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Vo KTX, Rahman MM, Rahman MM, Trinh KTT, Kim ST, Jeon JS. Proteomics and Metabolomics Studies on the Biotic Stress Responses of Rice: an Update. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:30. [PMID: 33721115 PMCID: PMC7960847 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stresses represent a serious threat to rice production to meet global food demand and thus pose a major challenge for scientists, who need to understand the intricate defense mechanisms. Proteomics and metabolomics studies have found global changes in proteins and metabolites during defense responses of rice exposed to biotic stressors, and also reported the production of specific secondary metabolites (SMs) in some cultivars that may vary depending on the type of biotic stress and the time at which the stress is imposed. The most common changes were seen in photosynthesis which is modified differently by rice plants to conserve energy, disrupt food supply for biotic stress agent, and initiate defense mechanisms or by biotic stressors to facilitate invasion and acquire nutrients, depending on their feeding style. Studies also provide evidence for the correlation between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and photorespiration and photosynthesis which can broaden our understanding on the balance of ROS production and scavenging in rice-pathogen interaction. Variation in the generation of phytohormones is also a key response exploited by rice and pathogens for their own benefit. Proteomics and metabolomics studies in resistant and susceptible rice cultivars upon pathogen attack have helped to identify the proteins and metabolites related to specific defense mechanisms, where choosing of an appropriate method to identify characterized or novel proteins and metabolites is essential, considering the outcomes of host-pathogen interactions. Despites the limitation in identifying the whole repertoire of responsive metabolites, some studies have shed light on functions of resistant-specific SMs. Lastly, we illustrate the potent metabolites responsible for resistance to different biotic stressors to provide valuable targets for further investigation and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieu Thi Xuan Vo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Md Mizanor Rahman
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Md Mustafizur Rahman
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Kieu Thi Thuy Trinh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463 South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
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Ma J, Yang S, Wang D, Tang K, Feng XX, Feng XZ. Genetic Mapping of a Light-Dependent Lesion Mimic Mutant Reveals the Function of Coproporphyrinogen III Oxidase Homolog in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:557. [PMID: 32457787 PMCID: PMC7227399 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants provide ideal genetic materials for elucidating the molecular mechanism of cell death and disease resistance. Here, we isolated a Glycine max lesion mimic mutant 2-1 (Gmlmm2-1), which displayed a light-dependent cell death phenotype. Map-based cloning revealed that GmLMM2 encods a coproporphyrinogen III oxidase and participates in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. Knockout of GmLMM2 led to necrotic spots on developing leaves of CRISPR/Cas9 induced mutants. The GmLMM2 defect decreased the chlorophyll content by disrupting tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and enhanced resistance to Phytophthora sojae. These results suggested that GmLMM2 gene played an important role in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole and light-dependent defense in soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kuanqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Xing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Zhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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Yan H, Jia S, Mao P. Melatonin Priming Alleviates Aging-Induced Germination Inhibition by Regulating β-oxidation, Protein Translation, and Antioxidant Metabolism in Oat ( Avena sativa L.) Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051898. [PMID: 32164355 PMCID: PMC7084597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although melatonin has been reported to play an important role in regulating metabolic events under adverse stresses, its underlying mechanisms on germination in aged seeds remain unclear. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of melatonin priming (MP) on embryos of aged oat seeds in relation to germination, ultrastructural changes, antioxidant responses, and protein profiles. Proteomic analysis revealed, in total, 402 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in normal, aged, and aged + MP embryos. The downregulated DEPs in aged embryos were enriched in sucrose metabolism, glycolysis, β-oxidation of lipid, and protein synthesis. MP (200 μM) turned four downregulated DEPs into upregulated DEPs, among which, especially 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase-like protein (KATLP) involved in the β-oxidation pathway played a key role in maintaining TCA cycle stability and providing more energy for protein translation. Furthermore, it was found that MP enhanced antioxidant capacity in the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) system, declined reactive oxygen species (ROS), and improved cell ultrastructure. These results indicated that the impaired germination and seedling growth of aged seeds could be rescued to a certain level by melatonin, predominantly depending on β-oxidation, protein translation, and antioxidant protection of AsA-GSH. This work reveals new insights into melatonin-mediated mechanisms from protein profiles that occur in embryos of oat seeds processed by both aging and priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yan
- Forage Seed Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (S.J.)
- Grassland Agri-husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shangang Jia
- Forage Seed Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (S.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Science, Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peisheng Mao
- Forage Seed Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (S.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Science, Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-62733311
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Gao Z, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Fang H, Zhang Y, Sinumporn S, Abbas A, Ning Y, Wang GL, Cheng S, Cao L. A proteomic approach identifies novel proteins and metabolites for lesion mimic formation and disease resistance enhancement in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 287:110182. [PMID: 31481196 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants are ideal genetic materials to study programmed cell death and defense signaling in plants. However, the molecular basis of lesion mimic formation remains largely unknown. Here, we first used a proteomic approach to identify differentially expressed proteins during dynamic lesion mimic formation in the rice oscul3a mutant, then electron microscope observation and physiological assays were used to analyze the mutant. The oscul3a mutant had disrupted cell metabolism balance, and the identified differentially expressed proteins were mainly located in the chloroplast and cytoplasm, which caused enhanced lipid metabolism, but suppressed carbon/nitrogen metabolism with reduced growth and grain quality. The oscul3a mutant had higher salicylic acid (SA) concentration in leaves, and H2O2 was shown to accumulate late in the formation of lesions. The secondary metabolite coumarin induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and had rice blast resistance activity. Moreover, the cell death initiated lesion mimic formation of oscul3a mutant was light-sensitive, which might be associated with metabolite biosynthesis and accumulation. This study sheds light on the metabolic transition associated with cell death and defense response, which is under tight regulation by OsCUL3a and metabolism-related proteins, and the newly identified chemicals in the secondary metabolic pathway can potentially be used to control disease in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qunen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sittipun Sinumporn
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China; Thung Kula Ronghai Roi Et Campus, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
| | - Adil Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Shihua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liyong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
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Proteomics Analysis to Identify Proteins and Pathways Associated with the Novel Lesion Mimic Mutant E40 in Rice Using iTRAQ-Based Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061294. [PMID: 30875808 PMCID: PMC6471476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel rice lesion mimic mutant (LMM) was isolated from the mutant population of Japonica rice cultivar Hitomebore generated by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treatment. Compared with the wild-type (WT), the mutant, tentatively designated E40, developed necrotic lesions over the whole growth period along with detectable changes in several important agronomic traits including lower height, fewer tillers, lower yield, and premature death. To understand the molecular mechanism of mutation-induced phenotypic differences in E40, a proteomics-based approach was used to identify differentially accumulated proteins between E40 and WT. Proteomic data from isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) showed that 233 proteins were significantly up- or down-regulated in E40 compared with WT. These proteins are involved in diverse biological processes, but phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was the only up-regulated pathway. Differential expression of the genes encoding some candidate proteins with significant up- or down-regulation in E40 were further verified by qPCR. Consistent with the proteomic results, substance and energy flow in E40 shifted from basic metabolism to secondary metabolism, mainly phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, which is likely involved in the formation of leaf spots.
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Xu M, He D, Teng H, Chen L, Song H, Huang Q. Physiological and proteomic analyses of coix seed aging during storage. Food Chem 2018; 260:82-89. [PMID: 29699686 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although a series of physio-biochemical changes of coix seed occur during the storage, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the aging mechanism of coix seed during storage. Proteome patterns of coix seed stored for 1-month, 5-month and 10-month at room temperature were compared using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectra. Thirty-one differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected, which involved seven pathways including starch and sucrose metabolism, carbon metabolism, RNA transport, proteasome, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, and RNA degradation. Sucrose synthase 1 was associated with sucrose metabolism and affected the sucrose content during the storage. Increased ambient temperature enhanced respiration of coix after 5-month storage, and overexpression of aconitate hydratase 2 promoted the generation of energy. In addition, the proteins involved in the antioxidant system and resistance stimulus of coix seed were mostly up-regulated during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Xu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dan He
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hui Teng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Hongbo Song
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Qun Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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Characterization and Identification of a woody lesion mimic mutant lmd, showing defence response and resistance to Alternaria alternate in birch. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11308. [PMID: 28900274 PMCID: PMC5595973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants (LMM) usually show spontaneous cell death and enhanced defence responses similar to hypersensitive response (HR) in plants. Many LMM have been reported in rice, wheat, maize, barley, Arabidopsis, etc., but little was reported in xylophyta. BpGH3.5 is an early auxin-response factor which regulates root elongation in birch. Here, we found a T-DNA insertion mutant in a BpGH3.5 transgenic line named lmd showing typical LMM characters and early leaf senescence in Betula platyphylla × B. pendula. lmd showed H2O2 accumulation, increased SA level and enhanced resistance to Alternaria alternate, compared with oe21 (another BpGH3.5 transgenic line) and NT (non-transgenic line). Cellular structure observation showed that programmed cell death occurred in lmd leaves. Stereomicroscope observation and Evans’ blue staining indicated that lmd is a member of initiation class of LMM. Transcriptome analysis indicated that defence response-related pathways were enriched. Southern-blot indicated that there were two insertion sites in lmd genome. Genome re-sequencing and thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR) confirmed the two insertion sites, one of which is a T-DNA insertion in the promoter of BpEIL1 that may account for the lesion mimic phenotype. This study will benefit future research on programmed cell death, HR and disease resistance in woody plants.
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Luo Q, Peng M, Zhang X, Lei P, Ji X, Chow W, Meng F, Sun G. Comparative mitochondrial proteomic, physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural profiling reveal factors underpinning salt tolerance in tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). BMC Genomics 2017; 18:648. [PMID: 28830360 PMCID: PMC5568289 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polyploidy is an important phenomenon in plants because of its roles in agricultural and forestry production as well as in plant tolerance to environmental stresses. Tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a polyploid plant and a pioneer tree species due to its wide ranging adaptability to adverse environments. To evaluate the ploidy-dependent differences in leaf mitochondria between diploid and tetraploid black locust under salinity stress, we conducted comparative proteomic, physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural profiling of mitochondria from leaves. Results Mitochondrial proteomic analysis was performed with 2-DE and MALDI-TOF-MS, and the ultrastructure of leaf mitochondria was observed by transmission electron microscopy. According to 2-DE analysis, 66 proteins that responded to salinity stress significantly were identified from diploid and/or tetraploid plants and classified into 9 functional categories. Assays of physiological characters indicated that tetraploids were more tolerant to salinity stress than diploids. The mitochondrial ultrastructure of diploids was damaged more severely under salinity stress than that of tetraploids. Conclusions Tetraploid black locust possessed more tolerance of, and ability to acclimate to, salinity stress than diploids, which may be attributable to the ability to maintain mitochondrial structure and to trigger different expression patterns of mitochondrial proteins during salinity stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4038-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Luo
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mu Peng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Pei Lei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ximei Ji
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Wahsoon Chow
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Fanjuan Meng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Guanyu Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Liu S, Fu C, Gou J, Sun L, Huhman D, Zhang Y, Wang ZY. Simultaneous Downregulation of MTHFR and COMT in Switchgrass Affects Plant Performance and Induces Lesion-Mimic Cell Death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:982. [PMID: 28676804 PMCID: PMC5476930 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has been developed into a model lignocellulosic bioenergy crop. Downregulation of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, has been shown to alter lignification and increase biofuel yield in switchgrass. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mediates C1 metabolism and provides methyl units consumed by COMT. It was predicted that co-silencing of MTHFR and COMT would impact lignification even more than either of the single genes. However, our results showed that strong downregulation of MTHFR in a COMT-deficient background led to altered plant growth and development, but no significant change in lignin content or composition was found when compared with COMT plants. Another unexpected finding was that the double MTHFR/COMT downregulated plants showed a novel lesion-mimic leaf phenotype. Molecular analyses revealed that the lesion-mimic phenotype was caused by the synergistic effect of MTHFR and COMT genes, with MTHFR playing a predominant role. Microarray analysis showed significant induction of genes related to oxidative and defense responses. The results demonstrated the lack of additive effects of MTHFR and COMT on lignification. Furthermore, this research revealed an unexpected role of the two genes in the modulation of lesion-mimic cell death as well as their synergistic effects on agronomic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, National Energy R&D Center for BiomassBeijing, China
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, United States
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China
| | - Jiqing Gou
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (DOE), Oak RidgeTN, United States
| | - Liang Sun
- Computing Services, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, United States
| | - David Huhman
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, United States
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, National Energy R&D Center for BiomassBeijing, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (DOE), Oak RidgeTN, United States
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Gani Z, Boradia VM, Raghu Ram J, Suryavanshi PM, Patil P, Kumar S, Singh R, Raje M, Raje CI. Purification and characterization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from pea seeds. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 127:22-27. [PMID: 27389468 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH, NAD + oxidoreductase (phosphorylating) 1.2.1.12] catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate coupled with the reduction of NAD(+) to NADH. In addition to its role in glycolysis, this enzyme has numerous alternate functions, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In plants, additional functions have been reported from multiple species including Pisum sativum. A recent study has identified that GAPDH may play an important role in seed ageing and programmed cell death. Despite this the existing purification protocols are almost 40 years old, and only partial characterization of the enzyme has been reported. In the current study, we report a modified method for purification of enzymatically active pea seed GAPDH along with the characterization of the enzyme. Using 2D gel electrophoresis our study also demonstrates that pea seeds contain four isoforms of NAD(+) dependent GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Gani
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160067, India
| | - Vishant Mahendra Boradia
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160067, India
| | - Janaki Raghu Ram
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160067, India
| | - Prashant Mohan Suryavanshi
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160067, India
| | - Pravinkumar Patil
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160067, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, 160037, India
| | - Ranvir Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160067, India
| | - Manoj Raje
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, 160037, India
| | - Chaaya Iyengar Raje
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160067, India.
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Castillejo MÁ, Bani M, Rubiales D. Understanding pea resistance mechanisms in response to Fusarium oxysporum through proteomic analysis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 115:44-58. [PMID: 25672548 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop) is an important and destructive pathogen affecting pea crop (Pisum sativum) throughout the world. Control of this disease is achieved mainly by integration of different disease management procedures. However, the constant evolution of the pathogen drives the necessity to broaden the molecular basis of resistance to Fop. Our proteomic study was performed on pea with the aim of identifying proteins involved in different resistance mechanisms operating during F. oxysporum infection. For such purpose, we used a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF) analysis to study the root proteome of three pea genotypes showing different resistance response to Fop race 2. Multivariate statistical analysis identified 132 differential protein spots under the experimental conditions (genotypes/treatments). All of these protein spots were subjected to mass spectrometry analysis to deduce their possible functions. A total of 53 proteins were identified using a combination of peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) and MSMS fragmentation. The following main functional categories were assigned to the identified proteins: carbohydrate and energy metabolism, nucleotides and aminoacid metabolism, signal transduction and cellular process, folding and degradation, redox and homeostasis, defense, biosynthetic process and transcription/translation. Results obtained in this work suggest that the most susceptible genotypes have increased levels of enzymes involved in the production of reducing power which could then be used as cofactor for enzymes of the redox reactions. This is in concordance with the fact that a ROS burst occurred in the same genotypes, as well as an increase of PR proteins. Conversely, in the resistant genotype proteins responsible to induce changes in the membrane and cell wall composition related to reinforcement were identified. Results are discussed in terms of the differential response to Fop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moustafa Bani
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain; Biotechnology Department, University of Blida, 09000 Blida, Algeria
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
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12
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Kim NH, Hwang BK. Pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase CaALDH1 interacts with Xanthomonas effector AvrBsT and promotes effector-triggered cell death and defence responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3367-80. [PMID: 25873668 PMCID: PMC4449550 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas type III effector AvrBsT induces hypersensitive cell death and defence responses in pepper (Capsicum annuum) and Nicotiana benthamiana. Little is known about the host factors that interact with AvrBsT. Here, we identified pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (CaALDH1) as an AvrBsT-interacting protein. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between CaALDH1 and AvrBsT in planta. CaALDH1:smGFP fluorescence was detected in the cytoplasm. CaALDH1 expression in pepper was rapidly and strongly induced by avirulent Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) Ds1 (avrBsT) infection. Transient co-expression of CaALDH1 with avrBsT significantly enhanced avrBsT-triggered cell death in N. benthamiana leaves. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was higher in leaves transiently expressing CaALDH1, suggesting that CaALDH1 acts as a cell death enhancer, independently of AvrBsT. CaALDH1 silencing disrupted phenolic compound accumulation, H2O2 production, defence response gene expression, and cell death during avirulent Xcv Ds1 (avrBsT) infection. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing CaALDH1 exhibited enhanced defence response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis infection. These results indicate that cytoplasmic CaALDH1 interacts with AvrBsT and promotes plant cell death and defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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Suárez-López P, Tsuji H, Coupland G. A tribute to Ko Shimamoto (1949-2013). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6755-6759. [PMID: 24642851 PMCID: PMC4246175 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Suárez-López
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
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14
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Zhao J, Yang Y, Kang Z. Proteomic analysis of rice nonhost resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici using two-dimensional electrophoresis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21644-59. [PMID: 25429427 PMCID: PMC4284669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151221644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the only widely cultivated gramineous crops that cannot be infected by rust fungi. To decipher the molecular basis of rice nonhost resistance (NHR) to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal agent of wheat stripe rust, proteomic analysis was performed using the two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) technique. The expressed proteins from rice leaves 24 and 48 h post inoculation with Pst and from mock-inoculated leaves were identified. Quantitative analysis revealed a total of 27 differentially expressed proteins in response to Pst inoculation. Most of these proteins fall into the category "response to stimulus" and are involved in basic resistance processes, such as glycerol-3-phosphate and hydrogen peroxide signaling. A homologue of wheat leaf rust resistance protein Lr10 was also identified, implicating multiple layers of plant defense are implicated in rice NHR to Pst. These results demonstrate an intrinsic relationship between host and nonhost resistance. Changes in abundance of these proteins, together with their putative functions reveal a comprehensive profile of rice NHR to Pst and provide new insights into plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yuheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China.
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15
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Spagnolo A, Magnin-Robert M, Alayi TD, Cilindre C, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Van Dorsselaer A, Clément C, Larignon P, Ramirez-Suero M, Chong J, Bertsch C, Abou-Mansour E, Fontaine F. Differential responses of three grapevine cultivars to Botryosphaeria dieback. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:1021-35. [PMID: 24724741 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-14-0007-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Botryosphaeria dieback is a fungal grapevine trunk disease that represents a threat for viticulture worldwide due to the decreased production of affected plants and their premature death. This dieback is characterized by a typical wood discoloration called brown stripe. Herein, a proteome comparison of the brown striped wood from Botryosphaeria dieback-affected standing vines cultivars Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer, and Mourvèdre was performed. The transcript analysis for 15 targeted genes and the quantification of both total phenolics and specific stilbenes were also performed. Several pathogenesis-related proteins and members of the antioxidant system were more abundant in the brown striped wood of the three cultivars, whereas other defense-related proteins were less abundant. Additionally, total phenolics and some specific stilbenes were more accumulated in the brown striped wood. Strongest differences among the cultivars concerned proteins of the primary metabolism, which looked to be particularly impaired in the brown striped wood of 'Chardonnay'. Low abundance of some proteins involved in defense response probably contributes to make global response insufficient to avoid the symptom development. The differential susceptibility of the three grapevine cultivars could be linked to the diverse expression of various proteins involved in defense response, stress tolerance, and metabolism.
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16
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Spagnolo A, Larignon P, Magnin-Robert M, Hovasse A, Cilindre C, Van Dorsselaer A, Clément C, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Fontaine F. Flowering as the most highly sensitive period of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Mourvèdre) to the Botryosphaeria dieback agents Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia seriata infection. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9644-69. [PMID: 24886812 PMCID: PMC4100114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botryosphaeria dieback is a fungal grapevine trunk disease that currently represents a threat for viticulture worldwide because of the important economical losses due to reduced yield of affected plants and their premature death. Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia seriata are among the causal agents. Vine green stems were artificially infected with N. parvum or D. seriata at the onset of three different phenological stages (G stage (separated clusters), flowering and veraison). Highest mean lesion lengths were recorded at flowering. Major proteome changes associated to artificial infections during the three different phenological stages were also reported using two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D)-based analysis. Twenty (G stage), 15 (flowering) and 13 (veraison) differentially expressed protein spots were subjected to nanoLC-MS/MS and a total of 247, 54 and 25 proteins were respectively identified. At flowering, a weaker response to the infection was likely activated as compared to the other stages, and some defense-related proteins were even down regulated (e.g., superoxide dismutase, major latex-like protein, and pathogenesis related protein 10). Globally, the flowering period seemed to represent the period of highest sensitivity of grapevine to Botryosphaeria dieback agent infection, possibly being related to the high metabolic activity in the inflorescences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Spagnolo
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, Reims (Cedex 2) 51687, France.
| | - Philippe Larignon
- Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin Pôle Rhône-Méditerranée, France, Domaine de Donadille, Rodilhan 30230, France.
| | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, Reims (Cedex 2) 51687, France.
| | - Agnès Hovasse
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, UMR 7178, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bioorganique, Strasbourg 67087, France.
| | - Clara Cilindre
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, Reims (Cedex 2) 51687, France.
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, UMR 7178, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bioorganique, Strasbourg 67087, France.
| | - Christophe Clément
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, Reims (Cedex 2) 51687, France.
| | - Christine Schaeffer-Reiss
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, UMR 7178, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bioorganique, Strasbourg 67087, France.
| | - Florence Fontaine
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, Reims (Cedex 2) 51687, France.
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17
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Identification of proteins of altered abundance in oil palm infected with Ganoderma boninense. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5175-92. [PMID: 24663087 PMCID: PMC3975447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15035175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal stem rot is a common disease that affects oil palm, causing loss of yield and finally killing the trees. The disease, caused by fungus Ganoderma boninense, devastates thousands of hectares of oil palm plantings in Southeast Asia every year. In the present study, root proteins of healthy oil palm seedlings, and those infected with G. boninense, were analyzed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). When the 2-DE profiles were analyzed for proteins, which exhibit consistent significant change of abundance upon infection with G. boninense, 21 passed our screening criteria. Subsequent analyses by mass spectrometry and database search identified caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, enolase, fructokinase, cysteine synthase, malate dehydrogenase, and ATP synthase as among proteins of which abundances were markedly altered.
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18
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Zila CT, Samayoa LF, Santiago R, Butrón A, Holland JB. A genome-wide association study reveals genes associated with fusarium ear rot resistance in a maize core diversity panel. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2013; 3:2095-104. [PMID: 24048647 PMCID: PMC3815068 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.007328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium ear rot is a common disease of maize that affects food and feed quality globally. Resistance to the disease is highly quantitative, and maize breeders have difficulty incorporating polygenic resistance alleles from unadapted donor sources into elite breeding populations without having a negative impact on agronomic performance. Identification of specific allele variants contributing to improved resistance may be useful to breeders by allowing selection of resistance alleles in coupling phase linkage with favorable agronomic characteristics. We report the results of a genome-wide association study to detect allele variants associated with increased resistance to Fusarium ear rot in a maize core diversity panel of 267 inbred lines evaluated in two sets of environments. We performed association tests with 47,445 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) while controlling for background genomic relationships with a mixed model and identified three marker loci significantly associated with disease resistance in at least one subset of environments. Each associated SNP locus had relatively small additive effects on disease resistance (±1.1% on a 0-100% scale), but nevertheless were associated with 3 to 12% of the genotypic variation within or across environment subsets. Two of three identified SNPs colocalized with genes that have been implicated with programmed cell death. An analysis of associated allele frequencies within the major maize subpopulations revealed enrichment for resistance alleles in the tropical/subtropical and popcorn subpopulations compared with other temperate breeding pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T. Zila
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | | | | | - Ana Butrón
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, CSIC, Pontevedra, Spain, 36080
| | - James B. Holland
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
- U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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Proteome Analysis of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Mutants Reveals Differentially Induced Proteins during Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) Infestation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3921-45. [PMID: 23434671 PMCID: PMC3588078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although rice resistance plays an important role in controlling the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, not all varieties have the same level of protection against BPH infestation. Understanding the molecular interactions in rice defense response is an important tool to help to reveal unexplained processes that underlie rice resistance to BPH. A proteomics approach was used to explore how wild type IR64 and near-isogenic rice mutants with gain and loss of resistance to BPH respond during infestation. A total of 65 proteins were found markedly altered in wild type IR64 during BPH infestation. Fifty-two proteins associated with 11 functional categories were identified using mass spectrometry. Protein abundance was less altered at 2 and 14 days after infestation (DAI) (T1, T2, respectively), whereas higher protein levels were observed at 28 DAI (T3). This trend diminished at 34 DAI (T4). Comparative analysis of IR64 with mutants showed 22 proteins that may be potentially associated with rice resistance to the brown planthopper (BPH). Ten proteins were altered in susceptible mutant (D1131) whereas abundance of 12 proteins including S-like RNase, Glyoxalase I, EFTu1 and Salt stress root protein “RS1” was differentially changed in resistant mutant (D518). S-like RNase was found in greater quantities in D518 after BPH infestation but remained unchanged in IR64 and decreased in D1131. Taken together, this study shows a noticeable level of protein abundance in the resistant mutant D518 compared to the susceptible mutant D1131 that may be involved in rendering enhanced level of resistance against BPH.
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20
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Chen X, Fu S, Zhang P, Gu Z, Liu J, Qian Q, Ma B. Proteomic analysis of a disease-resistance-enhanced lesion mimic mutant spotted leaf 5 in rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 6:1. [PMID: 24280096 PMCID: PMC5394886 DOI: 10.1186/1939-8433-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A lesion-mimic mutant in rice (Oryza sativa L.), spotted leaf 5 (spl5), displays a disease-resistance-enhanced phenotype, indicating that SPL5 negatively regulates cell death and resistance responses. To understand the molecular mechanisms of SPL5 mutation-induced cell death and resistance responses, a proteomics-based approach was used to identify differentially accumulated proteins between the spl5 mutant and wild type (WT). RESULTS Proteomic data from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that 14 candidate proteins were significantly up- or down-regulated in the spl5 mutant compared with WT. These proteins are involved in diverse biological processes including pre-mRNA splicing, amino acid metabolism, photosynthesis, glycolysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and defense responses. Two candidate proteins with a significant up-regulation in spl5 - APX7, a key ROS metabolism enzyme and Chia2a, a pathogenesis-related protein - were further analyzed by qPCR and enzyme activity assays. Consistent with the proteomic results, both transcript levels and enzyme activities of APX7 and Chia2a were significantly induced during the course of lesion formation in spl5 leaves. CONCLUSIONS Many functional proteins involving various metabolisms were likely to be responsible for the lesion formation of spl5 mutant. Generally, in spl5, the up-regulated proteins involve in defense response or PCD, and the down-regulated ones involve in amino acid metabolism and photosynthesis. These results may help to gain new insight into the molecular mechanism underlying spl5-induced cell death and disease resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Chen
- College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| | - Shufang Fu
- College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| | - Pinghua Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| | - Zhimin Gu
- College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| | - Qian Qian
- China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Bojun Ma
- College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
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22
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Bernardo L, Prinsi B, Negri AS, Cattivelli L, Espen L, Valè G. Proteomic characterization of the Rph15 barley resistance gene-mediated defence responses to leaf rust. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:642. [PMID: 23167439 PMCID: PMC3541957 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia hordei, is one of the most important foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and represents a serious threat in many production regions of the world. The leaf rust resistance gene Rph15 is of outstanding interest for resistance breeding because it confers resistance to over 350 Puccinia hordei isolates collected from around the world. Molecular and biochemical mechanisms responsible for the Rph15 effectiveness are currently not investigated. The aim of the present work was to study the Rph15-based defence responses using a proteomic approach. Results Protein pattern changes in response to the leaf rust pathogen infection were investigated in two barley near isogenic lines (NILs), Bowman (leaf rust susceptible) and Bowman-Rph15 (leaf rust resistant), differing for the introgression of the leaf rust resistance gene Rph15. Two infection time points, 24 hours and four days post inoculation (dpi), were analysed. No statistically significant differences were identified at the early time point, while at 4 dpi eighteen protein spots were significantly up or down regulated with a fold-change equal or higher than two in response to pathogen infection. Almost all the pathogen-responsive proteins were identified in the Bowman-Rph15 resistant NIL. Protein spots were characterized by LC-MS/MS analysis and found to be involved in photosynthesis and energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, protein degradation and defence. Proteomic data were complemented by transcriptional analysis of the respective genes. The identified proteins can be related to modulation of the photosynthetic apparatus components, re-direction of the metabolism to sustain defence responses and deployment of defence proteins. Conclusions The identification of leaf rust infection-modulated defence responses restricted to the resistant NIL support the hypothesis that basal defence responses of Bowman, but not the Rph15 resistance gene-based ones, are suppressed or delayed by pathogen effectors to levels below the detection power of the adopted proteomic approach. Additionally, Rph15-mediated resistance processes identified mainly resides on a modulation of primary metabolism, affecting photosyntesis and carbohydrate pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Bernardo
- CRA-Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, PC I-29017, Italy
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23
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Spagnolo A, Magnin-Robert M, Alayi TD, Cilindre C, Mercier L, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Van Dorsselaer A, Clément C, Fontaine F. Physiological changes in green stems of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay in response to esca proper and apoplexy revealed by proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:461-75. [PMID: 22050466 DOI: 10.1021/pr200892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Among grapevine trunk diseases, esca proper and apoplexy commonly represent a threat for viticulture worldwide. To retrieve further information about the mechanisms activated in apoplectic and esca proper-affected plants, a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) based analysis was conducted on green stems from 26-year-old standing vines. Symptomatic and asymptomatic stems from both apoplectic (A) and esca proper-affected (E) plants compared to control (without visual symptom since 10 years) stems were studied. Thirty-three differentially expressed proteins were identified by nanoLC-MS/MS and included into three groups conceptually defined as proteins involved in (i) metabolism and energy, (ii) stress tolerance, and (iii) defense response. For nine of them, expression of the relative mRNA's was also monitored by qRT-PCR. Proteome variations were specifically related to apoplexy and esca proper but were more similar in asymptomatic stems than in the symptomatic ones. Remarkable quantitative differences were noted for several proteins in symptomatic stems according to the expressed form, A and E. Results further indicate that similar responses are likely activated in asymptomatic stems but a various quantitative expression is triggered upon onset of apoplexy or esca proper symptoms while both kind of plants are infected by the same pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Spagnolo
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 2069, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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Milli A, Cecconi D, Bortesi L, Persi A, Rinalducci S, Zamboni A, Zoccatelli G, Lovato A, Zolla L, Polverari A. Proteomic analysis of the compatible interaction between Vitis vinifera and Plasmopara viticola. J Proteomics 2011; 75:1284-302. [PMID: 22120121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the proteome of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) leaves 24, 48 and 96 h post infection (hpi) with the downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola. Total proteins were separated on 2-DE gels. By MS analysis, we identified 82 unique grapevine proteins differentially expressed after infection. Upregulated proteins were often included in the functional categories of general metabolism and stress response, while proteins related to photosynthesis and energy production were mostly downregulated. As expected, the activation of a defense reaction was observed more often at the late time point, consistent with the establishment of a compatible interaction. Most proteins involved in resistance were isoforms of different PR-10 pathogenesis-related proteins. Although >50 differentially expressed protein isoforms were observed at 24 and 96 hpi, only 18 were detected at 48 hpi and no defense-related proteins were among this group. This profile suggests a transient breakdown in defense responses accompanying the onset of disease, further supported by gene expression analyses and by a western blot analysis of a PR-10 protein. Our data reveal the complex modulation of plant metabolism and defense responses during compatible interactions, and provide insight into the underlying molecular processes which may eventually yield novel strategies for pathogen control in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Milli
- Dept. of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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25
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Palomares-Rius JE, Castillo P, Navas-Cortés JA, Jiménez-Díaz RM, Tena M. A proteomic study of in-root interactions between chickpea pathogens: The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne artiellia and the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2034-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Afroz A, Ali GM, Mir A, Komatsu S. Application of proteomics to investigate stress-induced proteins for improvement in crop protection. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:745-63. [PMID: 21287176 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics has contributed to defining the specific functions of genes and proteins involved in plant-pathogen interactions. Proteomic studies have led to the identification of many pathogenicity and defense-related genes and proteins expressed during phytopathogen infections, resulting in the collection of an enormous amount of data. However, the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions remains an intensely active area of investigation. In this review, the role of differential analysis of proteins expressed during fungal, bacterial, and viral infection is discussed, as well as the role of JA and SA in the production of stress related proteins. Resistance acquired upon induction of stress related proteins in intact plant leaves is mediated by potentiation of pathogens via signal elicitors. Stress related genes extensively used in biotechnology had been cited. Stress related proteins identified must be followed through for studying the molecular mechanism for plant defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Afroz
- Plant Biotechnology Program, National Agriculture Research Center, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
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27
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Lowe I, Cantu D, Dubcovsky J. Durable resistance to the wheat rusts: Integrating systems biology and traditional phenotype-based research methods to guide the deployment of resistance genes. EUPHYTICA: NETHERLANDS JOURNAL OF PLANT BREEDING 2011. [PMID: 26900170 DOI: 10.1007/s10681‐010‐0311‐z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genes which confer partial resistance to the rusts in wheat figure prominently in discussions of potential durable resistance strategies. The positional cloning of the first of these genes, Lr34/Yr18 and Yr36, has revealed different protein structures, suggesting that the category of partial resistance genes, as defined by phenotype, likely groups together suites of functionally heterogenous genes. With the number of mapped partial rust resistance genes increasing rapidly as a result of ongoing advances in marker and sequencing technologies, breeding programs needing to select and prioritize genes for deployment confront a fundamental question: which genes or gene combinations are more likely to provide durable protection against these evolving pathogens? We argue that a refined classification of partial rust resistance genes is required to start answering this question, one based not merely on disease phenotype but also on gene cloning, molecular functional characterization, and interactions with other host and pathogen proteins. Combined with accurate and detailed disease phenotyping and standard genetic studies, an integrated wheat-rust interactome promises to provide the basis for a functional classification of partial resistance genes and thus a conceptual framework for their rational deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago Lowe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616, U.S.A
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Lowe I, Cantu D, Dubcovsky J. Durable resistance to the wheat rusts: Integrating systems biology and traditional phenotype-based research methods to guide the deployment of resistance genes. EUPHYTICA: NETHERLANDS JOURNAL OF PLANT BREEDING 2011; 179:69-79. [PMID: 26900170 PMCID: PMC4756431 DOI: 10.1007/s10681-010-0311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genes which confer partial resistance to the rusts in wheat figure prominently in discussions of potential durable resistance strategies. The positional cloning of the first of these genes, Lr34/Yr18 and Yr36, has revealed different protein structures, suggesting that the category of partial resistance genes, as defined by phenotype, likely groups together suites of functionally heterogenous genes. With the number of mapped partial rust resistance genes increasing rapidly as a result of ongoing advances in marker and sequencing technologies, breeding programs needing to select and prioritize genes for deployment confront a fundamental question: which genes or gene combinations are more likely to provide durable protection against these evolving pathogens? We argue that a refined classification of partial rust resistance genes is required to start answering this question, one based not merely on disease phenotype but also on gene cloning, molecular functional characterization, and interactions with other host and pathogen proteins. Combined with accurate and detailed disease phenotyping and standard genetic studies, an integrated wheat-rust interactome promises to provide the basis for a functional classification of partial resistance genes and thus a conceptual framework for their rational deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago Lowe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616, U.S.A
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Gan Q, Bai H, Zhao X, Tao Y, Zeng H, Han Y, Song W, Zhu L, Liu G. Transcriptional characteristics of Xa21-mediated defense responses in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:300-311. [PMID: 21324061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is the most destructive bacterial disease of rice. The cloned rice gene Xa21 confers resistance to a broad spectrum of Xoo races. To identify genes involved in Xa21-mediated immunity, a whole-genome oligonucleotide microarray of rice was used to profile the expression of rice genes between incompatible interactions and mock treatments at 0, 4, 8, 24, 72 and 120 h post inoculation (hpi) or between incompatible and compatible interactions at 4 hpi, respectively. A total of 441 differentially expressed genes, designated as XDGs (Xa21 mediated differentially expressed genes), were identified. Based on their functional annotations, the XDGs were assigned to 14 categories, including defense-related, signaling, transcriptional regulators. Most of the defense-related genes belonged to the pathogenesis-related gene family, which was induced dramatically at 72 and 120 hpi. Interestingly, most signaling and transcriptional regulator genes were downregulated at 4 and 8 hpi, suggesting that negative regulation of cellular signaling may play a role in the Xa21-mediated defense response. Comparison of expression profiles between Xa21- and other R gene-mediated defense systems revealed interesting common responses. Representative XDGs with supporting evidences were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gan
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Margaria P, Palmano S. Response of the Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Nebbiolo' proteome to Flavescence dorée phytoplasma infection. Proteomics 2010; 11:212-24. [PMID: 21204249 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée is a serious phytoplasma disease affecting grapevine in several European countries. We studied the interaction of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma with its natural plant host by monitoring the effects of infection on the protein expression profile. Among the 576 analyzed spots, 33 proteins were differentially regulated in infected grapevines. Grouping into MIPS functional categories showed proteins involved in metabolism (21%), energy processes (9%), protein synthesis (3%), protein fate (18%), cellular transport and transport routes (6%), cell defense and virulence (42%). Among the differentially regulated proteins, we selected six targets (thaumatin I, thaumatin II, osmotin-like protein, plant basic secretory protein, AAA(+) Rubisco activase and proteasome α5 subunit) and we analyzed their expression by quantitative RT-PCR on samples collected in 2008 and 2009 in several vineyards in Piedmont region, Italy. There was a positive correlation between mRNA and protein expression for most of the genes in both the years. We discuss the involvement of these proteins in the specific response to phytoplasma infection. To our knowledge, this work is the first to investigate the response of the grapevine proteome to Flavescence dorée phytoplasma infection, and provides reference protein profiles for future comparative proteomic and genomic studies.
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Matin MN, Saief SA, Rahman MM, Lee DH, Kang H, Lee DS, Kang SG. Comparative phenotypic and physiological characteristics of spotted leaf 6 (spl6) and brown leaf spot2 (bl2) lesion mimic mutants (LMM) in rice. Mol Cells 2010; 30:533-43. [PMID: 21110131 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous necrotic lesions were found in a lesion mimic mutant brown leaf spot 2 (bl2) without pathogenic infection. Small spots in the seedlings appeared at the four leaves stage and gradually grew into a large round and black area with a gray center on the leaf surfaces. Lower growth habit and lower agronomic trait values with reduced stature, tiller, and panicle number, as well as lower yield potential were noted in the mutants relative to the trait values of the wild-type plants. Microscopic analysis revealed that mesophyll chloroplast was severely damaged or absent in the spotted area of the mutant leaves. Total chlorophyll content, hydrogen peroxide level, and catalase activity were increased at up to 45 days after germination and were dropped at 60 d in the mutant leaves. However, the total protein contents were reduced slightly with a growth period of up to 45 days and were increased at 60 days after germination. A gradual increment of the total ascorbic acid contents in the mutants were observed with advanced plant age, but increased until 45 days and dropped comparatively at 60 days in the wild-type leaves. Increased gene transcriptions of OsPDI and OsGPX1 were noted in the spotted leaves as compared to the non-spotted leaves of the mutant and wild-type leaves, whereas transcripts of OsTPX were transcribed at lower levels in the spotted leaves as compared to the non-spotted leaves. The genetic nature of the bl2 mutant indicated that the F(1) plants evidenced the wild-type phenotype and that bl2 was governed by a single recessive gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nurul Matin
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
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Kang S, Chen S, Dai S. Proteomics characteristics of rice leaves in response to environmental factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-010-0027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Quirino BF, Candido ES, Campos PF, Franco OL, Krüger RH. Proteomic approaches to study plant-pathogen interactions. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:351-62. [PMID: 20005547 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of plant proteomes has drastically expanded in the last few years. Mass spectrometry technology, stains, software and progress in bioinformatics have made identification of proteins relatively easy. The assignment of proteins to particular organelles and the development of better algorithms to predict sub-cellular localization are examples of how proteomic studies are contributing to plant biology. Protein phosphorylation and degradation are also known to occur during plant defense signaling cascades. Despite the great potential to give contributions to the study of plant-pathogen interactions, only recently has the proteomic approach begun to be applied to this field. Biological variation and complexity in a situation involving two organisms in intimate contact are intrinsic challenges in this area, however, for proteomics studies yet, there is no substitute for in planta studies with pathogens, and ways to address these problems are discussed. Protein identification depends not only on mass spectrometry, but also on the existence of complete genome sequence databases for comparison. Although the number of completely sequenced genomes is constantly growing, only four plants have their genomes completely sequenced. Additionally, there are already a number of pathosystems where both partners in the interaction have genomes fully sequenced and where functional genomics tools are available. It is thus to be expected that great progress in understanding the biology of these pathosystems will be made over the next few years. Cheaper sequencing technologies should make protein identification in non-model species easier and the bottleneck in proteomic research should shift from unambiguous protein identification to determination of protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Quirino
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Fujino K, Matsuda Y. Genome-wide analysis of genes targeted by qLTG3-1 controlling low-temperature germinability in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 72:137-52. [PMID: 19851874 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The control of seed germination under environmental conditions, where plants will be grown, is important for the adaptability of plants. Low-temperature is one of the most common environmental stress factors that affect plant growth and development and places a major limit on crop productivity in cultivated areas. Previously, qLTG3-1, a major quantitative trait locus controlling low-temperature tolerance at the germination stage in rice (called low-temperature germinability) was identified, which encodes a protein of unknown function. To identify genes targeted by qLTG3-1, a genome-wide expression profiling analysis using the 44 K Rice Oligo microarray was performed. Because the expression of qLTG3-1 was dramatically increased at 1 day after incubation, the expression profiles at this time were compared between Hayamasari, which has a loss-of-function qLTG3-1 allele, and a near isogenic line with a functional allele. A total of 4,587 genes showed significant differences between their expression levels in the two lines. Most of these genes might be involved in the process of seed germination itself, and then a focus was made on qLTG3-1 dependently induced or suppressed genes, defined as 'qLTG3-1 dependent' genes. Twenty-nine 'qLTG3-1 dependent' genes with diverse functions were categorized, implying that disruption of cellular homeostasis leads to a wide range of metabolic alterations and diverse cross-talk between various signaling pathways. In particular, genes involved in defense responses were up-regulated by qLTG3-1, indicating that qLTG3-1 expression is required for the expression of defense response genes in low-temperature germinability in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fujino
- Plant Breeding & Production Division, Agricultural Research Institute, Hokuren Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Naganuma, Hokkaido, 0691317, Japan.
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Widodo, Patterson JH, Newbigin E, Tester M, Bacic A, Roessner U. Metabolic responses to salt stress of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, Sahara and Clipper, which differ in salinity tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:4089-103. [PMID: 19666960 PMCID: PMC2755029 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants show varied cellular responses to salinity that are partly associated with maintaining low cytosolic Na(+) levels and a high K(+)/Na(+) ratio. Plant metabolites change with elevated Na(+), some changes are likely to help restore osmotic balance while others protect Na(+)-sensitive proteins. Metabolic responses to salt stress are described for two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, Sahara and Clipper, which differed in salinity tolerance under the experimental conditions used. After 3 weeks of salt treatment, Clipper ceased growing whereas Sahara resumed growth similar to the control plants. Compared with Clipper, Sahara had significantly higher leaf Na(+) levels and less leaf necrosis, suggesting they are more tolerant to accumulated Na(+). Metabolite changes in response to the salt treatment also differed between the two cultivars. Clipper plants had elevated levels of amino acids, including proline and GABA, and the polyamine putrescine, consistent with earlier suggestions that such accumulation may be correlated with slower growth and/or leaf necrosis rather than being an adaptive response to salinity. It is suggested that these metabolites may be an indicator of general cellular damage in plants. By contrast, in the more tolerant Sahara plants, the levels of the hexose phosphates, TCA cycle intermediates, and metabolites involved in cellular protection increased in response to salt. These solutes remain unchanged in the more sensitive Clipper plants. It is proposed that these responses in the more tolerant Sahara are involved in cellular protection in the leaves and are involved in the tolerance of Sahara leaves to high Na(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Widodo
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - John H. Patterson
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - Ed Newbigin
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Tester
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, 5064 SA, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
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Villeth GR, Reis FB, Tonietto A, Huergo L, de Souza EM, Pedrosa FO, Franco OL, Mehta A. Comparative proteome analysis of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in the interaction with the susceptible and the resistant cultivars of Brassica oleracea. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 298:260-6. [PMID: 19663914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Black rot of cruciferous plants, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, causes severe losses in agriculture around the world. This disease affects several cultures, including cabbage and broccoli, among others. Proteome studies of this bacterium have been reported; however, most of them were performed using the bacterium grown under culture media conditions. Recently, we have analyzed the proteome of X. campestris pv. campestris during the interaction with the susceptible cultivar of Brassica oleracea and several proteins were identified. The objective of the present study was to analyze the expressed proteins of X. campestris pv. campestris during the interaction with the resistant cultivar of B. oleracea. The bacterium was infiltrated in the leaves of the resistant plant and recovered for protein extraction and two-dimensional electrophoresis. The protein profile was compared with that of the bacterium isolated from the susceptible host and the results obtained revealed a group of proteins exclusive to the resistant interaction. Among the proteins identified in this study were plant and bacterium proteins, some of which were exclusively expressed during the resistant interaction.
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Stulemeijer IJE, Joosten MHAJ, Jensen ON. Quantitative phosphoproteomics of tomato mounting a hypersensitive response reveals a swift suppression of photosynthetic activity and a differential role for hsp90 isoforms. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1168-82. [PMID: 19178300 DOI: 10.1021/pr800619h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An important mechanism by which plants defend themselves against pathogens is the rapid execution of a hypersensitive response (HR). Tomato plants containing the Cf-4 resistance gene mount an HR that relies on the activation of phosphorylation cascades, when challenged with the Avr4 elicitor secreted by the pathogenic fungus Cladosporium fulvum. Phosphopeptides were isolated from tomato seedlings expressing both Cf-4 and Avr4 using titanium dioxide columns and LC-MS/MS analysis led to the identification of 50 phosphoproteins, most of which have not been described in tomato before. Phosphopeptides were quantified using a label-free approach based on the MS peak areas. We identified 12 phosphopeptides for which the abundance changed upon HR initiation, as compared to control seedlings. Our results suggest that photosynthetic activity is specifically suppressed in a phosphorylation-dependent way during the very early stages of HR development. In addition, phosphopeptides originating from four Hsp90 isoforms exhibited altered abundances in Cf-4/Avr4 seedlings compared to control seedlings, suggesting that the isoforms of this chaperone protein have a different function in defense signaling. We show that label-free relative quantification of the phosphoproteome of complex samples is feasible, allowing extension of our knowledge on the general physiology and defense signaling of plants mounting the HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris J E Stulemeijer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fujiwara M, Hamada S, Hiratsuka M, Fukao Y, Kawasaki T, Shimamoto K. Proteome analysis of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) associated with OsRac1-mediated innate immunity in rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:1191-200. [PMID: 19502382 PMCID: PMC2709549 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OsRac1, a member of the Rac/Rop GTPase family, plays important roles as a molecular switch in rice innate immunity, and the active form of OsRac1 functions in the plasma membrane (PM). To study the precise localization of OsRac1 in the PM and its possible association with other signaling components, we performed proteomic analysis of DRMs (detergent-resistant membranes) isolated from rice suspension-cultured cells transformed with myc-tagged constitutively active (CA) OsRac1. DRMs are regions of the PM that are insoluble after Triton X-100 treatment under cold conditions and are thought to be involved in various signaling processes in animal, yeast and plant cells. We identified 192 proteins in DRMs that included receptor-like kinases (RLKs) such as Xa21, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR)-type disease resistance proteins, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein, syntaxin, NADPH oxidase, a WD-40 repeat family protein and various GTP-binding proteins. Many of these proteins have been previously identified in the DRMs isolated from other plant species, and animal and yeast cells, validating the methods used in our study. To examine the possible association of DRMs and OsRac1-mediated innate immunity, we used rice suspension-cultured cells transformed with myc-tagged wild-type (WT) OsRac1 and found that OsRac1 and RACK1A, an effector of OsRac1, shifted to the DRMs after chitin elicitor treatment. These results suggest that OsRac1-mediated innate immunity is associated with DRMs in the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Plant Protein Analysis, Plant Education Unit, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Satoshi Hamada
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Minori Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Laboratory of Plant Protein Analysis, Plant Education Unit, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Ko Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax: +81-743-72-5502
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Chen X, Wang Y, Li J, Jiang A, Cheng Y, Zhang W. Mitochondrial proteome during salt stress-induced programmed cell death in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:407-15. [PMID: 19217306 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that mitochondria play a pivotal role in plant programmed cell death (PCD). Previous study established a salt stress-induced PCD model in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. WYJ 8th) root tip cells, demonstrated by DNA laddering, cytochrome c release, and TUNEL positive reaction. In this study, the role of mitochondria during the early phase of PCD (2h-PCD) was analyzed in rice roots. After 2h-PCD induction, the integrity of mitochondria decreased slightly, consistent with a small release of cytochrome c. 2h-PCD partially inhibited electron transport, resulting in oxidative burst in mitochondria. However, ATP production maintained constant. Mitochondria proteome were analyzed by two-dimensional IEF/SDS-PAGE before and after 2h-PCD induction, and eight PCD-related proteins were identified. Among them, four proteins were up-regulated after PCD induction, which included glycoside hydrolase, mitochondrial heat shock protein 70, 20S proteasome subunit, and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase, and four were down-regulated, namely ATP synthase beta subunit, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6b, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase 2, and transcription initiation factor eIF-3 epsilon. These results suggested that ATP synthase may not be the major producer of ATP in mitochondria during the early stage of PCD in rice. Glycoside hydrolase may be involved in ETC impairment and ROS burst, and mitochondrial HSP70 is a potential candidate for PCD regulation. The possible roles of other proteins on PCD initiation were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, China
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40
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Liao M, Li Y, Wang Z. Identification of elicitor-responsive proteins in rice leaves by a proteomic approach. Proteomics 2009; 9:2809-19. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Hukkanen A, Kokko H, Buchala A, Häyrinen J, Kärenlampi S. Benzothiadiazole affects the leaf proteome in arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2008; 9:799-808. [PMID: 19019008 PMCID: PMC6640374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiadiazole (BTH) induces resistance to the downy mildew pathogen, Peronospora sparsa, in arctic bramble, but the basis for the BTH-induced resistance is unknown. Arctic bramble cv. Mespi was treated with BTH to study the changes in leaf proteome and to identify proteins with a putative role in disease resistance. First, BTH induced strong expression of one PR-1 protein isoform, which was also induced by salicylic acid (SA). The PR-1 was responsive to BTH and exogenous SA despite a high endogenous SA content (20-25 microg/g fresh weight), which increased to an even higher level after treatment with BTH. Secondly, a total of 792 protein spots were detected in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, eight proteins being detected solely in the BTH-treated plants. BTH caused up- or down-regulation of 72 and 31 proteins, respectively, of which 18 were tentatively identified by mass spectrometry. The up-regulation of flavanone-3-hydroxylase, alanine aminotransferase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, PR-1 and PR-10 proteins may partly explain the BTH-induced resistance against P. sparsa. Other proteins with changes in intensity appear to be involved in, for example, energy metabolism and protein processing. The decline in ATP synthase, triosephosphate isomerase, fructose bisphosphate aldolase and glutamine synthetase suggests that BTH causes significant changes in primary metabolism, which provides one possible explanation for the decreased vegetative growth of foliage and rhizome observed in BTH-treated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hukkanen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kuopio, Yliopistonranta 1E, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Characterization of unique and differentially expressed proteins in anthracnose-tolerant Florida hybrid bunch grapes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 157:395-406. [PMID: 18931950 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthracnose is a major disease in Florida hybrid bunch grapes, caused by a fungus viz. Elsinoe ampelina. Florida hybrid bunch grapes are grown in southeastern USA for their superior wine characteristics. However, the effect of anthracnose on grape productivity and wine quality is a major concern to grape growers. Our research is aimed at determining biochemical basis of anthracnose tolerance in Florida hybrid bunch grape. Leaf samples were collected from the plants infected with E. ampelina at different periods and analyzed for differential protein expression using high throughput two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Among the 32 differentially expressed leaf proteins, two were uniquely expressed in tolerant genotypes in response to E. ampelina infection. These proteins were identified as mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthase and glutamine synthetase, which are known to play a major role in carbohydrate metabolism and defense. Several proteins including ribulose 1-5 bisphosphate-carboxylase involved in photosynthesis were found to be suppressed in susceptible genotypes compared to tolerant genotypes following E. ampelina infection. The results indicate that the anthracnose-tolerant genotypes have the ability to up-regulate and induce new proteins upon infection to defend the invasion of the pathogen as well as maintain the normal regulatory processes.
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Kim ST, Kim SG, Kang YH, Wang Y, Kim JY, Yi N, Kim JK, Rakwal R, Koh HJ, Kang KY. Proteomics Analysis of Rice Lesion Mimic Mutant (spl1) Reveals Tightly Localized Probenazole-Induced Protein (PBZ1) in Cells Undergoing Programmed Cell Death. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1750-60. [DOI: 10.1021/pr700878t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Tae Kim
- Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449–728, Korea, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Ongogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan, and School of Agricultural
| | - Sang Gon Kim
- Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449–728, Korea, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Ongogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan, and School of Agricultural
| | - Young Hyun Kang
- Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449–728, Korea, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Ongogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan, and School of Agricultural
| | - Yiming Wang
- Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449–728, Korea, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Ongogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan, and School of Agricultural
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449–728, Korea, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Ongogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan, and School of Agricultural
| | - Nari Yi
- Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449–728, Korea, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Ongogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan, and School of Agricultural
| | - Ju-Kon Kim
- Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449–728, Korea, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Ongogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan, and School of Agricultural
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449–728, Korea, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Ongogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan, and School of Agricultural
| | - Hee-Jong Koh
- Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449–728, Korea, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Ongogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan, and School of Agricultural
| | - Kyu Young Kang
- Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea, Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449–728, Korea, Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba West, 16-1 Ongogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan, and School of Agricultural
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Lin YZ, Chen HY, Kao R, Chang SP, Chang SJ, Lai EM. Proteomic analysis of rice defense response induced by probenazole. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:715-728. [PMID: 17950386 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the first proteomic analysis of rice defense response induced by probenazole (PBZ), an agricultural chemical that has been widely used to protect rice plants from rice blast and the bacterial blight pathogen. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was utilized to identify a total of 40 protein spots including 9 protein spots that are up-regulated by PBZ and 31 abundant protein spots. A total of 11 unique proteins from these 9 spots were identified by LC-MS/MS, and the majority of them were classified and/or possessed orthologs in defense-related functions. Five protein spots with only one protein species identified in each spot appear to be PBZ-regulated proteins. They are a putative glutathione S-transferase GSTU17, a putative phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, XP_466843), a putative caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a putative NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, and a putative glucose-1-phosphate adenyltransferase. However, the other six protein species identified from the remaining four protein spots could not be conclusively described as PBZ-regulated proteins due to either the co-migration of two protein species in one spot or the presence of one protein species in two spots. Through real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), it was determined that PAL (XP_466843) is likely regulated at the protein level, whereas GSTU17 and COMT were regulated at the mRNA level after PBZ application. Interestingly, the mRNA transcripts of two PAL paralogs were found to be up-regulated by PBZ. We propose that PAL, COMT, and GSTU17 are likely to confer PBZ-induced disease resistance via such functions as biosynthesis and transport of flavonoid-type phytoalexin and/or lignin biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zu Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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45
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Kang SG, Matin MN, Bae H, Natarajan S. Proteome analysis and characterization of phenotypes of lesion mimic mutant spotted leaf 6 in rice. Proteomics 2007; 7:2447-58. [PMID: 17623303 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rice spotted leaf 6 (spl6) mutant produces lesions caused by spontaneous cell death in the absence of pathogenic infection. Expression of this genetic trait was developmentally programmed. After the tillering stage, small red and brown lesions were initiated in groups on the leaf blade. Eventually, the lesions formed parallel lines along the midrib of the leaf. Under light and transmission electron microscopy, we observed that thylakoid membranes of mesophyll chloroplasts were progressively damaged in the nonspotted section of the mutant leaf. However, chloroplasts were absent in the mesophyll cells of the spotted area of the spl6 mutant. These results indicated that lesion formation of the spl6 mutant might be caused by oxidative burst. Proteome analysis revealed that 159 protein spots were up or downregulated in comparison between spotted leaves of the spl6 mutant plants and normal leaves of the wild type. Among them, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), transketolase, thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX), ATP synthase, RuBisCO large subunit, and RuBisCO activase small subunit were not identified in the spl6 mutant but were abundant in the wild type. Especially, the absence of TPX and PDI might be the cause of the failure to protect cells against oxidative burst resulting in degradation of the thylakoid membranes and leading to programmed cell death and lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Gu Kang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea.
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Abstract
The advent of proteomics has made it possible to identify a broad spectrum of proteins in living systems. This capability is especially useful for crops as it may give clues not only about nutritional value, but also about yield and how these factors are affected by adverse conditions. In this review, we describe the recent progress in crop proteomics and highlight the achievements made in understanding the proteomes of major crops. The major emphasis will be on crop responses to abiotic stresses. Rigorous genetic testing of the role of possibly important proteins can be conducted. The increasing ease with the DNA, mRNA and protein levels can be conducted and connected suggests that proteomics data will not be difficult to apply to practical crop breeding.
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47
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Chen F, Yuan Y, Li Q, He Z. Proteomic analysis of rice plasma membrane reveals proteins involved in early defense response to bacterial blight. Proteomics 2007; 7:1529-39. [PMID: 17407182 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane (PM) proteins play important roles in signal transduction during defense response to an attacking pathogen. By using an improved method of PM protein preparation and PM-bound green fluorescent protein fusion protein as a visible marker, we conducted PM proteomic analysis of the rice suspension cells expressing the disease resistance gene Xa21, to identify PM components involved in the early defense response to bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae). A total of 20 regulated protein spots were observed on 2-D gels of PM fractions at 12 and 24 h after pathogen inoculation, of which some were differentially regulated between the incompatible and compatible interactions mediated by Xa21, with good correlation between biological repeats. Eleven protein spots with predicted functions in plant defense were identified by MS/MS, including nine putative PM-associated proteins H+-ATPase, protein phosphatase, hypersensitive-induced response protein (OsHIR1), prohibitin (OsPHB2), zinc finger and C2 domain protein, universal stress protein (USP), and heat shock protein. OsHIR1 was modified by the microbial challenge, leading to two differentially accumulated protein spots. Transcript analysis showed that most of the genes were also regulated at transcriptional levels. Our study would provide a starting point for functionality of PM proteins in the rice defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- National Key laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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48
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Pedreschi R, Vanstreels E, Carpentier S, Hertog M, Lammertyn J, Robben J, Noben JP, Swennen R, Vanderleyden J, Nicolaï BM. Proteomic analysis of core breakdown disorder in Conference pears (Pyrus communis L.). Proteomics 2007; 7:2083-99. [PMID: 17566975 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
2-DE was applied to study core breakdown disorder in controlled atmosphere stored 'Conference' pears. This physiological disorder is characterized by internal browning of the fruit tissue and the development of cavities. Suitable protein phenol extraction/ammonium acetate-methanol precipitation and 2-DE protocols for a wide pH range were established for pear tissue. The protein expression profiles of healthy, sound (intact tissue of pears with core breakdown) and brown tissue were analyzed with the univariate non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and multivariate statistical techniques such as principal component analysis and partial least square discriminant analysis. Both statistical approaches revealed interesting differentially expressed proteins between healthy and disordered pears. LC-ESI-MS/MS identification of differentially expressed proteins between healthy and sound tissue revealed their participation in the energy metabolism, the antioxidant system and ethylene biosynthesis. Up-regulated characteristic proteins in brown tissue were mainly involved in energy metabolism and defense mechanisms. Proteomics coupled to univariate and multivariate statistical techniques seems to be an efficient approach to get a better insight into the different mechanisms and pathways leading to the core breakdown disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Pedreschi
- BIOSYST-MeBioS Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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49
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Vergne E, Ballini E, Marques S, Sidi Mammar B, Droc G, Gaillard S, Bourot S, DeRose R, Tharreau D, Nottéghem JL, Lebrun MH, Morel JB. Early and specific gene expression triggered by rice resistance gene Pi33 in response to infection by ACE1 avirulent blast fungus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 174:159-171. [PMID: 17335506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
* Our view of genes involved in rice disease resistance is far from complete. Here we used a gene-for-gene relationship corresponding to the interaction between atypical avirulence gene ACE1 from Magnaporthe grisea and rice resistance gene Pi33 to better characterize early rice defence responses induced during such interaction. * Rice genes differentially expressed during early stages of Pi33/ACE1 interaction were identified using DNA chip-based differential hybridization and QRT-PCR survey of the expression of known and putative regulators of disease resistance. * One hundred genes were identified as induced or repressed during rice defence response, 80% of which are novel, including resistance gene analogues. Pi33/ACE1 interaction also triggered the up-regulation of classical PR defence genes and a massive down-regulation of chlorophyll a/b binding genes. Most of these differentially expressed genes were induced or repressed earlier in Pi33/ACE1 interaction than in the gene-for-gene interaction involving Nipponbare resistant cultivar. * Besides demonstrating that an ACE1/Pi33 interaction induced classical and specific expression patterns, this work provides a list of new genes likely to be involved in rice disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vergne
- UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/AgroM, Campus International de Baillarguet, T41/K 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - E Ballini
- UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/AgroM, Campus International de Baillarguet, T41/K 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - S Marques
- UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/AgroM, Campus International de Baillarguet, T41/K 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - B Sidi Mammar
- UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/AgroM, Campus International de Baillarguet, T41/K 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - G Droc
- UMR PIA CIRAD TA40/03 Avenue Agropolis 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - S Gaillard
- UMR PIA CIRAD TA40/03 Avenue Agropolis 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - S Bourot
- Bayer BioScience NV, Technologiepark 38, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - R DeRose
- Bayer BioScience NV, Technologiepark 38, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - D Tharreau
- UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/AgroM, Campus International de Baillarguet, T41/K 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - J-L Nottéghem
- UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/AgroM, Campus International de Baillarguet, T41/K 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - M-H Lebrun
- UMR 2579 CNRS, BayerCropscience, 14-20 Rue Pierre Baizet BP 9163, 69263 Lyon Cedex 09, France
| | - J-B Morel
- UMR BGPI INRA/CIRAD/AgroM, Campus International de Baillarguet, T41/K 34398 Montpellier, France
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50
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Jones AME, Thomas V, Bennett MH, Mansfield J, Grant M. Modifications to the Arabidopsis defense proteome occur prior to significant transcriptional change in response to inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:1603-20. [PMID: 17028151 PMCID: PMC1676056 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.086231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the proteome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves during responses to challenge by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Protein changes characteristic of the establishment of disease, basal resistance, and resistance-gene-mediated resistance were examined by comparing responses to DC3000, a hrp mutant, and DC3000 expressing avrRpm1, respectively. The abundance of each protein identified was compared with that of selected transcripts obtained from comparable GeneChip experiments. We report changes in three subcellular fractions: total soluble protein, chloroplast enriched, and mitochondria enriched over four time points (1.5-6 h after inoculation). In total, 73 differential spots representing 52 unique proteins were successfully identified. Many of the changes in protein spot density occurred before significant transcriptional reprogramming was evident between treatments. The high proportion of proteins represented by more than one spot indicated that many of the changes to the proteome can be attributed to posttranscriptional modifications. Proteins found to show significant change after bacterial challenge are representative of two main functional groups: defense-related antioxidants and metabolic enzymes. Significant changes to photosystem II and to components of the mitochondrial permeability transition were also identified. Rapid communication between organelles and regulation of primary metabolism through redox-mediated signaling are supported by our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M E Jones
- Department of Agricultural Science, Imperial College London, Wye TN25 5AH, United Kingdom.
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