence of biotin, oleate, and iron. Sensitivity assays revealed that Pex6 plays no roles in resistance to H2O2 and superoxide, but plays a negative role in resistance to 2-chloro-5-hydroxypyridine (a hydroxyl radical-generating compound), eosin Y and rose Bengal (singlet oxygen-generating compounds), and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (an auxin transport inhibitor). The diverse functions of Pex6 underscore the importance of peroxisomes in physiology, pathogenesis, and development in A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ching Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kun Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jonar I. Yago
- Plant Science Department, College of Agriculture, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong, Philippines
| | - Kuang-Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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21
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Transcriptional Responses of Fusarium graminearum Interacted with Soybean to Cause Root Rot. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060422. [PMID: 34072279 PMCID: PMC8227214 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the most devastating pathogen of Fusarium head blight of cereals, stalk and ear of maize, and it has recently become a potential threat for soybean as maize-soybean strip relay intercropping is widely practiced in China. To elucidate the pathogenesis mechanism of F. graminearum on intercropped soybean which causes root rot, transcriptional profiling of F. graminearum at 12, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi) on soybean hypocotyl tissues was conducted. In total, 2313 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of F. graminearum were annotated by both KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. Among them, 128 DEGs were commonly expressed at three inoculation time points while the maximum DEGs were induced at 24 hpi. In addition, DEGs were also rich in carbon metabolism, ribosome and peroxisome pathways which might contribute to carbon source utilization, sexual reproduction, virulence and survival of F. graminearum when infected on soybean. Hence, this study will provide some basis for the deep understanding the pathogenesis mechanism of F. graminearum on different hosts and its effective control in maize-soybean strip relay intercropping systems.
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22
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Wang Z, Feng J, Jiang Y, Xu X, Xu L, Zhou Q, Huang B. MrPEX33 is involved in infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity of Metarhizium robertsii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1079-1090. [PMID: 33443633 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes, being indispensable organelles, play an important role in different biological processes in eukaryotes. PEX33, a filamentous fungus-specific peroxin of the docking machinery of peroxisomes, is involved in the virulence and development of other fungal pathogens. However, it is not clear whether PEX33 is necessary for the pathogenicity and development of an insect pathogenic fungus. In the present study, we report the presence of homologs of PEX33, namely MrPEX33 (MAA_05331), in the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium robertsii. An M. robertsii transgenic strain expressing the fusion protein with MrPEX33-GFP and mCherry-PTS1 showed that MrPEX33 localizes to peroxisomes. The results also demonstrated that MrPEX33 is involved in the peroxisomal import pathway by peroxisomal targeting signals. Targeted gene deletion of MrPEX33 led to a significant decline in the asexual sporulation capacity, which was accompanied by downregulation of several conidiation-associated genes, such as wetA, abaA, and brlA. More importantly, our bioassay results showed that the virulence of ∆MrPEX33 mutants, against Galleria mellonella through cuticle infection, was greatly reduced. This was further accompanied by a significant drop in appressorium formation and cuticle penetration. Additionally, ∆MrPEX33 mutants showed a significant decrease in tolerance to cell wall integrity and oxidative stress. Taken together, our results suggest that MrPEX33 is involved in the cuticle infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity. KEY POINTS: • MrPEX33 is a specific peroxin of the docking machinery of peroxisomes. • MrPEX33 localizes to peroxisomes and is involved in the import of matrix proteins. • MrPEX33 is involved in the pathogenicity associated with cuticle infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxun Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jianyu Feng
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiuzhen Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Liuyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Prevention and Control of Pine Wood Nematode Disease, Anhui Academy of Forestry, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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23
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Wu PC, Chen CW, Choo CYL, Chen YK, Yago JI, Chung KR. Proper Functions of Peroxisomes Are Vital for Pathogenesis of Citrus Brown Spot Disease Caused by Alternaria alternata. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040248. [PMID: 33114679 PMCID: PMC7712655 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the production of a host-selective toxin, the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata must conquer toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in order to colonize host plants. The roles of a peroxin 6-coding gene (pex6) implicated in protein import into peroxisomes was functionally characterized to gain a better understanding of molecular mechanisms in ROS resistance and fungal pathogenicity. The peroxisome is a vital organelle involved in metabolisms of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide in eukaryotes. Targeted deletion of pex6 had no impacts on the biogenesis of peroxisomes and cellular resistance to ROS. The pex6 deficient mutant (Δpex6) reduced toxin production by 40% compared to wild type and barely induce necrotic lesions on citrus leaves. Co-inoculation of purified toxin with Δpex6 conidia on citrus leaves, however, failed to fully restore lesion formation, indicating that toxin only partially contributed to the loss of Δpex6 pathogenicity. Δpex6 conidia germinated poorly and formed fewer appressorium-like structures (nonmelanized enlargement of hyphal tips) than wild type. Δpex6 hyphae grew slowly and failed to penetrate beyond the epidermal layers. Moreover, Δpex6 had thinner cell walls and lower viability. All of these defects resulting from deletion of pex6 could also account for the loss of Δpex6 pathogenicity. Overall, our results have demonstrated that proper peroxisome functions are of vital importance to pathogenesis of the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ching Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.Y.L.C.); (Y.-K.C.)
- Correspondence: (P.-C.W.); (K.-R.C.); Tel.: +886-4-22840780 (ext. 316) (P.-C.W.); +886-4-22840780 (ext. 301) (K.-R.C.)
| | - Chia-Wen Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.Y.L.C.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Celine Yen Ling Choo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.Y.L.C.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Yu-Kun Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.Y.L.C.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Jonar I. Yago
- Plant Science Department, College of Agriculture, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya 3700, Philippines;
| | - Kuang-Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (C.Y.L.C.); (Y.-K.C.)
- Correspondence: (P.-C.W.); (K.-R.C.); Tel.: +886-4-22840780 (ext. 316) (P.-C.W.); +886-4-22840780 (ext. 301) (K.-R.C.)
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24
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Kim JE, Nam H, Park J, Choi GJ, Lee YW, Son H. Characterization of the CCAAT-binding transcription factor complex in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4898. [PMID: 32184445 PMCID: PMC7078317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT sequence is a ubiquitous cis-element of eukaryotic promoters, and genes containing CCAAT sequences have been shown to be activated by the CCAAT-binding transcription factor complex in several eukaryotic model organisms. In general, CCAAT-binding transcription factors form heterodimers or heterotrimeric complexes that bind to CCAAT sequences within the promoters of target genes and regulate various cellular processes. To date, except Hap complex, CCAAT-binding complex has been rarely reported in fungi. In this study, we characterized two CCAAT-binding transcription factors (Fct1 and Fct2) in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Previously, FCT1 and FCT2 were shown to be related to DNA damage response among eight CCAAT-binding transcription factors in F. graminearum. We demonstrate that the nuclear CCAAT-binding complex of F. graminearum has important functions in various fungal developmental processes, not just DNA damage response but virulence and mycotoxin production. Moreover, the results of biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that Fct1 and Fct2 may form a complex and play distinct roles among the eight CCAAT-binding transcription factors encoded by F. graminearum. To the best of our knowledge, the results of this study represent a substantial advancement in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of CCAAT-binding factors in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences and Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Nam
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences and Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeun Park
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences and Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Therapeutic & Biotechnology Division, Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences and Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences and Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Wang JY, Li L, Chai RY, Qiu HP, Zhang Z, Wang YL, Liu XH, Lin FC, Sun GC. Pex13 and Pex14, the key components of the peroxisomal docking complex, are required for peroxisome formation, host infection and pathogenicity-related morphogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. Virulence 2020; 10:292-314. [PMID: 30905264 PMCID: PMC6527019 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1598172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotic cells that fulfill multiple important metabolisms. Pex13 and Pex14 are key components of the peroxisomal docking complex in yeasts and mammals. In the present work, we functionally characterized the homologues of Pex13 and Pex14 (Mopex13 and Mopex14) in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Mopex13 and Mopex14 were peroxisomal membrane distributed and were both essential for the maintenance of Mopex14/17 on the peroxisomal membrane. Mopex13 and Mopex14 interacted with each other, and with Mopex14/17 and peroxisomal matrix protein receptors. Disruption of Mopex13 and Mopex14 resulted in a cytoplasmic distribution of peroxisomal matrix proteins and the Woronin body protein Hex1. In the ultrastructure of Δmopex13 and Δmopex14 cells, peroxisomes were detected on fewer occasions, and the Woronin bodies and related structures were dramatically affected. The Δmopex13 and Δmopex14 mutants were reduced in vegetative growth, conidial generation and mycelial melanization, in addition, Δmopex13 showed reduced conidial germination and appressorial formation and abnomal appressorial morphology. Both Δmopex13 and Δmopex14 were deficient in appressorial turgor and nonpathogenic to their hosts. The infection failures in Δmopex13 and Δmopex14 were also due to their reduced ability to degrade fatty acids and to endure reactive oxygen species and cell wall-disrupting compounds. Additionally, Mopex13 and Mopex14 were required for the sexual reproduction of the fungus. These data indicate that Mopex13 and Mopex14, as key components of the peroxisomal docking complex, are indispensable for peroxisomal biogenesis, fungal development and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Yu Wang
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Ling Li
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China.,b The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences , Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Rong-Yao Chai
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Hai-Ping Qiu
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yan-Li Wang
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- c State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- c State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Guo-Chang Sun
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
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26
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Shin J, Bui DC, Kim S, Jung SY, Nam HJ, Lim JY, Choi GJ, Lee YW, Kim JE, Son H. The novel bZIP transcription factor Fpo1 negatively regulates perithecial development by modulating carbon metabolism in the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2596-2612. [PMID: 32100421 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal sexual reproduction requires complex cellular differentiation processes of hyphal cells. The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum produces fruiting bodies called perithecia via sexual reproduction, and perithecia forcibly discharge ascospores into the air for disease initiation and propagation. Lipid metabolism and accumulation are closely related to perithecium formation, yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes are largely unknown. Here, we report that a novel fungal specific bZIP transcription factor, F. graminearum perithecium overproducing 1 (Fpo1), plays a role as a global transcriptional repressor during perithecium production and maturation in F. graminearum. Deletion of FPO1 resulted in reduced vegetative growth, asexual sporulation and virulence and overproduced perithecium, which reached maturity earlier, compared with the wild type. Intriguingly, the hyphae of the fpo1 mutant accumulated excess lipids during perithecium production. Using a combination of molecular biological, transcriptomic and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that repression of FPO1 after sexual induction leads to reprogramming of carbon metabolism, particularly fatty acid production, which affects sexual reproduction of this fungus. This is the first report of a perithecium-overproducing F. graminearum mutant, and the findings provide comprehensive insight into the role of modulation of carbon metabolism in the sexual reproduction of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc-Cuong Bui
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sieun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yun Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Nam
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yun Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Therapeutic & Biotechnology Division, Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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27
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Qi W, Wang F, Ma L, Qi Z, Liu S, Chen C, Wu J, Wang P, Yang C, Wu Y, Sun W. Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms and Cytology of Cold Tolerance in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1241. [PMID: 32903421 PMCID: PMC7434931 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cold damage has negatively impacted the yield, growth and quality of the edible cooking oil in Northern China and Brassica napus L.(rapeseed) planting areas decreased because of cold damage. In the present study we analyzed two Brassica napus cultivars of 16NTS309 (highly resistant to cold damage) and Tianyou2238 (cold sensitive) from Gansu Province, China using physiological, biochemical and cytological methods to investigate the plant's response to cold stress. The results showed that cold stress caused seedling dehydration, and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), relative electrolyte leakage and O2 - and H2O2 were increased in Tianyou2238 than 16NTS309 under cold stress at 4°C for 48 h, as well as the proline, soluble protein and soluble sugars markedly accumulated, and antioxidant enzymes of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were higher in 16NTS309 compared with in Tianyou2238, which play key roles in prevention of cell damage. After exposure to cold stress, the accumulation of the blue formazan precipitate and reddish brown precipitate indicated that O2 - and H2O2, respectively, were produced in the root, stem, and leaf were higher than under non-cold conditions. Contents of O2 - and H2O2 in cultivar Tianyou2238 were higher than 16NTS309, this is consistent with the phenotypic result. To understand the specific distribution of O2 - in the sub-cellular, we found that in both cultivars O2 - signals were distributed mainly in cambium tissue, meristematic cells, mesophyll cytoplasm, and surrounding the cell walls of root, stem, leaves, and leaf vein by morphoanatomical analysis, but the quantities varied. Cold stress also triggered obvious ultrastructural alterations in leaf mesophyll of Tianyou2238 including the damage of membrane system, destruction of chloroplast and swelling of mitochondria. This study are useful to provide new insights about the physiological and biochemical mechanisms and cytology associated with the response of B. napus to cold stress for use in breeding cold-resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Qi
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ze Qi
- College of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Songqing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cairong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Wu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wancang Sun
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wancang Sun,
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28
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Wang L, Zhang L, Liu C, Sun S, Liu A, Liang Y, Yu J. The roles of FgPEX2 and FgPEX12 in virulence and lipid metabolism in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 135:103288. [PMID: 31704369 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a wheat disease with a worldwide prevalence, caused by Fusarium graminearum. Peroxisomes are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells and are involved in various biochemical phenomena. FgPEX2 and FgPEX12 encode RING-finger peroxins PEX2 and PEX12 in F. graminearum. This study aimed to functionally characterize FgPEX2 and FgPEX12 in F. graminearum. We constructed deletion mutants of FgPEX2 and FgPEX12 via homologous recombination. The ΔPEX2 and ΔPEX12 mutants displayed defects in sexual and asexual development, virulence, cell wall integrity (CWI), and lipid metabolism. Deletion of FgPEX2 and FgPEX12 significantly decreased deoxynivalenol production. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopic analysis of the subcellular localization of GFP-PMP70 and GFP-HEX1 revealed that FgPEX2 and FgPEX12 maintain Woronin bodies. These results show that FgPEX2 and FgPEX12 are required for growth, conidiation, virulence, cell wall integrity, and lipid metabolism in F. graminearum and do not influence their peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Chunjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Aixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yuancun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jinfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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Bui DC, Kim JE, Shin J, Lim JY, Choi GJ, Lee YW, Seo JA, Son H. ARS2 Plays Diverse Roles in DNA Damage Response, Fungal Development, and Pathogenesis in the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2326. [PMID: 31681199 PMCID: PMC6803386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenite-resistance protein 2 (Ars2) is an important nuclear protein involved in various RNA metabolisms in animals and plants, but no Ars2 ortholog has been studied in filamentous fungi. Although it is an essential gene in most model eukaryotes, FgARS2 null mutants were viable in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. The deletion of FgARS2 resulted in pleiotropic defects in various fungal developmental processes. Fgars2 mutants were irregular in nuclear division, and conidial germination was significantly retarded, causing the fungus to manifest its hypersensitive phenotypes under DNA damage stress. While FgARS2 deletion caused abnormal morphologies of ascospores and defective ascospore discharge, our data revealed that FgARS2 was not closely involved in small-non-coding RNA production in F. graminearum. The dominant nuclear localization of FgArs2-green fluorescent proteins (GFP) and abnormal nuclear division in FgARS2 deletion mutant implicated that FgArs2 functions in the nucleus. Intriguingly, we found that FgArs2 established a robust physical interaction with the cap binding complex (CBC) to form a tertiary complex CBC-Ars2 (CBCA), and disruption of any CBCA complex subunit drastically attenuated the virulence of F. graminearum. The results of the study indicate that Ars2 regulates fungal development, stress response, and pathogenesis via interaction with CBC in F. graminearum and provide a novel insight into understanding of the biological functions of Ars2 in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Cuong Bui
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Yun Lim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Therapeutic & Biotechnology Division, Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ah Seo
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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30
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Kong X, Zhang H, Wang X, van der Lee T, Waalwijk C, van Diepeningen A, Brankovics B, Xu J, Xu J, Chen W, Feng J. FgPex3, a Peroxisome Biogenesis Factor, Is Involved in Regulating Vegetative Growth, Conidiation, Sexual Development, and Virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2088. [PMID: 31616386 PMCID: PMC6764106 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are involved in a wide range of important cellular functions. Here, the role of the peroxisomal membrane protein PEX3 in the plant-pathogen and mycotoxin producer Fusarium graminearum was studied using knock-out and complemented strains. To fluorescently label peroxisomes’ punctate structures, GFP and RFP fusions with the PTS1 and PTS2 localization signal were transformed into the wild type PH-1 and ΔFgPex3 knock-out strains. The GFP and RFP transformants in the ΔFgPex3 background showed a diffuse fluorescence pattern across the cytoplasm suggesting the absence of mature peroxisomes. The ΔFgPex3 strain showed a minor, non-significant reduction in growth on various sugar carbon sources. In contrast, deletion of FgPex3 affected fatty acid β-oxidation in F. graminearum and significantly reduced the utilization of fatty acids. Furthermore, the ΔFgPex3 mutant was sensitive to osmotic stressors as well as to cell wall-damaging agents. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the mutant had increased significantly, which may be linked to the reduced longevity of cultured strains. The mutant also showed reduced production of conidiospores, while sexual reproduction was completely impaired. The pathogenicity of ΔFgPex3, especially during the process of systemic infection, was strongly reduced on both tomato and on wheat, while to production of deoxynivalenol (DON), an important factor for virulence, appeared to be unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjiu Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne van Diepeningen
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Balazs Brankovics
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
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31
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Xie M, Wang Y, Tang L, Yang L, Zhou D, Li Q, Niu X, Zhang KQ, Yang J. AoStuA, an APSES transcription factor, regulates the conidiation, trap formation, stress resistance and pathogenicity of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4648-4661. [PMID: 31433890 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The APSES protein family comprises a conserved class of fungus-specific transcriptional regulators. Some members have been identified in partial ascomycetes. In this study, the APSES protein StuA (AoStuA) of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora was characterized. Compared with the wild-type (WT) strain, three ΔAoStuA mutants grew relatively slowly, displayed a 96% reduction in sporulation capacity and a delay in conidial germination. The reduced sporulation capacity correlated with transcriptional repression of several sporulation-related genes. The mutants were also more sensitive to chemical stressors than the WT strain. Importantly, the mutants were unable to produce mycelial traps for nematode predation. Moreover, peroxisomes and Woronin bodies were abundant in the WT cells but hardly found in the cells of those mutants. The lack of such organelles correlated with transcriptional repression of some genes involved in the biogenesis of peroxisomes and Woronin bodies. The transcript levels of several genes involved in the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway were also significantly reduced in the mutants versus the WT strain, implicating a regulatory role of AoStuA in the transcription of genes involved in the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway that regulates an array of cellular processes and events. In particular, AoStuA is indispensable for A. oligospora trap formation and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, 675000, P. R. China
| | - Yunchuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Liyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Duanxu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
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32
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Zhang L, Liu C, Wang L, Sun S, Liu A, Liang Y, Yu J, Dong H. FgPEX1 and FgPEX10 are required for the maintenance of Woronin bodies and full virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2019; 65:1383-1396. [PMID: 31111312 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous single-membrane-bound organelles that perform a variety of biochemical functions in eukaryotic cells. Proteins involved in peroxisomal biogenesis are collectively called peroxins. Currently, functions of most peroxins in phytopathogenic fungi are poorly understood. Here, we report identification of PEX1 and PEX10 in the phytopathogenic fungus, Fusarium graminearum, namely FgPEX1 and FgPEX10, the orthologs of yeast ScPEX1 and ScPEX10. To functionally characterize FgPEX1 and FgPEX10, we constructed deletion mutants of FgPEX1 and FgPEX10 (ΔPEX1 and ΔPEX10) by targeting gene-replacement strategies. Our data demonstrate that both mutants displayed reduced mycelial growth, conidiation, and production of perithecia. Deletion of FgPEX1 and FgPEX10 resulted in a shortage of acetyl-CoA, which is an important reason for the reduced deoxynivalenol production and inhibited virulence of F. graminearum. Moreover, ΔPEX1 and ΔPEX10 showed an increased accumulation of lipid droplets and endogenous reactive oxygen species. In addition, FgPEX1 and FgPEX10 were found to be involved in the maintenance of cell wall integrity and Woronin bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Chunjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Aixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yuancun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jinfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Hansong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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33
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Zhang L, Wang L, Liang Y, Yu J. FgPEX4 is involved in development, pathogenicity, and cell wall integrity in Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2019; 65:747-758. [PMID: 30603875 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are indispensable organelles that play critical roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic cells. PEX4, one of the peroxins, is the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. To functionally characterize roles of FgPEX4 in the phytopathogenic fungus, Fusarium graminearum, we constructed a deletion mutant of FgPEX4 (ΔPEX4) through homologous recombination. ΔPEX4 displayed reduced mycelial growth, conidiation, and the production of perithecia. ΔPEX4 was defective in pathogenicity and production of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). In addition, FgPEX4 was involved in cell wall integrity, lipid droplet accumulation, and the elimination of reactive oxygen species. Western blot analysis revealed reduced phosphorylation of Mgv1 in the ∆PEX4 mutant. Importantly, proteomics analysis indicated that protein expression levels related to protein biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, cell wall synthesis, and oxidation-reduction reactions were downregulated in ΔPEX4 compared with the wild type. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FgPEX4 is important for development, pathogenicity, and cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yuancun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Jinfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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34
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Tixeira R, Poon IKH. Disassembly of dying cells in diverse organisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:245-257. [PMID: 30317529 PMCID: PMC11105331 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a conserved phenomenon in multicellular organisms required to maintain homeostasis. Among the regulated cell death pathways, apoptosis is a well-described form of PCD in mammalian cells. One of the characteristic features of apoptosis is the change in cellular morphology, often leading to the fragmentation of the cell into smaller membrane-bound vesicles through a process called apoptotic cell disassembly. Interestingly, some of these morphological changes and cell disassembly are also noted in cells of other organisms including plants, fungi and protists while undergoing 'apoptosis-like PCD'. This review will describe morphologic features leading to apoptotic cell disassembly, as well as its regulation and function in mammalian cells. The occurrence of cell disassembly during cell death in other organisms namely zebrafish, fly and worm, as well as in other eukaryotic cells will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Tixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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35
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Involvement of the two l-lactate dehydrogenase in development and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2018; 65:591-605. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Chen Y, Zheng S, Ju Z, Zhang C, Tang G, Wang J, Wen Z, Chen W, Ma Z. Contribution of peroxisomal docking machinery to mycotoxin biosynthesis, pathogenicity and pexophagy in the plant pathogenic fungusFusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3224-3245. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Shiyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Zhenzhen Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Chengqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Guangfei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Ziyue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Zhejiang University; 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 China
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37
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Zhang F, Geng L, Huang L, Deng J, Fasoyin OE, Yao G, Wang S. Contribution of peroxisomal protein importer AflPex5 to development and pathogenesis in the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Curr Genet 2018; 64:1335-1348. [PMID: 29869688 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are important organelles that have diverse metabolic functions and participate in the pathogenicity of fungal pathogens. Previous studies indicate that most functions of peroxisomes are dependent on peroxisomal matrix proteins, which are delivered from the cytoplasm into peroxisomes by peroxisomal protein importers. In this study, the roles of peroxisomal protein importer AflPex5 were investigated in Aspergillus flavus with the application of gene disruption. AflPex5 deletion mutants failed to localize the fluorescently fused peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1) proteins to peroxisomes. Deletion of AflPex5 caused defects in sporulation, sclerotial formation, aflatoxin biosynthesis, stress response, and plant infection. Moreover, AflPex5 null mutants exhibited a significant defect in carbon metabolism and oxidants' clearance. These results indicate that the PTS1 pathway mediated by AflPex5 serves as an important role in the development, metabolism, and pathogenesis of A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Longpo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Luhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jili Deng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Opemipo Esther Fasoyin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangshan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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38
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Li L, Wang J, Chen H, Chai R, Zhang Z, Mao X, Qiu H, Jiang H, Wang Y, Sun G. Pex14/17, a filamentous fungus-specific peroxin, is required for the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins and full virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1238-1252. [PMID: 27571711 PMCID: PMC6638247 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotic cells that fulfil a variety of biochemical functions. The biogenesis of peroxisomes requires a variety of proteins, named peroxins, which are encoded by PEX genes. Pex14/17 is a putative recently identified peroxin, specifically present in filamentous fungal species. Its function in peroxisomal biogenesis is still obscure and its roles in fungal pathogenicity have not yet been documented. Here, we demonstrate the contributions of Pex14/17 in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (Mopex14/17) to peroxisomal biogenesis and fungal pathogenicity by targeting gene replacement strategies. Mopex14/17 has properties of both Pex14 and Pex17 with regard to its protein sequence. Mopex14/17 is distributed at the peroxisomal membrane and is essential for efficient peroxisomal targeting of proteins containing peroxisomal targeting signal 1. MoPEX19 deletion leads to the cytoplasmic distribution of Mopex14/17, indicating that the peroxisomal import of Pex14/17 is dependent on Pex19. The knockout mutants of MoPEX14/17 show reduced fatty acid utilization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) degradation and cell wall integrity. Moreover, Δmopex14/17 mutants show delayed conidial generation and appressorial formation, and a reduction in appressorial turgor accumulation and penetration ability in host plants. These defects result in a significant reduction in the virulence of the mutant. These data indicate that MoPEX14/17 plays a crucial role in peroxisome biogenesis and contributes to fungal development and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- School of Agricultural and Food SciencesZhejiang Agriculture and Forest UniversityHangzhou311300China
| | - Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Haili Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Rongyao Chai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Xueqin Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Haiping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
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Nakazawa T, Izuno A, Horii M, Kodera R, Nishimura H, Hirayama Y, Tsunematsu Y, Miyazaki Y, Awano T, Muraguchi H, Watanabe K, Sakamoto M, Takabe K, Watanabe T, Isagi Y, Honda Y. Effects of pex1 disruption on wood lignin biodegradation, fruiting development and the utilization of carbon sources in the white-rot Agaricomycete Pleurotus ostreatus and non-wood decaying Coprinopsis cinerea. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 109:7-15. [PMID: 29030267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are well-known organelles that are present in most eukaryotic organisms. Mutant phenotypes caused by the malfunction of peroxisomes have been shown in many fungi. However, these have never been investigated in Agaricomycetes, which include white-rot fungi that degrade wood lignin in nature almost exclusively and play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Based on the results of a forward genetics study to identify mutations causing defects in the ligninolytic activity of the white-rot Agaricomycete Pleurotus ostreatus, we report phenotypes of pex1 disruptants in P. ostreatus, which are defective in two major features of white-rot Agaricomycetes: lignin biodegradation and mushroom formation. Pex1 disruption was also shown to cause defects in the hyphal growth of P. ostreatus on certain sawdust and minimum media. We also demonstrated that pex1 is essential for fruiting initiation in the non-wood decaying Agaricomycete Coprinopsis cinerea. However, unlike P. ostreatus, significant defects in hyphal growth on the aforementioned agar medium were not observed in C. cinerea. This result, together with previous C. cinerea genetic studies, suggests that the regulation mechanisms for the utilization of carbon sources are altered during the evolution of Agaricomycetes or Agaricales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Ayako Izuno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masato Horii
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Rina Kodera
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimura
- Laboratory of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hirayama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Miyazaki
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute, PO Box 16, Tsukuba-Norin 305-8687, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Awano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hajime Muraguchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keiji Takabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Isagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoichi Honda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Dickman M, Williams B, Li Y, de Figueiredo P, Wolpert T. Reassessing apoptosis in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:773-779. [PMID: 28947814 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell death can be driven by a genetically programmed signalling pathway known as programmed cell death (PCD). In plants, PCD occurs during development as well as in response to environmental and biotic stimuli. Our understanding of PCD regulation in plants has advanced significantly over the past two decades; however, the molecular machinery responsible for driving the system remains elusive. Thus, whether conserved PCD regulatory mechanisms include plant apoptosis remains enigmatic. Animal apoptotic regulators, including Bcl-2 family members, have not been identified in plants but expression of such regulators can trigger or suppress plant PCD. Moreover, plants exhibit nearly all of the biochemical and morphological features of apoptosis. One difference between plant and animal PCD is the absence of phagocytosis in plants. Evidence is emerging that the vacuole may be key to removal of unwanted plant cells, and may carry out functions that are analogous to animal phagocytosis. Here, we provide context for the argument that apoptotic-like cell death occurs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
| | - Brett Williams
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4001, QLD, Australia.
| | - Yurong Li
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, 77807, USA
| | - Thomas Wolpert
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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41
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Deb R, Nagotu S. Versatility of peroxisomes: An evolving concept. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:209-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Bui DC, Son H, Shin JY, Kim JC, Kim H, Choi GJ, Lee YW. The FgNot3 Subunit of the Ccr4-Not Complex Regulates Vegetative Growth, Sporulation, and Virulence in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147481. [PMID: 26799401 PMCID: PMC4723064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ccr4-Not complex is evolutionarily conserved and important for multiple cellular functions in eukaryotic cells. In this study, the biological roles of the FgNot3 subunit of this complex were investigated in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Deletion of FgNOT3 resulted in retarded vegetative growth, retarded spore germination, swollen hyphae, and hyper-branching. The ΔFgnot3 mutants also showed impaired sexual and asexual sporulation, decreased virulence, and reduced expression of genes related to conidiogenesis. Fgnot3 deletion mutants were sensitive to thermal stress, whereas NOT3 orthologs in other model eukaryotes are known to be required for cell wall integrity. We found that FgNot3 functions as a negative regulator of the production of secondary metabolites, including trichothecenes and zearalenone. Further functional characterization of other components of the Not module of the Ccr4-Not complex demonstrated that the module is conserved. Each subunit primarily functions within the context of a complex and might have distinct roles outside of the complex in F. graminearum. This is the first study to functionally characterize the Not module in filamentous fungi and provides novel insights into signal transduction pathways in fungal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Cuong Bui
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Wang J, Li L, Zhang Z, Qiu H, Li D, Fang Y, Jiang H, Chai RY, Mao X, Wang Y, Sun G. One of Three Pex11 Family Members Is Required for Peroxisomal Proliferation and Full Virulence of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218097 PMCID: PMC4517885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes play important roles in metabolisms of eukaryotes and infection of plant fungal pathogens. These organelles proliferate by de novo formation or division in response to environmental stimulation. Although the assembly of peroxisomes was documented in fungal pathogens, their division and its relationship to pathogenicity remain obscure. In present work, we analyzed the roles of three Pex11 family members in peroxisomal division and pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Deletion of MoPEX11A led to fewer but enlarged peroxisomes, and impaired the separation of Woronin bodies from peroxisomes, while deletion of MoPEX11B or MoPEX11C put no evident impacts to peroxisomal profiles. MoPEX11A mutant exhibited typical peroxisome related defects, delayed conidial germination and appressoria formation, and decreased appressorial turgor and host penetration. As a result, the virulence of MoPEX11A mutant was greatly reduced. Deletion of MoPEX11B and MoPEX11C did not alter the virulence of the fungus. Further, double or triple deletions of the three genes were unable to enhance the virulence decrease in MoPEX11A mutant. Our data indicated that MoPEX11A is the main factor modulating peroxisomal division and is required for full virulence of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Yao Chai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Zeng XQ, Chen GQ, Liu XH, Dong B, Shi HB, Lu JP, Lin F. Crosstalk between SNF1 pathway and the peroxisome-mediated lipid metabolism in Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103124. [PMID: 25090011 PMCID: PMC4121083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The SNF1/AMPK pathway has a central role in response to nutrient stress in yeast and mammals. Previous studies on SNF1 function in phytopathogenic fungi mostly focused on the catalytic subunit Snf1 and its contribution to the derepression of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs). However, the MoSnf1 in Magnaporthe oryzae was reported not to be involved in CWDEs regulation. The mechanism how MoSnf1 functions as a virulence determinant remains unclear. In this report, we demonstrate that MoSnf1 retains the ability to respond to nutrient-free environment via its participation in peroxisomal maintenance and lipid metabolism. Observation of GFP-tagged peroxisomal targeting signal-1 (PTS1) revealed that the peroxisomes of ΔMosnf1 were enlarged in mycelia and tended to be degraded before conidial germination, leading to the sharp decline of peroxisomal amount during appressorial development, which might impart the mutant great retard in lipid droplets mobilization and degradation. Consequently, ΔMosnf1 exhibited inability to maintain normal appressorial cell wall porosity and turgor pressure, which are key players in epidermal infection process. Exogenous glucose could partially restore the appressorial function and virulence of ΔMosnf1. Toward a further understanding of SNF1 pathway, the β-subunit MoSip2, γ-subunit MoSnf4, and two putative Snf1-activating kinases, MoSak1 and MoTos3, were additionally identified and characterized. Here we show the null mutants ΔMosip2 and ΔMosnf4 performed multiple disorders as ΔMosnf1 did, suggesting the complex integrity is essential for M. oryzae SNF1 kinase function. And the upstream kinases, MoSak1 and MoTos3, play unequal roles in SNF1 activation with a clear preference to MoSak1 over MoTos3. Meanwhile, the mutant lacking both of them exhibited a severe phenotype comparable to ΔMosnf1, uncovering a cooperative relationship between MoSak1 and MoTos3. Taken together, our data indicate that the SNF1 pathway is required for fungal development and facilitates pathogenicity by its contribution to peroxisomal maintenance and lipid metabolism in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Bin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Li L, Wang J, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liu M, Jiang H, Chai R, Mao X, Qiu H, Liu F, Sun G. MoPex19, which is essential for maintenance of peroxisomal structure and woronin bodies, is required for metabolism and development in the rice blast fungus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85252. [PMID: 24454828 PMCID: PMC3891873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are present ubiquitously and make important contributions to cellular metabolism in eukaryotes. They play crucial roles in pathogenicity of plant fungal pathogens. The peroxisomal matrix proteins and peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) are synthesized in the cytosol and imported post-translationally. Although the peroxisomal import machineries are generally conserved, some species-specific features were found in different types of organisms. In phytopathogenic fungi, the pathways of the matrix proteins have been elucidated, while the import machinery of PMPs remains obscure. Here, we report that MoPEX19, an ortholog of ScPEX19, was required for PMPs import and peroxisomal maintenance, and played crucial roles in metabolism and pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. MoPEX19 was expressed in a low level and Mopex19p was distributed in the cytoplasm and newly formed peroxisomes. MoPEX19 deletion led to mislocalization of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs), as well peroxisomal matrix proteins. Peroxisomal structures were totally absent in Δmopex19 mutants and woronin bodies also vanished. Δmopex19 exhibited metabolic deficiency typical in peroxisomal disorders and also abnormality in glyoxylate cycle which was undetected in the known mopex mutants. The Δmopex19 mutants performed multiple disorders in fungal development and pathogenicity-related morphogenesis, and lost completely the pathogenicity on its hosts. These data demonstrate that MoPEX19 plays crucial roles in maintenance of peroxisomal and peroxisome-derived structures and makes more contributions to fungal development and pathogenicity than the known MoPEX genes in the rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maoxin Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongyao Chai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (GS)
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (GS)
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WetA is required for conidiogenesis and conidium maturation in the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 13:87-98. [PMID: 24186953 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00220-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, a prominent fungal pathogen that infects major cereal crops, primarily utilizes asexual spores to spread disease. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying conidiogenesis in F. graminearum, we functionally characterized the F. graminearum ortholog of Aspergillus nidulans wetA, which has been shown to be involved in conidiogenesis and conidium maturation. Deletion of F. graminearum wetA did not alter mycelial growth, sexual development, or virulence, but the wetA deletion mutants produced longer conidia with fewer septa, and the conidia were sensitive to acute stresses, such as oxidative stress and heat stress. Furthermore, the survival rate of aged conidia from the F. graminearum wetA deletion mutants was reduced. The wetA deletion resulted in vigorous generation of single-celled conidia through autophagy-dependent microcycle conidiation, indicating that WetA functions to maintain conidial dormancy by suppressing microcycle conidiation in F. graminearum. Transcriptome analyses demonstrated that most of the putative conidiation-related genes are expressed constitutively and that only a few genes are specifically involved in F. graminearum conidiogenesis. The conserved and distinct roles identified for WetA in F. graminearum provide new insights into the genetics of conidiation in filamentous fungi.
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Peraza-Reyes L, Berteaux-Lecellier V. Peroxisomes and sexual development in fungi. Front Physiol 2013; 4:244. [PMID: 24046747 PMCID: PMC3764329 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are versatile and dynamic organelles that are essential for the development of most eukaryotic organisms. In fungi, many developmental processes, such as sexual development, require the activity of peroxisomes. Sexual reproduction in fungi involves the formation of meiotic-derived sexual spores, often takes place inside multicellular fruiting bodies and requires precise coordination between the differentiation of multiple cell types and the progression of karyogamy and meiosis. Different peroxisomal functions contribute to the orchestration of this complex developmental process. Peroxisomes are required to sustain the formation of fruiting bodies and the maturation and germination of sexual spores. They facilitate the mobilization of reserve compounds via fatty acid β-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle, allowing the generation of energy and biosynthetic precursors. Additionally, peroxisomes are implicated in the progression of meiotic development. During meiotic development in Podospora anserina, there is a precise modulation of peroxisome assembly and dynamics. This modulation includes changes in peroxisome size, number and localization, and involves a differential activity of the protein-machinery that drives the import of proteins into peroxisomes. Furthermore, karyogamy, entry into meiosis and sorting of meiotic-derived nuclei into sexual spores all require the activity of peroxisomes. These processes rely on different peroxisomal functions and likely depend on different pathways for peroxisome assembly. Indeed, emerging studies support the existence of distinct import channels for peroxisomal proteins that contribute to different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Peraza-Reyes
- CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, University Paris-Sud, UMR8621 Orsay, France
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PTS1 peroxisomal import pathway plays shared and distinct roles to PTS2 pathway in development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55554. [PMID: 23405169 PMCID: PMC3566003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes participate in various important metabolisms and are required in pathogenicity of fungal plant pathogens. Peroxisomal matrix proteins are imported from cytoplasm into peroxisomes through peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1) or peroxisomal targeting signal 2 (PTS2) import pathway. PEX5 and PEX7 genes participate in the two pathways respectively. The involvement of PEX7 mediated PTS2 import pathway in fungal pathogenicity has been documented, while that of PTS1 remains unclear. Through null mutant analysis of MoPEX5, the PEX5 homolog in Magnaporthe oryzae, we report the crucial roles of PTS1 pathway in the development and host infection in the rice blast fungus, and compared with those of PTS2. We found that MoPEX5 disruption specifically blocked the PTS1 pathway. Δmopex5 was unable to use lipids as sole carbon source and lost pathogenicity completely. Similar as Δmopex7, Δmopex5 exhibited significant reduction in lipid utilization and mobilization, appressorial turgor genesis and H2O2 resistance. Additionally, Δmopex5 presented some distinct defects which were undetected in Δmopex7 in vegetative growth, conidial morphogenesis, appressorial morphogenesis and melanization. The results indicated that the PTS1 peroxisomal import pathway, in addition to PTS2, is required for fungal development and pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus, and also, as a main peroxisomal import pathway, played a more predominant role than PTS2.
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50
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Dickman MB, Fluhr R. Centrality of host cell death in plant-microbe interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:543-70. [PMID: 23915134 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-173027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is essential for proper growth, development, and cellular homeostasis in all eukaryotes. The regulation of PCD is of central importance in plant-microbe interactions; notably, PCD and features associated with PCD are observed in many host resistance responses. Conversely, pathogen induction of inappropriate cell death in the host results in a susceptible phenotype and disease. Thus, the party in control of PCD has a distinct advantage in these battles. PCD processes appear to be of ancient origin, as indicated by the fact that many features of cell death strategy are conserved between animals and plants; however, some of the details of death execution differ. Mammalian core PCD genes, such as caspases, are not present in plant genomes. Similarly, pro- and antiapoptotic mammalian regulatory elements are absent in plants, but, remarkably, when expressed in plants, successfully impact plant PCD. Thus, subtle structural similarities independent of sequence homology appear to sustain operational equivalence. The vacuole is emerging as a key organelle in the modulation of plant PCD. Under different signals for cell death, the vacuole either fuses with the plasmalemma membrane or disintegrates. Moreover, the vacuole appears to play a key role in autophagy; evidence suggests a prosurvival function for autophagy, but other studies propose a prodeath phenotype. Here, we describe and discuss what we know and what we do not know about various PCD pathways and how the host integrates signals to activate salicylic acid and reactive oxygen pathways that orchestrate cell death. We suggest that it is not cell death as such but rather the processes leading to cell death that contribute to the outcome of a given plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Cell Death and Differentiation, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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