1
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Nielsen ME. Vesicle trafficking pathways in defence-related cell wall modifications: papillae and encasements. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3700-3712. [PMID: 38606692 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens that cause plant diseases such as powdery mildew, rust, anthracnose, and late blight continue to represent an enormous challenge for farmers worldwide. Interestingly, these pathogens, although phylogenetically distant, initiate pathogenesis in a very similar way by penetrating the cell wall and establishing a feeding structure inside the plant host cell. To prevent pathogen ingress, the host cell responds by forming defence structures known as papillae and encasements that are thought to mediate pre- and post-invasive immunity, respectively. This form of defence is evolutionarily conserved in land plants and is highly effective and durable against a broad selection of non-adapted filamentous pathogens. As most pathogens have evolved strategies to overcome the defences of only a limited range of host plants, the papilla/encasement response could hold the potential to become an optimal transfer of resistance from one plant species to another. In this review I lay out current knowledge of the involvement of membrane trafficking that forms these important defence structures and highlight some of the questions that still need to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Eggert Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, CPSC, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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2
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Regmi KC, Ghosh S, Koch B, Neumann U, Stein B, O'Connell RJ, Innes RW. Three-Dimensional Ultrastructure of Arabidopsis Cotyledons Infected with Colletotrichum higginsianum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:396-406. [PMID: 38148303 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0068-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
We used serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) to study the host-pathogen interface between Arabidopsis cotyledons and the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum. By combining high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution with SBF-SEM, followed by segmentation and reconstruction of the imaging volume using the freely accessible software IMOD, we created 3D models of the series of cytological events that occur during the Colletotrichum-Arabidopsis susceptible interaction. We found that the host cell membranes underwent massive expansion to accommodate the rapidly growing intracellular hypha. As the fungal infection proceeded from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic stage, the host cell membranes went through increasing levels of disintegration culminating in host cell death. Intriguingly, we documented autophagosomes in proximity to biotrophic hyphae using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a concurrent increase in autophagic flux between early to mid/late biotrophic phase of the infection process. Occasionally, we observed osmiophilic bodies in the vicinity of biotrophic hyphae using TEM only and near necrotrophic hyphae under both TEM and SBF-SEM. Overall, we established a method for obtaining serial SBF-SEM images, each with a lateral (x-y) pixel resolution of 10 nm and an axial (z) resolution of 40 nm, that can be reconstructed into interactive 3D models using the IMOD. Application of this method to the Colletotrichum-Arabidopsis pathosystem allowed us to more fully understand the spatial arrangement and morphological architecture of the fungal hyphae after they penetrate epidermal cells of Arabidopsis cotyledons and the cytological changes the host cell undergoes as the infection progresses toward necrotrophy. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamesh C Regmi
- Indiana University, Department of Biology, Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A
| | - Suchismita Ghosh
- Indiana University, Department of Biology, Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin Koch
- Indiana University, Department of Biology, Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Barry Stein
- Indiana University, Department of Biology, Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A
| | | | - Roger W Innes
- Indiana University, Department of Biology, Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A
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3
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Wu Y, Sexton W, Yang B, Xiao S. Genetic approaches to dissect plant nonhost resistance mechanisms. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:272-283. [PMID: 36617319 PMCID: PMC9923397 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance (NHR) refers to the immunity of most tested genotypes of a plant species to most tested variants of a pathogen species. Thus, NHR is broad spectrum and durable in nature and constitutes a major safety barrier against invasion of a myriad of potentially pathogenic microbes in any plants including domesticated crops. Genetic study of NHR is generally more difficult compared to host resistance mainly because NHR is genetically more complicated and often lacks intraspecific polymorphisms. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made towards the understanding of the molecular basis of NHR in the past two decades using various approaches. Not surprisingly, molecular mechanisms of NHR revealed so far encompasses pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity. In this review, we briefly discuss the inherent difficulty in genetic studies of NHR and summarize the main approaches that have been taken to identify genes contributing to NHR. We also discuss new enabling strategies for dissecting multilayered NHR in model plants with a focus on NHR against filamentous pathogens, especially biotrophic pathogens such as powdery mildew and rust fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of Maryland College ParkRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - William Sexton
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of Maryland College ParkRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of Maryland College ParkRockvilleMarylandUSA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
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4
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Boufleur TR, Massola Júnior NS, Becerra S, Baraldi E, Bibiano LBJ, Sukno SA, Thon MR, Baroncelli R. Comparative transcriptomic provides novel insights into the soybean response to Colletotrichum truncatum infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1046418. [PMID: 36507428 PMCID: PMC9732023 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1046418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Soybean (Glycine max) is among the most important crops in the world, and its production can be threatened by biotic diseases, such as anthracnose. Soybean anthracnose is a seed-borne disease mainly caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum truncatum. Typical symptoms are pre- and post-emergence damping off and necrotic lesions on cotyledons, petioles, leaves, and pods. Anthracnose symptoms can appear early in the field, causing major losses to soybean production. Material and Methods In preliminary experiments, we observed that the same soybean cultivar can have a range of susceptibility towards different strains of C. truncatum, while the same C. truncatum strain can cause varying levels of disease severity in different soybean cultivars. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the early response of different soybean cultivars to different C. truncatum strains, we performed pathogenicity assays to select two soybean cultivars with significantly different susceptibility to two different C. truncatum strains and analyzed their transcriptome profiles at different time points of interaction (0, 12, 48, and 120 h post-inoculation, hpi). Results and Discussion The pathogenicity assays showed that the soybean cultivar Gm1 is more resistant to C. truncatum strain 1080, and it is highly susceptible to strain 1059, while cultivar Gm2 shows the opposite behavior. However, if only trivial anthracnose symptoms appeared in the more resistant phenotype (MRP; Gm1-1080; Gm2-1059) upon 120 hpi, in the more susceptible phenotype (MSP; Gm-1059; Gm2- 1080) plants show mild symptoms already at 72 hpi, after which the disease evolved rapidly to severe necrosis and plant death. Interestingly, several genes related to different cellular responses of the plant immune system (pathogen recognition, signaling events, transcriptional reprogramming, and defense-related genes) were commonly modulated at the same time points only in both MRP. The list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specific to the more resistant combinations and related to different cellular responses of the plant immune system may shed light on the important host defense pathways against soybean anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís R. Boufleur
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Nelson S. Massola Júnior
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Sioly Becerra
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Líllian B. J. Bibiano
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Serenella A. Sukno
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Michael R. Thon
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Nguyen NK, Wang J, Liu D, Hwang BK, Jwa NS. Rice iron storage protein ferritin 2 (OsFER2) positively regulates ferroptotic cell death and defense responses against Magnaporthe oryzae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019669. [PMID: 36352872 PMCID: PMC9639352 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a ubiquitous iron storage protein that regulates iron homeostasis and oxidative stress in plants. Iron plays an important role in ferroptotic cell death response of rice (Oryza sativa) to Magnaporthe oryzae infection. Here, we report that rice ferritin 2, OsFER2, is required for iron- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent ferroptotic cell death and defense response against the avirulent M. oryzae INA168. The full-length ferritin OsFER2 and its transit peptide were localized to the chloroplast, the most Fe-rich organelle for photosynthesis. This suggests that the transit peptide acts as a signal peptide for the rice ferritin OsFER2 to move into chloroplasts. OsFER2 expression is involved in rice resistance to M. oryzae infection. OsFER2 knock-out in wild-type rice HY did not induce ROS and ferric ion (Fe3+) accumulation, lipid peroxidation and hypersensitive response (HR) cell death, and also downregulated the defense-related genes OsPAL1, OsPR1-b, OsRbohB, OsNADP-ME2-3, OsMEK2 and OsMPK1, and vacuolar membrane transporter OsVIT2 expression. OsFER2 complementation in ΔOsfer2 knock-out mutants restored ROS and iron accumulation and HR cell death phenotypes during infection. The iron chelator deferoxamine, the lipid-ROS scavenger ferrostatin-1, the actin microfilament polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin E and the redox inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium suppressed ROS and iron accumulation and HR cell death in rice leaf sheaths. However, the small-molecule inducer erastin did not trigger iron-dependent ROS accumulation and HR cell death induction in ΔOsfer2 mutants. These combined results suggest that OsFER2 expression positively regulates iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death and defense response in rice-M. oryzae interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Khoa Nguyen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juan Wang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongping Liu
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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Molinelli HR, Liu M, O'Connell RJ, Nielsen ME. Plant SYP12 syntaxins mediate an evolutionarily conserved general immunity to filamentous pathogens. eLife 2022; 11:73487. [PMID: 35119361 PMCID: PMC8865848 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungal and oomycete plant pathogens that invade by direct penetration through the leaf epidermal cell wall cause devastating plant diseases. Plant preinvasive immunity toward nonadapted filamentous pathogens is highly effective and durable. Pre- and postinvasive immunity correlates with the formation of evolutionarily conserved and cell-autonomous cell wall structures, named papillae and encasements, respectively. Yet, it is still unresolved how papillae/encasements are formed and whether these defense structures prevent pathogen ingress. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis the two closely related members of the SYP12 clade of syntaxins (PEN1 and SYP122) are indispensable for the formation of papillae and encasements. Moreover, loss-of-function mutants were hampered in preinvasive immunity toward a range of phylogenetically distant nonadapted filamentous pathogens, underlining the versatility and efficacy of this defense. Complementation studies using SYP12s from the early diverging land plant, Marchantia polymorpha, showed that the SYP12 clade immunity function has survived 470 million years of independent evolution. These results suggest that ancestral land plants evolved the SYP12 clade to provide a broad and durable preinvasive immunity to facilitate their life on land and pave the way to a better understanding of how adapted pathogens overcome this ubiquitous plant defense strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Eggert Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Zhang R, Isozumi N, Mori M, Okuta R, Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Imamura T, Kurita JI, Gan P, Shirasu K, Ohki S, Takano Y. Fungal effector SIB1 of Colletotrichum orbiculare has unique structural features and can suppress plant immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101370. [PMID: 34756891 PMCID: PMC8633582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogens secrete virulence-related proteins, called effectors, to establish host infection; however, the details are not fully understood yet. Functional screening of effector candidates using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay in Nicotiana benthamiana identified two virulence-related effectors, named SIB1 and SIB2 (Suppression of Immunity in N. benthamiana), of an anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare, which infects both cucurbits and N. benthamiana. The Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of SIB1 or SIB2 increased the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to C. orbiculare, which suggested these effectors can suppress immune responses in N. benthamiana. The presence of SIB1 and SIB2 homologs was found to be limited to the genus Colletotrichum. SIB1 suppressed both (i) the generation of reactive oxygen species triggered by two different pathogen-associated molecular patterns, chitin and flg22, and (ii) the cell death response triggered by the Phytophthora infestans INF1 elicitin in N. benthamiana. We determined the NMR-based structure of SIB1 to obtain its structural insights. The three-dimensional structure of SIB1 comprises five β-strands, each containing three disulfide bonds. The overall conformation was found to be a cylindrical shape, such as the well-known antiparallel β-barrel structure. However, the β-strands were found to display a unique topology, one pair of these β-strands formed a parallel β-sheet. These results suggest that the effector SIB1 present in Colletotrichum fungi has unique structural features and can suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Isozumi
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT), Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Ryuta Okuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tomohiro Imamura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kurita
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Pamela Gan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohki
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT), Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Ishikawa, Japan.
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Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Kosaka A, Kitakura S, Uchida K, Nishiuchi T, Ono E, Fukunaga S, Takano Y. Arabidopsis CURLY LEAF functions in leaf immunity against fungal pathogens by concomitantly repressing SEPALLATA3 and activating ORA59. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1005-1019. [PMID: 34506685 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis non-host resistance against non-adapted fungal pathogens including Colletotrichum fungi consists of pre-invasive and post-invasive immune responses. Here we report that non-host resistance against non-adapted Colletotrichum spp. in Arabidopsis leaves requires CURLY LEAF (CLF), which is critical for leaf development, flowering and growth. Microscopic analysis of pathogen behavior revealed a requirement for CLF in both pre- and post-invasive non-host resistance. The loss of a functional SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) gene, ectopically expressed in clf mutant leaves, suppressed not only the defect of the clf plants in growth and leaf development but also a defect in non-host resistance against the non-adapted Colletotrichum tropicale. However, the ectopic overexpression of SEP3 in Arabidopsis wild-type leaves did not disrupt the non-host resistance. The expression of multiple plant defensin (PDF) genes that are involved in non-host resistance against C. tropicale was repressed in clf leaves. Moreover, the Octadecanoid-responsive Arabidopsis 59 (ORA59) gene, which is required for PDF expression, was also repressed in clf leaves. Notably, when SEP3 was overexpressed in the ora59 mutant background, C. tropicale produced clear lesions in the inoculated leaves, indicating an impairment in non-host resistance. Furthermore, ora59 plants overexpressing SEP3 exhibited a defect in leaf immunity to the adapted Colletotrichum higginsianum. Since the ora59 plants overexpressing SEP3 did not display obvious leaf curling or reduced growth, in contrast to the clf mutants, these results strongly suggest that concomitant SEP3 repression and ORA59 induction via CLF are required for Arabidopsis leaf immunity to Colletotrichum fungi, uncoupled from CLF's function in growth and leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayumi Kosaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Saeko Kitakura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Uchida
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Advanced Science Research Center, Institute for Gene Research, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Erika Ono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukunaga
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Tryptophan-derived metabolites and BAK1 separately contribute to Arabidopsis postinvasive immunity against Alternaria brassicicola. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1488. [PMID: 33452278 PMCID: PMC7810738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79562-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum tropicale requires PEN2-dependent preinvasive resistance and CYP71A12 and CYP71A13-dependent postinvasive resistance, which both rely on tryptophan (Trp) metabolism. We here revealed that CYP71A12, CYP71A13 and PAD3 are critical for Arabidopsis' postinvasive basal resistance toward the necrotrophic Alternaria brassicicola. Consistent with this, gene expression and metabolite analyses suggested that the invasion by A. brassicicola triggered the CYP71A12-dependent production of indole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives and the PAD3 and CYP71A13-dependent production of camalexin. We next addressed the activation of the CYP71A12 and PAD3-dependent postinvasive resistance. We found that bak1-5 mutation significantly reduced postinvasive resistance against A. brassicicola, indicating that pattern recognition contributes to activation of this second defense-layer. However, the bak1-5 mutation had no detectable effects on the Trp-metabolism triggered by the fungal penetration. Together with this, further comparative gene expression analyses suggested that pathogen invasion in Arabidopsis activates (1) CYP71A12 and PAD3-related antifungal metabolism that is not hampered by bak1-5, and (2) a bak1-5 sensitive immune pathway that activates the expression of antimicrobial proteins.
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10
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Kosaka A, Suemoto H, Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Takano Y. Plant defensin expression triggered by fungal pathogen invasion depends on EDR1 protein kinase and ORA59 transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1823120. [PMID: 32985920 PMCID: PMC7671030 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1823120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits durable 'non-host' resistance against the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Colletotrichum tropicale that infects mulberry plants. Arabidopsis non-host resistance comprises two layers of defense: preinvasive and postinvasive resistance. The EDR1 protein kinase contributes to Arabidopsis preinvasive resistance against C. tropicale by inducing the expression of plant defensin (PDF) genes. Here we report that the expressions of multiple PDF genes were strongly induced in Arabidopsis upon invasion by C. tropicale. Invasion by a necrotrophic pathogen, Alternaria brassicicola, also induced PDF expression. Importantly, PDF expression triggered upon invasion by both pathogens was inhibited in edr1 mutants, indicating the requirement of EDR1 for PDF expression in postinvasive resistance by Arabidopsis. Analysis of ora59 mutants also revealed that this gene is critical for induced PDF expression following pathogen invasion. Furthermore, inoculation assays of A. brassicicola indicated that ORA59 is involved in postinvasive resistance against the pathogen, suggesting invasion-triggered PDF expression contributes to postinvasive resistance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kosaka
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Suemoto
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Panstruga R, Moscou MJ. What is the Molecular Basis of Nonhost Resistance? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1253-1264. [PMID: 32808862 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0161-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.Nonhost resistance is typically considered the ability of a plant species to repel all attempts of a pathogen species to colonize it and reproduce on it. Based on this common definition, nonhost resistance is presumed to be very durable and, thus, of great interest for its potential use in agriculture. Despite considerable research efforts, the molecular basis of this type of plant immunity remains nebulous. We here stress the fact that "nonhost resistance" is a phenomenological rather than a mechanistic concept that comprises more facets than typically considered. We further argue that nonhost resistance essentially relies on the very same genes and pathways as other types of plant immunity, of which some may act as bottlenecks for particular pathogens on a given plant species or under certain conditions. Thus, in our view, the frequently used term "nonhost genes" is misleading and should be avoided. Depending on the plant-pathogen combination, nonhost resistance may involve the recognition of pathogen effectors by host immune sensor proteins, which might give rise to host shifts or host range expansions due to evolutionary-conditioned gains and losses in respective armories. Thus, the extent of nonhost resistance also defines pathogen host ranges. In some instances, immune-related genes can be transferred across plant species to boost defense, resulting in augmented disease resistance. We discuss future routes for deepening our understanding of nonhost resistance and argue that the confusing term "nonhost resistance" should be used more cautiously in the light of a holistic view of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Panstruga
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringer Weg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Moscou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, United Kingdom
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12
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Chen Y, Dangol S, Wang J, Jwa NS. Focal Accumulation of ROS Can Block Pyricularia oryzae Effector BAS4-Expression and Prevent Infection in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176196. [PMID: 32867341 PMCID: PMC7503722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst is the most common plant immunity mechanism to prevent pathogen infection, although the exact role of ROS in plant immunity has not been fully elucidated. We investigated the expression and translocation of Oryza sativa respiratory burst oxidase homologue B (OsRBOHB) during compatible and incompatible interactions between rice epidermal cells and the pathogenic fungus Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae). We characterized the functional role of ROS focal accumulation around invading hyphae during P. oryzae infection process using the OsRBOHB inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and the actin filament polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin (Cyt) A. OsRBOHB was strongly induced during incompatible rice–P. oryzae interactions, and newly synthesized OsRBOHB was focally distributed at infection sites. High concentrations of ROS focally accumulated at the infection sites and suppressed effector biotrophy-associated secreted (BAS) proteins BAS4 expression and invasive hyphal growth. DPI and Cyt A abolished ROS focal accumulation and restored P. oryzae effector BAS4 expression. These results suggest that ROS focal accumulation is able to function as an effective immune mechanism that blocks some effectors including BAS4-expression during P. oryzae infection. Disruption of ROS focal accumulation around invading hyphae enables successful P. oryzae colonization of rice cells and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Chen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Sarmina Dangol
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Wang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Nam-Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-010-6477-1100
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13
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Ono E, Mise K, Takano Y. RLP23 is required for Arabidopsis immunity against the grey mould pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13798. [PMID: 32796867 PMCID: PMC7428006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing-like proteins (NLPs) are secreted by fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. Conserved nlp peptides derived from NLPs are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), leading to PAMP-triggered immune responses. RLP23 is the receptor of the nlp peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, its actual contribution to plant immunity is unclear. Here, we report that RLP23 is required for Arabidopsis immunity against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Arabidopsis rlp23 mutants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to B. cinerea compared with the wild-type plants. Notably, microscopic observation of the B. cinerea infection behaviour indicated the involvement of RLP23 in pre-invasive resistance to the pathogen. B. cinerea carried two NLP genes, BcNEP1 and BcNEP2; BcNEP1 was expressed preferentially before/during invasion into Arabidopsis, whereas BcNEP2 was expressed at the late phase of infection. Importantly, the nlp peptides derived from both BcNEP1 and BcNEP2 induced the production of reactive oxygen species in an RLP23-dependent manner. In contrast, another necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola did not express the NLP gene in the early infection phase and exhibited no enhanced virulence in the rlp23 mutants. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that RLP23 contributes to Arabidopsis pre-invasive resistance to B. cinerea via NLP recognition at the early infection phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mise
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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14
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Abstract
Anionic phospholipids, which include phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, and phosphoinositides, represent a small percentage of membrane lipids. They are able to modulate the physical properties of membranes, such as their surface charges, curvature, or clustering of proteins. Moreover, by mediating interactions with numerous membrane-associated proteins, they are key components in the establishment of organelle identity and dynamics. Finally, anionic lipids also act as signaling molecules, as they are rapidly produced or interconverted by a set of dedicated enzymes. As such, anionic lipids are major regulators of many fundamental cellular processes, including cell signaling, cell division, membrane trafficking, cell growth, and gene expression. In this review, we describe the functions of anionic lipids from a cellular perspective. Using the localization of each anionic lipid and its related metabolic enzymes as starting points, we summarize their roles within the different compartments of the endomembrane system and address their associated developmental and physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise C Noack
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, L'Université Claude Bernard (UCB) Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France; ,
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, L'Université Claude Bernard (UCB) Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France; ,
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15
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Madina MH, Rahman MS, Zheng H, Germain H. Vacuolar membrane structures and their roles in plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:343-354. [PMID: 31621005 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Short review focussing on the role and targeting of vacuolar substructure in plant immunity and pathogenesis. Plants lack specialized immune cells, therefore each plant cell must defend itself against invading pathogens. A typical plant defense strategy is the hypersensitive response that results in host cell death at the site of infection, a process largely regulated by the vacuole. In plant cells, the vacuole is a vital organelle that plays a central role in numerous fundamental processes, such as development, reproduction, and cellular responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. It shows divergent membranous structures that are continuously transforming. Recent technical advances in visualization and live-cell imaging have significantly altered our view of the vacuolar structures and their dynamics. Understanding the active nature of the vacuolar structures and the mechanisms of vacuole-mediated defense responses is of great importance in understanding plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge about the vacuole and its internal structures, as well as their role in plant-microbe interactions. There is so far limited information on the modulation of the vacuolar structures by pathogens, but recent research has identified the vacuole as a possible target of microbial interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Hur Madina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Md Saifur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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16
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Leontovyčová H, Kalachova T, Trdá L, Pospíchalová R, Lamparová L, Dobrev PI, Malínská K, Burketová L, Valentová O, Janda M. Actin depolymerization is able to increase plant resistance against pathogens via activation of salicylic acid signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10397. [PMID: 31320662 PMCID: PMC6639534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for plant immune signalling. Consequently, it is generally assumed that actin disruption reduces plant resistance to pathogen attack. Here, we demonstrate that actin depolymerization induced a dramatic increase in salicylic acid (SA) levels in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the SA pathway was activated due to the action of isochorismate synthase (ICS). The effect was also confirmed in Brassica napus. This raises the question of whether actin depolymerization could, under particular conditions, lead to increased resistance to pathogens. Thus, we explored the effect of pretreatment with actin-depolymerizing drugs on the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, and on the resistance of an important crop Brassica napus to its natural fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. In both pathosystems, actin depolymerization activated the SA pathway, leading to increased plant resistance. To our best knowledge, we herein provide the first direct evidence that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton can actually lead to increased plant resistance to pathogens, and that SA is crucial to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Leontovyčová
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, 128 44 Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tetiana Kalachova
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Trdá
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Pospíchalová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Lamparová
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Janda
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic. .,Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic. .,Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU), Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Department Genetics, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany.
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17
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Shimada TL, Betsuyaku S, Inada N, Ebine K, Fujimoto M, Uemura T, Takano Y, Fukuda H, Nakano A, Ueda T. Enrichment of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate in the Extra-Invasive Hyphal Membrane Promotes Colletotrichum Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1514-1524. [PMID: 30989198 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi from the genus Colletotrichum form invasive hyphae; the hyphae are surrounded by an extra-invasive hyphal membrane (EIHM), which is continuous with the plant plasma membrane. Although the EIHM plays a crucial role as the interface between plant and fungal cells, its precise function during Colletotrichum infection remains elusive. Here, we show that enrichment of phosphoinositides (PIs) has a crucial role in Colletotrichum infection. We observed the localization of PIs in Arabidopsis thaliana cells infected by A. thaliana-adapted Colletotrichum higginsianum (Ch), and found that phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] was extremely enriched in the EIHM during Ch infection. We also found that phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-5 kinase (PIP5K), which catalyzes production of PI(4,5)P2, also accumulated at the EIHM. The overexpression of PIP5K3 in A. thaliana increased hyphal invasion by Ch. An exocytic factor, EXO84b, was targeted to the EIHM during Ch infection, although endocytic factors such as CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAIN 2 and FLOTILLIN 1 did not. Intriguingly, the interfacial membranes between A. thaliana and powdery mildew- or downy mildew-causing pathogens did not accumulate PI(4,5)P2. These results suggest that Ch could modify the PI(4,5)P2 levels in the EIHM to increase the exocytic membrane/protein supply of the EIHM for successful infection. Our results also suggest that PI(4,5)P2 biosynthesis is a promising target for improved defense against Colletotrichum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi L Shimada
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Present address: Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriko Inada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ebine
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Live Cell Super-resolution Live Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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18
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Badet T, Léger O, Barascud M, Voisin D, Sadon P, Vincent R, Le Ru A, Balagué C, Roby D, Raffaele S. Expression polymorphism at the ARPC4 locus links the actin cytoskeleton with quantitative disease resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:480-496. [PMID: 30393937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is a form of plant immunity widespread in nature, and the only one active against broad host range fungal pathogens. The genetic determinants of QDR are complex and largely unknown, and are thought to rely partly on genes controlling plant morphology and development. We used genome-wide association mapping in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify ARPC4 as associated with QDR against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mutants impaired in ARPC4 showed enhanced susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum, defects in the structure of the actin filaments and in their responsiveness to S. sclerotiorum. Disruption of ARPC4 also alters callose deposition and the expression of defense-related genes upon S. sclerotiorum infection. Analysis of ARPC4 diversity in A. thaliana identified one haplotype (ARPC4R ) showing a c. 1 kbp insertion in ARPC4 regulatory region and associated with higher level of QDR. Accessions from the ARPC4R haplotype showed enhanced ARPC4 expression upon S. sclerotiorum challenge, indicating that polymorphisms in ARPC4 regulatory region are associated with enhanced QDR. This work identifies a novel actor of plant QDR against a fungal pathogen and provides a prime example of genetic mechanisms leading to the recruitment of cell morphology processes in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Badet
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ophélie Léger
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marielle Barascud
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Derry Voisin
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Sadon
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Remy Vincent
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Aurélie Le Ru
- Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Fédération de Recherche 3450, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Balagué
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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19
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Vanhercke T, Dyer JM, Mullen RT, Kilaru A, Rahman MM, Petrie JR, Green AG, Yurchenko O, Singh SP. Metabolic engineering for enhanced oil in biomass. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:103-129. [PMID: 30822461 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The world is hungry for energy. Plant oils in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) are one of the most reduced storage forms of carbon found in nature and hence represent an excellent source of energy. The myriad of applications for plant oils range across foods, feeds, biofuels, and chemical feedstocks as a unique substitute for petroleum derivatives. Traditionally, plant oils are sourced either from oilseeds or tissues surrounding the seed (mesocarp). Most vegetative tissues, such as leaves and stems, however, accumulate relatively low levels of TAG. Since non-seed tissues constitute the majority of the plant biomass, metabolic engineering to improve their low-intrinsic TAG-biosynthetic capacity has recently attracted significant attention as a novel, sustainable and potentially high-yielding oil production platform. While initial attempts predominantly targeted single genes, recent combinatorial metabolic engineering strategies have focused on the simultaneous optimization of oil synthesis, packaging and degradation pathways (i.e., 'push, pull, package and protect'). This holistic approach has resulted in dramatic, seed-like TAG levels in vegetative tissues. With the first proof of concept hurdle addressed, new challenges and opportunities emerge, including engineering fatty acid profile, translation into agronomic crops, extraction, and downstream processing to deliver accessible and sustainable bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanhercke
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - John M Dyer
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Aruna Kilaru
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - James R Petrie
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Folear, Goulburn, NSW, Australia
| | - Allan G Green
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Olga Yurchenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Surinder P Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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20
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Yan Y, Yuan Q, Tang J, Huang J, Hsiang T, Wei Y, Zheng L. Colletotrichum higginsianum as a Model for Understanding Host⁻Pathogen Interactions: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2142. [PMID: 30041456 PMCID: PMC6073530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic ascomycetous fungus that causes economically important anthracnose diseases on numerous monocot and dicot crops worldwide. As a model pathosystem, the Colletotrichum⁻Arabidopsis interaction has the significant advantage that both organisms can be manipulated genetically. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the system and to point out recent significant studies that update our understanding of the pathogenesis of C. higginsianum and resistance mechanisms of Arabidopsis against this hemibiotrophic fungus. The genome sequence of C. higginsianum has provided insights into how genome structure and pathogen genetic variability has been shaped by transposable elements, and allows systematic approaches to longstanding areas of investigation, including infection structure differentiation and fungal⁻plant interactions. The Arabidopsis-Colletotrichum pathosystem provides an integrated system, with extensive information on the host plant and availability of genomes for both partners, to illustrate many of the important concepts governing fungal⁻plant interactions, and to serve as an excellent starting point for broad perspectives into issues in plant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Yan
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qinfeng Yuan
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jintian Tang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Junbin Huang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Lu Zheng
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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21
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Azmi NSA, Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Ikeda K, Kitakura S, Inoue Y, Narusaka Y, Shirasu K, Kaido M, Mise K, Takano Y. Inappropriate Expression of an NLP Effector in Colletotrichum orbiculare Impairs Infection on Cucurbitaceae Cultivars via Plant Recognition of the C-Terminal Region. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:101-111. [PMID: 29059009 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-17-0085-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic pathogen Colletotrichum orbiculare preferentially expresses a necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like protein named NLP1 during the switch to necrotrophy. Here, we report that the constitutive expression of NLP1 in C. orbiculare blocks pathogen infection in multiple Cucurbitaceae cultivars via their enhanced defense responses. NLP1 has a cytotoxic activity that induces cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. However, C. orbiculare transgenic lines constitutively expressing a mutant NLP1 lacking the cytotoxic activity still failed to infect cucumber, indicating no clear relationship between cytotoxic activity and the NLP1-dependent enhanced defense. NLP1 also possesses the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) sequence called nlp24, recognized by Arabidopsis thaliana at its central region, similar to NLPs of other pathogens. Surprisingly, inappropriate expression of a mutant NLP1 lacking the MAMP signature is also effective for blocking pathogen infection, uncoupling the infection block from the corresponding MAMP. Notably, the deletion analyses of NLP1 suggested that the C-terminal region of NLP1 is critical to enhance defense in cucumber. The expression of mCherry fused with the C-terminal 32 amino acids of NLP1 was enough to trigger the defense of cucurbits, revealing that the C-terminal region of the NLP1 protein is recognized by cucurbits and, then, terminates C. orbiculare infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyoko Ikeda
- 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Kitakura
- 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inoue
- 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- 2 Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Okayama, Japan; and
| | - Ken Shirasu
- 3 RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masanori Kaido
- 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mise
- 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Robin GP, Kleemann J, Neumann U, Cabre L, Dallery JF, Lapalu N, O’Connell RJ. Subcellular Localization Screening of Colletotrichum higginsianum Effector Candidates Identifies Fungal Proteins Targeted to Plant Peroxisomes, Golgi Bodies, and Microtubules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:562. [PMID: 29770142 PMCID: PMC5942036 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the hemibiotrophic anthracnose fungus, Colletotrichum higginsianum, encodes a large inventory of putative secreted effector proteins that are sequentially expressed at different stages of plant infection, namely appressorium-mediated penetration, biotrophy and necrotrophy. However, the destinations to which these proteins are addressed inside plant cells are unknown. In the present study, we selected 61 putative effector genes that are highly induced in appressoria and/or biotrophic hyphae. We then used Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to transiently express them as N-terminal fusions with fluorescent proteins in cells of Nicotiana benthamiana for imaging by confocal microscopy. Plant compartments labeled by the fusion proteins in N. benthamiana were validated by co-localization with specific organelle markers, by transient expression of the proteins in the true host plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and by transmission electron microscopy-immunogold labeling. Among those proteins for which specific subcellular localizations could be verified, nine were imported into plant nuclei, three were imported into the matrix of peroxisomes, three decorated cortical microtubule arrays and one labeled Golgi stacks. Two peroxisome-targeted proteins harbored canonical C-terminal tripeptide signals for peroxisome import via the PTS1 (peroxisomal targeting signal 1) pathway, and we showed that these signals are essential for their peroxisome localization. Our findings provide valuable information about which host processes are potentially manipulated by this pathogen, and also reveal plant peroxisomes, microtubules, and Golgi as novel targets for fungal effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume P. Robin
- UMR BIOGER, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Jochen Kleemann
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Cabre
- UMR BIOGER, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Félix Dallery
- UMR BIOGER, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Lapalu
- UMR BIOGER, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Richard J. O’Connell
- UMR BIOGER, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- *Correspondence: Richard J. O’Connell,
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Moral J, Montilla‐Bascón G, Canales FJ, Rubiales D, Prats E. Cytoskeleton reorganization/disorganization is a key feature of induced inaccessibility for defence to successive pathogen attacks. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:662-671. [PMID: 27147535 PMCID: PMC6638220 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the involvement of the long-term dynamics of cytoskeletal reorganization on the induced inaccessibility phenomenon by which cells that successfully defend against a previous fungal attack become highly resistant to subsequent attacks. This was performed on pea through double inoculation experiments using inappropriate (Blumeria graminis f. sp. avenae, Bga) and appropriate (Erysiphe pisi, Ep) powdery mildew fungi. Pea leaves previously inoculated with Bga showed a significant reduction of later Ep infection relative to leaves inoculated only with Ep, indicating that cells had developed induced inaccessibility. This reduction in Ep infection was higher when the time interval between Bga and Ep inoculation ranged between 18 and 24 h, although increased penetration resistance in co-infected cells was observed even with time intervals of 24 days between inoculations. Interestingly, this increase in resistance to Ep following successful defence to the inappropriate Bga was associated with an increase in actin microfilament density that reached a maximum at 18-24 h after Bga inoculation and very slowly decreased afterwards. The putative role of cytoskeleton reorganization/disorganization leading to inaccessibility is supported by the suppression of the induced resistance mediated by specific actin (cytochalasin D, latrunculin B) or general protein (cycloheximide) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Moral
- CSIC, Institute for Sustainable AgricultureCórdobaE‐14004Spain
| | | | | | - Diego Rubiales
- CSIC, Institute for Sustainable AgricultureCórdobaE‐14004Spain
| | - Elena Prats
- CSIC, Institute for Sustainable AgricultureCórdobaE‐14004Spain
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24
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Zhang B, Hua Y, Wang J, Huo Y, Shimono M, Day B, Ma Q. TaADF4, an actin-depolymerizing factor from wheat, is required for resistance to the stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:1210-1224. [PMID: 27995685 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Actin filament assembly in plants is a dynamic process, requiring the activity of more than 75 actin-binding proteins. Central to the regulation of filament assembly and stability is the activity of a conserved family of actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs), whose primarily function is to regulate the severing and depolymerization of actin filaments. In recent years, the activity of ADF proteins has been linked to a variety of cellular processes, including those associated with response to stress. Herein, a wheat ADF gene, TaADF4, was identified and characterized. TaADF4 encodes a 139-amino-acid protein containing five F-actin-binding sites and two G-actin-binding sites, and interacts with wheat (Triticum aestivum) Actin1 (TaACT1), in planta. Following treatment of wheat, separately, with jasmonic acid, abscisic acid or with the avirulent race, CYR23, of the stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, we observed a rapid induction in accumulation of TaADF4 mRNA. Interestingly, accumulation of TaADF4 mRNA was diminished in response to inoculation with a virulent race, CYR31. Silencing of TaADF4 resulted in enhanced susceptibility to CYR23, demonstrating a role for TaADF4 in defense signaling. Using a pharmacological-based approach, coupled with an analysis of host response to pathogen infection, we observed that treatment of plants with the actin-modifying agent latrunculin B enhanced resistance to CYR23, including increased production of reactive oxygen species and enhancement of localized hypersensitive cell death. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that TaADF4 positively modulates plant immunity in wheat via the modulation of actin cytoskeletal organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yuan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yan Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Masaki Shimono
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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25
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Engelsdorf T, Will C, Hofmann J, Schmitt C, Merritt BB, Rieger L, Frenger MS, Marschall A, Franke RB, Pattathil S, Voll LM. Cell wall composition and penetration resistance against the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum are affected by impaired starch turnover in Arabidopsis mutants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:701-713. [PMID: 28204541 PMCID: PMC5441917 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Penetration resistance represents the first level of plant defense against phytopathogenic fungi. Here, we report that the starch-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana phosphoglucomutase (pgm) mutant has impaired penetration resistance against the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum. We could not determine any changes in leaf cutin and epicuticular wax composition or indolic glucosinolate levels, but detected complex alterations in the cell wall monosaccharide composition of pgm. Notably, other mutants deficient in starch biosynthesis (adg1) or mobilization (sex1) had similarly affected cell wall composition and penetration resistance. Glycome profiling analysis showed that both overall cell wall polysaccharide extractability and relative extractability of specific pectin and xylan epitopes were affected in pgm, suggesting extensive structural changes in pgm cell walls. Screening of mutants with alterations in content or modification of specific cell wall monosaccharides indicated an important function of pectic polymers for penetration resistance and hyphal growth of C. higginsianum during the biotrophic interaction phase. While mutants with affected pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I (mur8) were hypersusceptible, penetration frequency and morphology of fungal hyphae were impaired on pmr5 pmr6 mutants with increased pectin levels. Our results reveal a strong impact of starch metabolism on cell wall composition and suggest a link between carbohydrate availability, cell wall pectin and penetration resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Engelsdorf
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Will
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Schmitt
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brian B Merritt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Leonie Rieger
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc S Frenger
- Universität Bonn, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - André Marschall
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
- Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg-Simon Ohm, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Rochus B Franke
- Universität Bonn, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lars M Voll
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Qi T, Wang J, Sun Q, Day B, Guo J, Ma Q. TaARPC3, Contributes to Wheat Resistance against the Stripe Rust Fungus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1245. [PMID: 28769954 PMCID: PMC5513970 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton participates in numerous cellular processes, including less-characterized processes, such as nuclear organization, chromatin remodeling, transcription, and signal transduction. As a key regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, the actin related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3 complex) controls multiple developmental processes in a variety of tissues and cell types. To date, the role of the Arp2/3 complex in plant disease resistance signaling is largely unknown. Herein, we identified and characterized wheat ARPC3, TaARPC3, which encodes the C3 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex. Expression of TaARPC3 in the arc18 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Δarc18 resulted in complementation of stress-induced phenotypes in S. cerevisiae, as well as restore wild-type cell shape malformations. TaARPC3 was found predominantly to be localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm when expressed transiently in wheat protoplast. TaARPC3 was significantly induced in response to avirulent race of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Knock-down of TaARPC3 by virus-induced gene silencing resulted in a reduction of resistance against Pst through a specific reduction in actin cytoskeletal organization. Interestingly, this reduction was found to coincide with a block in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, the hypersensitive response (HR), an increase in TaCAT1 mRNA accumulation, and the growth of Pst. Taken together, these findings suggest that TaARPC3 is a key subunit of the Arp2/3 complex which is required for wheat resistance against Pst, a process that is associated with the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Qixiong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Ma, Jun Guo,
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Ma, Jun Guo,
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27
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Fukunaga S, Sogame M, Hata M, Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Piślewska-Bednarek M, Onozawa-Komori M, Nishiuchi T, Hiruma K, Saitoh H, Terauchi R, Kitakura S, Inoue Y, Bednarek P, Schulze-Lefert P, Takano Y. Dysfunction of Arabidopsis MACPF domain protein activates programmed cell death via tryptophan metabolism in MAMP-triggered immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:381-393. [PMID: 27711985 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune responses triggered upon recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) typically restrict pathogen growth without a host cell death response. We isolated two Arabidopsis mutants, derived from accession Col-0, that activated cell death upon inoculation with nonadapted fungal pathogens. Notably, the mutants triggered cell death also when treated with bacterial MAMPs such as flg22. Positional cloning identified NSL1 (Necrotic Spotted Lesion 1) as a responsible gene for the phenotype of the two mutants, whereas nsl1 mutations of the accession No-0 resulted in necrotic lesion formation without pathogen inoculation. NSL1 encodes a protein of unknown function containing a putative membrane-attack complex/perforin (MACPF) domain. The application of flg22 increased salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in the nsl1 plants derived from Col-0, while depletion of isochorismate synthase 1 repressed flg22-inducible lesion formation, indicating that elevated SA is needed for the cell death response. nsl1 plants of Col-0 responded to flg22 treatment with an RBOHD-dependent oxidative burst, but this response was dispensable for the nsl1-dependent cell death. Surprisingly, loss-of-function mutations in PEN2, involved in the metabolism of tryptophan (Trp)-derived indole glucosinolates, suppressed the flg22-induced and nsl1-dependent cell death. Moreover, the increased accumulation of SA in the nsl1 plants was abrogated by blocking Trp-derived secondary metabolite biosynthesis, whereas the nsl1-dependent hyperaccumulation of PEN2-dependent compounds was unaffected when the SA biosynthesis pathway was blocked. Collectively, these findings suggest that MAMP-triggered immunity activates a genetically programmed cell death in the absence of the functional MACPF domain protein NSL1 via Trp-derived secondary metabolite-mediated activation of the SA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miho Sogame
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Hata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kei Hiruma
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | | | | | - Saeko Kitakura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inoue
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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28
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Lee HA, Lee HY, Seo E, Lee J, Kim SB, Oh S, Choi E, Choi E, Lee SE, Choi D. Current Understandings of Plant Nonhost Resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:5-15. [PMID: 27925500 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-16-0213-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance, a resistance of plant species against all nonadapted pathogens, is considered the most durable and efficient immune system of plants but yet remains elusive. The underlying mechanism of nonhost resistance has been investigated at multiple levels of plant defense for several decades. In this review, we have comprehensively surveyed the latest literature on nonhost resistance in terms of preinvasion, metabolic defense, pattern-triggered immunity, effector-triggered immunity, defense signaling, and possible application in crop protection. Overall, we summarize the current understanding of nonhost resistance mechanisms. Pre- and postinvasion is not much deviated from the knowledge on host resistance, except for a few specific cases. Further insights on the roles of the pattern recognition receptor gene family, multiple interactions between effectors from nonadapted pathogen and plant factors, and plant secondary metabolites in host range determination could expand our knowledge on nonhost resistance and provide efficient tools for future crop protection using combinational biotechnology approaches. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ah Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Seo
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyun Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Saet-Byul Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Oh
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbi Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - So Eui Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
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29
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Inada N, Betsuyaku S, Shimada TL, Ebine K, Ito E, Kutsuna N, Hasezawa S, Takano Y, Fukuda H, Nakano A, Ueda T. Modulation of Plant RAB GTPase-Mediated Membrane Trafficking Pathway at the Interface Between Plants and Obligate Biotrophic Pathogens. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1854-64. [PMID: 27318282 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
RAB5 is a small GTPase that acts in endosomal trafficking. In addition to canonical RAB5 members that are homologous to animal RAB5, land plants harbor a plant-specific RAB5, the ARA6 group, which regulates trafficking events distinct from canonical RAB5 GTPases. Here, we report that plant RAB5, both canonical and plant-specific members, accumulate at the interface between host plants and biotrophic fungal and oomycete pathogens. Biotrophic fungi and oomycetes colonize living plant tissues by establishing specialized infection hyphae, the haustorium, within host plant cells. We found that Arabidopsis thaliana ARA6/RABF1, a plant-specific RAB5, is localized to the specialized membrane that surrounds the haustorium, the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM), formed by the A. thaliana-adapted powdery mildew fungus Golovinomyces orontii Whereas the conventional RAB5 ARA7/RABF2b was also localized to the EHM, endosomal SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) and RAB5-activating proteins were not, which suggests that the EHM has modified endosomal characteristic. The recruitment of host RAB5 to the EHM was a property shared by the barley-adapted powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei and the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, but the extrahyphal membrane surrounding the hypha of the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum at the biotrophic stage was devoid of RAB5. The localization of RAB5 to the EHM appears to correlate with the functionality of the haustorium. Our discovery sheds light on a novel relationship between plant RAB5 and obligate biotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara, 630-0192 Japan Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
| | - Takashi L Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Kazuo Ebine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Emi Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Department of Life Science, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8585 Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Live Cell Super-resolution Live Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
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30
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Contributions of host cellular trafficking and organization to the outcomes of plant-pathogen interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:163-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Tang C, Deng L, Chang D, Chen S, Wang X, Kang Z. TaADF3, an Actin-Depolymerizing Factor, Negatively Modulates Wheat Resistance Against Puccinia striiformis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1214. [PMID: 26834758 PMCID: PMC4716666 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in plant defense against pathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria. Actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are stimulus responsive actin cytoskeleton modulators. However, there is limited evidence linking ADFs with plant defense against pathogens. In this study, we have isolated and functionally characterized a stress-responsive ADF gene (TaADF3) from wheat, which was detectable in all examined wheat tissues. TaADF3 is a three-copy gene located on chromosomes 5AL, 5BL, and 5DL. A particle bombardment assay in onion epidermal cells revealed the cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of TaADF3. The expression of TaADF3 was inducible by abscisic acid (ABA), as well as various abiotic stresses (drought and cold) and virulent Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) but was down regulated in response to avirulent Pst. Virus-induced silencing of TaADF3 copies enhanced wheat resistance to avirulent Pst, with decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and hypersensitive response (HR). Upon treatment with virulent Pst, TaADF3-knockdown plants exhibited reduced susceptibility, which was accompanied by increased ROS production and HR. Interestingly, the silencing of TaADF3 resulted in hindered pathogen penetration and haustoria formation for both avirulent and virulent Pst. Moreover, the array and distribution of actin filaments was transformed in TaADF3-knockdown epidermal cells, which possibly facilitated attenuating the fungus penetration. Thus, our findings suggest that TaADF3 positively regulates wheat tolerance to abiotic stresses and negatively regulates wheat resistance to Pst in an ROS-dependent manner, possibly underlying the mechanism of impeding fungal penetration dependent on the actin architecture dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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32
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Inada N, Higaki T, Hasezawa S. Quantitative analyses on dynamic changes in the organization of host Arabidopsis thaliana actin microfilaments surrounding the infection organ of the powdery mildew fungus Golovinomyces orontii. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:103-110. [PMID: 26646379 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Obligate biotrophic fungi that cause powdery mildew on host plants form a specialized infection organ called the haustorium in the host apoplast. It was previously reported that the haustorium is surrounded by host actin microfilaments (AFs). The previous study used fixed cells, in which AFs were stained with fluorescently labeled phalloidine, therefore the structural dynamics of haustorium-surrounding AFs has not been examined. In the present study, we performed a live imaging analysis to examine the dynamics and developmental changes in the organization of haustorium-surrounding host AFs using host Arabidopsis thaliana and A. thaliana-adapted powdery mildew fungus Golovinomyces orontii. Image correlation-based velocimetry analysis suggested that AFs around haustorium are rather static compared to the dynamicity of AFs at the cell surface. Quantification of AF density and bundling showed that the density, but not the level of bundling, of haustorium-surrounding AFs increased as the haustorium matures. The possible role of AFs around haustoria is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
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Irieda H, Ogawa S, Takano Y. Focal effector accumulation in a biotrophic interface at the primary invasion sites of Colletotrichum orbiculare in multiple susceptible plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1137407. [PMID: 26829249 PMCID: PMC4883915 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1137407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We identified virulence-related effectors of a hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Colletotrichum orbiculare, and found that a novel interface was generated by a biotrophic interaction between C. orbiculare and the host cucumber, in which the effectors secreted from the pathogen accumulated preferentially. The interface was located around the biotrophic primary hyphal neck. Here, we showed that C. orbiculare also developed this interface in a biotrophic interaction with melon, which belongs to Cucurbitaceae. Furthermore, C. orbiculare developed interface in the interaction with a susceptible plant, Nicotiana benthamiana, which is distantly related to Cucurbitaceae, suggesting that the spatial regulation strategy for effectors in C. orbiculare is not specific to cucumber; rather, it is conserved among the various plants that are susceptible to this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Irieda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suthitar Ogawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Ishiga Y, Rao Uppalapati S, Gill US, Huhman D, Tang Y, Mysore KS. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identify a role for chlorophyll catabolism and phytoalexin during Medicago nonhost resistance against Asian soybean rust. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13061. [PMID: 26267598 PMCID: PMC4533520 DOI: 10.1038/srep13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is a devastating foliar disease affecting soybean production worldwide. Understanding nonhost resistance against ASR may provide an avenue to engineer soybean to confer durable resistance against ASR. We characterized a Medicago truncatula-ASR pathosystem to study molecular mechanisms of nonhost resistance. Although urediniospores formed appressoria and penetrated into epidermal cells of M. truncatula, P. pachyrhizi failed to sporulate. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the induction of phenylpropanoid, flavonoid and isoflavonoid metabolic pathway genes involved in the production of phytoalexin medicarpin in M. truncatula upon infection with P. pachyrhizi. Furthermore, genes involved in chlorophyll catabolism were induced during nonhost resistance. We further characterized one of the chlorophyll catabolism genes, Stay-green (SGR), and demonstrated that the M. truncatula sgr mutant and alfalfa SGR-RNAi lines showed hypersensitive-response-like enhanced cell death upon inoculation with P. pachyrhizi. Consistent with transcriptomic analysis, metabolomic analysis also revealed the accumulation of medicarpin and its intermediate metabolites. In vitro assay showed that medicarpin inhibited urediniospore germination and differentiation. In addition, several triterpenoid saponin glycosides accumulated in M. truncatula upon inoculation with P. pachyrhizi. In summary, using multi-omic approaches, we identified a correlation between phytoalexin production and M. truncatula defense responses against ASR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | | | - Upinder S. Gill
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - David Huhman
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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Korn M, Schmidpeter J, Dahl M, Müller S, Voll LM, Koch C. A Genetic Screen for Pathogenicity Genes in the Hemibiotrophic Fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum Identifies the Plasma Membrane Proton Pump Pma2 Required for Host Penetration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125960. [PMID: 25992547 PMCID: PMC4437780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used insertional mutagenesis by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation (ATMT) to isolate pathogenicity mutants of Colletotrichum higginsianum. From a collection of 7200 insertion mutants we isolated 75 mutants with reduced symptoms. 19 of these were affected in host penetration, while 17 were affected in later stages of infection, like switching to necrotrophic growth. For 16 mutants the location of T-DNA insertions could be identified by PCR. A potential plasma membrane H+-ATPase Pma2 was targeted in five independent insertion mutants. We genetically inactivated the Ku80 component of the non-homologous end-joining pathway in C. higginsianum to establish an efficient gene knockout protocol. Chpma2 deletion mutants generated by homologous recombination in the ΔChku80 background form fully melanized appressoria but entirely fail to penetrate the host tissue and are non-pathogenic. The ChPMA2 gene is induced upon appressoria formation and infection of A. thaliana. Pma2 activity is not important for vegetative growth of saprophytically growing mycelium, since the mutant shows no growth penalty under these conditions. Colletotrichum higginsianum codes for a closely related gene (ChPMA1), which is highly expressed under most growth conditions. ChPMA1 is more similar to the homologous yeast genes for plasma membrane pumps. We propose that expression of a specific proton pump early during infection may be common to many appressoria forming fungal pathogens as we found ChPMA2 orthologs in several plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Korn
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Schmidpeter
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marlis Dahl
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Müller
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars M. Voll
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Geissler K, Eschen-Lippold L, Naumann K, Schneeberger K, Weigel D, Scheel D, Rosahl S, Westphal L. Mutations in the EDR1 Gene Alter the Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Phytophthora infestans and the Bacterial PAMPs flg22 and elf18. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:122-133. [PMID: 25353364 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0282-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistically, nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is not well understood. Besides PEN2 and PEN3, which contribute to penetration resistance, no further components have been identified so far. In an ethylmethane sulphonate-mutant screen, we mutagenized pen2-1 and screened for mutants with an altered response to infection by P. infestans. One of the mutants obtained, enhanced response to Phytophthora infestans6 (erp6), was analyzed. Whole-genome sequencing of erp6 revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism in the coding region of the kinase domain of At1g08720, which encodes the putative MAPKKK ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE1 (EDR1). We demonstrate that three independent lines with knock-out alleles of edr1 mount an enhanced response to P. infestans inoculation, mediated by increased salicylic acid signaling and callose deposition. Moreover, we show that the single amino acid substitution in erp6 causes the loss of in vitro autophosphorylation activity of EDR1. Furthermore, growth inhibition experiments suggest a so-far-unknown involvement of EDR1 in the response to the pathogen-associated molecular patterns flg22 and elf18. We conclude that EDR1 contributes to the defense response of A. thaliana against P. infestans. Our data position EDR1 as a negative regulator in postinvasive nonhost resistance.
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Kang Y, Jelenska J, Cecchini NM, Li Y, Lee MW, Kovar DR, Greenberg JT. HopW1 from Pseudomonas syringae disrupts the actin cytoskeleton to promote virulence in Arabidopsis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004232. [PMID: 24968323 PMCID: PMC4072799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A central mechanism of virulence of extracellular bacterial pathogens is the injection into host cells of effector proteins that modify host cellular functions. HopW1 is an effector injected by the type III secretion system that increases the growth of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae on the Columbia accession of Arabidopsis. When delivered by P. syringae into plant cells, HopW1 causes a reduction in the filamentous actin (F-actin) network and the inhibition of endocytosis, a known actin-dependent process. When directly produced in plants, HopW1 forms complexes with actin, disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and inhibits endocytosis as well as the trafficking of certain proteins to vacuoles. The C-terminal region of HopW1 can reduce the length of actin filaments and therefore solubilize F-actin in vitro. Thus, HopW1 acts by disrupting the actin cytoskeleton and the cell biological processes that depend on actin, which in turn are needed for restricting P. syringae growth in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsung Kang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joanna Jelenska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nicolas M. Cecchini
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Min Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David R. Kovar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jean T. Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Fu Y, Duan X, Tang C, Li X, Voegele RT, Wang X, Wei G, Kang Z. TaADF7, an actin-depolymerizing factor, contributes to wheat resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:16-30. [PMID: 24635700 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is involved in plant defense responses; however, the role of the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) family, which regulates actin cytoskeletal dynamics, in plant disease resistance, is largely unknown. Here, we characterized a wheat (Triticum aestivum) ADF gene, TaADF7, with three copies located on chromosomes 1A, 1B, and 1D, respectively. All three copies encoded the same protein, although there were variations in 19 nucleotide positions in the open reading frame. Transcriptional expression of the three TaADF7 copies were all sharply elevated in response to avirulent Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) infection, with similar expression patterns. TaADF7 regulated the actin cytoskeletal dynamics by targeting the actin cytoskeleton to execute actin binding/severing activities. When the TaADF7 copies were all silenced by virus-induced gene silencing, the growth of Pst hypha increased and sporadic urediniospores were observed, as compared with control plants, upon inoculation with avirulent Pst. In addition, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the hypersensitive response (HR) were greatly weakened, whereas cytochalasin B partially rescued the HR in TaADF7 knock-down plants. Together, these findings suggest that TaADF7 is likely to contribute to wheat resistance against Pst infection by modulating the actin cytoskeletal dynamics to influence ROS accumulation and the HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Ichikawa M, Hirano T, Enami K, Fuselier T, Kato N, Kwon C, Voigt B, Schulze-Lefert P, Baluška F, Sato MH. Syntaxin of plant proteins SYP123 and SYP132 mediate root hair tip growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:790-800. [PMID: 24642714 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are fast-growing tubular protrusions on root epidermal cells that play important roles in water and nutrient uptake in plants. The tip-focused polarized growth of root hairs is accomplished by the secretion of newly synthesized materials to the tip via the polarized membrane trafficking mechanism. Here, we report the function of two different types of plasma membrane (PM) Qa-SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors), SYP123 and SYP132, in the growth of root hair in Arabidopsis. We found that SYP123, but not SYP132, localizes in the tip region of root hairs by recycling between the brefeldin A (BFA)-sensitive endosomes and the PM of the expanding tip in an F-actin-dependent manner. The vesicle-associated membrane proteins VAMP721/722/724 also exhibited tip-focused localization in root hairs and formed ternary SNARE complexes with both SYP123 and SYP132. These results demonstrate that SYP123 and SYP132 act in a coordinated fashion to mediate tip-focused membrane trafficking for root hair tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Ichikawa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamonakaragi-cho 1-5, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522 Japan
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40
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Jelenska J, Kang Y, Greenberg JT. Plant pathogenic bacteria target the actin microfilament network involved in the trafficking of disease defense components. BIOARCHITECTURE 2014; 4:149-53. [PMID: 25551177 PMCID: PMC4914032 DOI: 10.4161/19490992.2014.980662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells of infected organisms transport disease defense-related molecules along actin filaments to deliver them to their sites of action to combat the pathogen. To accommodate higher demand for intracellular traffic, plant F-actin density increases transiently during infection or treatment of Arabidopsis with pathogen-associated molecules. Many animal and plant pathogens interfere with actin polymerization and depolymerization to avoid immune responses. Pseudomonas syringae, a plant extracellular pathogen, injects HopW1 effector into host cells to disrupt the actin cytoskeleton and reduce vesicle movement in order to elude defense responses. In some Arabidopsis accessions, however, HopW1 is recognized and causes resistance via an actin-independent mechanism. HopW1 targets isoform 7 of vegetative actin (ACT7) that is regulated by phytohormones and environmental factors. We hypothesize that dynamic changes of ACT7 filaments are involved in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jelenska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Yongsung Kang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
- Current address: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Seoul National University; Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jean T Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
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41
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Endocytosis: At the Crossroads of Pattern Recognition Immune Receptors and Pathogen Effectors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41787-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hiruma K, Fukunaga S, Bednarek P, Takano Y. Glutathione and tryptophan metabolites are key players in Arabidopsis nonhost resistance against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:25603. [PMID: 23838955 PMCID: PMC4002620 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis against hemibiotrophic fungi in the genus Colletotrichum consists of pre- and post-invasive immune responses. Previously, we reported EDR1 and PEN2 as important components of Arabidopsis pre-invasive resistance toward non-adapted Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Cg). However, despite their defect in entry control pen2 and edr1 mutants terminated further growth of this pathogen by activating the post-invasive hypersensitive response (HR) accompanied by plant cell death. In the present study, we showed that γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1), which is required for glutathione biosynthesis, and tryptophan (Trp) metabolism contribute to pre- and post-invasive non-host resistance against Cg. We found GSH1 to be involved in the PEN2-dependent entry control of Cg. Opposite to pen2 and edr1, gsh1 mutants failed to restrict the invasive growth of the pathogen, which demonstrated the requirement for GSH1 during post-invasive non-host resistance. Based on the infection and metabolic phenotypes of Arabidopsis mutants defective in Trp metabolism, we showed that the biosynthesis of Trp-derived phytochemicals is also essential for resistance to Cg during the post-invasive HR. By contrast, GSH1 and these metabolites are dispensable for the induction of HR cell death, which is triggered in the non-invaded mesophyll cells adjacent to the Cg-invaded epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hiruma
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poznan, Poland
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Schön M, Töller A, Diezel C, Roth C, Westphal L, Wiermer M, Somssich IE. Analyses of wrky18 wrky40 plants reveal critical roles of SA/EDS1 signaling and indole-glucosinolate biosynthesis for Golovinomyces orontii resistance and a loss-of resistance towards Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato AvrRPS4. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:758-67. [PMID: 23617415 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-12-0265-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous mutation of two WRKY-type transcription factors, WRKY18 and WRKY40, renders otherwise susceptible wild-type Arabidopsis plants resistant towards the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus Golovinomyces orontii. Resistance in wrky18 wrky40 double mutant plants is accompanied by massive transcriptional reprogramming, imbalance in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, altered ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) expression, and accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin. Genetic analyses identified SA biosynthesis and EDS1 signaling as well as biosynthesis of the indole-glucosinolate 4MI3G as essential components required for loss-of-WRKY18 WRKY40-mediated resistance towards G. orontii. The analysis of wrky18 wrky40 pad3 mutant plants impaired in camalexin biosynthesis revealed an uncoupling of pre- from postinvasive resistance against G. orontii. Comprehensive infection studies demonstrated the specificity of wrky18 wrky40-mediated G. orontii resistance. Interestingly, WRKY18 and WRKY40 act as positive regulators in effector-triggered immunity, as the wrky18 wrky40 double mutant was found to be strongly susceptible towards the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 expressing the effector AvrRPS4 but not against other tested Pseudomonas strains. We hypothesize that G. orontii depends on the function of WRKY18 and WRKY40 to successfully infect Arabidopsis wild-type plants while, in the interaction with P. syringae AvrRPS4, they are required to mediate effector-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schön
- Department of Plant Microbe Interaction, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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Glutathione and tryptophan metabolism are required for Arabidopsis immunity during the hypersensitive response to hemibiotrophs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9589-94. [PMID: 23696664 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305745110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a type of strong immune response found in plants that is accompanied by localized cell death. However, it is unclear how HR can block a broad range of pathogens with different infective modes. In this study, we report that γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase GSH1, which is critical for glutathione biosynthesis, and tryptophan (Trp) metabolism contribute to HR and block development of fungal pathogens with hemibiotrophic infective modes. We found that GSH1 is involved in the penetration2 (PEN2)-based entry control of the nonadapted hemibiotroph Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. However, Arabidopsis mutants specifically defective in entry control terminated further growth of the pathogen in the presence of HR cell death, whereas gsh1 mutants supported pathogen invasive growth in planta, demonstrating the requirement of GSH1 for postinvasive nonhost resistance. Remarkably, on the basis of the phenotypic and metabolic analysis of Arabidopsis mutants defective in Trp metabolism, we showed that biosynthesis of Trp-derived phytochemicals is also essential for resistance to C. gloeosporioides during postinvasive HR. By contrast, GSH1 and these metabolites are likely to be dispensable for the induction of cell death during postinvasive HR. Furthermore, the resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum 1/resistance to Pseudomonas syringae 4 dual Resistance gene-dependent immunity of Arabidopsis to the adapted hemibiotroph shared GSH1 and cytochromes P450 CYP79B2/CYP79B3 with postinvasive nonhost resistance, whereas resistance to P. syringae pv. maculicola 1 and resistance to P. syringae 2-based Resistance gene resistance against bacterial pathogens did not. These data suggest that the synthesis of glutathione and Trp-derived metabolites during HR play crucial roles in terminating the invasive growth of both nonadapted and adapted hemibiotrophs.
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Kobayashi Y, Kobayashi I. Microwounding is a pivotal factor for the induction of actin-dependent penetration resistance against fungal attack. PLANTA 2013; 237:1187-1198. [PMID: 23328898 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Induced penetration resistance is triggered by failed penetration attempts of nonpathogenic fungi. The resistance mechanism is an important nonhost reaction in plants that can block the invasion of filamentous pathogens such as fungi and oomycetes. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanical stimuli accompanying fungal penetration play a role in induced penetration resistance, whereas the perforation of the cell wall may provide significant stimuli to plant cells. Here, we used microneedles or biolistic bombardment to mimic fungal penetration pegs and a micromanipulation transfer technique of the bio-probe, a germling of Blumeria graminis hordei, to the wounded cells to demonstrate that microwounds derived from fungal penetration attempts may trigger induced penetration resistance in plant cells. When preinoculated with the nonpathogenic fungi Erysiphe pisi and Colletotrichum orbiculare, which were unable to penetrate a barley cell, the penetration of a bio-probe that was transferred by micromanipulation onto the same cell was completely blocked. Fungal penetration was essential to the triggering of induced penetration resistance because a penetration-peg-defective mutant of C. orbiculare completely lacked the ability to trigger resistance. The artificial microwounds significantly, but not completely, blocked the penetration of the bio-probe. Treatment with the actin polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin A or expression of the actin depolymerizing protein HvPro1 caused complete ablation of the induced penetration resistance triggered by either failed fungal penetration or artificial microwounds. These results strongly suggest that microwounding may trigger actin-dependent induced penetration resistance. Manipulation of induced penetration resistance may be a promising target to improve basic disease resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhko Kobayashi
- Core-Lab, Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-Machiya-cho, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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Engelsdorf T, Horst RJ, Pröls R, Pröschel M, Dietz F, Hückelhoven R, Voll LM. Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances the susceptibility of Arabidopsis toward Colletotrichum higginsianum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:225-38. [PMID: 23487433 PMCID: PMC3641204 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.209676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic ascomycete fungus that is adapted to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). After breaching the host surface, the fungus establishes an initial biotrophic phase in the penetrated epidermis cell, before necrotrophic growth is initiated upon further host colonization. We observed that partitioning of major leaf carbohydrates was shifted in favor of sucrose and at the expense of starch during necrotrophic fungal growth. Arabidopsis mutants with impaired starch turnover were more susceptible toward C. higginsianum infection, exhibiting a strong negative correlation between diurnal carbohydrate accumulation and fungal proliferation for the tested genotypes. By altering the length of the light phase and employing additional genotypes impaired in nocturnal carbon mobilization, we revealed that reduced availability of carbon enhances susceptibility in the investigated pathosystem. Systematic starvation experiments resulted in two important findings. First, we showed that carbohydrate supply by the host is dispensable during biotrophic growth of C. higginsianum, while carbon deficiency was most harmful to the host during the necrotrophic colonization phase. Compared with the wild type, the increases in the total salicylic acid pool and camalexin accumulation were reduced in starch-free mutants at late interaction stages, while an increased ratio of free to total salicylic acid did not convey elevated pathogenesis-related gene expression in starch-free mutants. These observations suggest that reduced carbon availability dampens induced defense responses. In contrast, starch-free mutants were more resistant toward the fungal biotroph Erysiphe cruciferarum, indicating that reduced carbohydrate availability influences susceptibility differently in the interaction with the investigated hemibiotrophic and biotrophic fungal pathogens.
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Hao C, Chen Y, Zhang B, Li Y, Zuo H, Qi T, Ma Q. Histochemical comparison of the nonhost tomato with resistant wheat against Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:514-22. [PMID: 23441083 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The nonhost interaction of tomato-Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) and resistant host interaction of wheat-Bgt were compared histochemically. The percentage of appressorium formation had no significant difference on tomato and wheat leaves. Papilla formation occurred earlier and more on host wheat than on nonhost tomato leaves, while the incidence of hypersensitive cell death was much higher in the nonhost interaction. Whole-cell H2O2 accumulation and hypersensitive cell death usually appeared in haustorium-invaded wheat epidermal cells. In contrast, the vast majority of non-haustorium epidermal cells were associated with H2O2 accumulation and hypersensitive cell death on tomato. Localized H2O2 accumulation and hypersensitive response were detected in effective papillae in both interactions. The peak percentage of haustorium formation was less than 7% in the nonhost interaction while reached 43% in the incompatible host interaction. These results indicate that hypersensitive cell death and papillae are likely to play an important role in preventing Bgt penetration and development on tomato and wheat leaves, both defense responses involving H2O2 accumulation. This study further implies that the nonhost and incompatible interactions share similar cytological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Kopischke M, Westphal L, Schneeberger K, Clark R, Ossowski S, Wewer V, Fuchs R, Landtag J, Hause G, Dörmann P, Lipka V, Weigel D, Schulze-Lefert P, Scheel D, Rosahl S. Impaired sterol ester synthesis alters the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Phytophthora infestans. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:456-68. [PMID: 23072470 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-host resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease of potato, depends on efficient extracellular pre- and post-invasive resistance responses. Pre-invasive resistance against P. infestans requires the myrosinase PEN2. To identify additional genes involved in non-host resistance to P. infestans, a genetic screen was performed by re-mutagenesis of pen2 plants. Fourteen independent mutants were isolated that displayed an enhanced response to Phytophthora (erp) phenotype. Upon inoculation with P. infestans, two mutants, pen2-1 erp1-3 and pen2-1 erp1-4, showed an enhanced rate of mesophyll cell death and produced excessive callose deposits in the mesophyll cell layer. ERP1 encodes a phospholipid:sterol acyltransferase (PSAT1) that catalyzes the formation of sterol esters. Consistent with this, the tested T-DNA insertion lines of PSAT1 are phenocopies of erp1 plants. Sterol ester levels are highly reduced in all erp1/psat1 mutants, whereas sterol glycoside levels are increased twofold. Excessive callose deposition occurred independently of PMR4/GSL5 activity, a known pathogen-inducible callose synthase. A similar formation of aberrant callose deposits was triggered by the inoculation of erp1 psat1 plants with powdery mildew. These results suggest a role for sterol conjugates in cell non-autonomous defense responses against invasive filamentous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kopischke
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Yi M, Valent B. Communication between filamentous pathogens and plants at the biotrophic interface. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:587-611. [PMID: 23750888 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungi and oomycetes that colonize living plant tissue form extensive interfaces with plant cells in which the cytoplasm of the microorganism is closely aligned with the host cytoplasm for an extended distance. In all cases, specialized biotrophic hyphae function to hijack host cellular processes across an interfacial zone consisting of a hyphal plasma membrane, a specialized interfacial matrix, and a plant-derived membrane. The interface is the site of active secretion by both players. This cross talk at the interface determines the winner in adversarial relationships and establishes the partnership in mutualistic relationships. Fungi and oomycetes secrete many specialized effector proteins for controlling the host, and they can stimulate remarkable cellular reorganization even in distant plant cells. Breakthroughs in live-cell imaging of fungal and oomycete encounter sites, including live-cell imaging of pathogens secreting fluorescently labeled effector proteins, have led to recent progress in understanding communication across the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Yi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5502, USA.
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Cheng Y, Zhang H, Yao J, Han Q, Wang X, Huang L, Kang Z. Cytological and molecular characterization of non-host resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against wheat stripe rust. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 62:11-8. [PMID: 23159487 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat worldwide. We report the use of the non-host plant Arabidopsis thaliana to identify the basis of resistance to Pst at the cytological and molecular levels. No visible symptoms were observed on Arabidopsis leaves inoculated with Pst. Microscopic observations showed that significantly reduced numbers of Pst urediospores had successfully achieved penetration in Arabidopsis compared with those in wheat. There were significant differences in the frequency of stomatal penetration but not in fungal growth among different Pst races in Arabidopsis. The fungus failed to successfully form haustoria in Arabidopsis and attempted infection induced an active response including accumulation of phenolic compounds and callose deposition in plant cells. A set of defence-related genes were also up regulated during the Pst infection. Compared with wild type plants, increased fungal growth was observed in an npr1-1 mutant and in NahG transformed plants, which both are insensitive to salicylic acid. However, treatment of Arabidopsis plants with cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of actin microfilament polymerization, did not increase susceptibility to Pst. Our results demonstrate that Arabidopsis can be used to study mechanisms of non-host resistance to wheat stripe rust, and highlight the significance of participation of salicylic acid in non-host resistance to rust fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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