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Jiménez-Pérez O, Gallegos-Morales G, Espinoza-Ahumada CA, Delgado-Luna C, Preciado-Rangel P, Espinosa-Palomeque B. Potential of Chitosan for the Control of Powdery Mildew ( Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Arnaud) in a Jalapeño Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Cultivar. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:915. [PMID: 38611445 PMCID: PMC11013620 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
One of the phytopathogens that cause severe damage to jalapeño pepper is Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Arnaud, the causative agent of powdery mildew. Synthetic fungicides are currently employed for its control, contributing to adverse effects on human health and the environment. The main objective of this research was to identify the causal agent of powdery mildew and assess the efficacy of chitosan in powdery mildew control on jalapeño pepper. The following treatments were evaluated in laboratory and greenhouse conditions: T1 = 0.0125% chitosan, T2 = 0.0025% chitosan, T3 = 0.05% chitosan, T4 = 0.1% chitosan, T5 = 0.2% chitosan, T6 = tebuconazole 25% (1.8 mL/L water), and T7 = control (water). Symptomatology results indicated that L. taurica is indeed the causative agent of powdery mildew. Treatments T4 and T5 exhibited the lowest percentages of incidences and severity, hence achieving higher control efficacy in the laboratory (57.70 ± 3.85 and 65.39 ± 3.85) and greenhouse (56.67 ± 4.08 and 70 ± 8.16%) compared to T6 (control efficacy, 38.46 ± 0.00% in the laboratory and 50 ± 0.00% in the greenhouse). The chitosan derived from shrimp had a significant impact on the cell walls of L. taurica spores and mycelium. Consequently, chitosan emerges as a viable organic alternative to fungicides for controlling powdery mildew in jalapeño pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Jiménez-Pérez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Calzada Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Mexico
- Agricultura Sustentable y Protegida, Universidad Tecnológica de Escuinapa, Camino al Guasimal S/N, Colonia Centro, Escuinapa de Hidalgo 82400, Mexico;
| | - Gabriel Gallegos-Morales
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Calzada Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Mexico
| | - Cesar Alejandro Espinoza-Ahumada
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Innovación Agrícola, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de El Mante, Km 6.7, México 85, Quintero 89930, Mexico;
| | - Carolina Delgado-Luna
- Campo Experimental Río Bravo-INIFAP, Km 61 Carretera Matamoros, Río Bravo 88900, Mexico;
| | - Pablo Preciado-Rangel
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Torreón, Carretera Torreón-San Pedro Km 7.5, Torreón 27170, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Espinosa-Palomeque
- Agricultura Sustentable y Protegida, Universidad Tecnológica de Escuinapa, Camino al Guasimal S/N, Colonia Centro, Escuinapa de Hidalgo 82400, Mexico;
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Mottola M, Bertolino MC, Kourdova LT, Valdivia Pérez JA, Bogino MF, Nocelli NE, Chaveriat L, Martin P, Vico RV, Fabro G, Fanani ML. Nanoemulsions of synthetic rhamnolipids act as plant resistance inducers without damaging plant tissues or affecting soil microbiota. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1195718. [PMID: 37674738 PMCID: PMC10478713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1195718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens and pests can cause significant losses in crop yields, affecting food security and the global economy. Many traditional chemical pesticides are used to combat these organisms. This can lead to the development of pesticide-resistant strains of pathogens/insects and negatively impact the environment. The development of new bioprotectants, which are less harmful to the environment and less likely to lead to pesticide-resistance, appears as a sustainable strategy to increase plant immunity. Natural Rhamnolipids (RL-Nat) are a class of biosurfactants with bioprotectant properties that are produced by an opportunistic human pathogen bacterium. RL-Nat can act as plant resistance inducers against a wide variety of pathogens. Recently, a series of bioinspired synthetic mono-RLs produced by green chemistry were also reported as phytoprotectants. Here, we explored their capacity to generate novel colloidal systems that might be used to encapsulate bioactive hydrophobic compounds to enhance their performance as plant bioprotectants. The synthetic mono-RLs showed good surfactant properties and emulsification power providing stable nanoemulsions capable of acting as bio-carriers with good wettability. Synthetic RLs-stabilized nanoemulsions were more effective than RLs suspensions at inducing plant immunity, without causing deleterious effects. These nanoemulsions were innocuous to native substrate microbiota and beneficial soil-borne microbes, making them promising safe bio-carriers for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagro Mottola
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Tierra del Fuego (CIT-TDF) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (UNTDF), Rio Grande, Argentina
| | - María C. Bertolino
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucille Tihomirova Kourdova
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jessica Aye Valdivia Pérez
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Bogino
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia E. Nocelli
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ludovic Chaveriat
- Univ. Artois, UnilaSalle, Unité Transformations & Agroressources, Béthune, France
| | - Patrick Martin
- Univ. Artois, UnilaSalle, Unité Transformations & Agroressources, Béthune, France
| | - Raquel V. Vico
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Georgina Fabro
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Laura Fanani
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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El-Saadony MT, Abuljadayel DA, Shafi ME, Albaqami NM, Desoky ESM, El-Tahan AM, Mesiha PK, Elnahal AS, Almakas A, Taha AE, Abd El-Mageed TA, Hassanin AA, Elrys AS, Saad AM. Control of foliar phytoparasitic nematodes through sustainable natural materials: Current progress and challenges. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:7314-7326. [PMID: 34867034 PMCID: PMC8626253 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes are hidden enemies that inhibit the entire ecosystem causing adverse effects on animals and plants, leading to economic losses. Management of foliar phytoparasitic nematodes is an excruciating task. Various approaches were used to control nematodes dispersal, i.e., traditional practices, resistant cultivars, plant extract, compost, biofumigants, induced resistance, nano-biotechnology applications, and chemical control. This study reviews the various strategies adopted in combating plant-parasitic nematodes while examining the benefits and challenges. The significant awareness of biological and environmental factors determines the effectiveness of nematode control, where the incorporation of alternative methods to reduce the nematodes population in plants with increasing crop yield. The researchers were interested in explaining the fundamental molecular mechanisms, providing an opportunity to deepen our understanding of the sustainable management of nematodes in croplands. Eco-friendly pesticides are effective as a sustainable nematodes management tool and safe for humans. The current review presents the eco-friendly methods in controlling nematodes to minimize yield losses, and benefit the agricultural production efficiency and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Dalia A. Abuljadayel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal E. Shafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najah M. Albaqami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Sayed M. Desoky
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira M. El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, the City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, SRTA-City. Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Philemon K. Mesiha
- Plant pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S.M. Elnahal
- Plant pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Aisha Almakas
- Department of Crops and Pastures, Faculty of Agriculture, Sana’a University, Yemen
| | - Ayman E. Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Taia A. Abd El-Mageed
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, 63514 Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Abdallah A. Hassanin
- Genetics department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Elrys
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Saad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Effects of Production Region, Production Systems and Grape Type/Variety on Nutritional Quality Parameters of Table Grapes; Results from a UK Retail Survey. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121874. [PMID: 33339243 PMCID: PMC7767105 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapes contain high concentrations of secondary metabolites and antioxidants that have been linked to a reduction of several chronic diseases. Here, we report results of a UK retail survey, which investigated the effect of the production region (Mediterranean vs. South Africa), grape type (white vs. red vs. black) and variety, and production system (organic vs. conventional) on antioxidant activity and concentrations of phenolic compounds in table grapes. Black grapes had ~180% total antioxidant activity (TAA), ~60% higher total phenolic content (TPC) and ~40 times higher anthocyanin concentrations (TAC) than white grapes, while red grapes had intermediate levels of TAA, TPC and TAC. The effects of season and production system and differences between varieties of the same grape type were substantially smaller. Grapes imported from Mediterranean countries in summer had a 14% higher TPC and ~20% higher TAA than grapes imported from South Africa in winter, and organic grapes had a 16% higher TPC and 22% higher TAA, but ~30% lower TAC than conventional grapes. Significant differences in TPC, TAA and/or TAC between organic and conventional grapes could only be detected for specific grape types, varieties and/or sampling years.
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Margaritopoulou T, Toufexi E, Kizis D, Balayiannis G, Anagnostopoulos C, Theocharis A, Rempelos L, Troyanos Y, Leifert C, Markellou E. Reynoutria sachalinensis extract elicits SA-dependent defense responses in courgette genotypes against powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3354. [PMID: 32098979 PMCID: PMC7042220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) caused by Podosphaera xanthii is one of the most important courgette diseases with high yield losses and is currently controlled by fungicides and sulphur applications in conventional and organic production. Plant derived elicitors/inducers of resistance are natural compounds that induce resistance to pathogen attack and promote a faster and/or more robust activation of plant defense responses. Giant knotweed (Reynoutria sachalinensis, RS) extract is a known elicitor of plant defenses but its mode of action remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of foliar RS applications and how these affect PM severity and crop performance when used alone or in combination with genetic resistance. RS foliar treatments significantly reduced conidial germination and PM severity on both an intermediate resistance (IR) and a susceptible (S) genotype. RS application triggered plant defense responses, which induced the formation of callose papillae, hydrogen peroxide accumulation and the Salicylic acid (SA) - dependent pathway. Increased SA production was detected along with increased p-coumaric and caffeic acid concentrations. These findings clearly indicate that RS elicits plant defenses notably as a consequence of SA pathway induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoni Margaritopoulou
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Mycology, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Toufexi
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Mycology, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
- Newcastle University, Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Dimosthenis Kizis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Mycology, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - George Balayiannis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Anagnostopoulos
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Theocharis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Mycology, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Rempelos
- Newcastle University, Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Yerasimos Troyanos
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Non-Parasitic Diseases, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlo Leifert
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Military Rd., Lismore, NSW, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Domus Medica, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emilia Markellou
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Mycology, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece.
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Chalfoun NR, Durman SB, Budeguer F, Caro MDP, Bertani RP, Di Peto P, Stenglein SA, Filippone MP, Moretti ER, Díaz Ricci JC, Welin B, Castagnaro AP. Development of PSP1, a Biostimulant Based on the Elicitor AsES for Disease Management in Monocot and Dicot Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:844. [PMID: 30087681 PMCID: PMC6066549 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a novel biostimulant for sustainable crop disease management, PSP1, based on the plant defense-elicitor AsES, an extracellular protease produced by the strawberry fungal pathogen Acremonium strictum. Fungal fermentation conditions and downstream processing were determined to maximize extracellular protein production, product stability and a high plant defense-eliciting activity, as monitored by anthracnose resistance in supernatant-treated strawberry plants subsequently infected with a virulent strain of Colletotrichum acutatum. Fermentation batches were shown to reduce anthracnose development by 30-60% as compared to infected non-treated plants. Product formulation was shown to be stable for 6 months when stored at temperatures up to 45°C and toxicological tests showed that PSP1 was harmless to beneficial organisms and non-toxic to mammalian species at concentrations 50 times higher than those used in plant experiments. Furthermore, disease protection studies using dilutions of PSP1 indicated that there is a minimum threshold protease activity needed to induce pathogen defense in strawberry and that this induction effect is dose-independent. A significant characteristic of PSP1 is its broad-range protection against different diseases in various crop species. In soybean, PSP1 reduced the symptomatology by 70% of Corynespora cassiicola, etiological agent of the target spot. This protection effect was similar to the commercial inducer BION 500 WG based on BTH, and both products were shown to induce an oxidative burst and up-regulated PR1-gene expression in soybean. Furthermore, a double PSP1-treatment on greenhouse-grown sugarcane plants provided protection against bacterial red stripe disease caused by Acidovorax avenae and a double foliar application of PSP1 on field-grown wheat plants significantly increased resistance against Fusarium graminearum, causal agent of head blight disease, manifested mainly in an increased seed germination rate. In summary, these disease protection studies demonstrated an effective control against both bacterial and fungal pathogens in both monocot and dicot crop species, which together with its low production cost, effectiveness at low concentrations, long shelf-life, tolerance to high temperatures, harmlessness to non-target organisms and simple handling and application, make PSP1 a very promising candidate for effective and sustainable disease management in many crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia R. Chalfoun
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Sandra B. Durman
- Bayer S.A., Argentina – Crop Science LATAM 2, Crop Science Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Budeguer
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - María d. P. Caro
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Romina P. Bertani
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Pía Di Peto
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Sebastián A. Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires-Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Azul, Argentina
| | - María P. Filippone
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | | | - Juan C. Díaz Ricci
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Björn Welin
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Atilio P. Castagnaro
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
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Hadwiger LA. Multiple effects of chitosan on plant systems: solid science or hype. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 208:42-9. [PMID: 23683928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan, a naturally occurring polymer, became available in the 1980s in industrial quantities enabling it to be tested as an agricultural chemical. A usual procedure for developing agricultural chemicals starts by testing a number of different chemically synthesized molecules on a targeted biological system. Alternately, chitosan has been investigated as a single natural molecule assayed with numerous biological systems. This report describes the unique properties of the molecule and its oligomers, primarily in plant defense, additionally in yield increase, induction of cell death and stomatal closing. The plant plasma membrane and nuclear chromatin have been proposed as targets, though chitosan oligomers enter most regions of the cell. Subsequent changes occur in: cell membranes, chromatin, DNA, calcium, MAP kinase, oxidative burst, reactive oxygen species (ROS), callose, pathogenesis related (PR) genes/proteins, and phytoalexins. Chitosan oligomer mode(s) of action are proposed for different plant systems. Chitosan efficacy was based on documentation from published data. Attention was given to how chitosan, either applied externally or released by fungal inoculum, is transferred into plant cells and its subsequent action upon membrane and/or chromatin components. Within is a proposed scheme describing chitosan generation, signaling routes and mechanisms of defense gene activation. Examples of beneficial chitosan applications to major crop/food plants were included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Hadwiger
- Department of Plant Pathology, 100 Dairy Road, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 6430, USA.
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