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Zecharia N, Miri V, Dror O, Hatib K, Holland D, Dani S, Bahar O. Seasonal Dynamics and Distribution of Xylella fastidiosa in Infected Almond Trees. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1186-1195. [PMID: 38105220 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-23-0240-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
This research focused on studying the dynamics of the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa in almond trees across different developmental stages. The objective was to understand the seasonal distribution and concentration of X. fastidiosa within almond trees. Different tree organs, including leaves, shoots, branches, fruits, flowers, and roots, from 10 X. fastidiosa-infected almond trees were sampled over 2 years. The incidence and concentration of X. fastidiosa were determined using qPCR and isolation. Throughout the study, X. fastidiosa was consistently absent from fruits, flowers, and roots, whereas it was detected in leaves as well as in shoots and branches. We demonstrate that the absence of X. fastidiosa in the roots is likely linked to the inability of this isolate to infect the peach-almond hybrid rootstock GF677. X. fastidiosa incidence in shoots and branches remained consistent throughout the year, whereas in leaf petioles, it varied across developmental stages, with lower detection during the early and late stages of the season. Similarly, viable X. fastidiosa cells were isolated from shoots and branches at all developmental stages, but no successful isolations were achieved from leaf petioles during the vegetative and nut growth stage. Studying the progression of almond leaf scorch symptoms in trees with initial infections showed that once symptoms emerged on one branch, symptomless branches were likely already infected by the bacterium. Therefore, selectively pruning symptomatic branches is unlikely to cure the tree. This study enhances our understanding of X. fastidiosa dynamics in almond trees and may have practical applications for its detection and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Zecharia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vanunu Miri
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Dror
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Kamel Hatib
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Doron Holland
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Shtienberg Dani
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ofir Bahar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Giménez-Romero À, Iturbide M, Moralejo E, Gutiérrez JM, Matías MA. Global warming significantly increases the risk of Pierce's disease epidemics in European vineyards. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9648. [PMID: 38671045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pierce's disease (PD) is a vector-borne disease caused by the bacteria Xylella fastidiosa, which affects grapevines in the Americas. Currently, vineyards in continental Europe, the world's largest producer of quality wine, have not yet been affected by PD. However, climate change may alter this situation. Here we incorporate the latest regional climate change projections into a climate-driven epidemiological model to assess the risk of PD epidemics in Europe for different levels of global warming. We found a significant increase in risk above + 2 ∘ C in the main wine-producing regions of France, Italy and Portugal, in addition to a critical tipping point above + 3 ∘ C for the possible spread of PD beyond the Mediterranean. The model identifies decreasing risk trends in Spain, as well as contrasting patterns across the continent with different velocities of risk change and epidemic growth rates. Although there is some uncertainty in model projections over time, spatial patterns of risk are consistent across different climate models. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the future of PD at multiple spatial scales (country, Protected Designation of Origin and vineyard), revealing where, why and when PD could become a new threat to the European wine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àlex Giménez-Romero
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC, CSIC-UIB), Campus UIB, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maialen Iturbide
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA, CSIC-University of Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Eduardo Moralejo
- Tragsa, Passatge Cala Figuera 6, 07009, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José M Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA, CSIC-University of Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Manuel A Matías
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC, CSIC-UIB), Campus UIB, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Bodino N, Cavalieri V, Dongiovanni C, Saponari M, Bosco D. Bioecological Traits of Spittlebugs and Their Implications for the Epidemiology and Control of the Xylella fastidiosa Epidemic in Apulia (Southern Italy). PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1647-1660. [PMID: 36945728 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-22-0460-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spatial-temporal dynamics of spittlebug populations, together with transmission biology, are of major importance to outline the disease epidemiology of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Apulian olive groves. The spread rate of X. fastidiosa is mainly influenced by (i) the pathogen colonization of the host plant; (ii) the acquisition of the pathogen by the vector from an infected plant, and its inoculation to healthy plants; (iii) the vector population dynamics and abundance at different spatial scales; and (iv) the dispersal of the vector. In this contribution we summarize the recent advances in research on insect vectors' traits-points ii, iii, and iv-focusing on those most relevant to X. fastidiosa epidemic in Apulia. Among the vectors' bioecological traits influencing the X. fastidiosa epidemic in olive trees, we emphasize the following: natural infectivity and transmission efficiency, phenological timing of both nymphal and adult stage, the role of seminatural vegetation as a vector reservoir in the agroecosystem and landscape, and preferential and directional dispersal capabilities. Despite the research on X. fastidiosa vectors carried out in Europe in the last decade, key uncertainties on insect vectors remain, hampering a thorough understanding of pathogen epidemiology and the development of effective and targeted management strategies. Our goal is to provide a structured and contextualized review of knowledge on X. fastidiosa vectors' key traits in the Apulian epidemic, highlighting information gaps and stimulating novel research pathways on X. fastidiosa pathosystems in Europe. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bodino
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Crescenza Dongiovanni
- CRSFA-Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, 70010 Locorotondo (BA), Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Carezzano ME, Paletti Rovey MF, Cappellari LDR, Gallarato LA, Bogino P, Oliva MDLM, Giordano W. Biofilm-Forming Ability of Phytopathogenic Bacteria: A Review of its Involvement in Plant Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112207. [PMID: 37299186 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria not only affect crop yield and quality but also the environment. Understanding the mechanisms involved in their survival is essential to develop new strategies to control plant disease. One such mechanism is the formation of biofilms; i.e., microbial communities within a three-dimensional structure that offers adaptive advantages, such as protection against unfavorable environmental conditions. Biofilm-producing phytopathogenic bacteria are difficult to manage. They colonize the intercellular spaces and the vascular system of the host plants and cause a wide range of symptoms such as necrosis, wilting, leaf spots, blight, soft rot, and hyperplasia. This review summarizes up-to-date information about saline and drought stress in plants (abiotic stress) and then goes on to focus on the biotic stress produced by biofilm-forming phytopathogenic bacteria, which are responsible for serious disease in many crops. Their characteristics, pathogenesis, virulence factors, systems of cellular communication, and the molecules implicated in the regulation of these processes are all covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Evangelina Carezzano
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS-CONICET), Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Paletti Rovey
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS-CONICET), Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Lorena Del Rosario Cappellari
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS-CONICET), Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
| | | | - Pablo Bogino
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS-CONICET), Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - María de Las Mercedes Oliva
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS-CONICET), Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Walter Giordano
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS-CONICET), Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
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Evaluation of Control Strategies for Xylella fastidiosa in the Balearic Islands. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122393. [PMID: 36557646 PMCID: PMC9780951 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) in the Balearic Islands in October 2016 was a major phytosanitary challenge with international implications. Immediately after its detection, eradication and containment measures included in Decision 2015/789 were implemented. Surveys intensified during 2017, which soon revealed that the pathogen was widely distributed on the islands and eradication measures were no longer feasible. In this review, we analyzed the control measures carried out by the Balearic Government in compliance with European legislation, as well as the implementation of its control action plan. At the same time, we contrasted them with the results of scientific research accumulated since 2017 on the epidemiological situation. The case of Xf in the Balearic Islands is paradigmatic since it concentrates on a small territory with one of the widest genetic diversities of Xf affecting crops and forest ecosystems. We also outline the difficulties of anticipating unexpected epidemiological situations in the legislation on harmful exotic organisms on which little biological information is available. Because Xf has become naturalized in the islands, coexistence alternatives based on scientific knowledge are proposed to reorient control strategies towards the main goal of minimizing damage to crops and the landscape.
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