1
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Akinyuwa MF, Price BK, Kang SH. Characterization of the proteins encoded by a recently emerged cotton-infecting Polerovirus. Virus Genes 2024:10.1007/s11262-024-02086-3. [PMID: 38907176 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLDV), an important viral pathogen responsible for substantial losses in cotton crops, has recently emerged in the United States (US). Although CLDV shares similarities with other members of the genus Polerovirus in terms of encoded proteins, their functional characteristics remain largely unexplored. In this study, we expressed and analyzed each protein encoded by CLDV to determine its intracellular localization using fluorescence protein fusion. We also evaluated their potential to induce plant responses, such as the induction of hypersensitive response-like necrosis and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Our findings show that the proteins encoded by CLDV exhibit comparable localization patterns and elicit similar robust plant responses as observed with cognate proteins from other viruses within the genus Polerovirus. This study contributes to our understanding of the functional repertoire of genes carried by Polerovirus members, particularly to CLDV that has recently emerged as a widespread viral pathogen infecting cotton in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Akinyuwa
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Bailee K Price
- College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Sung-Hwan Kang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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2
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Zhang X, Rashid MO, Zhao TY, Li YY, He MJ, Wang Y, Li DW, Yu JL, Han CG. The Carboxyl Terminal Regions of P0 Protein Are Required for Systemic Infections of Poleroviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1945. [PMID: 35216065 PMCID: PMC8875975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
P0 proteins encoded by poleroviruses Brassica yellows virus (BrYV) and Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) are viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSR) involved in abolishing host RNA silencing to assist viral infection. However, other roles that P0 proteins play in virus infection remain unclear. Here, we found that C-terminal truncation of P0 resulted in compromised systemic infection of BrYV and PLRV. C-terminal truncation affected systemic but not local VSR activities of P0 proteins, but neither transient nor ectopic stably expressed VSR proteins could rescue the systemic infection of BrYV and PLRV mutants. Moreover, BrYV mutant failed to establish systemic infection in DCL2/4 RNAi or RDR6 RNAi plants, indicating that systemic infection might be independent of the VSR activity of P0. Partially rescued infection of BrYV mutant by the co-infected PLRV implied the functional conservation of P0 proteins within genus. However, although C-terminal truncation mutant of BrYV P0 showed weaker interaction with its movement protein (MP) when compared to wild-type P0, wild-type and mutant PLRV P0 showed similar interaction with its MP. In sum, our findings revealed the role of P0 in virus systemic infection and the requirement of P0 carboxyl terminal region for the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (M.-O.R.); (Y.-Y.L.); (M.-J.H.); (Y.W.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-L.Y.)
| | - Mamun-Or Rashid
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (M.-O.R.); (Y.-Y.L.); (M.-J.H.); (Y.W.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-L.Y.)
| | - Tian-Yu Zhao
- China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Beijing 100039, China;
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (M.-O.R.); (Y.-Y.L.); (M.-J.H.); (Y.W.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-L.Y.)
| | - Meng-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (M.-O.R.); (Y.-Y.L.); (M.-J.H.); (Y.W.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-L.Y.)
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (M.-O.R.); (Y.-Y.L.); (M.-J.H.); (Y.W.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-L.Y.)
| | - Da-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (M.-O.R.); (Y.-Y.L.); (M.-J.H.); (Y.W.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-L.Y.)
| | - Jia-Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (M.-O.R.); (Y.-Y.L.); (M.-J.H.); (Y.W.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-L.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Gui Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (M.-O.R.); (Y.-Y.L.); (M.-J.H.); (Y.W.); (D.-W.L.); (J.-L.Y.)
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3
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Sun SR, Chen JS, He EQ, Huang MT, Fu HY, Lu JJ, Gao SJ. Genetic Variability and Molecular Evolution of Maize Yellow Mosaic Virus Populations from Different Geographic Origins. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:896-903. [PMID: 33044140 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-20-1013-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Maize yellow mosaic virus (MaYMV) hosted in various gramineous plants was assigned to the genus Polerovirus (family Luteoviridae) in 2018. However, little is known about its genetic diversity and population structure. In this study, 509 sugarcane leaf samples with mosaic symptoms were collected in 2017 to 2019 from eight sugarcane-growing provinces in China. Reverse-transcription PCR results revealed that four positive-sense RNA viruses were found to infect sugarcane, and the incidence of MaYMV among samples from Fujian, Sichuan, and Guangxi Provinces was 52.1, 9.8, and 2.5%, respectively. Based on 82 partial MaYMV sequences and 46 whole-genome sequences from different host plants, phylogenetic analysis revealed that MaYMV populations are very closely associated with their source geographical regions (China, Africa, and South America). Pairwise identity analysis showed significant variability in genome sequences among MaYMV isolates with genomic nucleotide identities of 91.1 to 99.9%. In addition to codon mutations, insertions or deletions also contributed to genetic variability in individual coding regions, especially in the readthrough protein (P3-P5 fusion protein). Low gene flow and significant genetic differentiation of MaYMV were observed among the three geographical populations, suggesting that environmental adaptation is an important evolutionary force that shapes the genetic structure of MaYMV. Genes in the MaYMV genome were subject to strong negative or purification selection during evolution, except for the movement protein (MP), which was under positive selection pressure. This finding suggests that the MP may play an important role in MaYMV evolution. Taken together, our findings provide basic information for the development of an integrated disease management strategy against MaYMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ren Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Er-Qi He
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Guizhou Institute of Subtropical Crops, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingyi 562400, Guizhou, China
| | - Mei-Ting Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hua-Ying Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jia-Ju Lu
- Guizhou Institute of Subtropical Crops, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingyi 562400, Guizhou, China
| | - San-Ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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4
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Kumar G, Dasgupta I. Variability, Functions and Interactions of Plant Virus Movement Proteins: What Do We Know So Far? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040695. [PMID: 33801711 PMCID: PMC8066623 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the various proteins encoded by plant viruses, one of the most interesting is the movement protein (MP). MPs are unique to plant viruses and show surprising structural and functional variability while maintaining their core function, which is to facilitate the intercellular transport of viruses or viral nucleoprotein complexes. MPs interact with components of the intercellular channels, the plasmodesmata (PD), modifying their size exclusion limits and thus allowing larger particles, including virions, to pass through. The interaction of MPs with the components of PD, the formation of transport complexes and the recruitment of host cellular components have all revealed different facets of their functions. Multitasking is an inherent property of most viral proteins, and MPs are no exception. Some MPs carry out multitasking, which includes gene silencing suppression, viral replication and modulation of host protein turnover machinery. This review brings together the current knowledge on MPs, focusing on their structural variability, various functions and interactions with host proteins.
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5
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Xu Y, Da Silva WL, Qian Y, Gray SM. An aromatic amino acid and associated helix in the C-terminus of the potato leafroll virus minor capsid protein regulate systemic infection and symptom expression. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007451. [PMID: 30440046 PMCID: PMC6264904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal region of the minor structural protein of potato leafroll virus (PLRV), known as the readthrough protein (RTP), is involved in efficient virus movement, tissue tropism and symptom development. Analysis of numerous C-terminal deletions identified a five-amino acid motif that is required for RTP function. A PLRV mutant expressing RTP with these five amino acids deleted (Δ5aa-RTP) was compromised in systemic infection and symptom expression. Although the Δ5aa-RTP mutant was able to move long distance, limited infection foci were observed in systemically infected leaves suggesting that these five amino acids regulate virus phloem loading in the inoculated leaves and/or unloading into the systemically infected tissues. The 5aa deletion did not alter the efficiency of RTP translation, nor impair RTP self-interaction or its interaction with P17, the virus movement protein. However, the deletion did alter the subcellular localization of RTP. When co-expressed with a PLRV infectious clone, a GFP tagged wild-type RTP was localized to discontinuous punctate spots along the cell periphery and was associated with plasmodesmata, although localization was dependent upon the developmental stage of the plant tissue. In contrast, the Δ5aa-RTP-GFP aggregated in the cytoplasm. Structural modeling indicated that the 5aa deletion would be expected to perturb an α-helix motif. Two of 30 plants infected with Δ5aa-RTP developed a wild-type virus infection phenotype ten weeks post-inoculation. Analysis of the virus population in these plants by deep sequencing identified a duplication of sequences adjacent to the deletion that were predicted to restore the α-helix motif. The subcellular distribution of the RTP is regulated by the 5-aa motif which is under strong selection pressure and in turn contributes to the efficient long distance movement of the virus and the induction of systemic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Washington Luis Da Silva
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Yajuan Qian
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stewart M. Gray
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- Emerging Pest and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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6
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DeBlasio SL, Xu Y, Johnson RS, Rebelo AR, MacCoss MJ, Gray SM, Heck M. The Interaction Dynamics of Two Potato Leafroll Virus Movement Proteins Affects Their Localization to the Outer Membranes of Mitochondria and Plastids. Viruses 2018; 10:E585. [PMID: 30373157 PMCID: PMC6265731 DOI: 10.3390/v10110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Luteoviridae is an agriculturally important family of viruses whose replication and transport are restricted to plant phloem. Their genomes encode for four proteins that regulate viral movement. These include two structural proteins that make up the capsid and two non-structural proteins known as P3a and P17. Little is known about how these proteins interact with each other and the host to coordinate virus movement within and between cells. We used quantitative, affinity purification-mass spectrometry to show that the P3a protein of Potato leafroll virus complexes with virus and that this interaction is partially dependent on P17. Bimolecular complementation assays (BiFC) were used to validate that P3a and P17 self-interact as well as directly interact with each other. Co-localization with fluorescent-based organelle markers demonstrates that P3a directs P17 to the mitochondrial outer membrane while P17 regulates the localization of the P3a-P17 heterodimer to plastids. Residues in the C-terminus of P3a were shown to regulate P3a association with host mitochondria by using mutational analysis and also varying BiFC tag orientation. Collectively, our work reveals that the PLRV movement proteins play a game of intracellular hopscotch along host organelles to transport the virus to the cell periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L DeBlasio
- United States Department of Agriculture, Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Yi Xu
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Richard S Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98109, USA.
| | - Ana Rita Rebelo
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98109, USA.
| | - Stewart M Gray
- United States Department of Agriculture, Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Michelle Heck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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7
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DeBlasio SL, Rebelo AR, Parks K, Gray SM, Heck MC. Disruption of Chloroplast Function Through Downregulation of Phytoene Desaturase Enhances the Systemic Accumulation of an Aphid-Borne, Phloem-Restricted Virus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1095-1110. [PMID: 29767548 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-18-0057-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts play a central role in pathogen defense in plants. However, most studies explaining the relationship between pathogens and chloroplasts have focused on pathogens that infect mesophyll cells. In contrast, the family Luteoviridae includes RNA viruses that replicate and traffic exclusively in the phloem. Recently, our lab has shown that Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), the type species in the genus Polerovirus, forms an extensive interaction network with chloroplast-localized proteins that is partially dependent on the PLRV capsid readthrough domain (RTD). In this study, we used virus-induced gene silencing to disrupt chloroplast function and assess the effects on PLRV accumulation in two host species. Silencing of phytoene desaturase (PDS), a key enzyme in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis, resulted in a substantial increase in the systemic accumulation of PLRV. This increased accumulation was attenuated when plants were infected with a viral mutant that does not express the RTD. Application of GA partially suppressed the increase in virus accumulation in PDS-silenced plants, suggesting that GA signaling also plays a role in limiting PLRV infection. In addition, the fecundity of the aphid vector of PLRV was increased when fed on PDS-silenced plants relative to PLRV-infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L DeBlasio
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Ana Rita Rebelo
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Katherine Parks
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Stewart M Gray
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Michelle C Heck
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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8
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Folimonova SY, Tilsner J. Hitchhikers, highway tolls and roadworks: the interactions of plant viruses with the phloem. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:82-88. [PMID: 29476981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phloem is of central importance to plant viruses, providing the route by which they spread throughout their host. Compared with virus movement in non-vascular tissue, phloem entry, exit, and long-distance translocation usually involve additional viral factors and complex virus-host interactions, probably, because the phloem has evolved additional protection against these molecular 'hitchhikers'. Recent progress in understanding phloem trafficking of endogenous mRNAs along with observations of membranous viral replication 'factories' in sieve elements challenge existing conceptions of virus long-distance transport. At the same time, the central role of the phloem in plant defences against viruses and the sophisticated viral manipulation of this host tissue are beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, BMS Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom.
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9
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Zhang XY, Zhao TY, Li YY, Xiang HY, Dong SW, Zhang ZY, Wang Y, Li DW, Yu JL, Han CG. The Conserved Proline18 in the Polerovirus P3a Is Important for Brassica Yellows Virus Systemic Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:613. [PMID: 29670592 PMCID: PMC5893644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ORF3a, a newly identified non-AUG-initiated ORF encoded by members of genera Polerovirus and Luteovirus, is required for long-distance movement in plants. However, the mechanism of action of P3a in viral systemic movement is still not clear. In this study, sequencing of a brassica yellows virus (BrYV) mutant defective in systemic infection revealed two-nucleotide variation at positions 3406 and 3467 in the genome. Subsequent nucleotide substitution analysis proved that only the non-synonymous substitution (C→U) at position 3406, resulting in P3aP18L, abolished the systemic infection of BrYV. Preliminary investigation showed that wild type BrYV was able to load into the petiole of the agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, whereas the mutant displayed very low efficiency. Further experiments revealed that the P3a and its mutant P3aP18L localized to the Golgi apparatus and near plasmodesmata, as well as the endoplasmic reticulum. Both P3a and P3aP18L were able to self-interact in vivo, however, the mutant P3aP18L seemed to form more stable dimer than wild type. More interestingly, we confirmed firstly that the ectopic expression of P3a of other poleroviruses and luteoviruses, as well as co-infection with Pea enation mosaic virus 2 (PEMV 2), restored the ability of systemic movement of BrYV P3a defective mutant, indicating that the P3a is functionally conserved in poleroviruses and luteoviruses and is redundant when BrYV co-infects with PEMV 2. These observations provide a novel insight into the conserved function of P3a and its underlying mechanism in the systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cheng-Gui Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology–Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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10
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Bendix C, Lewis JD. The enemy within: phloem-limited pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:238-254. [PMID: 27997761 PMCID: PMC6638166 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The growing impact of phloem-limited pathogens on high-value crops has led to a renewed interest in understanding how they cause disease. Although these pathogens cause substantial crop losses, many are poorly characterized. In this review, we present examples of phloem-limited pathogens that include intracellular bacteria with and without cell walls, and viruses. Phloem-limited pathogens have small genomes and lack many genes required for core metabolic processes, which is, in part, an adaptation to the unique phloem environment. For each pathogen class, we present multiple case studies to highlight aspects of disease caused by phloem-limited pathogens. The pathogens presented include Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (citrus greening), Arsenophonus bacteria, Serratia marcescens (cucurbit yellow vine disease), Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (Aster Yellows Witches' Broom), Spiroplasma kunkelii, Potato leafroll virus and Citrus tristeza virus. We focus on commonalities in the virulence strategies of these pathogens, and aim to stimulate new discussions in the hope that widely applicable disease management strategies can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bendix
- United States Department of AgriculturePlant Gene Expression CenterAlbanyCA94710USA
| | - Jennifer D. Lewis
- United States Department of AgriculturePlant Gene Expression CenterAlbanyCA94710USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
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11
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Skurat EV, Butenko KO, Kondakova OA, Nikitin NA, Karpova OV, Drygin YF, Atabekov JG. Chimeric Virus as a Source of the Potato Leafroll Virus Antigen. Mol Biotechnol 2017; 59:469-481. [PMID: 28921459 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Large quantities of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) antigen are difficult to obtain because this virus accumulates in plants at a low titer. To overcome this problem, we constructed a binary vector containing chimeric cDNA, in which the coat protein (CP) gene of the crucifer infecting tobacco mosaic virus (crTMV) was substituted for the coat protein gene of PLRV. The PLRV movement protein (MP) gene, which overlaps completely with the CP gene, was doubly mutated to eliminate priming of the PLRV MP translation from ATG codons with no changes to the amino acid sequence of the CP. The untranslated long intergenic region located upstream of the CP gene was removed from the construct. Transcribed powerful tobamovirus polymerase of the produced vector synthesized PLRV CP gene that was, in turn, translated into the protein. CP PLRV packed RNAs from the helical crTMV in spherical virions. Morphology, size and antigenic specificities of the wild-type and chimeric virus were similar. The yield of isolated chimera was about three orders higher than the yield of native PLRV. The genetic manipulations facilitated the generation of antibodies against the chimeric virus, which recognize the wild-type PLRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V Skurat
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Konstantin O Butenko
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Olga A Kondakova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Olga V Karpova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Yuri F Drygin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992.
| | - Joseph G Atabekov
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
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12
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DeBlasio SL, Bereman MS, Mahoney J, Thannhauser TW, Gray SM, MacCoss MJ, Cilia Heck M. Evaluation of a Bead-Free Coimmunoprecipitation Technique for Identification of Virus-Host Protein Interactions Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Biomol Tech 2017; 28:111-121. [PMID: 28785175 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.17-2803-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein interactions between virus and host are essential for viral propagation and movement, as viruses lack most of the proteins required to thrive on their own. Precision methods aimed at disrupting virus-host interactions represent new approaches to disease management but require in-depth knowledge of the identity and binding specificity of host proteins within these interaction networks. Protein coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) provides a high-throughput way to characterize virus-host interactomes in a single experiment. Common co-IP methods use antibodies immobilized on agarose or magnetic beads to isolate virus-host complexes in solutions of host tissue homogenate. Although these workflows are well established, they can be fairly laborious and expensive. Therefore, we evaluated the feasibility of using antibody-coated microtiter plates coupled with MS analysis as an easy, less expensive way to identify host proteins that interact with Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), an insect-borne RNA virus that infects potatoes. With the use of the bead-free platform, we were able to detect 36 plant and 1 nonstructural viral protein significantly coimmunoprecipitating with PLRV. Two of these proteins, a 14-3-3 signal transduction protein and malate dehydrogenase 2 (mMDH2), were detected as having a weakened or lost association with a structural mutant of the virus, demonstrating that the bead-free method is sensitive enough to detect quantitative differences that can be used to pin-point domains of interaction. Collectively, our analysis shows that the bead-free platform is a low-cost alternative that can be used by core facilities and other investigators to identify plant and viral proteins interacting with virions and/or the viral structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L DeBlasio
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Michael S Bereman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh-Durham North Carolina 27695, USA
| | | | - Theodore W Thannhauser
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Stewart M Gray
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; and
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Michelle Cilia Heck
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; and
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13
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Boissinot S, Pichon E, Sorin C, Piccini C, Scheidecker D, Ziegler-Graff V, Brault V. Systemic Propagation of a Fluorescent Infectious Clone of a Polerovirus Following Inoculation by Agrobacteria and Aphids. Viruses 2017; 9:E166. [PMID: 28661469 PMCID: PMC5537658 DOI: 10.3390/v9070166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A fluorescent viral clone of the polerovirus Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) was engineered by introducing the Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) sequence into the non-structural domain sequence of the readthrough protein, a minor capsid protein. The resulting recombinant virus, referred to as TuYV-RTGFP, was infectious in several plant species when delivered by agroinoculation and invaded efficiently non-inoculated leaves. As expected for poleroviruses, which infect only phloem cells, the fluorescence emitted by TuYV-RTGFP was restricted to the vasculature of infected plants. In addition, TuYV-RTGFP was aphid transmissible and enabled the observation of the initial sites of infection in the phloem after aphid probing in epidermal cells. The aphid-transmitted virus moved efficiently to leaves distant from the inoculation sites and importantly retained the EGFP sequence in the viral genome. This work reports on the first engineered member in the Luteoviridae family that can be visualized by fluorescence emission in systemic leaves of different plant species after agroinoculation or aphid transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine Boissinot
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 68000 Colmar, France.
| | - Elodie Pichon
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 68000 Colmar, France.
- UMR 385 BGPI, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, SupAgro, CIRAD TA-A54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Céline Sorin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
- Institute of Plant Science Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris Diderot, University of Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Céline Piccini
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Danièle Scheidecker
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 68000 Colmar, France.
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14
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DeBlasio SL, Johnson RS, MacCoss MJ, Gray SM, Cilia M. Model System-Guided Protein Interaction Mapping for Virus Isolated from Phloem Tissue. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4601-4611. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L. DeBlasio
- Agricultural
Research Service, USDA, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Richard S. Johnson
- Department
of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98109, United States
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department
of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98109, United States
| | - Stewart M. Gray
- Agricultural
Research Service, USDA, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Agricultural
Research Service, USDA, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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15
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Chen S, Jiang G, Wu J, Liu Y, Qian Y, Zhou X. Characterization of a Novel Polerovirus Infecting Maize in China. Viruses 2016; 8:E120. [PMID: 27136578 PMCID: PMC4885075 DOI: 10.3390/v8050120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel virus, tentatively named Maize Yellow Mosaic Virus (MaYMV), was identified from the field-grown maize plants showing yellow mosaic symptoms on the leaves collected from the Yunnan Province of China by the deep sequencing of small RNAs. The complete 5642 nucleotide (nt)-long genome of the MaYMV shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity (73%) to Maize Yellow Dwarf Virus-RMV. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses suggested that MaYMV represents a new member of the genus Polerovirus in the family Luteoviridae. Furthermore, the P0 protein encoded by MaYMV was demonstrated to inhibit both local and systemic RNA silencing by co-infiltration assays using transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana line 16c carrying the GFP reporter gene, which further supported the identification of a new polerovirus. The biologically-active cDNA clone of MaYMV was generated by inserting the full-length cDNA of MaYMV into the binary vector pCB301. RT-PCR and Northern blot analyses showed that this clone was systemically infectious upon agro-inoculation into N. benthamiana. Subsequently, 13 different isolates of MaYMV from field-grown maize plants in different geographical locations of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces of China were sequenced. Analyses of their molecular variation indicate that the 3' half of P3-P5 read-through protein coding region was the most variable, whereas the coat protein- (CP-) and movement protein- (MP-)coding regions were the most conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Guangzhuang Jiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yajuan Qian
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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16
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Bak A, Folimonova SY. The conundrum of a unique protein encoded by citrus tristeza virus that is dispensable for infection of most hosts yet shows characteristics of a viral movement protein. Virology 2015; 485:86-95. [PMID: 26210077 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), one of the most economically important viruses, produces a unique protein, p33, which is encoded only in the genomes of isolates of CTV. Recently, we demonstrated that membrane association of the p33 protein confers virus ability to extend its host range. In this work we show that p33 shares characteristics of viral movement proteins. Upon expression in a host cell, the protein localizes to plasmodesmata and displays the ability to form extracellular tubules. Furthermore, p33 appears to traffic via the cellular secretory pathway and the actin network to plasmodesmata locations and is likely being recycled through the endocytic pathway. Finally, our study reveals that p33 colocalizes with a putative movement protein of CTV, the p6 protein. These results suggest a potential role of p33 as a noncanonical viral movement protein, which mediates virus translocation in the specific hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bak
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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17
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Rodriguez-Medina C, Boissinot S, Chapuis S, Gereige D, Rastegar M, Erdinger M, Revers F, Ziegler-Graff V, Brault V. A protein kinase binds the C-terminal domain of the readthrough protein of Turnip yellows virus and regulates virus accumulation. Virology 2015; 486:44-53. [PMID: 26402374 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Turnip yellows virus (TuYV), a phloem-limited virus, encodes a 74kDa protein known as the readthrough protein (RT) involved in virus movement. We show here that a TuYV mutant deleted of the C-terminal part of the RT protein (TuYV-∆RTCter) was affected in long-distance trafficking in a host-specific manner. By using the C-terminal domain of the RT protein as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a phloem cDNA library from Arabidopsis thaliana we identified the calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase-7 (AtCIPK7). Transient expression of a GFP:CIPK7 fusion protein in virus-inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves led to local increase of wild-type TuYV accumulation, but not that of TuYV-∆RTCter. Surprisingly, elevated virus titer in inoculated leaves did not result in higher TuYV accumulation in systemic leaves, which indicates that virus long-distance movement was not affected. Since GFP:CIPK7 was localized in or near plasmodesmata, CIPK7 could negatively regulate TuYV export from infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie Chapuis
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Laboratoire propre du CNRS conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dalya Gereige
- UMR 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Maryam Rastegar
- UMR 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Monique Erdinger
- UMR 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Frédéric Revers
- INRA, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Laboratoire propre du CNRS conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- UMR 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France.
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18
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Smirnova E, Firth AE, Miller WA, Scheidecker D, Brault V, Reinbold C, Rakotondrafara AM, Chung BYW, Ziegler-Graff V. Discovery of a Small Non-AUG-Initiated ORF in Poleroviruses and Luteoviruses That Is Required for Long-Distance Movement. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004868. [PMID: 25946037 PMCID: PMC4422679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses in the family Luteoviridae have positive-sense RNA genomes of around 5.2 to 6.3 kb, and they are limited to the phloem in infected plants. The Luteovirus and Polerovirus genera include all but one virus in the Luteoviridae. They share a common gene block, which encodes the coat protein (ORF3), a movement protein (ORF4), and a carboxy-terminal extension to the coat protein (ORF5). These three proteins all have been reported to participate in the phloem-specific movement of the virus in plants. All three are translated from one subgenomic RNA, sgRNA1. Here, we report the discovery of a novel short ORF, termed ORF3a, encoded near the 5’ end of sgRNA1. Initially, this ORF was predicted by statistical analysis of sequence variation in large sets of aligned viral sequences. ORF3a is positioned upstream of ORF3 and its translation initiates at a non-AUG codon. Functional analysis of the ORF3a protein, P3a, was conducted with Turnip yellows virus (TuYV), a polerovirus, for which translation of ORF3a begins at an ACG codon. ORF3a was translated from a transcript corresponding to sgRNA1 in vitro, and immunodetection assays confirmed expression of P3a in infected protoplasts and in agroinoculated plants. Mutations that prevent expression of P3a, or which overexpress P3a, did not affect TuYV replication in protoplasts or inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, but prevented virus systemic infection (long-distance movement) in plants. Expression of P3a from a separate viral or plasmid vector complemented movement of a TuYV mutant lacking ORF3a. Subcellular localization studies with fluorescent protein fusions revealed that P3a is targeted to the Golgi apparatus and plasmodesmata, supporting an essential role for P3a in viral movement. In order to maximize coding capacity, RNA viruses often encode overlapping genes and use unusual translational control mechanisms. Plant viruses express proteins required for movement of the virus through the plant, often from non-canonically translated open reading frames (ORFs). Viruses in the economically important Luteoviridae family are confined to the phloem (vascular) tissue, probably due to their specialized phloem-specific movement proteins. These proteins are translated from one viral mRNA, sgRNA1, via initiation at more than one AUG codon to express overlapping genes, and by ribosomal read-through of a stop codon. Here, we describe yet another gene translated from sgRNA1, ORF3a. Translation of ORF3a initiates at a non-standard (not AUG) start codon. We found that ORF3a is not required for viral genome replication, but is required for long-distance movement of the virus in the plant. The movement function could be restored in trans by providing the ORF3a product, P3a, from another viral or plasmid vector. P3a localizes in the Golgi apparatus and adjacent to the plasmodesmata, supporting a role in intercellular movement. In summary, we used a powerful bioinformatic tool to discover a cryptic gene whose product is required for movement of a phloem-specific plant virus, revealing multiple levels of translational control that regulate expression of four proteins from a single mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Smirnova
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes CNRS-UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrew E. Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AEF); (WAM); (VZG)
| | - W. Allen Miller
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes CNRS-UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AEF); (WAM); (VZG)
| | - Danièle Scheidecker
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes CNRS-UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Aurélie M. Rakotondrafara
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Betty Y.-W. Chung
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes CNRS-UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail: (AEF); (WAM); (VZG)
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19
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DeBlasio SL, Johnson R, Sweeney MM, Karasev A, Gray SM, MacCoss MJ, Cilia M. Potato leafroll virus structural proteins manipulate overlapping, yet distinct protein interaction networks during infection. Proteomics 2015; 15:2098-112. [PMID: 25787689 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) produces a readthrough protein (RTP) via translational readthrough of the coat protein amber stop codon. The RTP functions as a structural component of the virion and as a nonincorporated protein in concert with numerous insect and plant proteins to regulate virus movement/transmission and tissue tropism. Affinity purification coupled to quantitative MS was used to generate protein interaction networks for a PLRV mutant that is unable to produce the read through domain (RTD) and compared to the known wild-type PLRV protein interaction network. By quantifying differences in the protein interaction networks, we identified four distinct classes of PLRV-plant interactions: those plant and nonstructural viral proteins interacting with assembled coat protein (category I); plant proteins in complex with both coat protein and RTD (category II); plant proteins in complex with the RTD (category III); and plant proteins that had higher affinity for virions lacking the RTD (category IV). Proteins identified as interacting with the RTD are potential candidates for regulating viral processes that are mediated by the RTP such as phloem retention and systemic movement and can potentially be useful targets for the development of strategies to prevent infection and/or viral transmission of Luteoviridae species that infect important crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L DeBlasio
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, USA.,USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Richard Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Karasev
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Stewart M Gray
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, USA.,USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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20
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Gray S, Cilia M, Ghanim M. Circulative, "nonpropagative" virus transmission: an orchestra of virus-, insect-, and plant-derived instruments. Adv Virus Res 2014; 89:141-99. [PMID: 24751196 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800172-1.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Species of plant viruses within the Luteoviridae, Geminiviridae, and Nanoviridae are transmitted by phloem-feeding insects in a circulative, nonpropagative manner. The precise route of virus movement through the vector can differ across and within virus families, but these viruses all share many biological, biochemical, and ecological features. All share temporal and spatial constraints with respect to transmission efficiency. The viruses also induce physiological changes in their plant hosts resulting in behavioral changes in the insects that optimize the transmission of virus to new hosts. Virus proteins interact with insect, endosymbiont, and plant proteins to orchestrate, directly and indirectly, virus movement in insects and plants to facilitate transmission. Knowledge of these complex interactions allows for the development of new tools to reduce or prevent transmission, to quickly identify important vector populations, and to improve the management of these economically important viruses affecting agricultural and natural plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Gray
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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21
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Ali M, Hameed S, Tahir M. Luteovirus: insights into pathogenicity. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2853-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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22
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Kliot A, Cilia M, Czosnek H, Ghanim M. Implication of the bacterial endosymbiont Rickettsia spp. in interactions of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci with tomato yellow leaf curl virus. J Virol 2014; 88:5652-60. [PMID: 24600010 PMCID: PMC4019100 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00071-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Numerous animal and plant viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors in a persistent, circulative manner. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is transmitted by the sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci. We report here that infection with Rickettsia spp., a facultative endosymbiont of whiteflies, altered TYLCV-B. tabaci interactions. A B. tabaci strain infected with Rickettsia acquired more TYLCV from infected plants, retained the virus longer, and exhibited nearly double the transmission efficiency compared to an uninfected B. tabaci strain with the same genetic background. Temporal and spatial antagonistic relationships were discovered between Rickettsia and TYLCV within the whitefly. In different time course experiments, the levels of virus and Rickettsia within the insect were inversely correlated. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of Rickettsia-infected midguts provided evidence for niche exclusion between Rickettsia and TYLCV. In particular, high levels of the bacterium in the midgut resulted in higher virus concentrations in the filter chamber, a favored site for virus translocation along the transmission pathway, whereas low levels of Rickettsia in the midgut resulted in an even distribution of the virus. Taken together, these results indicate that Rickettsia, by infecting the midgut, increases TYLCV transmission efficacy, adding further insights into the complex association between persistent plant viruses, their insect vectors, and microorganism tenants that reside within these insects. IMPORTANCE Interest in bacterial endosymbionts in arthropods and many aspects of their host biology in agricultural and human health systems has been increasing. A recent and relevant studied example is the influence of Wolbachia on dengue virus transmission by mosquitoes. In parallel with our recently studied whitefly-Rickettsia-TYLCV system, other studies have shown that dengue virus levels in the mosquito vector are inversely correlated with bacterial load. Our work here presents evidence of unifying principles between vectors of plant and animal viruses in a role for endosymbionts in manipulating vector biology and pathogen transmission. Our results demonstrate the influence of an interesting and prominent bacterial endosymbiont in Bemisia tabaci in TYLCV transmission, a worldwide disease infecting tomatoes. Besides its agricultural importance, this system provides interesting insights into Bemisia interaction with these newly discovered endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Kliot
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michelle Cilia
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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23
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Boissinot S, Erdinger M, Monsion B, Ziegler-Graff V, Brault V. Both structural and non-structural forms of the readthrough protein of cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus are essential for efficient systemic infection of plants. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93448. [PMID: 24691251 PMCID: PMC3972232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) is a polerovirus (Luteoviridae family) with a capsid composed of the major coat protein and a minor component referred to as the readthrough protein (RT). Two forms of the RT were reported: a full-length protein of 74 kDa detected in infected plants and a truncated form of 55 kDa (RT*) incorporated into virions. Both forms were detected in CABYV-infected plants. To clarify the specific roles of each protein in the viral cycle, we generated by deletion a polerovirus mutant able to synthesize only the RT* which is incorporated into the particle. This mutant was unable to move systemically from inoculated leaves inferring that the C-terminal half of the RT is required for efficient long-distance transport of CABYV. Among a collection of CABYV mutants bearing point mutations in the central domain of the RT, we obtained a mutant impaired in the correct processing of the RT which does not produce the RT*. This mutant accumulated very poorly in upper non-inoculated leaves, suggesting that the RT* has a functional role in long-distance movement of CABYV. Taken together, these results infer that both RT proteins are required for an efficient CABYV movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine Boissinot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Colmar, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Monique Erdinger
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Colmar, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Colmar, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Colmar, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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Hipper C, Monsion B, Bortolamiol-Bécet D, Ziegler-Graff V, Brault V. Formation of virions is strictly required for turnip yellows virus long-distance movement in plants. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:496-505. [PMID: 24214396 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.058867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral genomic RNA of the Turnip yellows virus (TuYV; genus Polerovirus; family Luteoviridae) is protected in virions formed by the major capsid protein (CP) and the minor component, the readthrough (RT*) protein. Long-distance transport, used commonly by viruses to systemically infect host plants, occurs in phloem sieve elements and two viral forms of transport have been described: virions and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. With regard to poleroviruses, virions have always been presumed to be the long-distance transport form, but the potential role of RNP complexes has not been investigated. Here, we examined the requirement of virions for polerovirus systemic movement by analysing CP-targeted mutants that were unable to form viral particles. We confirmed that TuYV mutants that cannot encapsidate into virions are not able to reach systemic leaves. To completely discard the possibility that the introduced mutations in CP simply blocked the formation or the movement of RNP complexes, we tested in trans complementation of TuYV CP mutants by providing WT CP expressed in transgenic plants. WT CP was able to facilitate systemic movement of TuYV CP mutants and this observation was always correlated with the formation of virions. This demonstrated clearly that virus particles are essential for polerovirus systemic movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Hipper
- UMR INRA-UDS Virus-Vection Group, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- UMR INRA-UDS Virus-Vection Group, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
| | | | | | - Véronique Brault
- UMR INRA-UDS Virus-Vection Group, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
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Krueger EN, Beckett RJ, Gray SM, Miller WA. The complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of Barley yellow dwarf virus-RMV reveals it to be a new Polerovirus distantly related to other yellow dwarf viruses. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:205. [PMID: 23888156 PMCID: PMC3719023 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs) of the Luteoviridae family represent the most widespread group of cereal viruses worldwide. They include the Barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs) of genus Luteovirus, the Cereal yellow dwarf viruses (CYDVs) and Wheat yellow dwarf virus (WYDV) of genus Polerovirus. All of these viruses are obligately aphid transmitted and phloem-limited. The first described YDVs (initially all called BYDV) were classified by their most efficient vector. One of these viruses, BYDV-RMV, is transmitted most efficiently by the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis. Here we report the complete 5612 nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of a Montana isolate of BYDV-RMV (isolate RMV MTFE87, Genbank accession no. KC921392). The sequence revealed that BYDV-RMV is a polerovirus, but it is quite distantly related to the CYDVs or WYDV, which are very closely related to each other. Nor is BYDV-RMV closely related to any other particular polerovirus. Depending on the gene that is compared, different poleroviruses (none of them a YDV) share the most sequence similarity to BYDV-RMV. Because of its distant relationship to other YDVs, and because it commonly infects maize via its vector, R. maidis, we propose that BYDV-RMV be renamed Maize yellow dwarf virus-RMV (MYDV-RMV).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randy J. Beckett
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Stewart M. Gray
- USDA/ARS and Plant Pathology Department, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - W. Allen Miller
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
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Hipper C, Brault V, Ziegler-Graff V, Revers F. Viral and cellular factors involved in Phloem transport of plant viruses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:154. [PMID: 23745125 PMCID: PMC3662875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phloem transport of plant viruses is an essential step in the setting-up of a complete infection of a host plant. After an initial replication step in the first cells, viruses spread from cell-to-cell through mesophyll cells, until they reach the vasculature where they rapidly move to distant sites in order to establish the infection of the whole plant. This last step is referred to as systemic transport, or long-distance movement, and involves virus crossings through several cellular barriers: bundle sheath, vascular parenchyma, and companion cells for virus loading into sieve elements (SE). Viruses are then passively transported within the source-to-sink flow of photoassimilates and are unloaded from SE into sink tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms governing virus long-distance movement are far from being understood. While most viruses seem to move systemically as virus particles, some viruses are transported in SE as viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNP). The nature of the cellular and viral factors constituting these RNPs is still poorly known. The topic of this review will mainly focus on the host and viral factors that facilitate or restrict virus long-distance movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Laboratoire Propre du CNRS (UPR 2357), Virologie Végétale, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Revers
- UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de BordeauxVillenave d’Ornon, France
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Xia Z, Cao R, Sun K, Zhang H. The movement protein of barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV self-interacts and forms homodimers in vitro and in vivo. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1233-9. [PMID: 22437255 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The 17-kDa movement protein (MP) of the GAV strain of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-GAV) can bind the viral RNA and target to the nucleus. However, much less is known about the active form of the MP in planta. In this study, the ability of the MP to self-interact was analyzed by yeast two-hybrid assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. The BYDV-GAV MP has a strong potential to self-interact in vitro and in vivo, and self-interaction was mediated by the N-terminal domain spanning the second α-helix (residues 17-39). Chemical cross-linking and heterologous MP expression from a pea early browning virus (PEBV) vector further showed that MP self-interacts to form homodimers in vitro and in planta. Interestingly, the N-terminal domain necessary for MP self-interaction has previously been identified as important for nuclear targeting. Based on these findings, a functional link between MP self-interaction and nuclear targeting is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongliang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China.
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A reinvestigation provides no evidence for sugar residues on structural proteins of poleroviruses and argues against a role for glycosylation of virus structural proteins in aphid transmission. Virology 2010; 402:303-14. [PMID: 20416918 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poleroviruses are strictly transmitted by aphids. Glycosylation of Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) was previously reported and this modification was supposed to be required for aphid transmission. Using different approaches based on (i) a lectin-binding assay, (ii) use of specific complex glycan antibodies and (iii) mass spectrometry, we found no evidence that the structural proteins of TuYV and Cucurbit aphid-borne yellow virus (CABYV) carry glycan residues. Moreover, mutation of each of the four potential N-glycosylation sites of the structural protein sequences of CABYV indicated that, unless more than one site on the structural protein is glycosylated, N-glycosylation is not involved in aphid transmission. These results did not corroborate the previous hypothesis for the role of glycosylation in aphid transmission. They, however, revealed the presence of a glycosylated plant protein in purified polerovirus suspensions, whose function in aphid transmission should be further investigated.
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Wang J, Turina M, Stewart LR, Lindbo JA, Falk BW. Agroinoculation of the Crinivirus, Lettuce infectious yellows virus, for systemic plant infection. Virology 2009; 392:131-6. [PMID: 19632699 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) is phloem-limited, non-mechanically transmissible, and is transmitted to plants only by Bemisia tabaci. Here, we developed agroinoculation to deliver LIYV to plants thereby obviating the need for B. tabaci. Agroinfiltration of RNA 1 containing a green fluorescent protein gene into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in subliminal infections, as judged by green fluorescence. Agroinfiltration of LIYV wild-type RNA 1 and 2 constructs resulted in systemic infections in N. benthamiana plants and typical LIYV symptoms. In addition, partially purified LIYV virions from agroinoculated N. benthamiana plants were successfully acquired via membrane-feeding and transmitted to lettuce plants by B. tabaci. Agroinoculation coupled with targeted mutagenesis technologies will greatly enhance LIYV reverse genetics studies to characterize LIYV gene functions in planta for processes such as virus replication, recombination, trafficking, symptom elicitation and virus-vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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30
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The C terminus of the polerovirus p5 readthrough domain limits virus infection to the phloem. J Virol 2009; 83:5419-29. [PMID: 19297484 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02312-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poleroviruses are restricted to vascular phloem tissues from which they are transmitted by their aphid vectors and are not transmissible mechanically. Phloem limitation has been attributed to the absence of virus proteins either facilitating movement or counteracting plant defense. The polerovirus capsid is composed of two forms of coat protein, the major P3 protein and the minor P3/P5 protein, a translational readthrough of P3. P3/P5 is required for insect transmission and acts in trans to facilitate long-distance virus movement in phloem tissue. Specific potato leafroll virus mutants lacking part or all of the P5 domain moved into and infected nonvascular mesophyll tissue when the source-sink relationship of the plant (Solanum sarrachoides) was altered by pruning, with the progeny virus now being transmissible mechanically. However, in a period of months, a phloem-specific distribution of the virus was reestablished in the absence of aphid transmission. Virus from the new phloem-limited infection showed compensatory mutations that would be expected to restore the production of full-length P3/P5 as well as the loss of mechanical transmissibility. The data support our hypothesis that phloem limitation in poleroviruses presumably does not result from a deficiency in the repertoire of virus genes but rather results from P3/P5 accumulation under selection in the infected plant, with the colateral effect of facilitating transmission by phloem-feeding aphid vectors.
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31
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Liu S, Sivakumar S, Wang Z, Bonning BC, Miller WA. The readthrough domain of pea enation mosaic virus coat protein is not essential for virus stability in the hemolymph of the pea aphid. Arch Virol 2009; 154:469-79. [PMID: 19240978 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A fraction of the coat protein (CP) subunits in virions of members of the family Luteoviridae contain a C-terminal extension called the readthrough domain (RTD). The RTD is necessary for persistent aphid transmission, but its role is unknown. It has been reported to be required for virion stability in the hemolymph. Here, we tested whether this was the case for pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) virions in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) using RNA1Delta, a natural deletion mutant lacking the middle portion of the RTD ORF, and CPDeltaRTD, in which the entire RTD ORF was deleted. In infected plants, RNA1Delta virions were as abundant and stable as wild-type (WT) virions, while CPDeltaRTD virions were unstable. No RTD of any size was translated from artificial subgenomic mRNA of CPDeltaRTD or RNA1Delta in vitro. Thus, only the major CP was present in the mutant virions. Using real-time RT-PCR to detect virion RNA, no significant differences in the concentration or stability of WT and RNA1Delta virions were detected in the aphid hemolymph at much longer times than are necessary for virus transmission. Thus, the RTD is not necessary for stability of PEMV RNA in the aphid hemolymph, and it must play another role in aphid transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Liu
- Department of Entomology, 418 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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32
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Baurès I, Candresse T, Leveau A, Bendahmane A, Sturbois B. The Rx gene confers resistance to a range of potexviruses in transgenic Nicotiana plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:1154-64. [PMID: 18700820 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-9-1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rx-mediated resistance was analyzed in Rx-expressing transgenic Nicotiana plants. The infection outcome of nine Potato virus X isolates mutated at amino acid positions 121 and 127 of the coat protein (CP) confirmed the key role of these amino acids but provided a more complex picture than previously reported. In particular, in Rx-expressing Nicotiana spp., eliciting activity modulated by amino acid 121 was conditioned by the nature of amino acid 127. These results suggest that the specificity of recognition might be modulated by host factors that are somehow subtly modified between Rx-expressing potato and Rx-expressing transgenic Nicotiana plants. Moreover, the CP of three Potexviruses, Narcissus mosaic virus (NMV), White clover mosaic virus (WClMV), and Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV), are all recognized by the Rx-based machinery and able to trigger an Rx-dependant hypersensitive response. A smaller elicitor of 90 amino acids was identified in the CP of NMV and WClMV, which contains the previously identified key positions 121 and 127. This elicitor is only weakly conserved (approximately 40% identity) among the CP of the various recognized viruses, suggesting that the Rx molecular machinery targets a conserved structural element of the Potexvirus CP rather than a conserved amino acid motif.
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33
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Peter KA, Liang D, Palukaitis P, Gray SM. Small deletions in the potato leafroll virus readthrough protein affect particle morphology, aphid transmission, virus movement and accumulation. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2037-2045. [PMID: 18632976 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) capsid comprises 180 coat protein (CP) subunits, with some percentage containing a readthrough domain (RTD) extension located on the particle's surface. The RTD N terminus is highly conserved in luteovirids and this study sought to identify biologically active sites within this region of the PLRV RTD. Fourteen three-amino-acid-deletion mutants were generated from a cloned infectious PLRV cDNA and delivered to plants by Agrobacterium inoculations. All mutant viruses accumulated locally in infiltrated tissues and expressed the readthrough protein (RTP) containing the CP and RTD sequences in plant tissues; however, when purified, only three mutant viruses incorporated the RTP into the virion. None of the mutant viruses were aphid transmissible, but the viruses persisted in aphids for a period sufficient to allow for virus transmission. Several mutant viruses were examined further for systemic infection in four host species. All mutant viruses, regardless of RTP incorporation, moved systemically in each host, although they accumulated at different rates in systemically infected tissues. The biological properties of the RTP are sensitive to modifications in both the RTD conserved and variable regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Peter
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- USDA/ARS, Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Delin Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- USDA/ARS, Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peter Palukaitis
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Stewart M Gray
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- USDA/ARS, Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Xia Z, Wang Y, Du Z, Li J, Zhao RY, Wang D. A potential nuclear envelope-targeting domain and an arginine-rich RNA binding element identified in the putative movement protein of the GAV strain of Barley yellow dwarf virus. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:40-50. [PMID: 32688755 DOI: 10.1071/fp07114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the structural elements in the putative movement protein (MP) of the GAV strain of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-GAV) were investigated. The GFP fusion protein of BYDV-GAV MP was found to be associated with the nuclear envelope (NE) in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) cells. Serial deletion mapping demonstrated that the predicted α-helical domain located at the N-terminus of BYDV-GAV MP was required and sufficient for NE targeting in onion epidermal cells. This α-helical domain does not contain any sequence elements similar to known nuclear localisation signals or bear any significant resemblance to previously characterised NE-targeting structure, indicating that it may represent a novel NE-targeting domain in plant cells. Deletion mutagenesis showed that the C-terminal end of BYDV-GAV MP possessed an element required for its RNA binding activity in vitro. Further analysis revealed that the arginine amino acids within the last 11 residues of the C-terminal end were crucial for the binding of BYDV-GAV MP to RNA. This C-terminal element enriched in basic residues was also present in the MPs of other BYDV strains and the polerovirus Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), suggesting the conservation of a RNA binding element in the MPs from both luteoviruses and poleroviruses. The data in this work present an initial characterisation of a novel plant NE-targeting domain and a RNA binding element on BYDV-GAV MP. Further studies are underway to investigate the function of these elements in the biology of natural BYDV-GAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongliang Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiqiang Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junmin Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Richard Y Zhao
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology-Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF 600, Baltimore, MD 21201-1192, USA
| | - Daowen Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Ramsey JS, Wilson ACC, de Vos M, Sun Q, Tamborindeguy C, Winfield A, Malloch G, Smith DM, Fenton B, Gray SM, Jander G. Genomic resources for Myzus persicae: EST sequencing, SNP identification, and microarray design. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:423. [PMID: 18021414 PMCID: PMC2213679 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is a world-wide insect pest capable of infesting more than 40 plant families, including many crop species. However, despite the significant damage inflicted by M. persicae in agricultural systems through direct feeding damage and by its ability to transmit plant viruses, limited genomic information is available for this species. Results Sequencing of 16 M. persicae cDNA libraries generated 26,669 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Aphids for library construction were raised on Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, Brassica oleracea, B. napus, and Physalis floridana (with and without Potato leafroll virus infection). The M. persicae cDNA libraries include ones made from sexual and asexual whole aphids, guts, heads, and salivary glands. In silico comparison of cDNA libraries identified aphid genes with tissue-specific expression patterns, and gene expression that is induced by feeding on Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, 2423 genes that are novel to science and potentially aphid-specific were identified. Comparison of cDNA data from three aphid lineages identified single nucleotide polymorphisms that can be used as genetic markers and, in some cases, may represent functional differences in the protein products. In particular, non-conservative amino acid substitutions in a highly expressed gut protease may be of adaptive significance for M. persicae feeding on different host plants. The Agilent eArray platform was used to design an M. persicae oligonucleotide microarray representing over 10,000 unique genes. Conclusion New genomic resources have been developed for M. persicae, an agriculturally important insect pest. These include previously unknown sequence data, a collection of expressed genes, molecular markers, and a DNA microarray that can be used to study aphid gene expression. These resources will help elucidate the adaptations that allow M. persicae to develop compatible interactions with its host plants, complementing ongoing work illuminating plant molecular responses to phloem-feeding insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Ramsey
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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36
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Kaplan IB, Lee L, Ripoll DR, Palukaitis P, Gildow F, Gray SM. Point mutations in the potato leafroll virus major capsid protein alter virion stability and aphid transmission. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1821-1830. [PMID: 17485544 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The coat protein (CP) of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is the primary component of the capsid, and is a multifunctional protein known to be involved in vector transmission and virus movement within plant hosts, in addition to particle assembly. Thirteen mutations were generated in various regions of the CP and tested for their ability to affect virus-host and virus-vector interactions. Nine of the mutations prevented the assembly of stable virions. These mutants were unable to infect systemically four different host species. Furthermore, although virus replication and translation of the CP were similar for the mutants and wild-type virus in individual plant cells, the translation of the CP readthrough product was affected in several of the mutants. Four of the mutants were able to assemble stable particles and infect host plants systemically, similarly to the wild-type virus; however, two of the mutants were transmitted less efficiently by aphid vectors. Based on a computer-generated model of the PLRV CP, the mutations that prevented virion assembly were associated with subunit interfaces, while the amino acid alterations in the assembly-competent mutants were associated with surface loops. This and previous work indicates that the CP structural model has value in predicting the structural architecture of the virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor B Kaplan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- USDA/ARS, Plant Protection Research Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lawrence Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- USDA/ARS, Plant Protection Research Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Daniel R Ripoll
- Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell Theory Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peter Palukaitis
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Frederick Gildow
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Stewart M Gray
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- USDA/ARS, Plant Protection Research Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Scholthof HB. Plant virus transport: motions of functional equivalence. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2005; 10:376-82. [PMID: 16023398 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus cell-to-cell movement and subsequent systemic transport are governed by a series of mechanisms involving various virus and plant factors. Specialized virus encoded movement proteins (MPs) control the cell-to-cell transport of viral nucleoprotein complexes through plasmodesmata. MPs of different viruses have diverse properties and each interacts with specific host factors that also have a range of functions. Most viruses are then transported via the phloem as either nucleoprotein complexes or virions, with contributions from host and virus proteins. Some virus proteins contribute to the establishment and maintenance of systemic infection by inhibiting RNA silencing-mediated degradation of viral RNA. In spite of all the different movement strategies and the viral and host components, there are possible functional commonalities in virus-host interactions that govern viral spread through plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman B Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, USA.
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Lee L, Kaplan IB, Ripoll DR, Liang D, Palukaitis P, Gray SM. A surface loop of the potato leafroll virus coat protein is involved in virion assembly, systemic movement, and aphid transmission. J Virol 2005; 79:1207-14. [PMID: 15613347 PMCID: PMC538549 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.2.1207-1214.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two acidic domains of the Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) coat protein, separated by 55 amino acids and predicted to be adjacent surface features on the virion, were the focus of a mutational analysis. Eleven site-directed mutants were generated from a cloned infectious cDNA of PLRV and delivered to plants by Agrobacterium-mediated mechanical inoculation. Alanine substitutions of any of the three amino acids of the sequence EWH (amino acids 170 to 172) or of D177 disrupted the ability of the coat protein to assemble stable particles and the ability of the viral RNA to move systemically in four host plant species. Alanine substitution of E109, D173, or E176 reduced the accumulation of virus in agrobacterium-infiltrated tissues, the efficiency of systemic infection, and the efficiency of aphid transmission relative to wild-type virus, but the mutations did not affect virion stability. A structural model of the PLRV capsid predicted that the amino acids critical for virion assembly were located within a depression at the center of a coat protein trimer. The other amino acids that affected plant infection and/or aphid transmission were predicted to be located around the perimeter of the depression. PLRV virions play key roles in phloem-limited virus movement in plant hosts as well as in transport and persistence in the aphid vectors. These results identified amino acid residues in a surface-oriented loop of the coat protein that are critical for virus assembly and stability, systemic infection of plants, and movement of virus through aphid vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, 334 Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Liang D, Gray SM, Kaplan I, Palukaitis P. Site-directed mutagenesis and generation of chimeric viruses by homologous recombination in yeast to facilitate analysis of plant-virus interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2004; 17:571-576. [PMID: 15195939 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.6.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A yeast homologous recombination system was used to generate mutants and chimeras in the genome of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). A yeast-bacteria shuttle vector was developed that allows mutants and chimeras generated in yeast to be transformed into Escherichia coli for confirmation of the mutations and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens to facilitate agroinfection of plants by the mutant PLRV genomes. The advantages of the system include the high frequency of recovered mutants generated by yeast homologous recombination, the ability to generate over 20 mutants and chimeras using only two restriction endonuclease sites, the ability to introduce multiple additional sequences using three and four DNA fragments, and the mobilization of the same plasmid from yeast to E. coli, A. tumefaciens, and plants. The wild-type PLRV genome showed no loss of virulence after sequential propagation in yeast, E. coli, and A. tumefaciens. Moreover, many PLRV clones with mutations generated in the capsid protein and readthrough domain of the capsid protein replicated and moved throughout plants. This approach will facilitate the analysis of plant-virus interactions of in vivo-generated mutants for many plant viruses, especially those not transmissible mechanically to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Liang
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Abstract
Members of the Luteoviridae are transmitted by aphids in a circulative, nonpropagative manner that requires the virus to be acquired through gut tissue into the aphid hemocoel and then exit through salivary tissues. This process is aphid species-specific and involves specific recognition of the virus by unidentified components on the membranes of gut and salivary tissues. Transport through the tissues is an endocytosis/exocytosis process. Both structural proteins of the virus are involved in the transmission process, with multiple protein domains regulating the movement and survival of the virus in the aphid and plant. Here we review what is known about the genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms regulating these complex and specific virus-aphid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Gray
- USDA, ARS, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Taliansky M, Mayo MA, Barker H. Potato leafroll virus: a classic pathogen shows some new tricks. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2003; 4:81-9. [PMID: 20569366 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED SUMMARY Taxonomy: PLRV is the type species of the genus Polerovirus, in the family Luteoviridae. Isolates are known from most continents, presumably all spread in potato material derived from the Andean region of South America. Physical properties: PLRV particles are isometric and c. 25 nm in diameter. They contain one major (c. 23 kDa) and one minor (c. 80 kDa) protein. The genome is a single 5.8 kb positive sense RNA that has neither a 5'-cap nor 3' poly(A) but carries a VPg. HOST RANGE PLRV has a limited host range; about 20 largely solanaceous species have been infected experimentally. PLRV is a common pathogen of potato, and closely related isolates are occasionally found in tomato, but no other crops are affected. SYMPTOMS Infection, especially from infected seed potato stocks, causes leafrolling and stunting, the extent depending on the potato cultivar. Biological properties: The biology of PLRV is that of a classic luteovirus. Its isometric particles are persistently transmitted by aphids in a non-propagative manner, it multiplies largely in phloem tissue and disease symptoms reflect this localization. A decade or so of molecular study has revealed the many features of PLRV that are characteristic of its family. Key attractions: In recent years some interesting features of PLRV have emerged that are the focus of further investigation. These are, its phloem confinement, its movement in infected plants, its ability to suppress gene silencing and new ideas about the structure of its particles. This review describes the background to PLRV and points towards these new developments.
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