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Serrano R, González-Menéndez V, Tormo JR, Genilloud O. Development and Validation of a HTS Platform for the Discovery of New Antifungal Agents against Four Relevant Fungal Phytopathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:883. [PMID: 37754991 PMCID: PMC10532314 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal phytopathogens are the major agents responsible for causing severe damage to and losses in agricultural crops worldwide. Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Fusarium proliferatum, and Magnaporthe grisea are included in the top ten fungal phytopathogens that impose important plant diseases on a broad range of crops. Microbial natural products can be an attractive alternative for the biological control of phytopathogens. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a High-throughput Screening (HTS) platform to evaluate the antifungal potential of chemicals and natural products against these four important plant pathogens. Several experiments were performed to establish the optimal assay conditions that provide the best reproducibility and robustness. For this purpose, we have evaluated two media formulations (SDB and RPMI-1640), several inoculum concentrations (1 × 106, 5 × 105 and 5 × 106 conidia/mL), the germination curves for each strain, each strain's tolerance to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and the Dose Response Curves (DRC) of the antifungal control (Amphotericin B). The assays were performed in 96-well plate format, where absorbance at 620 nm was measured before and after incubation to evaluate growth inhibition, and fluorescence intensity at 570 nm excitation and 615 nm emission was monitored after resazurin addition for cell viability evaluation. Quality control parameters (RZ' Factors and Signal to Background (S/B) ratios) were determined for each assay batch. The assay conditions were finally validated by titrating 40 known relevant antifungal agents and testing 2400 microbial natural product extracts from the MEDINA Library through both HTS agar-based and HTS microdilution-based set-ups on the four phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Serrano
- Fundación MEDINA, Av. Conocimiento 34, Health Sciences Technology Park, 18016 Granada, Spain; (J.R.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Víctor González-Menéndez
- Fundación MEDINA, Av. Conocimiento 34, Health Sciences Technology Park, 18016 Granada, Spain; (J.R.T.); (O.G.)
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Han C, Mei Y, Zhou S, Shao H. Chemical Profiling and Antifungal Activity of Ziziphora clinopodioides Leaf Essential Oil against the Pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300660. [PMID: 37505209 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are often used as natural antifungal agents to control the growth of phytopathogenic fungi. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Ziziphora clinopodioides leaf EO against Verticillium dahliae, a pathogenic fungus of cotton. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed the presence of 15 compounds of the total of extracted oil, which was consisted of 98.79 % monoterpenes and 0.61 % sesquiterpenes. The major constituents were pulegone (62.17 %), isomenthone (18.42 %), l-menthone (5.55 %) and piperitenone (3.99 %). The mycelial growth of Verticillium dahliae was completely inhibited at 0.24 μL/mL air under vapor phase condition. Considerable morphological variations were also observed in the fungal sclerotia at the contact phase at 3 μL/mL. This study demonstrated for the first time that Z. clinopodioides EO can effectively inhibit the growth of V. dahliae, implying that it has the potential to be explored as an antifungal agent against Verticillium Wilt of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization, of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Yu Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization, of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Shixing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization, of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization, of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
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Ali M, Ahmad H, Amin B, Atif MJ, Cheng Z. Induce defense response of DADS in eggplants during the biotrophic phase of Verticillium dahliae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:172. [PMID: 35379184 PMCID: PMC8981950 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Verticillium wilt is a destructive vascular disease in eggplants. The complex defensive mechanisms of eggplant against this disease are very limited. METHODS Our work examined the bioactive properties of garlic allelochemical diallyl disulfide (DADS) as potential biostimulants for defense against V. dahliae in eggplant seedlings. We, therefore, foliar sprayed DADS on eggplants to study the defense response during the early biotrophic phase of V. dahliae (a hemibiotroph). RESULTS DADS application significantly increased root peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity, and reduced H2O2 levels after 24 h of fungal inoculation. Salicylic acid (SA) in leaves and roots was significantly increased while, the jasmonic acid (JA), indole acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were decreased. The microscopic examinations of V. dahliae infection in roots displayed that the progression of infection was restricted in DADS-treated plants. Depositions of lignin and phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid content were significantly higher in DADS-treated plants at 48 h post-inoculation. Similarly, the DADS application up-regulated pathogenesis-related (PR1, PR2, and PR5), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK1), and lipoxygenase (LOX) genes. Furthermore, DADS-treated plants exhibited a lower disease severity index (23.3% vs. 57.0% in controls), indicating successful defense against V. dahliae. CONCLUSIONS Our findings concluded that the biological function of garlic allelochemical DADS has a prominent role in the higher defense resistance of eggplants during the early infection of V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Husain Ahmad
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bakht Amin
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Jawaad Atif
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhou Y, Fan F, Chaisiri C, Zhu YT, Zhao Y, Luo MK, Li XC, Yin LF, Yin WX, Luo CX. Sensitivity of Venturia carpophila from China to Five Fungicides and Characterization of Carbendazim-Resistant Isolates. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3990-3997. [PMID: 34253040 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0694-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Peach scab is a fungal disease caused by Venturia carpophila that can significantly reduce peach yield and quality. Fungicide application is the main control measure for peach scab worldwide. To better understand the fungicide-resistance status and devise suitable management strategies, the sensitivity of 135 single-spore V. carpophila isolates to the commonly used fungicides carbendazim, iprodione, propiconazole, azoxystrobin, and boscalid were determined using a microtiter plate test method. Results showed that the mean effective concentrations to cause inhibitions by 50% (EC50) of tested isolates to iprodione, propiconazole, azoxystrobin, and boscalid were 16.287, 0.165, 0.570, and 0.136 µg/ml, respectively. The EC50 values of V. carpophila isolates to four fungicides displayed unimodal frequency distributions, indicating no resistance occurred to these fungicides. On the contrary, bimodal frequency distribution was observed for carbendazim, indicating that V. carpophila developed resistance to carbendazim. Resistance was widely detected from all 14 provinces studied. Molecular analysis showed that the point mutation E198K of the TUB2 gene determined high resistance, whereas E198G conferred moderate resistance. Moderate and high resistances were stable, and the resistant isolates did not show significant fitness penalties. On the contrary, some resistant isolates showed better competitiveness under certain stresses. This is the first report to detect the sensitivity of V. carpophila to fungicides, which enables future monitoring of fungicide resistance and provides basic information to allow the design of suitable peach scab management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Fan
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chingchai Chaisiri
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yi-Ting Zhu
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng-Ke Luo
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi-Cheng Li
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liang-Fen Yin
- Experimental Teaching Center of Crop Science and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Yin
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Hoeffner K, Beylich A, Chabbi A, Cluzeau D, Dascalu D, Graefe U, Guzmán G, Hallaire V, Hanisch J, Landa BB, Linsler D, Menasseri S, Öpik M, Potthoff M, Sandor M, Scheu S, Schmelz RM, Engell I, Schrader S, Vahter T, Banse M, Nicolaï A, Plaas E, Runge T, Roslin T, Decau ML, Sepp SK, Arias-Giraldo LF, Busnot S, Roucaute M, Pérès G. Legacy effects of temporary grassland in annual crop rotation on soil ecosystem services. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146140. [PMID: 34030316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of temporary grassland into an annual crop rotation is recognized to improve soil ecosystem services, and resulting legacies can be beneficial for the following crops. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate legacy effects of introducing temporary grassland into an annual crop rotation on five ecosystem services (i) soil structure maintenance (aggregate stability), (ii) water regulation (saturated hydraulic conductivity), (iii) biodiversity conservation (microbial biomass and microbial metabolic activity, as well as microorganism, enchytraeid, springtail and earthworm communities), (iv) pathogen regulation (soil suppressiveness to Verticillium dahliae), and (v) forage production and quality. Three crop rotation schemes, maintained for twelve years, were compared in four random blocks, one being an annual crop rotation without grassland (0%), another with a medium percentage of grassland (50%, corresponding to 3 years of continuous grassland in the crop rotation), and a third one with a high percentage of grassland in the crop rotation (75%, corresponding to 6 years of continuous grassland in the crop rotation). The results showed that the grassland introduction into an annual crop rotation improved, whatever the duration of the grassland, soil structure maintenance and biodiversity conservation, while it decreased pathogen regulation and did not modify water regulation. Comparing the two crop rotations that included grassland, indicated a stronger beneficial grassland legacy effect for the higher proportion of grassland concerning soil structure maintenance and biodiversity conservation. By contrast, water regulation, pathogen regulation and forage production were not affected by the legacy of the 75% grassland during the rotation. Overall, our findings demonstrated the extent to which grassland legacies are affecting the current state of soil properties and possible ecosystem services provided. To improve ecosystem services, soil management should take legacy effects into account and consider longer timeframes to apply beneficial practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hoeffner
- UMR SAS, INRAE, INSTITUT AGRO AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35000 Rennes, France; University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)], - UMR 6553, Rennes, France.
| | - Anneke Beylich
- IFAB Institut für Angewandte Bodenbiologie GmbH, 22337 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abad Chabbi
- INRAE, UR P3F, Centre Poitou-Charentes, Lusignan, France; UMR ECOSYS, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Daniel Cluzeau
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)], - UMR 6553, Rennes, France
| | - Dumitrita Dascalu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ulfert Graefe
- IFAB Institut für Angewandte Bodenbiologie GmbH, 22337 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gema Guzmán
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Vincent Hallaire
- UMR SAS, INRAE, INSTITUT AGRO AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jörg Hanisch
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Blanca B Landa
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Deborah Linsler
- University of Göttingen, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Safya Menasseri
- UMR SAS, INRAE, INSTITUT AGRO AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Potthoff
- University of Göttingen, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mignon Sandor
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefan Scheu
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger M Schmelz
- IFAB Institut für Angewandte Bodenbiologie GmbH, 22337 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilka Engell
- University of Göttingen, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrader
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute, Institute of Biodiversity, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanel Vahter
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Banse
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute, Institute of Market Analysis, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annegret Nicolaï
- UMR SAS, INRAE, INSTITUT AGRO AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35000 Rennes, France; University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)], - UMR 6553, Rennes, France
| | - Elke Plaas
- University of Göttingen, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; University of Göttingen, Department for Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tania Runge
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute, Institute of Market Analysis, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Siim-Kaarel Sepp
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Sylvain Busnot
- UMR SAS, INRAE, INSTITUT AGRO AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marc Roucaute
- UMR SAS, INRAE, INSTITUT AGRO AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Guénola Pérès
- UMR SAS, INRAE, INSTITUT AGRO AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35000 Rennes, France
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Islam T, Vera C, Slaski J, Mohr R, Rashid KY, Booker H, Kutcher HR. Fungicide Management of Pasmo Disease of Flax and Sensitivity of Septoria linicola to Pyraclostrobin and Fluxapyroxad. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1677-1684. [PMID: 33206013 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1175-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the diseases that have the potential to cause damage to flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) every year, the fungal disease pasmo, caused by Septoria linicola, is the most important. Fungicide application and a diverse crop rotation are the most important strategies to control this disease because there is little variation in resistance among flax cultivars. However, few fungicide products are available to flax growers. Field studies were conducted at four locations in Western Canada in 2014, 2015, and 2016 to determine the effect of two fungicide active ingredients applied singly and in combination: pyraclostrobin, fluxapyroxad, and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin; and two application timings (early-flower, mid-flower, and at both stages) on pasmo disease severity, seed yield, and quality of flaxseed. The results indicated that among the three fungicide treatments, both pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin controlled pasmo effectively; however, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin was the most beneficial to improve the quality and quantity of the seed for most of the site-years. Disease severity in the fungicide-free control was 70%, and application of fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin decreased disease severity to 18%, followed by pyraclostrobin (23%) and fluxapyroxad (48%). Application of fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin also improved seed yield to 2,562 kg ha-1 compared with 1,874 kg ha-1 for the fungicide-free control, followed by pyraclostrobin (2,391 kg ha-1) and fluxapyroxad (2,340 kg ha-1). Fungicide application at early and mid-flowering stage had the same effects on disease severity and seed yield; however, seed quality was improved more when fungicide was applied at mid-flowering stage. Continuous use of the same fungicide may result in the development of fungicide insensitivity in the pathogen population. Thus, sensitivity of S. linicola isolates to pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad fungicides was determined by the spore germination and microtiter assay methods. Fungicide insensitivity was not detected among the 73 isolates of S. linicola tested against either of these fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonima Islam
- Department of Plant Sciences/Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Cecil Vera
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Melfort, Saskatchewan S0E 1A0, Canada
| | - Jan Slaski
- InnoTech Alberta, Vegreville, Alberta T9C 1T4, Canada
| | - Ramona Mohr
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba R7A 5Y3, Canada
| | - Khalid Y Rashid
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4X2, Canada
| | - Helen Booker
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hadley R Kutcher
- Department of Plant Sciences/Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
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Tamminen A, Happonen P, Barth D, Holmström S, Wiebe MG. High throughput, small scale methods to characterise the growth of marine fungi. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236822. [PMID: 32764772 PMCID: PMC7413501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various marine fungi have been shown to produce interesting, bioactive compounds, but scaling up the production of these compounds can be challenging, particularly because little is generally known about how the producing organisms grow. Here we assessed the suitability of using 100-well BioScreen plates or 96-well plates incubated in a robot hotel to cultivate eight filamentous marine fungi, six sporulating and two non-sporulating, to obtain data on growth and substrate (glucose, xylose, galactose or glycerol) utilisation in a high throughput manner. All eight fungi grew in both cultivation systems, but growth was more variable and with more noise in the data in the Cytomat plate hotel than in the BioScreen. Specific growth rates between 0.01 (no added substrate) and 0.07 h-1 were measured for strains growing in the BioScreen and between 0.01 and 0.27 h-1 for strains in the plate hotel. Three strains, Dendryphiella salina LF304, Penicillium chrysogenum KF657 and Penicillium pinophilum LF458, consistently had higher specific growth rates on glucose and xylose in the plate hotel than in the BioScreen, but otherwise results were similar in the two systems. However, because of the noise in data from the plate hotel, the data obtained from it could only be used to distinguish between substrates which did or did not support growth, whereas data from BioScreen also provided information on substrate preference. Glucose was the preferred substrate for all strains, followed by xylose and galactose. Five strains also grew on glycerol. Therefore it was important to minimise the amount of glycerol introduced with the inoculum to avoid misinterpreting the results for growth on poor substrates. We concluded that both systems could provide physiological data with filamentous fungi, provided sufficient replicates are included in the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Tamminen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Petrus Happonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Dorothee Barth
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sami Holmström
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marilyn G. Wiebe
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
- * E-mail:
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8
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Noel ZA, Rojas AJ, Jacobs JL, Chilvers MI. A High-Throughput Microtiter-Based Fungicide Sensitivity Assay for Oomycetes Using Z'-Factor Statistic. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1628-1637. [PMID: 31017530 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-19-0018-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Current methods to quantitatively assess fungicide sensitivity for a diverse range of oomycetes are slow and labor intensive. Microtiter-based assays can be used to increase throughput. However, many factors can affect their quality and reproducibility. Therefore, efficient and reliable methods for detection of assay quality are desirable. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a robust high-throughput fungicide phenotyping assay based on spectrophotometric quantification of mycelial growth in liquid culture and implementation of quality control with Z' factor and growth curves. Z' factor was used to ensure that each isolate grew enough in the absence of fungicides compared with the negative control, and growth curves were used to ensure active growth at the time of concentration of a fungicide that reduces growth by 50% (EC50) estimation. EC50 and relative growth values were correlated in a side-by-side comparison with values obtained using the amended medium (gold standard) assay. Concordance correlation indicated that the high-throughput assay is accurate but may not be as precise as the amended medium assay. To demonstrate the utility of the high-throughput assay, the sensitivity of 216 oomycete isolates representing four genera and 81 species to mefenoxam and ethaboxam was tested. The assay developed herein will enable high-throughput fungicide phenotyping at a population or community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Noel
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Alejandro J Rojas
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Janette L Jacobs
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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9
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Development of a high throughput optical density assay to determine fungicide sensitivity of oomycetes. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 154:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Ramdial H, De Abreu K, Rampersad SN. Fungicide Sensitivity among Isolates of Colletotrichum truncatum and Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti Species Complex Infecting Bell Pepper in Trinidad. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 33:118-124. [PMID: 28381958 PMCID: PMC5378432 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.06.2016.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bell pepper is an economically important crop worldwide; however, production is restricted by a number of fungal diseases that cause significant yield loss. Chemical control is the most common approach adopted by growers to manage a number of these diseases. Monitoring for the development to resistance to fungicides in pathogenic fungal populations is central to devising integrated pest management strategies. Two fungal species, Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) and Colletotrichum truncatum are important pathogens of bell pepper in Trinidad. This study was carried out to determine the sensitivity of 71 isolates belonging to these two fungal species to fungicides with different modes of action based on in vitro bioassays. There was no significant difference in log effective concentration required to achieve 50% colony growth inhibition (LogEC50) values when field location and fungicide were considered for each species separately based on ANOVA analyses. However, the LogEC50 value for the Aranguez-Antracol location-fungicide combination was almost twice the value for the Maloney/Macoya-Antracol location-fungicide combination regardless of fungal species. LogEC50 values for Benomyl fungicide was also higher for C. truncatum isolates than for FIESC isolates and for any other fungicide. Cropping practices in these locations may explain the fungicide sensitivity data obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Ramdial
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine,
Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Kathryn De Abreu
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine,
Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sephra N. Rampersad
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine,
Trinidad and Tobago
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Romagnoli C, Baldisserotto A, Malisardi G, Vicentini CB, Mares D, Andreotti E, Vertuani S, Manfredini S. A Multi-Target Approach toward the Development of Novel Candidates for Antidermatophytic Activity: Ultrastructural Evidence on α-Bisabolol-Treated Microsporum gypseum. Molecules 2015; 20:11765-76. [PMID: 26132903 PMCID: PMC6332250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200711765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-target strategies are directed toward targets that are unrelated (or distantly related) and can create opportunities to address different pathologies. The antidermatophytic activities of nine natural skin lighteners: α-bisabolol, kojic acid, β-arbutin, azelaic acid, hydroquinone, nicotinamide, glycine, glutathione and ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate, were evaluated, in comparison with the known antifungal drug fluconazole, on nine dermatophytes responsible for the most common dermatomycoses: Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton violaceum, Nannizzia cajetani, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Arthroderma gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans. α-Bisabolol showed the best antifungal activity against all fungi and in particular; against M. gypseum. Further investigations were conducted on this fungus to evaluate the inhibition of spore germination and morphological changes induced by α-bisabolol by TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Romagnoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, viale Caduti in Guerra 127, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Anna Baldisserotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technology, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Gemma Malisardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technology, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Chiara B Vicentini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technology, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Donatella Mares
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technology, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Elisa Andreotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, viale Caduti in Guerra 127, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Silvia Vertuani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technology, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technology, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Rampersad SN, Teelucksingh LD. Differential Responses of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. truncatum Isolates from Different Hosts to Multiple Fungicides Based on Two Assays. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1526-1536. [PMID: 30727340 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-11-0906-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose is one of the most important postharvest diseases of many economically important crops worldwide. This study was conducted with the objective of investigating the sensitivity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. truncatum isolates to multiple fungicides with different modes of action. The study analyzed quantitative sensitivity data derived from conventional amended agar (AA) assays and qualitative spore responses obtained from a novel microtiter bioassay that is based on reduction of a viability dye, Alamar blue (AB). Generally, for AA assays, the percent growth inhibition (%RGI) increased with increasing concentration for all isolates and all fungicides, except for copper hydroxide. C. truncatum isolates reacted differently to increasing concentrations of the various fungicides depending on whether the isolates originated from pepper or papaya. C. truncatum from pepper had generally less %RGI than C. truncatum isolates from papaya. C. gloeosporioides isolates from papaya had generally higher %RGI than C. truncatum isolates for all concentrations tested for pyraclostrobin, chlorothalonil, and fosetyl-aluminum. C. gloeosporioides isolates from pepper had generally higher %RGI than C. truncatum isolates for all concentrations tested for most fungicides. In all cases, Colletotrichum sp. and fungicide had significant (P ≤ 0.001) effects on the log concentration of fungicide for which relative growth was inhibited by 50 and 90% (log EC50 and log EC90, respectively) calculated for all isolates, regardless of whether values were compared for only C. gloeosporioides isolates or only C. truncatum isolates. Correlation analyses of log EC50 and log EC90 values of all the isolates revealed a nonsignificant association for pyraclostrobin. In AB assays, all fungicides had an equivalent effect at inhibiting spore germination at the lower concentrations. According to binary logistic regression analyses, species, isolate, and fungicide concentration had significant predictive value in determining whether an AB test would be positive. Sequence alignments between C. gloeosporioides isolates and C. gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene revealed no base substitutions at codons 198, 199, 200, and 240; however, sequence comparisons between C. truncatum isolates and C. gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene revealed two codon changes located outside of the identified codon 198 or 200 associated with the benzimidazole-resistant phenotype of C. gloeosporioides isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sephra N Rampersad
- The University of the West Indies, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - Lisa D Teelucksingh
- The University of the West Indies, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
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Rampersad SN. Multiple applications of Alamar Blue as an indicator of metabolic function and cellular health in cell viability bioassays. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:12347-60. [PMID: 23112716 PMCID: PMC3478843 DOI: 10.3390/s120912347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of the adverse effects of test compounds on living systems, detection of toxic thresholds, and expansion of experimental data sets to include multiple toxicity end-point analysis are required for any robust screening regime. Alamar Blue is an important redox indicator that is used to evaluate metabolic function and cellular health. The Alamar Blue bioassay has been utilized over the past 50 years to assess cell viability and cytotoxicity in a range of biological and environmental systems and in a number of cell types including bacteria, yeast, fungi, protozoa and cultured mammalian and piscine cells. It offers several advantages over other metabolic indicators and other cytotoxicity assays. However, as with any bioassay, suitability must be determined for each application and cell model. This review seeks to highlight many of the important considerations involved in assay use and design in addition to the potential pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sephra N Rampersad
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
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Vega B, Liberti D, Harmon PF, Dewdney MM. A Rapid Resazurin-Based Microtiter Assay to Evaluate QoI Sensitivity for Alternaria alternata Isolates and Their Molecular Characterization. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1262-1270. [PMID: 30727145 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-11-1037-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical management of Alternaria brown spot of citrus is based upon the timely application of site-specific fungicides, many of which are vulnerable to the development of fungicide resistance. A rapid microtiter bioassay based on the colorimetric changes of resazurin (RZ) dye was developed to evaluate the sensitivity of Alternaria alternata to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides. Four liquid media (complete medium, minimal medium, potato dextrose broth, and yeast peptone dextrose broth), five conidia concentrations (from 101 to 105 conidia/ ml), and five RZ concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μM) were evaluated. Complete medium at 105 conidia/ml and 40 μM RZ were identified as optimal for measuring RZ reduction. The effective concentration of two QoI fungicides (azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin) needed to reduce RZ by 50% (EC50) was calculated and compared with those obtained from conidia germination tests on fungicide-amended media. Concordant EC50 values were observed (R2 = 0.923; P < 0.0001) from both methods. Resistant phenotypes were further characterized by the partial sequencing of the cytochrome b gene. Genetic variability associated with the presence or absence of two introns was observed among isolates. The identified resistant isolates had the amino acid substitution G143A, typical of QoI resistance in other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Vega
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred
| | - Daniele Liberti
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Philip F Harmon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Megan M Dewdney
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred
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