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Jailani AAK, Paret ML. Development of a multiplex RT-RPA assay for simultaneous detection of three viruses in cucurbits. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1443-1450. [PMID: 37462133 PMCID: PMC10576173 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses and criniviruses, vectored by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), are important threats to crops worldwide. In recent years, the spread of cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) and cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) on cucurbit crops has been reported to cause devastating crop losses in many regions of the world. In this study, a multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay, an isothermal technique for rapid and simultaneous detection of DNA and RNA viruses CuLCrV, CYSDV and CCYV was developed. Highly specific and sensitive multiplex RPA primers for the coat protein region of these viruses were created and evaluated. The sensitivity of the multiplex RPA assay was examined using serially diluted plasmid containing the target regions. The results demonstrated that multiplex RPA primers have high sensitivity with a detection limit of a single copy of the viruses. The multiplex RPA primers were specific to the target as indicated by testing against other begomoviruses, potyviruses and an ilarvirus, and no nonspecific amplifications were noted. The primers simultaneously detected mixed infection of CCYV, CYSDV and CuLCrV in watermelon and squash crude extracts. This study is the first report of a multiplex RPA assay for simultaneous detection of mixed infection of DNA and RNA plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Abdul Kader Jailani
- North Florida Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaQuincyFloridaUSA
- Plant Pathology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Mathews L. Paret
- North Florida Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaQuincyFloridaUSA
- Plant Pathology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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2
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Ma L, Wang Q, Zheng Y, Guo J, Yuan S, Fu A, Bai C, Zhao X, Zheng S, Wen C, Guo S, Gao L, Grierson D, Zuo J, Xu Y. Cucurbitaceae genome evolution, gene function and molecular breeding. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab057. [PMID: 35043161 PMCID: PMC8969062 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Cucurbitaceae is one of the most genetically diverse plant families in the world. Many of them are important vegetables or medicinal plants and are widely distributed worldwide. The rapid development of sequencing technologies and bioinformatic algorithms has enabled the generation of genome sequences of numerous important Cucurbitaceae species. This has greatly facilitated research on gene identification, genome evolution, genetic variation and molecular breeding of cucurbit crops. So far, genome sequences of 18 different cucurbit species belonging to tribes Benincaseae, Cucurbiteae, Sicyoeae, Momordiceae and Siraitieae have been deciphered. This review summarizes the genome sequence information, evolutionary relationship, and functional genes associated with important agronomic traits (e.g., fruit quality). The progress of molecular breeding in cucurbit crops and prospects for future applications of Cucurbitaceae genome information are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Department of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Sciences and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shuzhi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Anzhen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Chunmei Bai
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shufang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Changlong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shaogui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Lipu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jinhua Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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3
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Maclot F, Candresse T, Filloux D, Malmstrom CM, Roumagnac P, van der Vlugt R, Massart S. Illuminating an Ecological Blackbox: Using High Throughput Sequencing to Characterize the Plant Virome Across Scales. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:578064. [PMID: 33178159 PMCID: PMC7596190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.578064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecology of plant viruses began to be explored at the end of the 19th century. Since then, major advances have revealed mechanisms of virus-host-vector interactions in various environments. These advances have been accelerated by new technlogies for virus detection and characterization, most recently including high throughput sequencing (HTS). HTS allows investigators, for the first time, to characterize all or nearly all viruses in a sample without a priori information about which viruses might be present. This powerful approach has spurred new investigation of the viral metagenome (virome). The rich virome datasets accumulated illuminate important ecological phenomena such as virus spread among host reservoirs (wild and domestic), effects of ecosystem simplification caused by human activities (and agriculture) on the biodiversity and the emergence of new viruses in crops. To be effective, however, HTS-based virome studies must successfully navigate challenges and pitfalls at each procedural step, from plant sampling to library preparation and bioinformatic analyses. This review summarizes major advances in plant virus ecology associated with technological developments, and then presents important considerations and best practices for HTS use in virome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Maclot
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Terra-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Denis Filloux
- CIRAD, BGPI, Montpellier, France.,BGPI, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Carolyn M Malmstrom
- Department of Plant Biology and Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Philippe Roumagnac
- CIRAD, BGPI, Montpellier, France.,BGPI, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - René van der Vlugt
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR-PRI), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Terra-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Gembloux, Belgium
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4
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Gautam S, Gadhave KR, Buck JW, Dutta B, Coolong T, Adkins S, Srinivasan R. Virus-virus interactions in a plant host and in a hemipteran vector: Implications for vector fitness and virus epidemics. Virus Res 2020; 286:198069. [PMID: 32574679 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mixed virus infection in host plants can differentially alter the plant phenotype, influence vector fitness, and affect virus acquisition and inoculation by vectors than single-virus infection. Vector acquisition of multiple viruses from multiple host plants could also differentially affect vector fitness and virus inoculation than acquisition of one virus. Whitefly-virus pathosystems in the southern United States include both the above-stated facets. For the first facet, this study examined the effects of single and mixed infection of cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV, a begomovirus) and cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV, a crinivirus) infecting squash on whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius MEAM1) host preference and fitness. Mixed infection of CuLCrV and CYSDV in squash plants severely altered their phenotype than single infection. The CYSDV load was reduced in mixed-infected squash plants than in singly-infected plants. Consequently, whiteflies acquired reduced amounts of CYSDV from mixed-infected plants than singly-infected plants. No differences in CuLCrV load were found between singly- and mixed-infected squash plants, and acquisition of CuLCrV by whiteflies did not vary between singly- and mixed-infected squash plants. Both singly- and mixed-infected plants similarly affected whitefly preference, wherein non-viruliferous and viruliferous (CuLCrV and/or CYSDV) whiteflies preferred non-infected plants over infected plants. The fitness study involving viruliferous and non-viruliferous whiteflies revealed no differences in developmental time and fecundity. For the second facet, this study evaluated the effects of individual or combined acquisition of tomato-infecting tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, a begomovirus) and squash-infecting CuLCrV on whitefly host preference and fitness. Whiteflies that acquired both CuLCrV and TYLCV had significantly lower CuLCrV load than whiteflies that acquired CuLCrV alone, whereas TYLCV load remained unaltered when acquired individually or in conjunction with CuLCrV. Whitefly preference was not affected following individual or combined virus acquisition. Viruliferous (CuLCrV and/or TYLCV) whiteflies preferred to settle on non-infected tomato and squash plants. The mere presence of CuLCrV and/or TYLCV in whiteflies did not affect their fitness. Taken together, these results indicate that mixed infection of viruses in host plants and acquisition of multiple viruses by the vector could have implications for virus accumulation, virus acquisition, vector preference, and epidemics that sometimes are different from single-virus infection or acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA
| | - Kiran R Gadhave
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA
| | - James W Buck
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St., Griffin, GA, 30223, USA
| | - Bhabesh Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 3250 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Tim Coolong
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 3250 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Scott Adkins
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA.
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5
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Kalischuk ML, Roberts PD, Paret ML. A rapid fluorescence-based real-time isothermal assay for the detection of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus in squash and watermelon plants. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 53:101613. [PMID: 32504787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that produces devastating disease in watermelon and squash. Foliar symptoms of CYSDV consist of interveinal yellowing, brittleness, and thickening of older leaves leading to reduced plant vigor. A rapid diagnostic method for CYSDV would facilitate early detection and implementation of best viral-based management practices. We developed a rapid isothermal reverse transcription-recombination polymerase amplification (exo RT-RPA) assay for the detection of CYSDV. The primers and a 6-fluorescein amidite (6-FAM) probe were developed to target the nucleocapsid gene. The real-time assay detected CYSDV at 2.5 pg purified total RNA extracted from CYSDV-infected leaf tissue and corresponded to 10 copies of the target molecule. The assay was specific and did not cross-react with other common cucurbit viruses found in Florida and Georgia. The performance of the exo RT-RPA was evaluated using crude extract from 21 cucurbit field samples and demonstrated that the exo RT-RPA is a rapid procedure, thus providing a promising novel alternative approach for the detection of CYSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Kalischuk
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS), North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA; University of Guelph, Department of Plant Agriculture, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Pamela D Roberts
- UF-IFAS, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL, 34142, USA; UF-IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Mathews L Paret
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS), North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA; UF-IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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6
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Motghare M, Dhar AK, Kokane A, Warghane A, Kokane S, Sharma AK, Reddy MK, Ghosh DK. Quantitative distribution of Citrus yellow mosaic badnavirus in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and its implication in developing disease diagnostics. J Virol Methods 2018; 259:25-31. [PMID: 29859966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Citrus yellow mosaic badnavirus (CMBV) is the etiologic agent of citrus yellow mosaic disease, which has caused serious economic losses to Indian citrus industry. CMBV is a quarantined pathogen that is geographically restricted to India. To prevent unintentional movement of the virus to other major citrus-growing countries in fruits, root stocks or grafted citrus plants and facilitate trade, a sensitive, validated diagnostic tool is needed. In the present study, we developed a SYBR Green real-time PCR-based method to detect and quantify CMBV in different tissues of infected Mosambi sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and compared its sensitivity to conventional PCR protocols. Primers were designed to recognize a portion of the CMBV capsid protein gene. Conventional and real-time PCR were performed on several different tissues: shoot tips, leaves displaying typical CMBV symptoms, asymptomatic leaves, senescent leaves, thorns, green stems and feeder roots. The detection limit of CMBV by conventional PCR was 2.5 × 104 copies per 5 ng of total genomic DNA, while the detection limit of real-time PCR was found to be 4.6 × 102 virus copies per 5 ng of viral DNA. The viral load varied between different tissues. The highest concentration occurred in feeder roots (3.5 × 108 copies per 5 ng of total genomic DNA) and the lowest in thorns (1 × 106 copies per 5 ng of total genomic DNA). The variation in viral load within different tissues suggests movement of the virus within an infected plant that follows the path of photo-assimilates via the phloem. In symptomatic leaves, the CMBV concentration was highest in the lamella followed by midrib and petiole, suggesting that virus resides inside these sections of a leaf and side by side symptoms develop. On the other hand, in asymptomatic leaves, the petiole contained higher virus load than the lamella and midrib suggesting that the pathogen gets established from the stem through the phloem into petiole then infects the lamella and midrib. In addition to information on virus movement, the distribution of CMBV in different tissues helps with the selection of tissues with relatively higher viral load to sample for early and sensitive diagnosis of the disease, which will be useful for better management of the disease in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Motghare
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arun Kumar Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 8572, USA
| | - Amol Kokane
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashish Warghane
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kokane
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - M Krishna Reddy
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticulture, Bangalore 560089, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Ghosh
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India.
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Wu S, Shamimuzzaman M, Sun H, Salse J, Sui X, Wilder A, Wu Z, Levi A, Xu Y, Ling KS, Fei Z. The bottle gourd genome provides insights into Cucurbitaceae evolution and facilitates mapping of a Papaya ring-spot virus resistance locus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:963-975. [PMID: 28940759 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is an important vegetable crop as well as a rootstock for other cucurbit crops. In this study, we report a high-quality 313.4-Mb genome sequence of a bottle gourd inbred line, USVL1VR-Ls, with a scaffold N50 of 8.7 Mb and the longest of 19.0 Mb. About 98.3% of the assembled scaffolds are anchored to the 11 pseudomolecules. Our comparative genomic analysis identifies chromosome-level syntenic relationships between bottle gourd and other cucurbits, as well as lineage-specific gene family expansions in bottle gourd. We reconstructed the genome of the most recent common ancestor of Cucurbitaceae, which revealed that the ancestral Cucurbitaceae karyotypes consisted of 12 protochromosomes with 18 534 protogenes. The 12 protochromosomes are largely retained in the modern melon genome, while have undergone different degrees of shuffling events in other investigated cucurbit genomes. The 11 bottle gourd chromosomes derive from the ancestral Cucurbitaceae karyotypes followed by 19 chromosomal fissions and 20 fusions. The bottle gourd genome sequence has facilitated the mapping of a dominant monogenic locus, Prs, conferring Papaya ring-spot virus (PRSV) resistance in bottle gourd, to a 317.8-kb region on chromosome 1. We have developed a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker tightly linked to the Prs locus and demonstrated its potential application in marker-assisted selection of PRSV resistance in bottle gourd. This study provides insights into the paleohistory of Cucurbitaceae genome evolution, and the high-quality genome sequence of bottle gourd provides a useful resource for plant comparative genomics studies and cucurbit improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wu
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Md Shamimuzzaman
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA-Agriculture Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Honghe Sun
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jerome Salse
- Institut National de la Recherche Agrinomique, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Paleogenomics & Evolution (PaleoEvo) Group, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Xuelian Sui
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA-Agriculture Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Alan Wilder
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA-Agriculture Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Zujian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Amnon Levi
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA-Agriculture Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Shu Ling
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA-Agriculture Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, USA
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8
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Webster CG, Turechek WW, Li W, Kousik CS, Adkins S. Development and Evaluation of ELISA and qRT-PCR for Identification of Squash vein yellowing virus in Cucurbits. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:178-185. [PMID: 30682294 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-16-0872-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) causes viral watermelon vine decline. To facilitate detection of SqVYV, enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) diagnostic methods were developed. Both methods were capable of detecting SqVYV in a wide range of cucurbit hosts. ELISA was able to detect virus in infected host tissue diluted to at least 1:2,560, which was sufficient for detection in symptomatic squash and watermelon plants. The qRT-PCR method was capable of reliably detecting as few as 3.4 copies of a cloned fragment of SqVYV genomic RNA with an average cycle threshold (Ct) value of 36.4. The sensitivities and specificities for each detection method were estimated by latent class analysis for a set of inoculated squash and watermelon plants at two sampling scales. The scales were hierarchical, with individual plants representing the upper scale and samples from the plant representing the lower scale. The number of samples per plant varied from 1 to 8, and a plant was diagnosed positive if any of its samples tested positive. For all analyses, a cutoff Ct of 35 was chosen for qRT-PCR, which is approximately 2.5 cycles lower than the lowest Ct value achieved for mock-inoculated plants (presumed to be a false positive). qRT-PCR showed high sensitivities (≥0.99) at both sampling scales for squash and watermelon, whereas the sensitivities for ELISA ranged from 0.58 to 0.76. The specificities for both tests were very similar (≥0.94), with ELISA sometimes outperforming qRT-PCR. These diagnostic methods provide additional tools for the identification of SqVYV and management of SqVYV-induced watermelon vine decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig G Webster
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
| | - William W Turechek
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
| | - Weimin Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850; and Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
| | | | - Scott Adkins
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL
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9
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Shrestha D, McAuslane HJ, Adkins ST, Smith HA, Dufault N, Webb SE. Transmission of Squash vein yellowing virus to and From Cucurbit Weeds and Effects on Sweetpotato Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:967-973. [PMID: 27400705 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since 2003, growers of Florida watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] have periodically suffered large losses from a disease caused by Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV), which is transmitted by the whitefly Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), formerly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B. Common cucurbit weeds like balsam apple (Momordica charantia L.) and smellmelon [Cucumis melo var. dudaim (L.) Naud.] are natural hosts of SqVYV, and creeping cucumber (Melothria pendula L.) is an experimental host. Study objectives were to compare these weeds and 'Mickylee' watermelon as sources of inoculum for SqVYV via MEAM1 transmission, to determine weed susceptibility to SqVYV, and to evaluate whitefly settling and oviposition behaviors on infected vs. mock-inoculated (inoculated with buffer only) creeping cucumber leaves. We found that the lowest percentage of watermelon recipient plants was infected when balsam apple was used as a source of inoculum. Watermelon was more susceptible to infection than balsam apple or smellmelon. However, all weed species were equally susceptible to SqVYV when inoculated by whitefly. For the first 5 h after release, whiteflies had no preference to settle on infected vs. mock-inoculated creeping cucumber leaves. After 24 h, whiteflies preferred to settle on mock-inoculated leaves, and more eggs were laid on mock-inoculated creeping cucumber leaves than on SqVYV-infected leaves. The transmission experiments (source of inoculum and susceptibility) show these weed species as potential inoculum sources of the virus. The changing settling preference of whiteflies from infected to mock-inoculated plants could lead to rapid spread of virus in the agroecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shrestha
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611 (; ; )
| | - H J McAuslane
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611 (; ; )
| | - S T Adkins
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Rd., Fort Pierce, FL 34945
| | - H A Smith
- UF/IFAS, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, 14625 County Rd. 672, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | - N Dufault
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Rd., Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - S E Webb
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611 (; ; )
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Turechek WW, Roberts PD, Stansly PA, Webster CG, Kousik CS, Adkins S. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Squash vein yellowing virus Infections in Watermelon. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:1671-1680. [PMID: 30703883 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-13-1094-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) is a whitefly-transmitted ipomovirus infecting watermelon and other cucurbits that was recently introduced to Florida. Effects on watermelon are devastating, with total vine collapse, often near harvest, and fruit rendered unmarketable by brown, discolored flesh. The epidemiology of SqVYV was studied in a 1-ha field of 'Fiesta' watermelon over six growing seasons (I to VI) to characterize the spatial patterning of disease and temporal rate of disease progress, as well as its association with Cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV) and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), two additional whitefly-transmitted viruses that often occur with SqVYV. The field was scouted at regular intervals for the length of the season for incidence of virus and number of whiteflies. Incidence of SqVYV reached 100% during seasons I, II, and V and 20% during season III. SqVYV did not occur during seasons IV and VI. SqVYV progressed in a characteristic logistic fashion in seasons I, II, and V but less so in season III. The rate of disease progress was similar for the three seasons with high disease incidence, with an average value of 0.18. A positive correlation between the area under the disease progress curve and whitefly-days was found, where both progress curves were calculated as a function of thermal time (degree days, base 0°C). SqVYV displayed significant but variable levels of aggregation, as indicated by its fit to the β-binomial distribution, the binary power law, and ordinary runs analysis. Association analysis indicated that the viruses were largely transmitted independently. Results of this study provide epidemiological information that will be useful in the development of management strategies for SqVYV-induced vine decline, and provide new information for CuLCrV and CYSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Turechek
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
| | - Pamela D Roberts
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142
| | - Philip A Stansly
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee 34142
| | | | | | - Scott Adkins
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory
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Turechek WW, Webster CG, Duan J, Roberts PD, Kousik CS, Adkins S. The use of latent class analysis to estimate the sensitivities and specificities of diagnostic tests for Squash vein yellowing virus in cucurbit species when there is no gold standard. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:1243-1251. [PMID: 23883156 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-13-0071-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) is the causal agent of viral watermelon vine decline, one of the most serious diseases in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) production in the southeastern United States. At present, there is not a gold standard diagnostic test for determining the true status of SqVYV infection in plants. Current diagnostic methods for identification of SqVYV-infected plants or tissues are based on the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), tissue blot nucleic acid hybridization assays (TB), and expression of visual symptoms. A quantitative assessment of the performance of these diagnostic tests is lacking, which may lead to an incorrect interpretation of results. In this study, latent class analysis (LCA) was used to estimate the sensitivities and specificities of RT-PCR, TB, and visual assessment of symptoms as diagnostic tests for SqVYV. The LCA model assumes that the observed diagnostic test responses are linked to an underlying latent (nonobserved) disease status of the population, and can be used to estimate sensitivity and specificity of the individual tests, as well as to derive an estimate of the incidence of disease when a gold standard test does not exist. LCA can also be expanded to evaluate the effect of factors and was done here to determine whether diagnostic test performances varied among the type of plant tissue being tested (crown versus vine tissue), where plant samples were taken relative to the position of the crown (i.e., distance from the crown), host (i.e., genus), and habitat (field-grown versus greenhouse-grown plants). Results showed that RT-PCR had the highest sensitivity (0.94) and specificity (0.98) of the three tests. TB had better sensitivity than symptoms for detection of SqVYV infection (0.70 versus 0.32), while the visual assessment of symptoms was more specific than TB and, thus, a better indicator of noninfection (0.98 versus 0.65). With respect to the grouping variables, RT-PCR and TB had better sensitivity but poorer specificity for diagnosing SqVYV infection in crown tissue than it did in vine tissue, whereas symptoms had very poor sensitivity but excellent specificity in both tissues for all cucurbits analyzed in this study. Test performance also varied with habitat and genus but not with distance from the crown. The results given here provide quantitative measurements of test performance for a range of conditions and provide the information needed to interpret test results when tests are used in parallel or serial combination for a diagnosis.
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Adkins S, McCollum TG, Albano JP, Kousik CS, Baker CA, Webster CG, Roberts PD, Webb SE, Turechek WW. Physiological Effects of Squash vein yellowing virus Infection on Watermelon. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:1137-1148. [PMID: 30722421 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-13-0075-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) is the cause of viral watermelon vine decline. The virus is whitefly-transmitted, induces a systemic wilt of watermelon plants, and causes necrosis and discoloration of the fruit rind. In the field, SqVYV is often detected in watermelon in mixed infections with other viruses including the aphid-transmitted Papaya ringspot virus type W (PRSV-W). In this study, watermelon plants of different ages were inoculated with SqVYV or SqVYV+PRSV-W in the greenhouse or SqVYV in the field to characterize the physiological response to infection. Symptoms of vine decline appeared about 12 to 16 days after inoculation with SqVYV regardless of plant age at time of inoculation, plant growth habit (trellised or nontrellised), and location (greenhouse or field). However, the presence of PRSV-W delayed the appearance of vine decline symptoms by 2 to 4 days, and vine decline did not develop on plants with no fruit. For all inoculation treatments, more severe symptoms were observed in younger watermelon plants. Physiological responses to SqVYV infection included reduction in plant and fruit weights, alterations in fruit rind and flesh color, reduction in fruit sucrose content, increase in fruit acid content, and changes in plant nutrient composition, particularly increases in Ca, Mg, B, Mn, and Zn and decreases in K and N. These results demonstrate wide-ranging physiological effects of SqVYV infection and provide new insights into watermelon vine decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Adkins
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
| | - T Greg McCollum
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
| | - Joseph P Albano
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
| | | | - Carlye A Baker
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL 32945
| | - Craig G Webster
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
| | - Pamela D Roberts
- University of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL 34142
| | - Susan E Webb
- University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Webster CG, Kousik CS, Turechek WW, Webb SE, Roberts PD, Adkins S. Squash vein yellowing virus Infection of Vining Cucurbits and the Vine Decline Response. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:1149-1157. [PMID: 30722417 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-13-0076-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The responses of a diverse group of vining cucurbits to inoculation with Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) were determined. For the first time, Cucurbita maxima, Cucumis dipsaceus, and Cucumis metuliferus were observed to develop necrosis and plant death similar to the SqVYV-induced vine decline in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus). The majority of cucurbits inoculated, however, either exhibited no symptoms of infection, or developed relatively mild symptoms such as vein yellowing of upper, noninoculated leaves. All inoculated plants were sectioned and tested for the presence of SqVYV. The virus was widely distributed in mature, fruit-bearing cucurbits with over 72% of plant sections testing positive for SqVYV by tissue-blot and/or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Plants of several cucurbits, including a wild citron (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides), were symptomless and had a decreased frequency of virus infection of vine segments compared to susceptible vining cucurbits, indicating a higher level of resistance. However, no significant relationship between the frequency of infection or virus distribution within plants and the symptom response was observed. These results demonstrate that a diverse group of cucurbits may decline when infected with SqVYV, and suggest that widespread distribution of virus within the plant is not the sole cause of decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig G Webster
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 USA
| | | | - William W Turechek
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 USA
| | - Susan E Webb
- University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Pamela D Roberts
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL 34142 USA
| | - Scott Adkins
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945 USA
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Ling KS, Levi A, Adkins S, Kousik CS, Miller G, Hassell R, Keinath AP. Development and Field Evaluation of Multiple Virus-Resistant Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria). PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:1057-1062. [PMID: 30722471 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-12-0639-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to develop bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) as a widely adapted rootstock for watermelon grafting, we sought to identify lines with broad resistance to several cucurbit viruses that are economically important in the United States. Preliminary analysis under greenhouse conditions indicated that the currently available commercial watermelon rootstocks were either highly susceptible or somewhat tolerant to one or more viruses. However, in greenhouse screening, several breeding lines of bottle gourd displayed broad-spectrum resistance to four viruses tested, including Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), Papaya ringspot virus watermelon strain (PRSV-W), and Squash vein yellowing virus. Resistance to PRSV-W and WMV was confirmed through field trials in two consecutive years at two different locations in South Carolina. Two breeding lines (USVL#1-8 and USVL#5-5) with broad-spectrum virus resistance could be useful materials for watermelon rootstock development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-S Ling
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414
| | - A Levi
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414
| | - S Adkins
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945
| | | | - G Miller
- Edisto Research & Education Center, Clemson University, Blackville, SC 29817
| | - R Hassell
- Coastal Research & Education Center, Clemson University, Charleston, SC 29414
| | - A P Keinath
- Coastal Research & Education Center, Clemson University, Charleston, SC 29414
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Vincelli P, Amsden B. Comparison of Tissue-Disruption Methods for PCR-Based Detection of Plant Pathogens. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:363-368. [PMID: 30722359 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-12-0536-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of plant-associated microbes depends on physical disruption of tissues of the host and microorganism in order to liberate nucleic acids during extraction. Using six types of plant tissues as well as an oospore preparation of Phytophthora capsici, we evaluated the use of pressure-cycling technology (PCT) compared with several common techniques for physical tissue disruption. With all tissues tested, bead-beating provided excellent yields of amplifiable nucleic acid, with a few inconsistent exceptions. The use of PCT did not consistently improve nucleic acid yields or "amplifiability". The use of a mortar and pestle to physically disrupt plant tissue also provided good results at low cost, though it was not consistently as effective as the bead-beater. Furthermore, handling of ground tissues in an open mortar may present more challenges in minimizing cross-contamination than working with tissues pulverized in a bead-beater tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Vincelli
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0312
| | - Bernadette Amsden
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0312
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Webb SE, Adkins S, Reitz SR. Semipersistent Whitefly Transmission of Squash vein yellowing virus, Causal Agent of Viral Watermelon Vine Decline. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:839-844. [PMID: 30727355 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-11-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV), a recently described Ipomovirus sp. in the family Potyviridae, is the cause of viral watermelon vine decline, a devastating disease in Florida. SqVYV is known to be transmitted by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B strain, but details of the transmission process have not previously been investigated. We completed a series of experiments to determine efficiency of transmission, effects of different acquisition and inoculation access periods, the length of time that whiteflies retained transmissible virus, and the minimum time needed to complete a cycle of acquisition and inoculation. Efficiency was low, with at least 30 whiteflies per plant needed for consistent transmission. Acquisition leading to later transmission peaked at 4 h, and inoculation access periods longer than 4 to 8 h led to no increase in infection rates. Whiteflies retained virus only a short time, with no transmission by 24 h after removal from infected plants. A minimum of 3 h was needed to complete a cycle of transmission under laboratory conditions. These results demonstrate semipersistent transmission of SqVYV and will help refine models of the epidemiology of this virus and the disease it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Webb
- University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Department, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Scott Adkins
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Fort Pierce, FL 34945
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