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Yu YH, Cho YT, Xu YC, Wong ZJ, Tsai YC, Ariyawansa HA. Identifying and Controlling Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum Taxa of Welsh Onion in Sanxing, Taiwan. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1263-1275. [PMID: 38105219 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-23-0301-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum) are subject to various fungal diseases such as anthracnose (Colletotrichum species) and Stemphylium leaf blight (Stemphylium vesicarium). These diseases are the main biotic limitations to Welsh onion production in northern Taiwan. From 2018 to 2020, anthracnose symptoms were observed throughout Welsh onion fields in northern Taiwan, mainly the Sanxing area. In total, 33 strains of Colletotrichum species were isolated from diseased leaves, and major causative agents were identified based on a multilocus phylogenetic analysis using four genomic regions (act, tub2, gapdh, and internal transcribed spacer). Based on this phylogeny, Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose of Welsh onion were identified as C. spaethianum (C. spaethianum species complex) and C. circinans (C. dematium species complex) in the Sanxing area, northern Taiwan. To determine and compare the pathogenicity of each species, representative fungal strains of each species were inoculated on the cultivar 'Siao-Lyu' by spraying spore suspension onto the leaf surface. Welsh onion plants were susceptible to both species, but disease incidence and severity were higher in C. spaethianum. In total, 31 fungicides were tested to determine their efficacy in reducing mycelial growth and conidial germination of representative strains of C. spaethianum and C. circinans under laboratory conditions. Five fungicides-fluazinam, metiram, mancozeb, thiram, and dithianon-effectively reduced mycelial growth and spore germination in both C. spaethianum and C. circinans. In contrast, difenoconazole and trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, which are commonly used in Welsh onion production in northern Taiwan, mainly the Sanxing area, were ineffective. These results serve as valuable insights for growers, enabling them to identify and address the emergence of anthracnose caused by C. spaethianum and C. circinans of Welsh onion, employing fungicides with diverse modes of action. The findings of this study support sustainable management of anthracnose in Sanxing, northern Taiwan, although further field tests of the fungicides are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yi-Tun Cho
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Cheng Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhang-Jian Wong
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Tsai
- Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hiran A Ariyawansa
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cosseboom SD, Agarwal C, Hu M. CRISPR-enabled investigation of fitness costs associated with the E198A mutation in β-tubulin of Colletotrichum siamense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1278133. [PMID: 38023927 PMCID: PMC10654983 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1278133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Understanding fitness costs associated with fungicide resistance is critical to improve resistance management strategies. E198A in b-tubulin confers resistance to the fungicide thiophanate-methyl and has been widely reported in several plant pathogens including Colletotrichum siamense. Method To better understand potential fitness costs associated with the resistance, a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex mediated CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to create a point mutation (E198A) through homology directed repair (HDR) in each of the sensitive (E198) C. siamense isolates collected from strawberries, raspberries, and peaches. The RNP complex was delivered into fungal protoplasts using polyethylene glycol-mediated (PEG) transfection. Results The transformation efficiency, the proportion of transformants of sensitive parental isolates containing the E198A mutation, averaged 72%. No off-target mutations were observed when sequences similar to the b-tubulin target region with a maximum of four mismatch sites were analyzed, suggesting that the CRISPR/Cas9 system used in this study was highly specific for genome editing in C. siamense. Of the 41 comparisons of fitness between mutant and wild type isolates through in vitro and detached fruit assays, mutant isolates appeared to be as fit (24 of 41 comparisons), if not more fit than wild-type isolates (10 of 41 comparisons). Discussion The use of CRISPR/Cas9 to evaluate fitness costs associated with point mutations in this study represents a novel and useful method, since wild-type and mutant isolates were genetically identical except for the target mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mengjun Hu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Hwang SH, Maung CEH, Noh JS, Cho JY, Kim KY. Butyl succinate-mediated control of Bacillus velezensis ce 100 for apple anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad247. [PMID: 37903743 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Microbial biocontrol agents have become an effective option to mitigate the harmfulness of chemical pesticides in recent years. This study demonstrates the control efficacy of Bacillus velezensis CE 100 on the anthracnose causal agent, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro antifungal assays revealed that the culture filtrate and volatile organic compounds of B. velezensis CE 100 strongly restricted the mycelial development of C. gloeosporioides. Moreover, a bioactive compound, butyl succinate, was isolated from the n-butanol crude extract of B. velezensis CE 100 (bce), and identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization hybrid ion-trap and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS) and one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Treatment with purified butyl succinate at a concentration of 300 μg mL-1 strongly controlled conidial germination of C. gloeosporioides with an inhibition rate of 98.66%, whereas butyl succinate at a concentration of 400 μg mL-1 showed weak antifungal action on the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides with an inhibition rate of 31.25%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the morphologies of butyl succinate-treated hyphae and conidia of C. gloeosporioides were severely deformed with shriveled and wrinkled surfaces. Furthermore, butyl succinate was able to control carbendazim-resistant C. gloeosporioides, demonstrating that it could be a promising agent for the suppression of other carbendazim-resistant fungal pathogens. An in vivo biocontrol assay demonstrated that the strain ce 100 broth culture and butyl succinate showed higher control efficacy on apple anthracnose than bce. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insight into the antifungal potential of B. velezensis ce 100 and its butyl succinate for efficient control of phytopathogenic fungi, such as C. gloeosporiodes, in plant disease protection. This is the first study to demonstrate the antifungal potential of bacteria-derived butyl succinate for control of C. gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Hyun Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaw Ei Htwe Maung
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Su Noh
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yong Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kil Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Poti T, Thitla T, Imaiam N, Arunothayanan H, Doungsa-Ard C, Kongtragoul P, Nalumpang S, Akimitsu K. Isolates of Colletotrichum truncatum with Resistance to Multiple Fungicides from Soybean in Northern Thailand. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2736-2750. [PMID: 36691275 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-1882-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In Thailand, four systemic fungicides-carbendazim (Car), azoxystrobin (Azo), difenoconazole (Dif), and penthiopyrad (Pen)-are commonly used to control soybean anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum truncatum; however, the pathogen has developed resistance. From 2019 to 2020, fungicide resistance in C. truncatum from fields in Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai was monitored. In tests of 85 C. truncatum isolates for resistance to multiple fungicides, 15.3% were CarRAzoR, 34.1% were triple resistant (CarRAzoRDifR or CarRAzoRPenR), and 50.6% were CarRAzoRDifRPenR. Surprisingly, all isolates tested had lost their sensitivity to one or more of the fungicides tested. The carbendazim-resistant isolates carried a point mutation in the β-tubulin gene at codon 198 (E198A) or 200 (F200Y), and all azoxystrobin-resistant isolates had a mutation in the cytochrome b gene at codon 143 (G143A) or 129 (F129L). Moreover, a novel mutation at codon 208 (S208Y) in the gene encoding succinate dehydrogenase subunit B was detected in all of the isolates highly resistant to penthiopyrad. No mutation linked with difenoconazole resistance was detected in the genes encoding cytochrome P450 sterol 14α-demethylase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. truncatum isolates resistant to multiple fungicides and serves as a warning to take measures to prevent the occurrence and distribution of these multiple-fungicide-resistant populations in soybean fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teeranai Poti
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
- The United Graduated School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tanapol Thitla
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Naphatsawan Imaiam
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Chanintorn Doungsa-Ard
- Department of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Research Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pornprapa Kongtragoul
- Department of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus, Chumphon 86160, Thailand
| | - Sarunya Nalumpang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kazuya Akimitsu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
- The United Graduated School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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Gelain J, Lykins S, Rosa PF, Soares AT, Dowling M, Schnabel G, May De Mio LL. Identification and Fungicide Sensitivity of Colletotrichum spp. from Apple Flowers and Fruitlets in Brazil. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:1183-1191. [PMID: 36256738 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-22-0243-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and bitter rot (BR), caused by Colletotrichum spp., are major diseases on apple in southern Brazil. Among integrated pest management tools for disease management in commercial orchards, fungicides remain an important component. This study aimed to identify Colletotrichum spp. from cultivar Eva in Paraná state orchards; evaluate their in vitro sensitivity to cyprodinil, tebuconazole, iprodione, and fluazinam; and determine the baseline in vitro sensitivity of these isolates to benzovindiflupyr and natamycin. Most isolates belonged to Colletotrichum melonis and C. nymphaeae of the C. acutatum species complex. The two species varied in sensitivity to fluazinam and tebuconazole, but no variability was found for any other fungicide. The lowest 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of Colletotrichum spp. were observed for cyprodinil (mean EC50 < 0.02) and benzovindiflupyr (mean EC50 < 0.05); EC50 values were intermediate for fluazinam (mean EC50 < 0.33) and tebuconazole (mean EC50 < 0.14), and they were highest for natamycin (mean EC50 < 5.56) and iprodione (mean EC50 > 12). Cyprodinil and fluazinam are registered for use in Brazil for apple disease management but not specifically for GLS and BR. Tebuconazole is one of the few products registered for Colletotrichum spp. control in apples. In conclusion, flowers and fruitlets can serve as sources of inoculum for GLS and BR disease; C. acutatum was the predominant species complex in these tissues; cyprodinil and fluazinam applications may suppress GLS and BR; and benzovindiflupyr and natamycin warrant further investigation for GLS and BR disease control of apple due to comparably high in vitro sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhulia Gelain
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Protection, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Sydney Lykins
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Pâmela Franciella Rosa
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Protection, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Alex Teixeira Soares
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Protection, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Madeline Dowling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Louise Larissa May De Mio
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Protection, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
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Ishii H, Watanabe H, Yamaoka Y, Schnabel G. Sensitivity to fungicides in isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum species complexes and efficacy against anthracnose diseases. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 182:105049. [PMID: 35249649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum species cause diseases on many plants and are among the 'top 10' fungal plant pathogens. Species of the C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum complexes are particularly important because they infect temperate fruit crops, but their control relies largely on chemical fungicides. In this study, differences in intrinsic fungicide sensitivity were determined in vitro using isolates of the C. gloeosporioides sp. complex (C. fructicola, C. siamense, and C. tropicale) and the C. acutatum sp. complex (C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae), which had never been exposed to fungicides. Mycelial growth of all isolates was sensitive to the QoI azoxystrobin, the SDHI benzovindiflupyr, and the new DMI fungicide mefentrifluconazole. The isolates of C. nymphaeae were highly sensitive to the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil. The isolates of C. gloeosporioides sp. complex were sensitive to the bis-guanidine fungicide iminoctadine-albesilate, whereas those of C. acutatum sp. complex were inherently insensitive. These results are valuable when sensitivity of field populations is monitored in resistance management. Although SDHI fungicides are largely not effective against diseases caused by Colletotrichum species, benzovindiflupyr controlled anthracnose disease of various crops such as kidney bean, garland chrysanthemum, and strawberry, caused by C. lindemuthianum, C. chrysanthemi, and C. siamense, respectively, demonstrating this fungicide to be unique among SDHIs and having a broad control spectrum against anthracnose. To help understanding the reason for differential activity of benzovindiflupyr and boscalid, sdhB gene sequences were analyzed but those of C. lindemuthianum, C. chrysanthemi, and C. scovillei revealed no known mutations reported to be responsible for SDHI resistance in other fungi, indicating that other mechanism(s) than target-site modification may be involved in differential sensitivity to benzovindiflupyr and boscalid, found in Colletotrichum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ishii
- University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Clemson University, 105 Collings Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Kibi International University, Sareo 370-1, Shichi, Minami-awaji, Hyogo 656-0484, Japan.
| | - Hideki Watanabe
- Gifu Prefectural Agricultural Technology Centre, Matamaru, Gifu, Gifu 501-1152, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamaoka
- University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Clemson University, 105 Collings Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Use of Essential Oils for the Control of Anthracnose Disease Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on Post-Harvest Mangoes of Cat Hoa Loc Variety. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11090719. [PMID: 34564536 PMCID: PMC8470959 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11090719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. makes heavy losses for post-harvest mangoes of Cat Hoa Loc variety during storage, packaging, and transportation. The synthetic fungicides are commonly used to control the disease, but they are not safe for consumers’ health and environment. This study was aimed to investigate the use of essential oils (EOs) as the safe alternative control. Pathogen was isolated from the infected Cat Hoa Loc mangoes and identified by morphology and DNA sequencing of the ITS region. Six EOs (cinnamon, basil, lemongrass, peppermint, coriander, and orange) were chemically analyzed by GC–MS. The antifungal activity of EOs was studied in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the isolated pathogen was Colletotrichum acutatum. Cinnamon, basil, and lemongrass EOs effectively inhibited the growth of C. acutatum in descending order of cinnamon, basil, and lemongrass. However, they (except basil oil) severely damaged fruit peels. The antifungal activity was closely related to the main compounds of EOs. Basil EOs effectively controlled anthracnose development on Cat Hoa Loc mangoes artificially infected with C. acutatum, and its effectiveness was comparable to that of fungicide treatment. Consequently, basil EOs can be used as a biocide to control anthracnose on post-harvest Cat Hoa Loc mangoes.
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Maliang H, Wang P, Chen A, Liu H, Lin H, Ma J. Bamboo Tar as a Novel Fungicide: Its Chemical Components, Laboratory Evaluation, and Field Efficacy Against False Smut and Sheath Blight of Rice and Powdery Mildew and Fusarium Wilt of Cucumber. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:331-338. [PMID: 32772833 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1157-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The application of agricultural and forest residues can benefit the environment and the economy; however, they also generate a large amount of byproducts. In this study, bamboo tar (BT), a waste product of bamboo charcoal production, was dissolved in natural ethanol and the surfactant alkyl glucoside to manufacture a 50% (wt/wt) BT emulsifiable concentrate (BTEC) biopesticide. BTEC was screened for fungicidal activity against pathogens. The greatest activity was seen against Ustilaginoidea virens with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 6 mg/liter. Four phytopathogenic fungi, Podosphaera xanthii, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Botrytis cinerea, showed EC50 values of <60 mg/liter. Greenhouse tests in vivo showed 2,000 mg/liter BTEC had a 78.4% protective effect against U. virens, and replicated treatments had an 80.6% protective effect. In addition, replicated 2-year field trials were conducted in two geographic locations with four plant diseases: false smut (U. virens), rice sheath blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris [Frank] Donk), cucumber powdery mildew (P. xanthii), and cucumber Fusarium wilt (F. oxysporum). Results showed that 1,000 to 2,000 mg/liter BTEC significantly inhibited these diseases. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the total phenolic mass fractions of two BT samples were 45.39 and 48.26%. Eleven components were detected, and their percentage content was as follows (from high to low): 2,6-dimethoxyphenol > 2- or 4-ethylphenol > 2- or 4-methylphenol > phenol > 4-ethylguaiacol > dimethoxyphenol > 4-methylguaiacol > 4-propenyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol > 2,4-dimethylphenol. Some of the phenolic compounds identified from the tar might be fungicidally active components. BT is a biochar waste, which has potential as a biofungicide and has promise in organic agriculture. The value of this tar may not be because of any fundamental physical differences from other synthetic fungicides but rather caused by reduced production expenses and more efficient use of waste products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Maliang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China
| | - Pinwei Wang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China
| | - Anliang Chen
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China
| | - Jianyi Ma
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China
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Khodadadi F, González JB, Martin PL, Giroux E, Bilodeau GJ, Peter KA, Doyle VP, Aćimović SG. Identification and characterization of Colletotrichum species causing apple bitter rot in New York and description of C. noveboracense sp. nov. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11043. [PMID: 32632221 PMCID: PMC7338416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum species is a growing problem worldwide. Colletotrichum spp. are economically important but taxonomically un-resolved. Identification of Colletotrichum spp. is critical due to potential species-level differences in pathogenicity-related characteristics. A 400-isolate collection from New York apple orchards were morphologically assorted to two groups, C. acutatum species complex (CASC) and C. gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC). A sub-sample of 44 representative isolates, spanning the geographical distribution and apple varieties, were assigned to species based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of nrITS, GAPDH and TUB2 for CASC, and ITS, GAPDH, CAL, ACT, TUB2, APN2, ApMat and GS genes for CGSC. The dominant species was C. fioriniae, followed by C. chrysophilum and a novel species, C. noveboracense, described in this study. This study represents the first report of C. chrysophilum and C. noveboracense as pathogens of apple. We assessed the enzyme activity and fungicide sensitivity for isolates identified in New York. All isolates showed amylolytic, cellulolytic and lipolytic, but not proteolytic activity. C. chrysophilum showed the highest cellulase and the lowest lipase activity, while C. noveboracense had the highest amylase activity. Fungicide assays showed that C. fioriniae was sensitive to benzovindiflupyr and thiabendazole, while C. chrysophilum and C. noveboracense were sensitive to fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin and difenoconazole. All species were pathogenic on apple fruit with varying lesion sizes. Our findings of differing pathogenicity-related characteristics among the three species demonstrate the importance of accurate species identification for any downstream investigations of Colletotrichum spp. in major apple growing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khodadadi
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan B González
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Phillip L Martin
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA, USA
| | - Emily Giroux
- Pathogen Identification Research Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume J Bilodeau
- Pathogen Identification Research Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kari A Peter
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA, USA
| | - Vinson P Doyle
- Louisiana State University AgCenter, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Srđan G Aćimović
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, USA.
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