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Dautt-Castro M, Rosendo-Vargas M, Casas-Flores S. The Small GTPases in Fungal Signaling Conservation and Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051039. [PMID: 33924947 PMCID: PMC8146680 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monomeric GTPases, which belong to the Ras superfamily, are small proteins involved in many biological processes. They are fine-tuned regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Several families have been identified in organisms from different kingdoms. Overall, the most studied families are Ras, Rho, Rab, Ran, Arf, and Miro. Recently, a new family named Big Ras GTPases was reported. As a general rule, the proteins of all families have five characteristic motifs (G1–G5), and some specific features for each family have been described. Here, we present an exhaustive analysis of these small GTPase families in fungi, using 56 different genomes belonging to different phyla. For this purpose, we used distinct approaches such as phylogenetics and sequences analysis. The main functions described for monomeric GTPases in fungi include morphogenesis, secondary metabolism, vesicle trafficking, and virulence, which are discussed here. Their participation during fungus–plant interactions is reviewed as well.
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Gonzalez E, Pitre FE, Pagé AP, Marleau J, Guidi Nissim W, St-Arnaud M, Labrecque M, Joly S, Yergeau E, Brereton NJB. Trees, fungi and bacteria: tripartite metatranscriptomics of a root microbiome responding to soil contamination. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:53. [PMID: 29562928 PMCID: PMC5863371 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One method for rejuvenating land polluted with anthropogenic contaminants is through phytoremediation, the reclamation of land through the cultivation of specific crops. The capacity for phytoremediation crops, such as Salix spp., to tolerate and even flourish in contaminated soils relies on a highly complex and predominantly cryptic interacting community of microbial life. METHODS Here, Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly were used to observe gene expression in washed Salix purpurea cv. 'Fish Creek' roots from trees pot grown in petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated or non-contaminated soil. All 189,849 assembled contigs were annotated without a priori assumption as to sequence origin and differential expression was assessed. RESULTS The 839 contigs differentially expressed (DE) and annotated from S. purpurea revealed substantial increases in transcripts encoding abiotic stress response equipment, such as glutathione S-transferases, in roots of contaminated trees as well as the hallmarks of fungal interaction, such as SWEET2 (Sugars Will Eventually Be Exported Transporter). A total of 8252 DE transcripts were fungal in origin, with contamination conditions resulting in a community shift from Ascomycota to Basidiomycota genera. In response to contamination, 1745 Basidiomycota transcripts increased in abundance (the majority uniquely expressed in contaminated soil) including major monosaccharide transporter MST1, primary cell wall and lamella CAZy enzymes, and an ectomycorrhiza-upregulated exo-β-1,3-glucanase (GH5). Additionally, 639 DE polycistronic transcripts from an uncharacterised Enterobacteriaceae species were uniformly in higher abundance in contamination conditions and comprised a wide spectrum of genes cryptic under laboratory conditions but considered putatively involved in eukaryotic interaction, biofilm formation and dioxygenase hydrocarbon degradation. CONCLUSIONS Fungal gene expression, representing the majority of contigs assembled, suggests out-competition of white rot Ascomycota genera (dominated by Pyronema), a sometimes ectomycorrhizal (ECM) Ascomycota (Tuber) and ECM Basidiomycota (Hebeloma) by a poorly characterised putative ECM Basidiomycota due to contamination. Root and fungal expression involved transcripts encoding carbohydrate/amino acid (C/N) dialogue whereas bacterial gene expression included the apparatus necessary for biofilm interaction and direct reduction of contamination stress, a potential bacterial currency for a role in tripartite mutualism. Unmistakable within the metatranscriptome is the degree to which the landscape of rhizospheric biology, particularly the important but predominantly uncharacterised fungal genetics, is yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gonzalez
- Canadian Center for Computational Genomics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Montréal, H3A 1A4, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - F E Pitre
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - A P Pagé
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development (ACRD), National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - J Marleau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - W Guidi Nissim
- Department of Agri-food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - M St-Arnaud
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - M Labrecque
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - S Joly
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - E Yergeau
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - N J B Brereton
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
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Fortwendel JR. Orchestration of Morphogenesis in Filamentous Fungi: Conserved Roles for Ras Signaling Networks. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2015; 29:54-62. [PMID: 26257821 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi undergo complex developmental programs including conidial germination, polarized morphogenesis, and differentiation of sexual and asexual structures. For many fungi, the coordinated completion of development is required for pathogenicity, as specialized morphological structures must be produced by the invading fungus. Ras proteins are highly conserved GTPase signal transducers and function as major regulators of growth and development in eukaryotes. Filamentous fungi typically express two Ras homologues, comprising distinct groups of Ras1-like and Ras2-like proteins based on sequence homology. Recent evidence suggests shared roles for both Ras1 and Ras2 homologues, but also supports the existence of unique functions in the areas of stress response and virulence. This review focuses on the roles played by both Ras protein groups during growth, development, and pathogenicity of a diverse array of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod R Fortwendel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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de Freitas Pereira M, Betancourth BML, Teixeira JA, Zubieta MP, de Queiroz MV, Kasuya MCM, Costa MD, de Araújo EF. In vitro Scleroderma laeve and Eucalyptus grandis mycorrhization and analysis of atp6, 17S rDNA, and ras gene expression during ectomycorrhizal formation. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:1358-66. [PMID: 25080195 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between fungi and plants that form ectomycorrhizae (ECM) promotes alterations in the gene expression profiles of both organisms. Fungal genes expression related to metabolism were evaluated at the pre-symbiotic stage and during the ECM development between Scleroderma laeve and Eucalyptus grandis. Partial sequences of ATP synthase (atp6), translation elongation factor (ef1α), the RAS protein (ras), and the 17S rDNA genes were isolated. The expression of the atp6 and 17S rDNA genes during the pre-symbiotic stage showed an approximately threefold increase compared to the control. During ECM development, the expression of the 17S rDNA gene showed a 4.4-fold increase after 3 days of contact, while the expression of the atp6 gene increased 7.23-fold by the 15th day, suggesting that protein synthesis and respiratory chain activities are increased during the formation of the mantle and the Hartig net. The ras gene transcripts were only detected by RT-PCR 30 days after fungus-plant contact, suggesting that RAS-mediated signal transduction pathways are functional during the establishment of symbiosis. The present study demonstrates that alterations in gene expression occur in response to stimuli released by the plant during ECM association and increases the understanding of the association between S. laeve and E. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra de Freitas Pereira
- Department of Microbiology/BIOAGRO, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa-Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil
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5
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Knabe N, Jung EM, Freihorst D, Hennicke F, Horton JS, Kothe E. A central role for Ras1 in morphogenesis of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:941-52. [PMID: 23606288 PMCID: PMC3675993 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00355-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungi have been used as model systems to define general processes in eukaryotes, for example, the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, as well as to study polar growth or pathogenesis. Here, we show a central role for the regulator protein Ras in a mushroom-forming, filamentous basidiomycete linking growth, pheromone signaling, sexual development, and meiosis to different signal transduction pathways. ras1 and Ras-specific gap1 mutants were generated and used to modify the intracellular activation state of the Ras module. Transformants containing constitutive ras1 alleles (ras1(G12V) and ras1(Q61L)), as well as their compatible mating interactions, did show strong phenotypes for growth (associated with Cdc42 signaling) and mating (associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling). Normal fruiting bodies with abnormal spores exhibiting a reduced germination rate were produced by outcrossing of these mutant strains. Homozygous Δgap1 primordia, expected to experience increased Ras signaling, showed overlapping phenotypes with a block in basidium development and meiosis. Investigation of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A indicated that constitutively active ras1, as well as Δgap1 mutant strains, exhibit a strong increase in Tpk activity. Ras1-dependent, cAMP-mediated signal transduction is, in addition to the known signaling pathways, involved in fruiting body formation in Schizophyllum commune. To integrate these analyses of Ras signaling, microarray studies were performed. Mutant strains containing constitutively active Ras1, deletion of RasGap1, or constitutively active Cdc42 were characterized and compared. At the transcriptome level, specific regulation highlighting the phenotypic differences of the mutants is clearly visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Knabe
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Elke-Martina Jung
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Freihorst
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Hennicke
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Junior Research Group Fundamental Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, Jena, Germany
| | - J. Stephen Horton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Center, Union College, Schenectady, New York, USA
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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6
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Raudaskoski M, Kothe E, Fowler TJ, Jung EM, Horton JS. Ras and Rho small G proteins: insights from the Schizophyllum commune genome sequence and comparisons to other fungi. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2012; 28:61-100. [PMID: 22616482 DOI: 10.5661/bger-28-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Unlike in animal cells and yeasts, the Ras and Rho small G proteins and their regulators have not received extensive research attention in the case of the filamentous fungi. In an effort to begin to rectify this deficiency, the genome sequence of the basidiomycete mushroom Schizophyllum commune was searched for all known components of the Ras and Rho signalling pathways. The results of this study should provide an impetus for further detailed investigations into their role in polarized hyphal growth, sexual reproduction and fruiting body development. These processes have long been the targets for genetic and cell biological research in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjatta Raudaskoski
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Biocity A, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Rajashekar B, Kohler A, Johansson T, Martin F, Tunlid A, Ahrén D. Expansion of signal pathways in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor- evolution of nucleotide sequences and expression patterns in families of protein kinases and RAS small GTPases. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:365-379. [PMID: 19453435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor has the largest genome of all fungi yet sequenced. The large genome size is partly a result of an expansion of gene family sizes. Among the largest gene families are protein kinases and RAS small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), which are key components of signal transduction pathways. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses were used to examine the evolution of the two largest families of protein kinases and RAS small GTPases in L. bicolor. Expression levels in various tissues and growth conditions were inferred from microarray data. The two families possessed a large number of young duplicates (paralogs) that had arisen in the Laccaria lineage following the separation from the saprophyte Coprinopsis cinerea. The protein kinase paralogs were dispersed in many small clades and the majority were pseudogenes. By contrast, the RAS paralogs were found in three large groups of RAS1-, RAS2- and RHO1-like GTPases with few pseudogenes. Duplicates of protein kinases and RAS small GTPase have either retained, gained or lost motifs found in the coding regions of their ancestors. Frequent outcomes during evolution were the formation of pseudogenes (nonfunctionalization) or proteins with novel structures and expression patterns (neofunctionalization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Rajashekar
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annegret Kohler
- UMR1136, INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Tomas Johansson
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Francis Martin
- UMR1136, INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Anders Tunlid
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dag Ahrén
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
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Krause K, Kothe E. Use of RNA fingerprinting to identify fungal genes specifically expressed during ectomycorrhizal interaction. J Basic Microbiol 2006; 46:387-99. [PMID: 17009294 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200610153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ecosystem soil is characterized by interactions between microorganisms and plants including mycorrhiza--mutualistic interactions between fungi and plant roots. Species of the basidiomycete genus Tricholoma form ectomycorrhiza with tree roots which is characterized by morphological and metabolic changes of both partners, yet molecular mechanisms of the interaction are poorly understood. We performed differential display with arbitrarily primed RT-PCR using ectomycorrhiza between the basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum and its compatible host spruce (Picea abies) to isolate mycorrhiza-specific fungal gene fragments. 76 differentially expressed PCR fragments were verified and checked for plant or fungal origin and expression pattern. Of 20 fungal fragments with mycorrhiza-specific expression, sequence analyses were performed to identify homologs with known function of the encoded protein. Among the genes identified were orthologs to an aldehyde dehydrogenase, an alcohol dehydrogenase and a protein of the MATE transporter family, all with possible function in plant pathogen response. A phospholipase B, a beta-glucosidase and a binding protein of basic amino acids might play a role in nutrient exchange and growth in planta. A protein similar to inactive E2 compounds of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes like CROC-1 and MMS2, a Ras protein and an APS kinase were placed in signal transduction and two retrotransposons of the Ty3-gypsy and the Ty1-copia family are expressed most likely due to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Krause
- University of Jena, Dept. Microbiology, Microbial Phytopathology, Neugasse 25, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Cappellazzo G, Lanfranco L, Bonfante P. A limiting source of organic nitrogen induces specific transcriptional responses in the extraradical structures of the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Curr Genet 2006; 51:59-70. [PMID: 17061094 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-006-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The molecular bases of organic nitrogen (N) metabolism in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi remain so far largely unexplored. To isolate genes responsive to low versus high organic N concentrations, the techniques of suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) and reverse Northern dot blot were performed on extraradical structures of the AM fungus Glomus intraradices grown on carrot hairy roots. This approach allowed the identification of 32 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated genes following a 48-h treatment with 2 microM of an amino acid pool (leucine, alanine, asparagine, lysine, tyrosine). The expression profile of eight genes was further confirmed by semi-quantitative and real-time RT-PCR. The majority of the sequences showed no significant similarity to proteins in databases. The other responsive genes code for putative glyoxal oxidases, transcription factors, a subunit of the 20S proteasome, a protein kinase and a Ras protein. This novel set of data indicates that G. intraradices extraradical structures perceive organic N limitation in the surrounding environment leading to a response at transcriptional level and supports the role of N as signalling molecule in AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Cappellazzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Schubert D, Raudaskoski M, Knabe N, Kothe E. Ras GTPase-activating protein gap1 of the homobasidiomycete Schizophyllum commune regulates hyphal growth orientation and sexual development. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2006; 5:683-95. [PMID: 16607016 PMCID: PMC1459660 DOI: 10.1128/ec.5.4.683-695.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The white rot fungus Schizophyllum commune is used for the analysis of mating and sexual development in homobasidiomycete fungi. In this study, we isolated the gene gap1 encoding a GTPase-activating protein for Ras. Disruption of gap1 should therefore lead to strains accumulating Ras in its activated, GTP-bound state and to constitutive Ras signaling. Haploid Deltagap1 monokaryons of different mating types did not show alterations in mating behavior in the four different mating interactions possible in fungi expressing a tetrapolar mating type system. Instead, the growth rate in Deltagap1 monokaryons was reduced by ca. 25% and ca. 50% in homozygous Deltagap1/Deltagap1 dikaryons. Monokaryons, as well as homozygous dikaryons, carrying the disrupted gap1 alleles exhibited a disorientated growth pattern. Dikaryons showed a strong phenotype during clamp formation since hook cells failed to fuse with the peg beside them. Instead, the dikaryotic character of the hyphae was rescued by fusion of the hooks with nearby developing branches. Deltagap1/Deltagap1 dikaryons formed increased numbers of fruitbody primordia, whereas the amount of fruitbodies was not raised. Mature fruitbodies formed no or abnormal gills. No production of spores could be observed. The results suggest Ras involvement in growth, clamp formation, and fruitbody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schubert
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Phytopathology, Neugasse 25, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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11
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Rodríguez-Tovar AV, Ruiz-Medrano R, Herrera-Martínez A, Barrera-Figueroa BE, Hidalgo-Lara ME, Reyes-Márquez BE, Cabrera-Ponce JL, Valdés M, Xoconostle-Cázares B. Stable genetic transformation of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 63:45-54. [PMID: 15936101 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present work the genetic transformation and the expression of gene markers in transgenic Pisolithus tinctorius are reported. The ectomycorrhizae are facultative symbionts of plant roots, which are capable of affording mineral nutrients to its co-host in exchange of fixed carbon. Given the importance of this association (more than 80% of gymnosperms are associated with these fungi), its study from both basic and applied viewpoints is relevant. We have transformed this fungus with reporter genes and analyzed their expression in its saprophytic state. Genetic transformation was performed by microprojectile bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. This last method proved to be the more efficient. Southern analysis of biolistic-transformed fungi revealed the random integration of the transgene into the genome. The accumulation of the transcript of the reporter gene was demonstrated by RT-PCR. The visualization of GFP-associated fluorescence in saprophytic mycelia confirmed the expression of the reporter gene. This is the first report on the stable transformation and expression of GFP in the ectomycorrhizal fungus P. tinctorius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aída V Rodríguez-Tovar
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN., Av. IPN. 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco 07360 México, D.F
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12
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Miozzi L, Balestrini R, Bolchi A, Novero M, Ottonello S, Bonfante P. Phospholipase A2 up-regulation during mycorrhiza formation in Tuber borchii. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 167:229-38. [PMID: 15948845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
TbSP1 is a secreted and surface-associated phospholipase A(2) previously found to be up-regulated in C- or N-deprived free-living mycelia from the ectomycorrhizal ascomycete Tuber borchii. As nutrient limitation is considered an important environmental factor favouring the transition to symbiotic status, TbSP1 was suggested to be involved in the formation of mycorrhizas. An in vitro symbiosis system between Cistus incanus and T. borchii was set up: TbSP1 mRNA levels in free-living mycelia and in mycorrhizas sampled in different districts of the plant-fungus interaction were examined. In the same samples, TbSP1 protein expression was analysed by immunoelectron microscopy. A substantially enhanced TbSP1 mRNA expression, compared with nutrient-limited but free-living mycelia, was detected in the presence of the plant and reached maximal levels in fully developed mycorrhizas. A similar expression trend was revealed by immunolocalization experiments. We have shown that TbSP1 appears to respond to two partially overlapping yet distinct stimuli: nutrient starvation and mycorrhiza formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miozzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Le Quéré A, Wright DP, Söderström B, Tunlid A, Johansson T. Global patterns of gene regulation associated with the development of ectomycorrhiza between birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2005; 18:659-73. [PMID: 16042012 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-18-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The formation of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root tissue is characterized by distinct morphological and developmental stages, such as preinfection and adhesion, mantle, and Hartig net formation. The global pattern of gene expression during these stages in the birch (Betula pendula)-Paxillus involutus ECM association was analyzed using cDNA microarrays. In comparison with nonsymbiotic conditions, 251 fungal (from a total of 1,075) and 138 plant (1,074 in total) genes were found to be differentially regulated during the ECM development. For instance, during mantle and Hartig net development, there were several plant genes upregulated that are normally involved in defense responses during pathogenic fungal challenges. These responses were, at later stages of ECM development, found to be repressed. Other birch genes that showed differential regulation involved several homologs that usually are implicated in water permeability (aquaporins) and water stress tolerance (dehydrins). Among fungal genes differentially upregulated during stages of mantle and Hartig net formation were homologs putatively involved in mitochondrial respiration. In fully developed ECM tissue, there was an upregulation of fungal genes related to protein synthesis and the cytoskeleton assembly machinery. This study highlights complex molecular interactions between two symbionts during the development of an ECM association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Le Quéré
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Duplessis S, Courty PE, Tagu D, Martin F. Transcript patterns associated with ectomycorrhiza development in Eucalyptus globulus and Pisolithus microcarpus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 165:599-611. [PMID: 15720670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Regulated gene expression is an important mechanism for controlling ectomycorrhizal symbiosis development. This study aimed to elucidate the coordination between development of mycorrhiza and the differential gene expression in both partners. We analysed RNA levels from sequential samples of symbiotic tissues of Eucalyptus globulus bicostata and the basidiomycete Pisolithus microcarpus progressing through ectomycorrhiza development using cDNA arrays. We derived groups of coordinately expressed genes using hierarchical and nonhierarchical clustering algorithms. Five major distinct temporal patterns of induction/repression were observed with distinct groups of early, middle-, and late-transcriptionally responsive genes to symbiosis formation. At earliest stages, the differentially expressed fungal genes included cell wall symbiosis-regulated proteins, hydrophobins and mannoproteins, whereas transcripts coding for defense-related proteins were upregulated in plant tissues. Middle- and late-transcriptionally responsive genes coded enzymes of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acid biosynthesis, as well as protein synthesis, hormone metabolism and signal transduction components. This investigation confirms and extends earlier results which found that changes in morphology associated with mycorrhizal development were accompanied by changes in transcript patterns, but no ectomycorrhiza-specific genes were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Duplessis
- Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA/UHP 1136 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France
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Combier JP, Melayah D, Raffier C, Pépin R, Marmeisse R, Gay G. Nonmycorrhizal (myc-) mutants of Hebeloma cylindrosporum obtained through insertional mutagenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2004; 17:1029-1038. [PMID: 15384493 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.9.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation of protoplasts was used as a method for insertional mutagenesis to obtain mutants of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum impaired in symbiotic ability. Following restriction enzyme-mediated integration or conventional plasmid insertion, a library of 1,725 hygromycin-resistant monokaryotic transformants was generated and screened for the symbiotic defect, using Pinus pinaster seedlings as host plants. A total of 51 transformants displaying a dramatically reduced mycorrhizal ability were identified. Among them, 29 were nonmycorrhizal (myc-), but only 10 of them had integrated one or several copies of the transforming plasmid in their genome. Light and scanning electron microscopy observations of pine roots inoculated with myc- mutants suggested that we selected mutants blocked at early stages of interaction between partners or at the stage of Hartig net formation. Myc- mutants with plasmid insertions were crossed with a compatible wild-type monokaryon and allowed to fruit. Monokaryotic progenies were obtained in three independent crosses and were analyzed for symbiotic activity and plasmid insertion. In all three progenies, a 1:1 myc-:myc+ segregation ratio was observed, suggesting that each myc- phenotype resulted from a single gene mutation. However, for none of the three mutants, the myc- phenotype segregated with any of the plasmid insertions. Our results support the idea that master genes, the products of which are essential for symbiosis establishment, do exist in ectomycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Combier
- Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5557 d'Ecologie Microbienne Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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16
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Marmeisse R, Guidot A, Gay G, Lambilliotte R, Sentenac H, Combier JP, Melayah D, Fraissinet-Tachet L, Debaud JC. Hebeloma cylindrosporum- a model species to study ectomycorrhizal symbiosis from gene to ecosystem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 163:481-498. [PMID: 33873734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum has been extensively studied with respect to mycorrhiza differentiation and metabolism and also to population dynamics. Its life cycle can be reproduced in vitro and it can be genetically transformed. Combined biochemical, cytological, genetical and molecular approaches led to the characterisation of mutant strains affected in mycorrhiza formation. These studies demonstrated the role of fungal auxin as a signal molecule in mycorrhiza formation and should allow the characterisation of essential fungal genes necessary to achieve a compatible symbiotic interaction. Random sequencing of cDNAs has identified numerous key functional genes which allowed dissection of essential nitrogen assimilation pathways. H. cylindrosporum also proved to be a remarkable model species to uncover the dynamics of natural populations of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the way in which they respond and adapt to anthropogenic disturbance of the forest ecosystem. Although studies on mycorrhiza differentiation and functioning and those on the population dynamics of H. cylindrosporum have been carried out independently, they are likely to converge in a renewed molecular ecophysiology which will envisage how ectomycorrhizal symbiosis functions under varying field conditions. Contents Summary 481 I. Introduction 482 II. Taxonomy, distribution, autecology, and host range of H. cylindrosporum 482 III. The Hebeloma cylindrosporum toolbox 483 IV. Mycorrhiza differentiation 486 V. Nutritional interactions 488 VI. Genetic diversity and dynamics of H. cylindrosporum populations in P. pinaster forest ecosystems 491 VII. Future directions 494 Acknowledgements 494 References 494.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marmeisse
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - A Guidot
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - G Gay
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - R Lambilliotte
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie de Montpellier, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (UMR 5004 Agro-M/CNRS/INRA/UM2), Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - H Sentenac
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie de Montpellier, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (UMR 5004 Agro-M/CNRS/INRA/UM2), Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - J-P Combier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - D Melayah
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - L Fraissinet-Tachet
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - J C Debaud
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557), Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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17
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Menotta M, Amicucci A, Sisti D, Gioacchini AM, Stocchi V. Differential gene expression during pre-symbiotic interaction between Tuber borchii Vittad. and Tilia americana L. Curr Genet 2004; 46:158-65. [PMID: 15258696 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-004-0518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Revised: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal formation is a highly regulated process involving the molecular reorganization of both partners during symbiosis. An analogous molecular process also occurs during the pre-symbiotic phase, when the partners exchange molecular signals in order to position and prepare both organisms for the establishment of symbiosis. To gain insight into genetic reorganization in Tuber borchii during its interaction with its symbiotic partner Tilia americana, we set up a culture system in which the mycelium interacts with the plant, even though there is no actual physical contact between the two organisms. The selected strategies, suppressive subtractive hybridisation and reverse Northern blots, allowed us to identify, for the first time, 58 cDNA clones differentially expressed in the pre-symbiotic phase. Sequence analysis of the expressed sequence tags showed that the expressed genes are involved in several biochemical pathways: secretion and apical growth, cellular detoxification, general metabolism and both mutualistic and symbiotic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Menotta
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica Giorgio Fornaini, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Via Saffi 2, Urbino, Italy.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Lammers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces NM, USA 88003 (tel +1 505064603918; fax +1 505 646 6846; email )
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Johansson T, Le Quéré A, Ahren D, Söderström B, Erlandsson R, Lundeberg J, Uhlén M, Tunlid A. Transcriptional responses of Paxillus involutus and Betula pendula during formation of ectomycorrhizal root tissue. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2004; 17:202-15. [PMID: 14964534 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain information on genes specifically expressed in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, 3,555 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were analyzed from a cDNA library constructed from ectomycorrhiza formed between the basidiomycete Paxillus involutus and birch (Betula pendula). cDNA libraries from saprophytically growing fungus (3,964 ESTs) and from axenic plants (2,532 ESTs) were analyzed in parallel. By clustering all the EST obtained, a nonredundant set of 2,284 unique transcripts of either fungal or plant origin were identified. The expression pattern of these genes was analyzed using cDNA microarrays. The analyses showed that the plant and fungus responded to the symbiosis by altering the expression levels of a number of enzymes involved in carbon metabolism. Several plant transcripts with sequence similarities to genes encoding enzymes in the tricarboxylic cycle and electron transport chain were down regulated as compared with the levels in free-living roots. In the fungal partner, a number of genes encoding enzymes in the lipid and secondary metabolism were down regulated in mycorrhiza as compared with the saprophytically growing mycelium. A substantial number of the ESTs analyzed displayed significant sequence similarities to proteins involved in biotic stress responses, but only a few of them showed differential expression in the mycorrhizal tissue, including plant and fungal metallothioneins and a plant defensin homologue. Several of the genes that were differentially expressed in the mycorrhizal root tissue displayed sequence similarity to genes that are known to regulate growth and development of plant roots and fungal hyphae, including transcription factors and Rho-like GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Johansson
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Sundaram S, Brand JH, Hymes MJ, Hiremath S, Podila GK. Isolation and analysis of a symbiosis-regulated and Ras-interacting vesicular assembly protein gene from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 161:529-538. [PMID: 33873504 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• A yeast two-hybrid library prepared from Laccaria bicolor × Pinus resinosa mycorrhizas was screened using a LbRAS clone, previously characterized, as a bait to isolate LbRAS interacting signaling-related genes from L. bicolor. • Using this method, a novel line of Ras-interacting yeast two-hybrid mycorrhizal (Rythm) clones were isolated and analysed for their symbiosis-regulation. One such clone identified (RythmA) had homology to Ap180-like vesicular proteins. • Sequence homology and parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis showed its relatedness to Ap180-like proteins from other systems. DNA analysis suggested that L. bicolor had one or two copies of the RythmA gene. • An RNA analysis showed that the expression of RythmA could be detected 36 h after interaction with the host, which follows the expression of Lbras. Immunolocalization of LbRAS near dolipore septum of the fungal cells in the Hartig net area suggests that RythmA protein may be involved in the transport of signaling proteins such as LbRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Sundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Present address: Vattikudi Urology Institute, Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Joshua H Brand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Matthew J Hymes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | | | - Gopi K Podila
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
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Combier JP, Melayah D, Raffier C, Gay G, Marmeisse R. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation as a tool for insertional mutagenesis in the symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 220:141-8. [PMID: 12644240 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We transformed haploid mycelium of Hebeloma cylindrosporum via Agrobacterium tumefaciens and optimised the procedure to develop a new tool for insertional mutagenesis in this fungus. Southern blot analysis of 83 randomly selected transformants showed that they all contained plasmid inserts. Each of them showed a unique hybridisation pattern, suggesting that integration was random in the fungal genome. Sixty percent of transformants obtained in the presence of bacteria pre-treated with acetosyringone integrated a single transferred DNA copy. Thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction allowed us to recover the left border and the right border junctions in 85% and 15% of transformants analysed, respectively. Results show that A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation may be a powerful tool for insertional mutagenesis in H. cylindrosporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Combier
- Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS d'Ecologie Microbienne, Bât. A. Lwoff, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Wiemken V, Boller T. Ectomycorrhiza: gene expression, metabolism and the wood-wide web. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2002; 5:355-361. [PMID: 12179971 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(02)00269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between fungi and trees, the fungus completely ensheaths the tree roots and takes over water and mineral nutrient supply, while the plant supplies photosynthate. Recent work has focussed on gene expression in the two partners, on the effects of global change and nitrogen deposition rate on the symbiosis, and on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in connecting individual plants to form a 'wood-wide web'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Wiemken
- Botanisches Institut, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Podila GK. Signaling in mycorrhizal symbioses - elegant mutants lead the way. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2002; 154:541-545. [PMID: 33873444 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00434_1.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopi K Podila
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA(tel + 1906 4873068; fax +1906 4873167;email )
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Balasubramanian S, Kim SJ, Podila GK. Differential expression of a malate synthase gene during the preinfection stage of symbiosis in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2002; 154:517-527. [PMID: 33873436 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• The ectomycorrhiza is a symbiotic organ formed between a filamentous fungus and a plant root, mainly tree roots. Root colonization involves significant shifts in gene expression resulting in metabolic and structural changes in the fungus, including growth toward the plant root, penetration and establishment of the symbiotic organ. • The preinfection stage of the association is crucial as changes that occur throughout mycorrhiza formation are set in motion. Using an in vitro system for identifying preinfection stage symbiosis-regulated genes from the Laccaria bicolor-Pinus resinosa interaction we have identified a malate synthase from L. bicolor (Lb-MS). • The glyoxylate pathway, of which malate synthase is an enzyme, acts as a tricarboxylic acid pathway bypass generating four-carbon compounds for biosynthesis. While it is anticipated that malate synthase would be a part of the genetic and metabolic machinery of any fungus, Lb-MS is of interest because it is symbiosis regulated. • Lb-MS is regulated through interaction between the fungus and the host, by glucose and by the presence of other carbon sources in the medium. Its proposed role in the symbiosis is in the utilization of two carbon compounds formed from catabolic processes in early interaction facilitating hyphal net growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Balasubramanian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Sung-Jae Kim
- Present address: Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, PO Box 2903, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gopi K Podila
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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