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Su D, Chen S, Zhou W, Yang J, Luo Z, Zhang Z, Tian Y, Dong Q, Shen X, Wei S, Tong J, Cui X. Comparative Analysis of the Microbial Community Structures Between Healthy and Anthracnose-Infected Strawberry Rhizosphere Soils Using Illumina Sequencing Technology in Yunnan Province, Southwest of China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:881450. [PMID: 35651487 PMCID: PMC9149601 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.881450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. was widespread in recent years and resulted in great damage to strawberry production. Soil microbial communities were key contributors to host nutrition, development, and immunity; however, the difference between the microbial communities of healthy and anthracnose-infected strawberry rhizosphere soils remains unclear. In this study, the Illumina sequencing technique was used to comparatively study the prokaryotic and fungal community compositions and structures between healthy and anthracnose-infected strawberry rhizosphere soils in Yuxi, Yunnan Province. Both microbial community diversities and richness of anthracnose-infected strawberry rhizosphere soils were higher than those of healthy strawberry rhizosphere soils. A total of 2,518 prokaryotic and 556 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained at the 97% similarity threshold. Proteobacteria, Thaumarchaeota, and Acidobacteria were the dominant prokaryotic phyla; Ascomycota, unclassified_k__Fungi, and Mortierellomycota were the dominant fungal phyla. The relative abundances of beneficial bacterial phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, genera Streptomyces, Azospirillum, and Bacillus were significantly reduced in anthracnose-infected strawberry rhizosphere soils; the relative abundance of beneficial fungal species Trichoderma asperellum shows a similar tendency with bacterial abundance. Besides Colletotrichum, 15 other potential fungal pathogen genera and seven fungal pathogen species were identified; among the potential pathogen genera and species, eight pathogen genera and Fusarium oxysporum showed significant differences between healthy and anthracnose-infected strawberry rhizosphere soils. The results suggested that strawberry planted in this area may be infected by other fungal pathogens except for Colletotrichum spp. Our present research will provide theoretical basis and data reference for the isolation and identification of strawberry pathogens and potential probiotics in future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daifa Su
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shanyan Chen
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Wenxing Zhou
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Junyu Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | | | - Yunxia Tian
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Qionge Dong
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Xuemei Shen
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Shijie Wei
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Jiangyun Tong
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaolong Cui
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Jian Y, Li Y, Tang G, Zheng X, Khaskheli MI, Gong G. Identification of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Anthracnose Disease of Strawberry in Sichuan Province, China. Plant Dis 2021; 105:3025-3036. [PMID: 33749314 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2114-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum species, is a major fungal disease threatening the strawberry industry in Sichuan Province of southwestern China. However, research on identification of Colletotrichum species associated with strawberry anthracnose in Sichuan remains scarce. In this study, 73 representative Colletotrichum strains were isolated from diseased leaves, stolons, petioles, and crowns of 11 major strawberry-planting localities in Sichuan Province. Based on morphological characteristics and multiloci phylogenetic analysis, the Colletotrichum strains were identified as three distinct species: Colletotrichum fructicola (53 strains, 72.60%), Colletotrichum siamense (17 strains, 23.29%), and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto (3 strains, 4.11%). Among them, C. fructicola was the most ubiquitous and dominant species, whereas C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto was restricted to Chongzhou. Importantly, our pathogenicity tests showed that C. fructicola and C. siamense can infect both leaves and stolons, whereas C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto was only pathogenic to leaves. Interestingly, although the sexual stage of C. siamense was not observed in this study, it still exhibited the strongest virulence to strawberry compared with C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto and C. fructicola. This is the first study to characterize Colletotrichum species causing strawberry anthracnose and evaluate their pathogenicity in Sichuan Province of southwestern China, which will provide a better strategy for accurate diagnosis and management of anthracnose disease in strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Jian
- College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Guiting Tang
- College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Southeast Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuling 408000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Zheng
- College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim Khaskheli
- College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
- Department of Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan
| | - Guoshu Gong
- College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P.R. China
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Eaton MJ, Gauthier NA, Vaillancourt LJ. Use of Telomere Fingerprinting to Identify Clonal Lineages of Colletotrichum fioriniae in Kentucky Mixed-Fruit Orchards. Plant Dis 2021; 105:2050-2055. [PMID: 33434042 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-20-1713-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species in the fungal genus Colletotrichum cause anthracnose fruit rot diseases that are responsible for major yield losses of as much as 100%. Individual species of Colletotrichum typically have broad host ranges and can infect multiple fruit species. Colletotrichum fioriniae causes anthracnose fruit rots of apples, blueberries, and strawberries in Kentucky orchards where these fruits grow in close proximity. This raises the possibility of cross-infection, which may have significant management implications. The potential occurrence of cross-infection was investigated by using telomere fingerprinting to identify C. fioriniae clones in several mixed-fruit orchards. Telomere fingerprints were highly polymorphic among a test group of C. fioriniae strains and effectively defined clonal lineages. Fingerprints were compared among apple, blueberry, and strawberry isolates of C. fioriniae from three different orchards and similarity matrices were calculated to build phylograms for each orchard group. Multiple clonal lineages of C. fioriniae were identified within each orchard on the same fruit host. Related lineages were found among isolates from different hosts, but the results did not provide direct evidence for cross-infection of different fruit species by the same clones. Recovery of the same clonal lineages within orchards across multiple years suggested that local dispersal was important in pathogen population structure and that C. fioriniae strains persisted within orchards over time. Isolates from blueberry were less diverse than isolates from apple, perhaps related to more intensive anthracnose management protocols on apple versus blueberry. Telomere fingerprinting is a valuable tool for understanding population dynamics of Colletotrichum fruit rot fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison J Eaton
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546
| | - Nicole A Gauthier
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546
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Eaton MJ, Edwards S, Inocencio HA, Machado FJ, Nuckles EM, Farman M, Gauthier NA, Vaillancourt LJ. Diversity and Cross-Infection Potential of Colletotrichum Causing Fruit Rots in Mixed-Fruit Orchards in Kentucky. Plant Dis 2021; 105:1115-1128. [PMID: 32870109 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1273-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungi in the genus Colletotrichum cause apple, blueberry, and strawberry fruit rots, which can result in significant losses. Accurate identification is important because species differ in aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity, and other factors affecting management. Multiple Colletotrichum species can cause similar symptoms on the same host, and more than one fruit type can be infected by a single Colletotrichum species. Mixed-fruit orchards may facilitate cross-infection, with significant management implications. Colletotrichum isolates from small fruits in Kentucky orchards were characterized and compared with apple isolates via a combination of morphotyping, sequencing of voucher loci and whole genomes, and cross-inoculation assays. Seven morphotypes representing two species complexes (C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides) were identified. Morphotypes corresponded with phylogenetic species C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. nymphaeae, and C. siamense, identified by TUB2 or GAPDH barcodes. Phylogenetic trees built from nine single-gene sequences matched barcoding results with one exception, later determined to belong to an undescribed species. Comparison of single-gene trees with representative whole genome sequences revealed that CHS and ApMat were the most informative for diagnosis of fruit rot species and individual morphotypes within the C. acutatum or C. gloeosporioides complexes, respectively. All blueberry isolates belonged to C. fioriniae, and most strawberry isolates were C. nymphaeae, with a few C. siamense and C. fioriniae also recovered. All three species cause fruit rot on apples in Kentucky. Cross-inoculation assays on detached apple, blueberry, and strawberry fruits showed that all species were pathogenic on all three hosts but with species-specific differences in aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison J Eaton
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Shanice Edwards
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Harrison A Inocencio
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Franklin J Machado
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
- Fundo de Defesa de Citricultura-Fundecitrus, Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Araraquara, São Paulo 147807-040, Brazil
| | - Etta M Nuckles
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Mark Farman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Nicole A Gauthier
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Lisa J Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
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Mehmood N, Yuan Y, Ali M, Ali M, Iftikhar J, Cheng C, Lyu M, Wu B. Early transcriptional response of terpenoid metabolism to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in a resistant wild strawberry Fragaria nilgerrensis. Phytochemistry 2021; 181:112590. [PMID: 33232864 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Modern strawberry production is often threatened by microbe pathogens. Anthracnose is among the most prominent fungal disease caused mainly by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and leads to large-scale losses both in quality and yield. Little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying the genetics in the strawberry-C. gloeosporioides interaction. In the current research, a wild accession 'Fragaria nilgerrensis' is used as a resistant model to study the roles of terpenoid and terpene genes in leaf response to C. gloeosporioides. We found that several terpenoids and terpene genes were up-regulated at early time points after challenged with C. gloeosporioides. Among the metabolites detected, sesquiterpenes were the most significantly accumulated compounds, increasing up to ~12-fold at 18 h post infection (hpi), followed by monoterpenes which showed a slight increase upon infection. Consistently, the time-resolved transcriptome data revealed that genes pertaining to terpenoid metabolism were rapidly up-regulated and co-expressed with signaling pathway genes relevant to defense response. Notably, quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that the expression of five terpene synthase genes (TPS) were greatly enhanced, by a factor of one to three orders of magnitude at 3-6 hpi. Our results reveal a possible link between rapidly induced terpenoid metabolism and the autoimmunity underlying anthracnose resistance in a wild strawberry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Mehmood
- College of Horticulture and the Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Horticulture and the Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank, Department of Genetic Resources, Desert Research Center, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Ali
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Junaid Iftikhar
- College of Horticulture and the Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Chunzhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture and the Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Meiling Lyu
- College of Horticulture and the Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Binghua Wu
- College of Horticulture and the Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Chen XY, Dai DJ, Zhao SF, Shen Y, Wang HD, Zhang CQ. Genetic Diversity of Colletotrichum spp. Causing Strawberry Anthracnose in Zhejiang, China. Plant Dis 2020; 104:1351-1357. [PMID: 32213124 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-19-2026-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose is a serious fungal disease that primarily infects strawberry roots and stolons during development. Here, 91 isolates from different areas of Zhejiang province, China, were collected. Morphological characteristics were analyzed, and a phylogenetic analysis based on multiple genes (actin, internal transcribed spacer, calmodulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and chitin synthase) was performed. We found that all of the Colletotrichum species causing strawberry anthracnose belonged to the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex. Among them, we identified 48 isolates of C. fructicola, 21 isolates of C. siamense, 13 isolates of C. gloeosporioides, and 9 isolates of C. aenigma. C. siamense was distributed in the central and eastern regions of Zhejiang province (Hangzhou, Jinhua, Shaoxing, Ningbo, and Taizhou). This is the first report of C. siamense causing strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang province. C. fructicola was the most dominant species causing strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang province. We identified the four species causing strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang province, which will improve our understanding of the strawberry anthracnose epidemic and will benefit the development of future control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - D J Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - S F Zhao
- Station of Plant Protection of Jiande City, Zhejiang Province, Jiande 311600, China
| | - Y Shen
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - H D Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - C Q Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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7
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Dai T, Chang X, Hu Z, Liang L, Sun M, Liu P, Liu X. Untargeted Metabolomics Based on GC-MS and Chemometrics: A New Tool for the Early Diagnosis of Strawberry Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum theobromicola. Plant Dis 2019; 103:2541-2547. [PMID: 31432772 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-19-0219-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the spread of anthracnose in strawberry plants and characterize the metabolic changes occurring during plant-pathogen interactions, we developed a method for the early diagnosis of disease based on an analysis of the metabolome by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. An examination of the metabolic profile revealed 189 and 202 total ion chromatogram peaks for the control and inoculated plants, respectively. A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was conducted for the reliable and accurate discrimination between healthy and diseased strawberry plants, even in the absence of disease symptoms (e.g., early stages of infection). ANOVA (analysis of variance) and orthogonal partial least squares analysis (OPLS) identified 20 metabolites as tentative biomarkers of Colletotrichum theobromicola infection (e.g., citric acid, d-xylose, erythrose, galactose, gallic acid, malic acid, methyl α-galactopyranoside, phosphate, and shikimic acid). At least some of these potential biomarkers may be applicable for the early diagnosis of anthracnose in strawberry plants. Moreover, these metabolites may be useful for characterizing pathogen infections and plant defense responses. This study confirms the utility of metabolomics research for developing diagnostic tools and clarifying the mechanism underlying plant-pathogen interactions. Furthermore, the data presented herein may be relevant for developing new methods for preventing anthracnose in strawberry seedlings cultivated under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xunian Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingyou Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Chalfoun NR, Durman SB, Budeguer F, Caro MDP, Bertani RP, Di Peto P, Stenglein SA, Filippone MP, Moretti ER, Díaz Ricci JC, Welin B, Castagnaro AP. Development of PSP1, a Biostimulant Based on the Elicitor AsES for Disease Management in Monocot and Dicot Crops. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:844. [PMID: 30087681 PMCID: PMC6066549 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a novel biostimulant for sustainable crop disease management, PSP1, based on the plant defense-elicitor AsES, an extracellular protease produced by the strawberry fungal pathogen Acremonium strictum. Fungal fermentation conditions and downstream processing were determined to maximize extracellular protein production, product stability and a high plant defense-eliciting activity, as monitored by anthracnose resistance in supernatant-treated strawberry plants subsequently infected with a virulent strain of Colletotrichum acutatum. Fermentation batches were shown to reduce anthracnose development by 30-60% as compared to infected non-treated plants. Product formulation was shown to be stable for 6 months when stored at temperatures up to 45°C and toxicological tests showed that PSP1 was harmless to beneficial organisms and non-toxic to mammalian species at concentrations 50 times higher than those used in plant experiments. Furthermore, disease protection studies using dilutions of PSP1 indicated that there is a minimum threshold protease activity needed to induce pathogen defense in strawberry and that this induction effect is dose-independent. A significant characteristic of PSP1 is its broad-range protection against different diseases in various crop species. In soybean, PSP1 reduced the symptomatology by 70% of Corynespora cassiicola, etiological agent of the target spot. This protection effect was similar to the commercial inducer BION 500 WG based on BTH, and both products were shown to induce an oxidative burst and up-regulated PR1-gene expression in soybean. Furthermore, a double PSP1-treatment on greenhouse-grown sugarcane plants provided protection against bacterial red stripe disease caused by Acidovorax avenae and a double foliar application of PSP1 on field-grown wheat plants significantly increased resistance against Fusarium graminearum, causal agent of head blight disease, manifested mainly in an increased seed germination rate. In summary, these disease protection studies demonstrated an effective control against both bacterial and fungal pathogens in both monocot and dicot crop species, which together with its low production cost, effectiveness at low concentrations, long shelf-life, tolerance to high temperatures, harmlessness to non-target organisms and simple handling and application, make PSP1 a very promising candidate for effective and sustainable disease management in many crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia R. Chalfoun
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Sandra B. Durman
- Bayer S.A., Argentina – Crop Science LATAM 2, Crop Science Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Budeguer
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - María d. P. Caro
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Romina P. Bertani
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Pía Di Peto
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Sebastián A. Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires-Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Azul, Argentina
| | - María P. Filippone
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | | | - Juan C. Díaz Ricci
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Björn Welin
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Atilio P. Castagnaro
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas, Argentina
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