1
|
Gilioli G, Simonetto A, Weber ID, Gervasio P, Sperandio G, Bosco D, Bodino N, Dongiovanni C, Di Carolo M, Cavalieri V, Saponari M, Boscia D. A model for predicting the phenology of Philaenus spumarius. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8137. [PMID: 38584175 PMCID: PMC10999437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The design and implementation of Philaenus spumarius control strategies can take advantage of properly calibrated models describing and predicting the phenology of vector populations in agroecosystems. We developed a temperature-driven physiological-based model based on the system of Kolmogorov partial differential equations to predict the phenological dynamics of P. spumarius. The model considers the initial physiological age distribution of eggs, the diapause termination process, and the development rate functions of post-diapausing eggs and nymphal stages, estimated from data collected in laboratory experiments and field surveys in Italy. The temperature threshold and cumulative degree days for egg diapause termination were estimated as 6.5 °C and 120 DD, respectively. Preimaginal development rate functions exhibited lower thresholds ranging between 2.1 and 5.0 °C, optimal temperatures between 26.6 and 28.3 °C, and upper threshold between 33.0 and 35 °C. The model correctly simulates the emergence of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th nymphal instars, key stages to target monitoring actions and control measures against P. spumarius. Precision in simulating the phenology of the 1st and 2nd nymphal stages was less satisfactory. The model is a useful rational decision tool to support scheduling monitoring and control actions against the late and most important nymphal stages of P. spumarius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Gilioli
- DICATAM, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Anna Simonetto
- DICATAM, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Igor Daniel Weber
- DICATAM, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Gervasio
- DICATAM, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sperandio
- DICATAM, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Marche Polytechnic University, D3A, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131, Ancona, Marche, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- DISAFA, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Nicola Bodino
- DISAFA, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Crescenza Dongiovanni
- Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, Locorotondo, Italy
| | - Michele Di Carolo
- Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, Locorotondo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Walker NC, White SM, Ruiz SA, McKay Fletcher D, Saponari M, Roose T. A mathematical model of biofilm growth and spread within plant xylem: Case study of Xylella fastidiosa in olive trees. J Theor Biol 2024; 581:111737. [PMID: 38280544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Xylem-limited bacterial pathogens cause some of the most destructive plant diseases. Though imposed measures to control these pathogens are generally ineffective, even among susceptible taxa, some hosts can limit bacterial loads and symptom expression. Mechanisms by which this resistance is achieved are poorly understood. In particular, it is still unknown how differences in vascular structure may influence biofilm growth and spread within a host. To address this, we developed a novel theoretical framework to describe biofilm behaviour within xylem vessels, adopting a polymer-based modelling approach. We then parameterised the model to investigate the relevance of xylem vessel diameters on Xylella fastidiosa resistance among olive cultivars. The functionality of all vessels was severely reduced under infection, with hydraulic flow reductions of 2-3 orders of magnitude. However, results suggest wider vessels act as biofilm incubators; allowing biofilms to develop over a long time while still transporting them through the vasculature. By contrast, thinner vessels become blocked much earlier, limiting biofilm spread. Using experimental data on vessel diameter distributions, we were able to determine that a mechanism of resistance in the olive cultivar Leccino is a relatively low abundance of the widest vessels, limiting X. fastidiosa spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Walker
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - S M White
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - S A Ruiz
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - D McKay Fletcher
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; Rural Economy Environment and Society Research Group, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - M Saponari
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - T Roose
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Surano A, del Grosso C, Musio B, Todisco S, Giampetruzzi A, Altamura G, Saponari M, Gallo V, Mastrorilli P, Boscia D, Saldarelli P. Exploring the xylem-sap to unravel biological features of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca ST53 in immune, resistant and susceptible crop species through metabolomics and in vitro studies. Front Plant Sci 2024; 14:1343876. [PMID: 38312355 PMCID: PMC10834688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1343876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 (Xfp) is a pathogenic bacterium causing one of the most severe plant diseases currently threatening the olive-growing areas of the Mediterranean, the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS). The majority of the olive cultivars upon infections more or less rapidly develop severe desiccation phenomena, while few are resistant (e.g. Leccino and FS17), being less impacted by the infections. The present study contributes to elucidating the basis of the resistance phenomenon by investigating the influence of the composition of the xylem sap of plant species on the rate of bacterial multiplication. Xylem saps from Xfp host and non-host species were used for growing the bacterium in vitro, monitoring bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and the expression of specific genes. Moreover, species-specific metabolites, such as mannitol, quinic acid, tartaric acid, and choline were identified by non-targeted NMR-based metabolomic analysis in olive, grapevine, and citrus. In general, the xylem saps of immune species, including grapevine and citrus, were richer in amino acids, organic acids, and glucose. The results showed greater bacterial growth in the olive cultivar notoriously susceptible to Xfp (Cellina di Nardò), compared to that recorded in the resistant cultivar Leccino. Conversely, higher biofilm formation occurred in Leccino compared to Cellina di Nardò. Using the xylem saps of two Xfp-immune species (citrus and grapevine), a divergent bacterial behavior was recorded: low planktonic growth and biofilm production were detected in citrus compared to the grapevine. A parallel evaluation of the expression of 15 genes showed that Xfp directs its molecular functions mainly to virulence. Overall, the results gained through this multidisciplinary study contribute to extending the knowledge on the host-pathogen interaction, while confirming that the host response and resistance mechanism have a multifactorial basis, most likely with a cumulative effect on the phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antony Surano
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Carmine del Grosso
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Biagia Musio
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Todisco
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Altamura
- CRSFA-Centro Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, Locorotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Gallo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Innovative Solutions S.r.l.—Spin-Off Company of Polytechnic University of Bari, Noci, Italy
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Innovative Solutions S.r.l.—Spin-Off Company of Polytechnic University of Bari, Noci, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahmed E, Musio B, Todisco S, Mastrorilli P, Gallo V, Saponari M, Nigro F, Gualano S, Santoro F. Non-Targeted Spectranomics for the Early Detection of Xylella fastidiosa Infection in Asymptomatic Olive Trees, cv. Cellina di Nardò. Molecules 2023; 28:7512. [PMID: 38005234 PMCID: PMC10672767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) is a disease that has been seriously affecting olive trees in southern Italy since around 2009. During the disease, caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca sequence type ST53 (Xf), the flow of water and nutrients within the trees is significantly compromised. Initially, infected trees may not show any symptoms, making early detection challenging. In this study, young artificially infected plants of the susceptible cultivar Cellina di Nardò were grown in a controlled environment and co-inoculated with additional xylem-inhabiting fungi. Asymptomatic leaves of olive plants at an early stage of infection were collected and analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), hyperspectral reflectance (HSR), and chemometrics. The application of a spectranomic approach contributed to shedding light on the relationship between the presence of specific hydrosoluble metabolites and the optical properties of both asymptomatic Xf-infected and non-infected olive leaves. Significant correlations between wavebands located in the range of 530-560 nm and 1380-1470 nm, and the following metabolites were found to be indicative of Xf infection: malic acid, fructose, sucrose, oleuropein derivatives, and formic acid. This information is the key to the development of HSR-based sensors capable of early detection of Xf infections in olive trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elhussein Ahmed
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (E.A.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (V.G.)
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari (CIHEAM Bari), Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Biagia Musio
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (E.A.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Stefano Todisco
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (E.A.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (E.A.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (V.G.)
- Innovative Solutions S.r.l.—Spin-Off Company of Polytechnic University of Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015 Noci, Italy
| | - Vito Gallo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (E.A.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (V.G.)
- Innovative Solutions S.r.l.—Spin-Off Company of Polytechnic University of Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015 Noci, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto Per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, I-70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Franco Nigro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Stefania Gualano
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari (CIHEAM Bari), Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Franco Santoro
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari (CIHEAM Bari), Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bodino N, Cavalieri V, Dongiovanni C, Saponari M, Bosco D. Bioecological Traits of Spittlebugs and Their Implications for the Epidemiology and Control of the Xylella fastidiosa Epidemic in Apulia (Southern Italy). Phytopathology 2023; 113:1647-1660. [PMID: 36945728 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-22-0460-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spatial-temporal dynamics of spittlebug populations, together with transmission biology, are of major importance to outline the disease epidemiology of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Apulian olive groves. The spread rate of X. fastidiosa is mainly influenced by (i) the pathogen colonization of the host plant; (ii) the acquisition of the pathogen by the vector from an infected plant, and its inoculation to healthy plants; (iii) the vector population dynamics and abundance at different spatial scales; and (iv) the dispersal of the vector. In this contribution we summarize the recent advances in research on insect vectors' traits-points ii, iii, and iv-focusing on those most relevant to X. fastidiosa epidemic in Apulia. Among the vectors' bioecological traits influencing the X. fastidiosa epidemic in olive trees, we emphasize the following: natural infectivity and transmission efficiency, phenological timing of both nymphal and adult stage, the role of seminatural vegetation as a vector reservoir in the agroecosystem and landscape, and preferential and directional dispersal capabilities. Despite the research on X. fastidiosa vectors carried out in Europe in the last decade, key uncertainties on insect vectors remain, hampering a thorough understanding of pathogen epidemiology and the development of effective and targeted management strategies. Our goal is to provide a structured and contextualized review of knowledge on X. fastidiosa vectors' key traits in the Apulian epidemic, highlighting information gaps and stimulating novel research pathways on X. fastidiosa pathosystems in Europe. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bodino
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Crescenza Dongiovanni
- CRSFA-Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, 70010 Locorotondo (BA), Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gilioli G, Simonetto A, Colturato M, Bazarra N, Fernández JR, Naso MG, Donato B, Bosco D, Dongiovanni C, Maiorano A, Mosbach-Schulz O, Navas Cortés JA, Saponari M. An eco-epidemiological model supporting rational disease management of Xylella fastidiosa. An application to the outbreak in Apulia (Italy). Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Giampetruzzi A, Loconsole G, Zicca S, Boscia D, Balestra GM, Saponari M. Draft Genome Sequence Resource of Xylella fastidiosa Strain Alm_Lz_1 Associated with a New Outbreak in Lazio, Italy. Phytopathology 2023; 113:108-111. [PMID: 36515577 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0185-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuliana Loconsole
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Zicca
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mariano Balestra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bodino N, Cavalieri V, Saponari M, Dongiovanni C, Altamura G, Bosco D. Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 by the Sharpshooter Cicadella viridis From Different Source Plants and Artificial Diets. J Econ Entomol 2022; 115:1852-1858. [PMID: 36356033 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The sharpshooter Cicadella viridis L. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the most common sharpshooter in Europe and, given its xylem feeding behavior, is considered a potential vector of the plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae). We tested X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 (Xfp) transmission capabilities of C. viridis adults, namely 1) acquisition efficiency from four host plant species-periwinkle, milkwort, lavender, alfalfa-and from two artificial diets (PD3 and Xfm), 2) inoculation efficiency to periwinkle at different times post acquisition from different plant and artificial diet sources. The main European vector species-Philaenus spumarius L. (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae)-was used as a control. C. viridis was able to acquire Xfp from periwinkle, milkwort, and lavender, although with low efficiency (3-16%) and from artificial diets (23-25%). Successful inoculation on periwinkle was extremely rare, being observed only three times, following feeding on milkwort plant and PD3 artificial diet sources. Our study shows that C. viridis is not a relevant vector of Xfp, given the very low transmission rate in controlled conditions, and the inability to feed on olive. The low efficiency reported here correlates with ecological constraints of the vector (mainly monocots host plants, humid environments) that make it difficult to forecast a relevant role in dispersing X. fastidiosa, at least within the present distribution of the exotic bacterium in Europe. However, a possible role of this species in spreading Xf in other agroecosystems, e.g., vineyard and stone fruits grown in humid areas, cannot be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bodino
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, Bari (BA), Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, Bari (BA), Italy
| | - Crescenza Dongiovanni
- CRSFA-Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, Locorotondo (BA), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Altamura
- CRSFA-Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, Locorotondo (BA), Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Torino (TO), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baró A, Saldarelli P, Saponari M, Montesinos E, Montesinos L. Nicotiana benthamiana as a model plant host for Xylella fastidiosa: Control of infections by transient expression and endotherapy with a bifunctional peptide. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1061463. [PMID: 36531347 PMCID: PMC9752042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1061463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transient expression of genes encoding peptides BP134 and BP178 by means of a Potato virus X (PVX) based-vector system, and treatment with synthetic peptides by endotherapy, were evaluated in the control of Xylella fastidiosa infections, in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient production of BP178 significantly decreased disease severity compared to PVX and non-treated control (NTC) plants, without adverse effects. Plants treated with synthetic BP134 and BP178 showed consistently lower levels of disease than NTC plants. However, the coinfection with PVX-BP134 and X. fastidiosa caused detrimental effects resulting in plant death. The levels of X. fastidiosa in three zones sampled, upwards and downwards of the inoculation/treatment point, significantly decreased compared to the NTC plants, after the treatment with BP178, but not when BP178 was produced transiently. The effect of treatment and transient production of BP178 in the induction of defense-related genes was also studied. Synthetic BP178 applied by endotherapy induced the expression of ERF1, PR1a, PAL, PALII and WRKY25, while the transient expression of BP178 overexpressed the Cath, Cyc, PR4a, 9-LOX and Endochitinase B genes. Both treatments upregulated the expression of PR1, PR3, PR4 and CycT9299 genes compared to the NTC or PVX plants. It was concluded that the effect of BP178, either by endotherapy or by transient expression, on the control of the X. fastidiosa infections in N. benthamiana, was due in part to the induction of the plant defense system in addition to its bactericidal activity reported in previous studies. However, the protection observed when BP178 was transiently produced seems mainly mediated by the induction of plant defense, because the levels of X. fastidiosa were not significantly affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aina Baró
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Laura Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Surano A, Abou Kubaa R, Nigro F, Altamura G, Losciale P, Saponari M, Saldarelli P. Susceptible and resistant olive cultivars show differential physiological response to Xylella fastidiosa infections. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:968934. [PMID: 36204082 PMCID: PMC9530328 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) is a severe disease, first described in Italy in late 2013, caused by strains of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp) in susceptible olive cultivars. Conversely, resistant olive cultivars do not develop OQDS but present scattered branch dieback, which generally does not evolve to severe canopy decline. In the present study, we assessed the physiological responses of Xfp-infected olive trees of susceptible and resistant cultivars. Periodic measurements of stomatal conductance (gs) and stem water potential (Ψstem) were performed using a set of healthy and Xfp-infected plants of the susceptible "Cellina di Nardò" and resistant "Leccino" and "FS17" cultivars. Strong differences in Δgs and ΔΨstem among Xfp-infected trees of these cultivars were found, with higher values in Cellina di Nardò than in Leccino and FS17, while no differences were found among healthy plants of the different cultivars. Both resistant olive cultivars showed lower water stress upon Xfp infections, compared to the susceptible one, suggesting that measurements of gs and Ψstem may represent discriminating parameters to be exploited in screening programs of olive genotypes for resistance to X. fastidiosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antony Surano
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Raied Abou Kubaa
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Nigro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Altamura
- CRSFA-Centro Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, Locorotondo, Italy
| | - Pasquale Losciale
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Landa BB, Saponari M, Feitosa-Junior OR, Giampetruzzi A, Vieira FJD, Mor E, Robatzek S. Xylella fastidiosa's relationships: the bacterium, the host plants, and the plant microbiome. New Phytol 2022; 234:1598-1605. [PMID: 35279849 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of important crop diseases and is transmitted by xylem-sap-feeding insects. The bacterium colonizes xylem vessels and can persist with a commensal or pathogen lifestyle in more than 500 plant species. In the past decade, reports of X. fastidiosa across the globe have dramatically increased its known occurrence. This raises important questions: How does X. fastidiosa interact with the different host plants? How does the bacterium interact with the plant immune system? How does it influence the host's microbiome? We discuss recent strain genetic typing and plant transcriptome and microbiome analyses, which have advanced our understanding of factors that are important for X. fastidiosa plant infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca B Landa
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Alameda del Obispo S/N, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Maria Saponari
- CNR - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- CNR - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Filipe J D Vieira
- Genetics, LMU Biocentre, Grosshadener Strasse 4, Planegg, 82152, Germany
| | - Eliana Mor
- Genetics, LMU Biocentre, Grosshadener Strasse 4, Planegg, 82152, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- Genetics, LMU Biocentre, Grosshadener Strasse 4, Planegg, 82152, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sicard A, Saponari M, Vanhove M, Castillo AI, Giampetruzzi A, Loconsole G, Saldarelli P, Boscia D, Neema C, Almeida RPP. Introduction and adaptation of an emerging pathogen to olive trees in Italy. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34904938 PMCID: PMC8767334 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa currently threatens European flora through the loss of economically and culturally important host plants. This emerging vector-borne bacterium, native to the Americas, causes several important diseases in a wide range of plants including crops, ornamentals, and trees. Previously absent from Europe, and considered a quarantine pathogen, X. fastidiosa was first detected in Apulia, Italy in 2013 associated with a devastating disease of olive trees (Olive Quick Decline Syndrome, OQDS). OQDS has led to significant economic, environmental, cultural, as well as political crises. Although the biology of X. fastidiosa diseases have been studied for over a century, there is still no information on the determinants of specificity between bacterial genotypes and host plant species, which is particularly relevant today as X. fastidiosa is expanding in the naive European landscape. We analysed the genomes of 79 X. fastidiosa samples from diseased olive trees across the affected area in Italy as well as genomes of the most genetically closely related strains from Central America. We provided insights into the ecological and evolutionary emergence of this pathogen in Italy. We first showed that the outbreak in Apulia is due to a single introduction from Central America that we estimated to have occurred in 2008 [95 % HPD: 1930–2016]. By using a combination of population genomic approaches and evolutionary genomics methods, we further identified a short list of genes that could play a major role in the adaptation of X. fastidiosa to this new environment. We finally provided experimental evidence for the adaptation of the strain to this new environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sicard
- UC Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A.,PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Saponari
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mathieu Vanhove
- UC Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Andreina I Castillo
- UC Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Piazza Umberto I, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuliana Loconsole
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Claire Neema
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- UC Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zarco-Tejada PJ, Poblete T, Camino C, Gonzalez-Dugo V, Calderon R, Hornero A, Hernandez-Clemente R, Román-Écija M, Velasco-Amo MP, Landa BB, Beck PSA, Saponari M, Boscia D, Navas-Cortes JA. Divergent abiotic spectral pathways unravel pathogen stress signals across species. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6088. [PMID: 34667165 PMCID: PMC8526582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens pose increasing threats to global food security, causing yield losses that exceed 30% in food-deficit regions. Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) represents the major transboundary plant pest and one of the world's most damaging pathogens in terms of socioeconomic impact. Spectral screening methods are critical to detect non-visual symptoms of early infection and prevent spread. However, the subtle pathogen-induced physiological alterations that are spectrally detectable are entangled with the dynamics of abiotic stresses. Here, using airborne spectroscopy and thermal scanning of areas covering more than one million trees of different species, infections and water stress levels, we reveal the existence of divergent pathogen- and host-specific spectral pathways that can disentangle biotic-induced symptoms. We demonstrate that uncoupling this biotic-abiotic spectral dynamics diminishes the uncertainty in the Xf detection to below 6% across different hosts. Assessing these deviating pathways against another harmful vascular pathogen that produces analogous symptoms, Verticillium dahliae, the divergent routes remained pathogen- and host-specific, revealing detection accuracies exceeding 92% across pathosystems. These urgently needed hyperspectral methods advance early detection of devastating pathogens to reduce the billions in crop losses worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Zarco-Tejada
- School of Agriculture and Food (SAF-FVAS) and Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology (IE-FEIT), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - T Poblete
- School of Agriculture and Food (SAF-FVAS) and Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology (IE-FEIT), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - C Camino
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - V Gonzalez-Dugo
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - R Calderon
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - A Hornero
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | - M Román-Écija
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M P Velasco-Amo
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - B B Landa
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - P S A Beck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - M Saponari
- CNR, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
| | - D Boscia
- CNR, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
| | - J A Navas-Cortes
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bodino N, Cavalieri V, Dongiovanni C, Simonetto A, Saladini MA, Plazio E, Gilioli G, Molinatto G, Saponari M, Bosco D. Dispersal of Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), a Vector of Xylella fastidiosa, in Olive Grove and Meadow Agroecosystems. Environ Entomol 2021; 50:267-279. [PMID: 33284969 PMCID: PMC8064047 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of the Xylella fastidiosa Wells bacterium into Apulia (South Italy) has caused the massive dieback of olive trees, and is threatening olive production throughout the Mediterranean Region. The key vector of X. fastidiosa in Europe is the spittlebug Philaenus spumarius L. The dispersal capabilities of P. spumarius are poorly known, despite being a key parameter for the prediction of the spread of the bacterium. In this study, we have examined the dispersal of P. spumarius adults in two different agroecosystems in Italy: an olive grove in Apulia (Southern Italy) and a meadow in Piedmont (Northern Italy). Insects were marked with albumin and released during seven independent trials over 2 yr. The recapture data were pooled separately for each agroecosystem and used to estimate the dispersal kernels of P. spumarius in the olive grove and in the meadow. The diffusion coefficient estimate for P. spumarius was higher in the meadow than in the olive grove. The median distance from the release point for 1 d of dispersal was 26 m in the olive grove and 35 m in the meadow. On the basis of our model, we estimated that 50% of the spittlebug population remained within 200 m (98% within 400 m) during the 2 mo period of high abundance of the vector on olives in Apulia. The dispersal of P. spumarius is thus limited to some hundreds of meters throughout the whole year, although it can be influenced to a great extent by the structure of the agroecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bodino
- CNR–Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Strada delle Cacce, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Crescenza Dongiovanni
- CRSFA–Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, Locorotondo (Bari), Italy
| | - Anna Simonetto
- Agrofood Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Alessandro Saladini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elisa Plazio
- CNR–Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Strada delle Cacce, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianni Gilioli
- Agrofood Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Molinatto
- CNR–Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Strada delle Cacce, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- CNR–Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- CNR–Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Strada delle Cacce, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chiumenti M, Greco C, De Stradis A, Loconsole G, Cavalieri V, Altamura G, Zicca S, Saldarelli P, Saponari M. Olea Europaea Geminivirus: A Novel Bipartite Geminivirid Infecting Olive Trees. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030481. [PMID: 33804134 PMCID: PMC8000510 DOI: 10.3390/v13030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014, high-throughput sequencing of libraries of total DNA from olive trees allowed the identification of two geminivirus-like contigs. After conventional resequencing of the two genomic DNAs, their analysis revealed they belonged to the same viral entity, for which the provisional name of Olea europaea geminivirus (OEGV) was proposed. Although DNA-A showed a genome organization similar to that of New World begomoviruses, DNA-B had a peculiar ORF arrangement, consisting of a movement protein (MP) in the virion sense and a protein with unknown function on the complementary sense. Phylogenetic analysis performed either on full-length genome or on coat protein, replication associated protein (Rep), and MP sequences did not endorse the inclusion of this virus in any of the established genera in the family Geminiviridae. A survey of 55 plants revealed that the virus is widespread in Apulia (Italy) with 91% of the samples testing positive, although no correlation of OEGV with a disease or specific symptoms was encountered. Southern blot assay suggested that the virus is not integrated in the olive genome. The study of OEGV-derived siRNA obtained from small RNA libraries of leaves and fruits of three different cultivars, showed that the accumulation of the two genomic components is influenced by the plant genotype while virus-derived-siRNA profile is in line with other geminivirids reported in literature. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis unveiled a low intra-specific variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Chiumenti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy; (C.G.); (A.D.S.); (V.C.); (G.A.); (S.Z.); (P.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Claudia Greco
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy; (C.G.); (A.D.S.); (V.C.); (G.A.); (S.Z.); (P.S.); (M.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze del suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo De Stradis
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy; (C.G.); (A.D.S.); (V.C.); (G.A.); (S.Z.); (P.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Giuliana Loconsole
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy; (C.G.); (A.D.S.); (V.C.); (G.A.); (S.Z.); (P.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy; (C.G.); (A.D.S.); (V.C.); (G.A.); (S.Z.); (P.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Altamura
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy; (C.G.); (A.D.S.); (V.C.); (G.A.); (S.Z.); (P.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefania Zicca
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy; (C.G.); (A.D.S.); (V.C.); (G.A.); (S.Z.); (P.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy; (C.G.); (A.D.S.); (V.C.); (G.A.); (S.Z.); (P.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy; (C.G.); (A.D.S.); (V.C.); (G.A.); (S.Z.); (P.S.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jlilat A, Ragone R, Gualano S, Santoro F, Gallo V, Varvaro L, Mastrorilli P, Saponari M, Nigro F, D'Onghia AM. A non-targeted metabolomics study on Xylella fastidiosa infected olive plants grown under controlled conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1070. [PMID: 33441842 PMCID: PMC7806896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa has devastated olive trees throughout Apulia region (Southern Italy) in the form of the disease called "Olive Quick Decline Syndrome" (OQDS). This study describes changes in the metabolic profile due to the infection by X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 in artificially inoculated young olive plants of the susceptible variety Cellina di Nardò. The test plants, grown in a thermo-conditioned greenhouse, were also co-inoculated with some xylem-inhabiting fungi known to largely occur in OQDS-affected trees, in order to partially reproduce field conditions in terms of biotic stress. The investigations were performed by combining NMR spectroscopy and MS spectrometry with a non-targeted approach for the analysis of leaf extracts. Statistical analysis revealed that Xylella-infected plants were characterized by higher amounts of malic acid, formic acid, mannitol, and sucrose than in Xylella-non-infected ones, whereas it revealed slightly lower amounts of oleuropein. Attention was paid to mannitol which may play a central role in sustaining the survival of the olive tree against bacterial infection. This study contributes to describe a set of metabolites playing a possible role as markers in the infections by X. fastidiosa in olive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmae Jlilat
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Rosa Ragone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Innovative Solutions S.R.L. - Spin Off del Politecnico Di Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015, Noci, BA, Italy
| | - Stefania Gualano
- Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM) of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Franco Santoro
- Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM) of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Vito Gallo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
- Innovative Solutions S.R.L. - Spin Off del Politecnico Di Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015, Noci, BA, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Varvaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Innovative Solutions S.R.L. - Spin Off del Politecnico Di Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015, Noci, BA, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto Per La Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, CNR, SS Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università Degli Studi di Bari ″Aldo Moro″, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Onghia
- Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM) of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Giampetruzzi A, Baptista P, Morelli M, Cameirão C, Lino Neto T, Costa D, D’Attoma G, Abou Kubaa R, Altamura G, Saponari M, Pereira JA, Saldarelli P. Differences in the Endophytic Microbiome of Olive Cultivars Infected by Xylella fastidiosa across Seasons. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090723. [PMID: 32887278 PMCID: PMC7558191 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of Xylella fastidiosa infections in the context of the endophytic microbiome was studied in field-grown plants of the susceptible and resistant olive cultivars Kalamata and FS17. Whole metagenome shotgun sequencing (WMSS) coupled with 16S/ITS rRNA gene sequencing was carried out on the same trees at two different stages of the infections: In Spring 2017 when plants were almost symptomless and in Autumn 2018 when the trees of the susceptible cultivar clearly showed desiccations. The progression of the infections detected in both cultivars clearly unraveled that Xylella tends to occupy the whole ecological niche and suppresses the diversity of the endophytic microbiome. However, this trend was mitigated in the resistant cultivar FS17, harboring lower population sizes and therefore lower Xylella average abundance ratio over total bacteria, and a higher α-diversity. Host cultivar had a negligible effect on the community composition and no clear associations of a single taxon or microbial consortia with the resistance cultivar were found with both sequencing approaches, suggesting that the mechanisms of resistance likely reside on factors that are independent of the microbiome structure. Overall, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteriodetes dominated the bacterial microbiome while Ascomycota and Basidiomycota those of Fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Paula Baptista
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.B.); (C.C.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Massimiliano Morelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Cristina Cameirão
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.B.); (C.C.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Teresa Lino Neto
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (T.L.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniela Costa
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (T.L.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Giusy D’Attoma
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Raied Abou Kubaa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Altamura
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Saponari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - José Alberto Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.B.); (C.C.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0805443065
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cendoya M, Martínez-Minaya J, Dalmau V, Ferrer A, Saponari M, Conesa D, López-Quílez A, Vicent A. Spatial Bayesian Modeling Applied to the Surveys of Xylella fastidiosa in Alicante (Spain) and Apulia (Italy). Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:1204. [PMID: 32922416 PMCID: PMC7456931 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa was first reported in Europe in 2013, in the province of Lecce, Italy, where extensive areas were affected by the olive quick decline syndrome, caused by the subsp. pauca. In Alicante, Spain, almond leaf scorch, caused by X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex, was detected in 2017. The effects of climatic and spatial factors on the geographic distribution of X. fastidiosa in these two infested regions in Europe were studied. The presence/absence data of X. fastidiosa in the official surveys were analyzed using Bayesian hierarchical models through the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) methodology. Climatic covariates were obtained from the WorldClim v.2 database. A categorical variable was also included according to Purcell's minimum winter temperature thresholds for the risk of occurrence of Pierce's disease of grapevine, caused by X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa. In Alicante, data were presented aggregated on a 1 km grid (lattice data), where the spatial effect was included in the model through a conditional autoregressive structure. In Lecce, data were observed at continuous locations occurring within a defined spatial domain (geostatistical data). Therefore, the spatial effect was included via the stochastic partial differential equation approach. In Alicante, the pathogen was detected in all four of Purcell's categories, illustrating the environmental plasticity of the subsp. multiplex. Here, none of the climatic covariates were retained in the selected model. Only two of Purcell's categories were represented in Lecce. The mean diurnal range (bio2) and the mean temperature of the wettest quarter (bio8) were retained in the selected model, with a negative relationship with the presence of the pathogen. However, this may be due to the heterogeneous sampling distribution having a confounding effect with the climatic covariates. In both regions, the spatial structure had a strong influence on the models, but not the climatic covariates. Therefore, pathogen distribution was largely defined by the spatial relationship between geographic locations. This substantial contribution of the spatial effect in the models might indicate that the current extent of X. fastidiosa in the study regions had arisen from a single focus or from several foci, which have been coalesced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cendoya
- Centre de Protecció Vegetai i Biotecnología, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Dalmau
- Servei de Sanitat Vegetal, Conselleria d’Agricultura, Desenvolupament Rural, Emergència Climàtica i Transició Ecológica, Silla, Spain
| | - Amparo Ferrer
- Servei de Sanitat Vegetal, Conselleria d’Agricultura, Desenvolupament Rural, Emergència Climàtica i Transició Ecológica, Silla, Spain
| | - Maria Saponari
- Instituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - David Conesa
- Departament d’Estadística i Investigació Operativa, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Quílez
- Departament d’Estadística i Investigació Operativa, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Antonio Vicent
- Centre de Protecció Vegetai i Biotecnología, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Saponari M, Giampetruzzi A, Selvaraj V, Maheshwari Y, Yokomi R. Identification and Characterization of Resistance-Breaking (RB) Isolates of Citrus tristeza virus. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2015:105-126. [PMID: 31222699 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9558-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance-breaking (RB) strains constitute a clade of biological and genetically distinct isolates of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) that replicate and move systemically in Poncirus trifoliata (trifoliate orange), resistant to other known strains of CTV. Molecular markers have been developed by comparative genome analysis to allow quick identification of potential RB isolates. Here, methods are described to identify and characterize RB strains by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR), full-length genome sequencing, and biological indexing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Saponari
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Yogita Maheshwari
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, USDA-ARS, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - Raymond Yokomi
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, USDA-ARS, Parlier, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zicca S, De Bellis P, Masiello M, Saponari M, Saldarelli P, Boscia D, Sisto A. Antagonistic activity of olive endophytic bacteria and of Bacillus spp. strains against Xylella fastidiosa. Microbiol Res 2020; 236:126467. [PMID: 32248049 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Strains of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca characterized by a specific genotype, the so called sequence type "ST53", have been associated with a severe disease named Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS). Despite the relevant research efforts devoted to control the disease caused by X. fastidiosa, so far there are no therapeutic means able to cure the infected host plants. As such, the aim of this study was the identification of antagonistic bacteria potentially deployable as bio-control agents against X. fastidiosa. To this end, two approaches were used, i.e. the evaluation of the antagonistic activity of: i) endophytic bacteria isolated from olive trees located in an infected area but showing mild or no symptoms, and ii) Bacillus strains, as they are already known as bio-control agents. Characterization of endophytic bacterial isolates revealed that the majority belonged to different species of the genera Sphingomonas, Methylobacterium, Micrococcus and Curtobacterium. However, when they were tested in vitro against X. fastidiosa ST53 none of them showed antagonistic activity. On the contrary, when strains belonging to different species of the genus Bacillus were included in these tests, remarkable antagonistic activities were recorded. Some B. velezensis strains also produced culture filtrates with inhibitory activity against X. fastidiosa ST53. Taking also into account that two of these B. velezensis strains (namely strains D747 and QST713) are already registered and commercially available as bio-control agents, our results pave the way for further studies aimed at the development of a sustainable bio-control strategy of the OQDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Zicca
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Palmira De Bellis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Masiello
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sisto
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Landa BB, Castillo AI, Giampetruzzi A, Kahn A, Román-Écija M, Velasco-Amo MP, Navas-Cortés JA, Marco-Noales E, Barbé S, Moralejo E, Coletta-Filho HD, Saldarelli P, Saponari M, Almeida RPP. Emergence of a Plant Pathogen in Europe Associated with Multiple Intercontinental Introductions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e01521-19. [PMID: 31704683 PMCID: PMC6974645 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01521-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen introductions have led to numerous disease outbreaks in naive regions of the globe. The plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa has been associated with various recent epidemics in Europe affecting agricultural crops, such as almond, grapevine, and olive, but also endemic species occurring in natural forest landscapes and ornamental plants. We compared whole-genome sequences of X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex from America and strains associated with recent outbreaks in southern Europe to infer their likely origins and paths of introduction within and between the two continents. Phylogenetic analyses indicated multiple introductions of X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex into Italy, Spain, and France, most of which emerged from a clade with limited genetic diversity with a likely origin in California, USA. The limited genetic diversity observed in X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex strains originating from California is likely due to the clade itself being an introduction from X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex populations in the southeastern United States, where this subspecies is most likely endemic. Despite the genetic diversity found in some areas in Europe, there was no clear evidence of recombination occurring among introduced X. fastidiosa strains in Europe. Sequence type taxonomy, based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST), was shown, at least in one case, to not lead to monophyletic clades of this pathogen; whole-genome sequence data were more informative in resolving the history of introductions than MLST data. Although additional data are necessary to carefully tease out the paths of these recent dispersal events, our results indicate that whole-genome sequence data should be considered when developing management strategies for X. fastidiosa outbreaks.IMPORTANCEXylella fastidiosa is an economically important plant-pathogenic bacterium that has emerged as a pathogen of global importance associated with a devastating epidemic in olive trees in Italy associated with X. fastidiosa subspecies pauca and other outbreaks in Europe, such as X. fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa and X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex in Spain and X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex in France. We present evidence of multiple introductions of X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex, likely from the United States, into Spain, Italy, and France. These introductions illustrate the risks associated with the commercial trade of plant material at global scales and the need to develop effective policy to limit the likelihood of pathogen pollution into naive regions. Our study demonstrates the need to utilize whole-genome sequence data to study X. fastidiosa introductions at outbreak stages, since a limited number of genetic markers does not provide sufficient phylogenetic resolution to determine dispersal paths or relationships among strains that are of biological and quarantine relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca B Landa
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Andreina I Castillo
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Universit à degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alexandra Kahn
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Miguel Román-Écija
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Pilar Velasco-Amo
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan A Navas-Cortés
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ester Marco-Noales
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Silvia Barbé
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Moralejo
- Tragsa, Empresa de Transformación Agraria, Delegación de Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | | | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cattò C, De Vincenti L, Cappitelli F, D’Attoma G, Saponari M, Villa F, Forlani F. Non-Lethal Effects of N-Acetylcysteine on Xylella fastidiosa Strain De Donno Biofilm Formation and Detachment. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E656. [PMID: 31817370 PMCID: PMC6955915 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated in-vitro the non-lethal effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca strain De Donno (Xf-DD) biofilm. This strain was isolated from the olive trees affected by the olive quick decline syndrome in southern Italy. Xf-DD was first exposed to non-lethal concentrations of NAC from 0.05 to 1000 µM. Cell surface adhesion was dramatically reduced at 500 µM NAC (-47%), hence, this concentration was selected for investigating the effects of pre-, post- and co-treatments on biofilm physiology and structural development, oxidative homeostasis, and biofilm detachment. Even though 500 µM NAC reduced bacterial attachment to surfaces, compared to the control samples, it promoted Xf-DD biofilm formation by increasing: (i) biofilm biomass by up to 78% in the co-treatment, (ii) matrix polysaccharides production by up to 72% in the pre-treatment, and (iii) reactive oxygen species levels by 3.5-fold in the co-treatment. Xf-DD biofilm detachment without and with NAC was also investigated. The NAC treatment did not increase biofilm detachment, compared to the control samples. All these findings suggested that, at 500 µM, NAC diversified the phenotypes in Xf-DD biofilm, promoting biofilm formation (hyper-biofilm-forming phenotype) and discouraging biofilm detachment (hyper-attachment phenotype), while increasing oxidative stress level in the biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cattò
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.V.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Luca De Vincenti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.V.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Cappitelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.V.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Giusy D’Attoma
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy (M.S.)
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy (M.S.)
| | - Federica Villa
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.V.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Fabio Forlani
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.V.); (F.C.); (F.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
D’Attoma G, Morelli M, Saldarelli P, Saponari M, Giampetruzzi A, Boscia D, Savino VN, De La Fuente L, Cobine PA. Ionomic Differences between Susceptible and Resistant Olive Cultivars Infected by Xylella fastidiosa in the Outbreak Area of Salento, Italy. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040272. [PMID: 31795218 PMCID: PMC6963573 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) is a devastating disease of olive trees in the Salento region, Italy. This disease is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which is widespread in the outbreak area; however, the “Leccino” variety of olives has proven to be resistant with fewer symptoms and lower bacterial populations than the “Ogliarola salentina” variety. We completed an empirical study to determine the mineral and trace element contents (viz; ionome) of leaves from infected trees comparing the two varieties, to develop hypotheses related to the resistance of Leccino trees to X. fastidiosa infection. All samples from both cultivars tested were infected by X. fastidiosa, even if leaves were asymptomatic at the time of collection, due to the high disease pressure in the outbreak area and the long incubation period of this disease. Leaves were binned for the analysis by variety, field location, and infected symptomatic and infected asymptomatic status by visual inspection. The ionome of leaf samples was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and compared with each other. These analyses showed that Leccino variety consistently contained higher manganese (Mn) levels compared with Ogliarola salentina, and these levels were higher in both infected asymptomatic and infected symptomatic leaves. Infected asymptomatic and infected symptomatic leaves within a host genotype also showed differences in the ionome, particularly a higher concentration of calcium (Ca) and Mn levels in the Leccino cultivar, and sodium (Na) in both varieties. We hypothesize that the ionome differences in the two varieties contribute to protection against disease caused by X. fastidiosa infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giusy D’Attoma
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.G.); (V.N.S.)
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Massimiliano Morelli
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Maria Saponari
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.G.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Donato Boscia
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Vito Nicola Savino
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.G.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Paul A. Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cavalieri V, Altamura G, Fumarola G, di Carolo M, Saponari M, Cornara D, Bosco D, Dongiovanni C. Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa Subspecies Pauca Sequence Type 53 by Different Insect Species. Insects 2019; 10:insects10100324. [PMID: 31569480 PMCID: PMC6835679 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diseases associated with Xylella fastidiosa have been described mostly in North and South America. However, during the last five years, widespread X. fastidiosa infections have been reported in a constrained area of the Apulia region (southern Italy), in olives trees suffering a severe disease, denoted as Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS). Because many xylem sap-feeding insects can function as vectors for the transmission of this exotic pathogen in EU, several research programs are ongoing to assess the role of candidate vectors in the spread of the infections. Initial investigations identified Philaenus spumarius (L.) as the predominant vector species in the olive orchards affected by the OQDS. Additional experiments have been carried out during 2016 and 2017 to assess the role of other species. More specifically, adults of the spittlebugs Philaenus italosignus Drosopolous and Remane, Neophilaenus campestris (Fallen) and of the planthopper Latilica tunetana (Matsumura) (Issidae) have been tested in transmission experiments to assess their ability to acquire the bacterium from infected olives and to infect different susceptible hosts (olives, almond, myrtle –leaf milkwort, periwinkle). Acquisition rates determined by testing individual insects in quantitative PCR assays, ranging from 5.6% in N. campestris to 22.2% in P. italosignus, whereas no acquisition was recorded for L. tunetana. Successful transmissions were detected in the recipient plants exposed to P. italosignus and N. campestris, whereas no trasmissions occurred with L. tunetana. The known vector Philaenus spumarius has been included in all the experiments for validation. The systematic surveys conducted in 2016 and 2017 provided further evidence on the population dynamics and seasonal abundance of the spittlebug populations in the olive groves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Altamura
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio Fumarola
- Centro di Ricerca, Formazione e Sperimentazione in Agricoltura "Basile Caramia" (CRSFA), 70010 Locorotondo (Bari), Italy
| | - Michele di Carolo
- Centro di Ricerca, Formazione e Sperimentazione in Agricoltura "Basile Caramia" (CRSFA), 70010 Locorotondo (Bari), Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Cornara
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Crescenza Dongiovanni
- Centro di Ricerca, Formazione e Sperimentazione in Agricoltura "Basile Caramia" (CRSFA), 70010 Locorotondo (Bari), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Giampetruzzi A, D'Attoma G, Zicca S, Abou Kubaa R, Rizzo D, Boscia D, Saldarelli P, Saponari M. Draft Genome Sequence Resources of Three Strains (TOS4, TOS5, and TOS14) of Xylella fastidiosa Infecting Different Host Plants in the Newly Discovered Outbreak in Tuscany, Italy. Phytopathology 2019; 109:1516-1518. [PMID: 31329051 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-19-0108-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of Xylella fastidiosa was discovered in late 2018 in northern Italy affecting several plant species. Multilocus sequence typing analyses detected the presence of strains clustering in X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex and harboring a hitherto uncharacterized sequence type, ST87. Three cultured strains (TOS4, TOS5, and TOS14) were subjected to high-throughput sequencing and the draft genomes assembled. Phylogenetic analysis conclusively indicated that they belong to the subspecies multiplex. The genetic information generated for these newly discovered strains further supports the evidence that sequence types are associated with the emergence of X. fastidiosa in Europe, posing major challenges for predicting the main threatened European and Mediterranean crops and plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giusy D'Attoma
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Zicca
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Raied Abou Kubaa
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Rizzo
- Regione Toscana, Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale e di Vigilanza e Controllo Agroforestale, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Giampetruzzi A, Velasco-Amo MP, Marco-Noales E, Montes-Borrego M, Román-Écija M, Navarro I, Monterde A, Barbé S, Almeida RPP, Saldarelli P, Saponari M, Montilon V, Savino VN, Boscia D, Landa BB. Draft Genome Resources of Two Strains ("ESVL" and "IVIA5901") of Xylella fastidiosa Associated with Almond Leaf Scorch Disease in Alicante, Spain. Phytopathology 2019; 109:219-221. [PMID: 30592693 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-18-0328-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex sequence type ST6 was discovered in 2017 in mainland Spain affecting almond trees. Two cultured almond strains, "ESVL" and "IVIA5901," were subjected to high throughput sequencing and the draft genomes assembled. Phylogenetic analysis conclusively indicated they belong to the subspecies multiplex, and pairwise comparisons of the chromosomal genomes showed an average nucleotide identity higher than 99%. Interestingly, the two strains differ for the presence of the plasmids pXF64-Hb_ESVL and pUCLA-ESVL detected only in the ESVL strain. The availability of these draft genomes contribute to extend the European genomic sequence dataset, a first step toward setting new research to elucidate the pathway of introduction and spread of the numerous strains of this subspecies so far detected in Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - María Pilar Velasco-Amo
- 2 Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ester Marco-Noales
- 3 Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Miguel Montes-Borrego
- 2 Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miguel Román-Écija
- 2 Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Navarro
- 3 Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Adela Monterde
- 3 Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Silvia Barbé
- 3 Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- 4 Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley 94720; and
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- 5 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- 5 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Montilon
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Nicola Savino
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- 5 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Blanca B Landa
- 2 Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
A dramatic outbreak of Xylella fastidiosa decimating olive was discovered in 2013 in Apulia, Southern Italy. This pathogen is a quarantine bacterium in the European Union (EU) and created unprecedented turmoil for the local economy and posed critical challenges for its management. With the new emerging threat to susceptible crops in the EU, efforts were devoted to gain basic knowledge on the pathogen biology, host, and environmental interactions (e.g., bacterial strain(s) and pathogenicity, hosts, vector(s), and fundamental drivers of its epidemics) in order to find means to control or mitigate the impacts of the infections. Field surveys, greenhouse tests, and laboratory analyses proved that a single bacterial introduction occurred in the area, with a single genotype, belonging to the subspecies pauca, associated with the epidemic. Infections caused by isolates of this genotype turned to be extremely aggressive on the local olive cultivars, causing a new disease termed olive quick decline syndrome. Due to the initial extension of the foci and the rapid spread of the infections, eradication measures (i.e., pathogen elimination from the area) were soon replaced by containment measures including intense border surveys of the contaminated area, removal of infected trees, and mandatory vector control. However, implementation of containment measures encountered serious difficulties, including public reluctance to accept control measures, poor stakeholder cooperation, misinformation from some media outlets, and lack of robust responses by some governmental authorities. This scenario delayed and limited containment efforts and allowed the bacterium to continue its rapid dissemination over more areas in the region, as shown by the continuous expansion of the official borders of the infected area. At the research level, the European Commission and regional authorities are now supporting several programs aimed to find effective methods to mitigate and contain the impact of X. fastidiosa on olives, the predominant host affected in this epidemic. Preliminary evidence of the presence of resistance in some olive cultivars represents a promising approach currently under investigation for long-term management strategies. The present review describes the current status of the epidemic and major research achievements since 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Saponari
- First, fourth, and fifth author: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; and second and third author: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | - A Giampetruzzi
- First, fourth, and fifth author: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; and second and third author: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | - G Loconsole
- First, fourth, and fifth author: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; and second and third author: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | - D Boscia
- First, fourth, and fifth author: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; and second and third author: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | - P Saldarelli
- First, fourth, and fifth author: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; and second and third author: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Navarro B, Zicca S, Minutolo M, Saponari M, Alioto D, Di Serio F. A Negative-Stranded RNA Virus Infecting Citrus Trees: The Second Member of a New Genus Within the Order Bunyavirales. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2340. [PMID: 30333811 PMCID: PMC6176071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new RNA virus has been identified from a sweet orange tree in southern Italy. This virus, tentatively named citrus virus A (CiVA), has a bipartite genome composed of (i) a negative-stranded (ns) RNA1, encoding the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and (ii) an ambisense RNA2, coding for the putative movement protein (MP) and nucleocapsid protein (NP), with the two open reading frames separated by a long AU-rich intergenic region (IR) adopting a hairpin conformation. CiVA genomic RNAs and the encoded proteins resemble those of the recently discovered citrus concave gum-associated virus (CCGaV). This CCGaV, a nsRNA virus associated with the ancient citrus concave gum disease, has been proposed as the representative member of a new genus tentatively named Coguvirus. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses presented here support the classification of CiVA, and likely of other two recently described nsRNA viruses infecting plants, in this new genus. By showing that the evolutionary origin of the MP of all the putative coguviruses likely differs from that of their respective RdRp and NP, this study also provides evidence of a likely modular genome evolution for these viruses. Moreover, phylogenetic data support the proposal that, during the evolutionary history of nsRNA viruses, the plant-infecting viruses most likely emerged from an invertebrate-infecting ancestor several times as independent events. CiVA was identified in a field sweet orange tree not showing any obvious symptom and was graft-transmitted to sweet orange, grapefruit, rough lemon and Dweet tangor indicator plants that did not developed symptoms. The capacity of infecting citrus hosts of several species was also confirmed by a preliminary survey that identified orange, mandarin, clementine and lemon trees as natural hosts of CiVA in several fields of southern Italy, again without any obvious association with specific symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Navarro
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Zicca
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Alioto
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Serio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jeger M, Caffier D, Candresse T, Chatzivassiliou E, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Grégoire JC, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navajas Navarro M, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Rossi V, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, Van der Werf W, West J, Winter S, Almeida R, Bosco D, Jacques MA, Landa B, Purcell A, Saponari M, Czwienczek E, Delbianco A, Stancanelli G, Bragard C. Updated pest categorisation of Xylella fastidiosa. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05357. [PMID: 32625990 PMCID: PMC7009507 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel updated its pest categorisation of Xylella fastidiosa, previously delivered as part of the pest risk assessment published in 2015. X. fastidiosa is a Gram‐negative bacterium, responsible for various plant diseases, including Pierce's disease, phony peach disease, citrus variegated chlorosis, olive quick decline syndrome, almond leaf scorch and various other leaf scorch diseases. The pathogen is endemic in the Americas and is present in Iran. In the EU, it is reported in southern Apulia in Italy, on the island of Corsica and in the Provence‐Alpes‐Côte d'Azur region in France, as well as in the Autonomous region of Madrid, the province of Alicante and the Balearic Islands in Spain. The reported status is ‘transient, under eradication’, except for the Balearic Islands, Corsica and southern of Apulia, where the status is ‘present with a restricted distribution, under containment’. The pathogen is regulated under Council Directive 2000/29/EC and through emergency measures under http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32015D0789 (as amended http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32017D2352). The pest could enter the EU via host plants for planting and via infectious insect vectors. The host range includes hundreds of host species listed in the EFSA host plant database. In the EU, host plants are widely distributed and climatic conditions are favourable for its establishment. X. fastidiosa can spread by movement of host plants for planting and infectious insect vectors. X. fastidiosa is known to cause severe direct damage to major crops including almonds, citrus, grapevines, olives, stone fruits and also forest trees, landscape and ornamental trees, with high impacts. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential Union quarantine pest are met (the pathogen is present in the EU, but it has a restricted distribution and is under official control). X. fastidiosa is not considered as a regulated non‐quarantine pest (RNQP) as the pathogen may spread also via insect vector transmission.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zarco-Tejada PJ, Camino C, Beck PSA, Calderon R, Hornero A, Hernández-Clemente R, Kattenborn T, Montes-Borrego M, Susca L, Morelli M, Gonzalez-Dugo V, North PRJ, Landa BB, Boscia D, Saponari M, Navas-Cortes JA. Previsual symptoms of Xylella fastidiosa infection revealed in spectral plant-trait alterations. Nat Plants 2018; 4:432-439. [PMID: 29942047 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause significant losses to agricultural yields and increasingly threaten food security1, ecosystem integrity and societies in general2-5. Xylella fastidiosa is one of the most dangerous plant bacteria worldwide, causing several diseases with profound impacts on agriculture and the environment6. Primarily occurring in the Americas, its recent discovery in Asia and Europe demonstrates that X. fastidiosa's geographic range has broadened considerably, positioning it as a reemerging global threat that has caused socioeconomic and cultural damage7,8. X. fastidiosa can infect more than 350 plant species worldwide9, and early detection is critical for its eradication8. In this article, we show that changes in plant functional traits retrieved from airborne imaging spectroscopy and thermography can reveal X. fastidiosa infection in olive trees before symptoms are visible. We obtained accuracies of disease detection, confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, exceeding 80% when high-resolution fluorescence quantified by three-dimensional simulations and thermal stress indicators were coupled with photosynthetic traits sensitive to rapid pigment dynamics and degradation. Moreover, we found that the visually asymptomatic trees originally scored as affected by spectral plant-trait alterations, developed X. fastidiosa symptoms at almost double the rate of the asymptomatic trees classified as not affected by remote sensing. We demonstrate that spectral plant-trait alterations caused by X. fastidiosa infection are detectable previsually at the landscape scale, a critical requirement to help eradicate some of the most devastating plant diseases worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Zarco-Tejada
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate D-Sustainable Resources, Ispra, Italy.
| | - C Camino
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - P S A Beck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate D-Sustainable Resources, Ispra, Italy
| | - R Calderon
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Hornero
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - T Kattenborn
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Montes-Borrego
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - L Susca
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti dell'Università di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - M Morelli
- CNR, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
| | - V Gonzalez-Dugo
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - P R J North
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - B B Landa
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - D Boscia
- CNR, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
| | - M Saponari
- CNR, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, Italy
| | - J A Navas-Cortes
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dongiovanni C, Altamura G, Di Carolo M, Fumarola G, Saponari M, Cavalieri V. Evaluation of Efficacy of Different Insecticides Against Philaenus spumarius L., Vector of Xylella fastidiosa in Olive Orchards in Southern Italy, 2015–17. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/amt/tsy034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Crescenza Dongiovanni
- Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, Via Cisternino, Locorotondo (Bari), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Altamura
- CNR – Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, Via Amendola, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Di Carolo
- Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, Via Cisternino, Locorotondo (Bari), Italy
| | - Giulio Fumarola
- Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, Via Cisternino, Locorotondo (Bari), Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- CNR – Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, Via Amendola, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- CNR – Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, Via Amendola, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Yokomi R, Selvaraj V, Maheshwari Y, Chiumenti M, Saponari M, Giampetruzzi A, Weng Z, Xiong Z, Hajeri S. Molecular and biological characterization of a novel mild strain of citrus tristeza virus in California. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1795-1804. [PMID: 29550931 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Strain differentiating marker profiles of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates from California have shown the presence of multiple genotypes. To better define the genetic diversity involved, full-length genome sequences from four California CTV isolates were determined by small-interfering RNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide sequence comparisons differentiated these isolates into the genotypes VT (CA-VT-AT39), T30 (CA-T30-AT4), and a new strain called S1 (CA-S1-L and CA-S1-L65). S1 isolates had three common recombination events within portions of genes from VT, T36 and RB strains and were transmissible by Aphis gossypii. Virus indexing showed that CA-VT-AT39 could be classified as a severe strain, whereas CA-T30-AT4, CA-S1-L and CA-S1-L65 were mild. CA-VT-AT39, CA-S1-L, and CA-S1-L65 reacted with monoclonal antibody MCA13, whereas CA-T30-AT4 did not. RT-PCR and RT-qPCR detection assays for the S1 strain were developed and used to screen MCA13-reactive isolates in a CTV collection from central California collected from 1968 to 2011. Forty-two isolates were found to contain the S1 strain, alone or in combinations with other genotypes. BLAST and phylogenetic analysis of the S1 p25 gene region with other extant CTV sequences from the NCBI database suggested that putative S1-like isolates might occur elsewhere (e.g., China, South Korea, Turkey, Bosnia and Croatia). This information is important for CTV evolution, detection of specific strains, and cross-protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Yokomi
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA, 93648-9757, USA.
| | - Vijayanandraj Selvaraj
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA, 93648-9757, USA
| | - Yogita Maheshwari
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA, 93648-9757, USA
| | - Michela Chiumenti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Italian National Research Council, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Italian National Research Council, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Department of Soil Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Ziming Weng
- School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-7186, USA
| | - Zhongguo Xiong
- School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-7186, USA
| | - Subhas Hajeri
- Citrus Pest Detection Program, Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, 22847 Road 140, Tulare, CA, 93274-9367, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Saponari M, Boscia D, Altamura G, Loconsole G, Zicca S, D'Attoma G, Morelli M, Palmisano F, Saponari A, Tavano D, Savino VN, Dongiovanni C, Martelli GP. Isolation and pathogenicity of Xylella fastidiosa associated to the olive quick decline syndrome in southern Italy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17723. [PMID: 29255232 PMCID: PMC5735170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In autumn 2013, the presence of Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-limited Gram-negative bacterium, was detected in olive stands of an area of the Ionian coast of the Salento peninsula (Apulia, southern Italy), that were severely affected by a disease denoted olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS). Studies were carried out for determining the involvement of this bacterium in the genesis of OQDS and of the leaf scorching shown by a number of naturally infected plants other than olive. Isolation in axenic culture was attempted and assays were carried out for determining its pathogenicity to olive, oleander and myrtle-leaf milkwort. The bacterium was readily detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in all diseased olive trees sampled in different and geographically separated infection foci, and culturing of 51 isolates, each from a distinct OQDS focus, was accomplished. Needle-inoculation experiments under different environmental conditions proved that the Salentinian isolate De Donno belonging to the subspecies pauca is able to multiply and systemically invade artificially inoculated hosts, reproducing symptoms observed in the field. Bacterial colonization occurred in prick-inoculated olives of all tested cultivars. However, the severity of and timing of symptoms appearance differed with the cultivar, confirming their differential reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Saponari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (CNR-IPSP), Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - D Boscia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (CNR-IPSP), Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - G Altamura
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (CNR-IPSP), Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - G Loconsole
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Pianta, del Suolo e degli Alimenti (DiSSPA), 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - S Zicca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (CNR-IPSP), Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - G D'Attoma
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (CNR-IPSP), Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Pianta, del Suolo e degli Alimenti (DiSSPA), 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - M Morelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (CNR-IPSP), Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - F Palmisano
- Centro di Ricerca, Formazione e Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (CRSFA) "Basile Caramia", 70010, Locorotondo (Bari), Italy
| | - A Saponari
- Centro di Ricerca, Formazione e Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (CRSFA) "Basile Caramia", 70010, Locorotondo (Bari), Italy
| | - D Tavano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (CNR-IPSP), Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - V N Savino
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Pianta, del Suolo e degli Alimenti (DiSSPA), 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - C Dongiovanni
- Centro di Ricerca, Formazione e Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (CRSFA) "Basile Caramia", 70010, Locorotondo (Bari), Italy
| | - G P Martelli
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Pianta, del Suolo e degli Alimenti (DiSSPA), 70126, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Giampetruzzi A, Saponari M, Loconsole G, Boscia D, Savino VN, Almeida RPP, Zicca S, Landa BB, Chacón-Diaz C, Saldarelli P. Genome-Wide Analysis Provides Evidence on the Genetic Relatedness of the Emergent Xylella fastidiosa Genotype in Italy to Isolates from Central America. Phytopathology 2017; 107:816-827. [PMID: 28414633 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-16-0420-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a plant-pathogenic bacterium recently introduced in Europe that is causing decline in olive trees in the South of Italy. Genetic studies have consistently shown that the bacterial genotype recovered from infected olive trees belongs to the sequence type ST53 within subspecies pauca. This genotype, ST53, has also been reported to occur in Costa Rica. The ancestry of ST53 was recently clarified, showing it contains alleles that are monophyletic with those of subsp. pauca in South America. To more robustly determine the phylogenetic placement of ST53 within X. fastidiosa, we performed a comparative analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the study of the pan-genome of the 27 currently public available whole genome sequences of X. fastidiosa. The resulting maximum-parsimony and maximum likelihood trees constructed using the SNPs and the pan-genome analysis are consistent with previously described X. fastidiosa taxonomy, distinguishing the subsp. fastidiosa, multiplex, pauca, sandyi, and morus. Within the subsp. pauca, the Italian and three Costa Rican isolates, all belonging to ST53, formed a compact phylotype in a clade divergent from the South American pauca isolates, also distinct from the recently described coffee isolate CFBP8072 imported into Europe from Ecuador. These findings were also supported by the gene characterization of a conjugative plasmid shared by all the four ST53 isolates. Furthermore, isolates of the ST53 clade possess an exclusive locus encoding a putative ATP-binding protein belonging to the family of histidine kinase-like ATPase gene, which is not present in isolates from the subspecies multiplex, sandyi, and pauca, but was detected in ST21 isolates of the subspecies fastidiosa from Costa Rica. The clustering and distinctiveness of the ST53 isolates supports the hypothesis of their common origin, and the limited genetic diversity among these isolates suggests this is an emerging clade within subsp. pauca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Maria Saponari
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Giuliana Loconsole
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Donato Boscia
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Vito Nicola Savino
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Stefania Zicca
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Blanca B Landa
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Chacón-Diaz
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- First, third, and fifth authors: Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy; second, fourth, seventh, and tenth authors: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy; sixth author: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114; eighth author: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; and ninth author: Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yokomi RK, Selvaraj V, Maheshwari Y, Saponari M, Giampetruzzi A, Chiumenti M, Hajeri S. Identification and Characterization of Citrus tristeza virus Isolates Breaking Resistance in Trifoliate Orange in California. Phytopathology 2017; 107:901-908. [PMID: 28453412 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-17-0007-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates in California are biologically mild and symptomless in commercial cultivars on CTV tolerant rootstocks. However, to better define California CTV isolates showing divergent serological and genetic profiles, selected isolates were subjected to deep sequencing of small RNAs. Full-length sequences were assembled, annotated and trifoliate orange resistance-breaking (RB) isolates of CTV were identified. Phylogenetic relationships based on their full genomes placed three isolates in the RB clade: CA-RB-115, CA-RB-AT25, and CA-RB-AT35. The latter two isolates were obtained by aphid transmission from Murcott and Dekopon trees, respectively, containing CTV mixtures. The California RB isolates were further distinguished into two subclades. Group I included CA-RB-115 and CA-RB-AT25 with 99% nucleotide sequence identity with RB type strain NZRB-G90; and group II included CA-RB-AT35 with 99 and 96% sequence identity with Taiwan Pumelo/SP/T1 and HA18-9, respectively. The RB phenotype was confirmed by detecting CTV replication in graft-inoculated Poncirus trifoliata and transmission from P. trifoliata to sweet orange. The California RB isolates induced mild symptoms compared with severe isolates in greenhouse indexing tests. Further examination of 570 CTV accessions, acquired from approximately 1960 and maintained in planta at the Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, revealed 16 RB positive isolates based on partial p65 sequences. Six isolates collected from 1992 to 2011 from Tulare and Kern counties were CA-RB-115-like; and 10 isolates collected from 1968 to 2010 from Riverside, Fresno, and Kern counties were CA-RB-AT35-like. The presence of the RB genotype is relevant because P. trifoliata and its hybrids are the most popular rootstocks in California.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond K Yokomi
- First, second, and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757; fourth and sixth authors: Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; fifth author: Department of Soil Plant and Food Science, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; and seventh author: Citrus Pest Detection Program, Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, 22847 Road 140, Tulare, CA 93274-9367
| | - Vijayanandraj Selvaraj
- First, second, and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757; fourth and sixth authors: Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; fifth author: Department of Soil Plant and Food Science, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; and seventh author: Citrus Pest Detection Program, Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, 22847 Road 140, Tulare, CA 93274-9367
| | - Yogita Maheshwari
- First, second, and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757; fourth and sixth authors: Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; fifth author: Department of Soil Plant and Food Science, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; and seventh author: Citrus Pest Detection Program, Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, 22847 Road 140, Tulare, CA 93274-9367
| | - Maria Saponari
- First, second, and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757; fourth and sixth authors: Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; fifth author: Department of Soil Plant and Food Science, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; and seventh author: Citrus Pest Detection Program, Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, 22847 Road 140, Tulare, CA 93274-9367
| | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- First, second, and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757; fourth and sixth authors: Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; fifth author: Department of Soil Plant and Food Science, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; and seventh author: Citrus Pest Detection Program, Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, 22847 Road 140, Tulare, CA 93274-9367
| | - Michela Chiumenti
- First, second, and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757; fourth and sixth authors: Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; fifth author: Department of Soil Plant and Food Science, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; and seventh author: Citrus Pest Detection Program, Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, 22847 Road 140, Tulare, CA 93274-9367
| | - Subhas Hajeri
- First, second, and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757; fourth and sixth authors: Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; fifth author: Department of Soil Plant and Food Science, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; and seventh author: Citrus Pest Detection Program, Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, 22847 Road 140, Tulare, CA 93274-9367
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cornara D, Saponari M, Zeilinger AR, de Stradis A, Boscia D, Loconsole G, Bosco D, Martelli GP, Almeida RPP, Porcelli F. Spittlebugs as vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in olive orchards in Italy. J Pest Sci (2004) 2016; 90:521-530. [PMID: 28275326 PMCID: PMC5320020 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-016-0793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent introduction of Xylella fastidiosa in Europe and its involvement in the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS) in Apulia (Salento, Lecce district, South Italy) led us to investigate the biology and transmission ability of the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius, which was recently demonstrated to transmit X. fastidiosa to periwinkle plants. Four xylem-sap-feeding insect species were found within and bordering olive orchards across Salento during a survey carried out from October 2013 to December 2014: P. spumarius was the most abundant species on non-olive vegetation in olive orchards as well as on olive foliage and was the only species that consistently tested positive for the presence of X. fastidiosa using real-time PCR. P. spumarius, whose nymphs develop within spittle on weeds during the spring, are likely to move from weeds beneath olive trees to olive canopy during the dry period (May to October 2014). The first X. fastidiosa-infective P. spumarius were collected in May from olive canopy: all the individuals previously collected on weeds tested negative for the bacterium. Experiments demonstrated that P. spumarius transmitted X. fastidiosa from infected to uninfected olive plants. Moreover, P. spumarius acquired X. fastidiosa from several host plant species in the field, with the highest acquisition rate from olive, polygala and acacia. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed bacterial cells resembling X. fastidiosa in the foreguts of adult P. spumarius. The data presented here are essential to plan an effective IPM strategy and limit further spread of the fastidious bacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cornara
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Adam R. Zeilinger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Angelo de Stradis
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Giuliana Loconsole
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giovanni P. Martelli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rodrigo P. P. Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Francesco Porcelli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Giampetruzzi A, Morelli M, Saponari M, Loconsole G, Chiumenti M, Boscia D, Savino VN, Martelli GP, Saldarelli P. Transcriptome profiling of two olive cultivars in response to infection by the CoDiRO strain of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:475. [PMID: 27350531 PMCID: PMC4924284 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp) outbreak in olive (Olea europaea) groves in southern Italy is causing a destructive disease denoted Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS). Field observations disclosed that Xfp-infected plants of cv. Leccino show much milder symptoms, than the more widely grown and highly susceptible cv. Ogliarola salentina. To determine whether these field observations underlie a tolerant condition of cv. Leccino, which could be exploited for lessening the economic impact of the disease on the local olive industry, transcriptional changes occurring in plants of the two cultivars affected by Xfp were investigated. RESULTS A global quantitative transcriptome profiling comparing susceptible (Ogliarola salentina) and tolerant (Leccino) olive cultivars, infected or not by Xfp, was done on messenger RNA (mRNAs) extracted from xylem tissues. The study revealed that 659 and 447 genes were differentially regulated in cvs Leccino and Ogliarola upon Xfp infection, respectively, whereas 512 genes were altered when the transcriptome of both infected cultivars was compared. Analysis of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shows that the presence of Xfp is perceived by the plants of both cultivars, in which it triggers a differential response strongly involving the cell wall. Up-regulation of genes encoding receptor-like kinases (RLK) and receptor-like proteins (RLP) is the predominant response of cv. Leccino, which is missing in cv. Ogliarola salentina. Moreover, both cultivars react with a strong re-modelling of cell wall proteins. These data suggest that Xfp elicits a different transcriptome response in the two cultivars, which determines a lower pathogen concentration in cv. Leccino and indicates that this cultivar may harbor genetic constituents and/or regulatory elements which counteract Xfp infection. CONCLUSIONS Collectively these findings suggest that cv. Leccino is endowed with an intrinsic tolerance to Xfp, which makes it eligible for further studies aiming at investigating molecular basis and pathways modulating its different defense response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- />Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Morelli
- />Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- />Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuliana Loconsole
- />Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | - Michela Chiumenti
- />Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- />Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito N. Savino
- />Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni P. Martelli
- />Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- />Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, via Amendola 122/D, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Saponari M, Boscia D, Altamura G, D'Attoma G, Cavalieri V, Zicca S, Morelli M, Tavano D, Loconsole G, Susca L, Potere O, Savino V, Martelli GP, Palmisano F, Dongiovanni C, Saponari A, Fumarola G, Carolo MD. Pilot project on Xylella fastidiosa to reduce risk assessment uncertainties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Saponari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Unità Organizzativa di Bari (Italy)
| | - Donato Boscia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Unità Organizzativa di Bari (Italy)
| | - Giuseppe Altamura
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Unità Organizzativa di Bari (Italy)
| | - Giusy D'Attoma
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Unità Organizzativa di Bari (Italy)
| | | | - Stefania Zicca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Unità Organizzativa di Bari (Italy)
| | | | - Danilo Tavano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Unità Organizzativa di Bari (Italy)
| | | | | | | | - Vito Savino
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro (Italy)
| | | | - Francesco Palmisano
- Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura ‐ Basile Caramia Italy
| | - Crescenza Dongiovanni
- Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura ‐ Basile Caramia Italy
| | - Antonia Saponari
- Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura ‐ Basile Caramia Italy
| | - Giulio Fumarola
- Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura ‐ Basile Caramia Italy
| | - Michele Di Carolo
- Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura ‐ Basile Caramia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sadeghi MS, Afsharifar A, Izadpanah K, Loconsole G, De Stradis A, Martelli GP, Saponari M. Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Novel Cytorhabdovirus from Citrus Trees Showing Foliar Symptoms in Iran. Plant Dis 2016; 100:66-71. [PMID: 30688578 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-15-0136-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Citrus ringspot is a graft-transmissible disease, and at least two taxonomically distinct viral species are associated with this syndrome: Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) and Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV). Neither of these two viruses was detected, however, by serological or molecular assays in symptomatic tissues from citrus trees in southern Iran, where the ringspot syndrome is widespread. By contrast, electron microscopy and molecular assays revealed the presence of a rhabdovirus-like virus, which was graft transmitted to several citrus species and mechanically to herbaceous hosts. Virus particles were bacilliform and resembled rhabdovirus nucleocapsids deprived of the lipoprotein envelope. Partial sequences of the viral nucleoprotein and RNA polymerase genes showed a distant genetic relatedness with cytorhabdoviruses. This virus appears to be a novel species, for which the name Iranian citrus ringspot-associated virus (IrCRSaV) is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Afsharifar
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Giuliana Loconsole
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, UOS Bari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo De Stradis
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, UOS Bari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni P Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, UOS Bari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Giampetruzzi A, Loconsole G, Boscia D, Calzolari A, Chiumenti M, Martelli GP, Saldarelli P, Almeida RPP, Saponari M. Draft Genome Sequence of CO33, a Coffee-Infecting Isolate of Xylella fastidiosa. Genome Announc 2015; 3:e01472-15. [PMID: 26679584 PMCID: PMC4683229 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01472-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The draft genome sequence of Xylella fastidiosa CO33 isolate, retrieved from symptomatic leaves of coffee plant intercepted in northern Italy, is reported. The CO33 genome size is 2,681,926 bp with a GC content of 51.7%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuliana Loconsole
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | | | - Michela Chiumenti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni P Martelli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Giampetruzzi A, Chiumenti M, Saponari M, Donvito G, Italiano A, Loconsole G, Boscia D, Cariddi C, Martelli GP, Saldarelli P. Draft Genome Sequence of the Xylella fastidiosa CoDiRO Strain. Genome Announc 2015; 3:e01538-14. [PMID: 25676759 PMCID: PMC4333659 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01538-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We determined the draft genome sequence of the Xylella fastidiosa CoDiRO strain, which has been isolated from olive plants in southern Italy (Apulia). It is associated with olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) and characterized by extensive scorching and desiccation of leaves and twigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Michela Chiumenti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Giacinto Donvito
- Department of Physics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giuliana Loconsole
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Corrado Cariddi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Saponari M, Loconsole G, Cornara D, Yokomi RK, De Stradis A, Boscia D, Bosco D, Martelli GP, Krugner R, Porcelli F. Infectivity and transmission of Xylellua fastidiosa by Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) in Apulia, Italy. J Econ Entomol 2014; 107:1316-9. [PMID: 25195417 DOI: 10.1603/ec14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of Xylella fastidiosa from olive trees with "Olive quick decline syndrome" in October 2013 on the west coast of the Salento Peninsula prompted an immediate search for insect vectors of the bacterium. The dominant xylem-fluid feeding hemipteran collected in olive orchards during a 3-mo survey was the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae). Adult P. spumarius, collected in November 2013 from ground vegetation in X. fastidiosa-infected olive orchards, were 67% (40 out of 60) positive for X. fastidiosa by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Euscelis lineolatus Brullé were also collected but tested negative for the pathogen. Transmission tests with P. spumarius collected from the Salento area were, therefore, conducted. After a 96-h inoculation access period with 8 to 10 insects per plant and a 30-d incubation period, PCR results showed P. spumarius transmitted X. fastidiosa to two of five periwinkle plants but not to the seven olive plants. Sequences of PCR products from infected periwinkle were identical with those from X. fastidiosa-infected field trees. These data showed P. spumarius as a vector of X. fastidiosa strain infecting olives trees in the Salento Peninsula, Italy.
Collapse
|
44
|
Loconsole G, Onelge N, Potere O, Giampetruzzi A, Bozan O, Satar S, De Stradis A, Savino V, Yokomi RK, Saponari M. Identification and characterization of citrus yellow vein clearing virus, a putative new member of the genus Mandarivirus. Phytopathology 2012; 102:1168-75. [PMID: 22913410 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-12-0140-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular features and genomic organization were determined for Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV), the putative viral causal agent of yellow vein clearing disease of lemon trees, reported in Pakistan, India, and more recently in Turkey and China. CYVCV isolate Y1 from Adana, Turkey, was used for deep sequencing analysis of the virus-induced small RNA fractions and for mechanical and graft inoculation of herbaceous and citrus indicator plants. A polyclonal antiserum was developed from CYVCV-Y1 purified from Phaseolus vulgaris and used in western blot assays to characterize the coat protein of CYVCV-Y1 and determine its serological relationship with related viruses. Contigs assembled from the Illumina sequenced short reads were used to construct the whole genome of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV), consisting in a positive-sense RNA of 7,529 nucleotides and containing six predicted open reading frames. The CYVCV genome organization and size resembled that of flexiviruses, and search for sequence homologies revealed that Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV) (Mandarivirus, Alphaflexiviridae) is the most closely related virus. However, CYVCV had an overall nucleotide sequence identity of ≈74% with ICRSV. Although the two viruses were similar with regard to genome organization, viral particles, and herbaceous host range, CYVCV caused different symptoms in citrus and was serologically distinct from ICRSV. Primer pairs were designed and used to detect the virus by conventional and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on yellow vein clearing symptomatic field trees as well as graft- and mechanically inoculated host plants. Collectively, these data suggest that CYVCV is the causal agent of yellow vein clearing disease and represents a new species in the genus Mandarivirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Loconsole
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Della Pianta e Alimenti, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yokomi RK, Saponari M, Sieburth PJ. Rapid differentiation and identification of potential severe strains of Citrus tristeza virus by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. Phytopathology 2010; 100:319-327. [PMID: 20205535 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-100-4-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A multiplex Taqman-based real-time reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to identify potential severe strains of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and separate genotypes that react with the monoclonal antibody MCA13. Three strain-specific probes were developed using intergene sequences between the major and minor coat protein genes (CPi) in a multiplex reaction. Probe CPi-VT3 was designed for VT and T3 genotypes; probe CPi-T36 for T36 genotypes; and probe CPi-T36-NS to identify isolates in an outgroup clade of T36-like genotypes mild in California. Total nucleic acids extracted by chromatography on silica particles, sodium dodecyl sulfate-potassium acetate, and CTV virion immunocapture all yielded high quality templates for real-time PCR detection of CTV. These assays successfully differentiated CTV isolates from California, Florida, and a large panel of CTV isolates from an international collection maintained in Beltsville, MD. The utility of the assay was validated using field isolates collected in California and Florida.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Yokomi
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Saponari M, De Bac G, Breithaupt J, Loconsole G, Yokomi RK, Catalano L. First Report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Associated with Huanglongbing in Sweet Orange in Ethiopia. Plant Dis 2010; 94:482. [PMID: 30754508 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-94-4-0482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a serious disease of citrus worldwide. Three different 'Candidatus Liberibacter' species are associated with HLB: 'Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus', 'Ca. L. africanus', and 'Ca. L. americanus' (1). 'Ca. L. africanus' and its vector, Trioza erytreae, are both heat sensitive, and when present, occur in citrus when temperatures remain below 30 to 32°C. In Africa, 'Ca. L. africanus' and T. erytreae have been reported in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Burundi, Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia, Cameroon, and Madagascar (1). Inspection of citrus trees in orchards and budwood sources in nurseries located in the warmer citrus-growing areas of Tigray and North Wollo in northern Ethiopia revealed nearly 100 trees with symptoms of leaf yellowing with a blotchy mottle pattern, dead branches, and decreased fruit quality and yield. Two symptomatic sweet orange budwood trees and three symptomatic orchard plants were sampled in April 2009, along with three healthy-looking sweet orange plants. DNA was extracted from 200 mg of desiccated leaf midribs using the CTAB method (4) and subjected to conventional PCR using the primer pairs A2/J5 (2) and OI2/23S1 (3) that amplify the ribosomal protein gene in the rplKAJL-rpoBC operon and the 16S/23S ribosomal intergenic regions, respectively, of 'Ca. L. africanus' and 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. Positive PCR reactions were obtained for all five symptomatic samples with both primer pairs. PCR amplicons of 703 bp (A2/J5) and 892 bp (OI2/23S) recovered from two of these samples were purified, cloned, and sequenced. BLAST analysis revealed that the nucleotide sequences we obtained for the ribosomal protein (GenBank Accessions Nos. GQ890155 and GQ890156) shared 100% identity with each other and 99% identity with sequences of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' from Brazil (DQ471904), Indonesia (AB480161), China (DQ157277), and Florida (CP001677). Similarly, the 16S/23S ribosomal intergenic sequences (GU296538 and GU296539) shared 100% identity with each other and 99% identity with homologous 'Ca. L. asiaticus' sequences from Brazil (DQ471903), Indonesia (AB480102), China (DQ778016), and Florida (CP001677) and contained two tRNA genes as occurs in 'Ca. L. asiaticus' but not in 'Ca. L. africanus' (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' in Africa. The presence of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' is a threat for warmer citrus-growing areas of Africa that are less favorable for 'Ca. L. africanus' and T. erytreae. In areas where 'Ca. L. asiaticus' was confirmed, symptomatic trees must be promptly eradicated and surveys to determine spread of the disease and its vectors are necessary. References: (1) J. M. Bove. J. Plant Pathol. 88:7, 2006. (2) A. Hocquellet et al. Mol. Cell. Probes 13:373, 1999. (3) S. Jagoueix et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47:224, 1997. (4) M. G. Murray and W. F Thompson. Nucleic Acids Res. 8:4321, 1980.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Saponari
- Institute of Plant Virology, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - G De Bac
- FAO Plant Protection Office, Rome, Italy
| | | | - G Loconsole
- Department of Plant Protection and Applied Microbiology, University of Bari, Italy
| | - R K Yokomi
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Parlier, CA
| | - L Catalano
- Consorzio Vivaistico Pugliese, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yokomi RK, Mello AFS, Saponari M, Fletcher J. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection of Spiroplasma citri Associated with Citrus Stubborn Disease. Plant Dis 2008; 92:253-260. [PMID: 30769379 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-92-2-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection of citrus stubborn disease was improved using primers based on sequences of the P89 putative adhesin gene and the P58 putative adhesin multigene of Spiroplasma citri. Real-time PCR also was developed with detection limits estimated to be between 10-4 and 10-4 ng by serial dilution of a recombinant S. citri plasmid into DNA extracts from healthy Madam Vinous sweet orange. PCR for the detection of S. citri by these new primers was validated by comparing culturing of the pathogen, the traditional method of diagnosis, with PCR assays from samples taken from two citrus plots in Kern County, CA. Fruit columella was collected from 384 and 377 individual trees in each of two fields, respectively; one portion was used for culturing and the other for DNA extraction and PCR. PCR results matched those of culturing 85 to 100% of the time depending on the primers used. More importantly, PCR detected S. citri from culture-negative trees in 5 to 15% of the cases, suggesting that PCR performed as well or better than culturing for detection of S. citri in field samples. Real-time PCR proved to be the best method for detection. Differential reaction of the samples to the P58 primer pairs suggested that two populations of S. citri occur in historical and present-day field isolates. Citrus stubborn disease incidence was estimated to be 58.3 and 3.7% in the two orchards. The results presented here support the use of PCR for reliable detection of S. citri in field trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond K Yokomi
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Alexandre F S Mello
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Parlier, CA 93648
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Saponari M, Manjunath K, Yokomi RK. Quantitative detection of Citrus tristeza virus in citrus and aphids by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (TaqMan®). J Virol Methods 2008; 147:43-53. [PMID: 17888522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative and multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay was developed to detect Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) along with plant mRNA, which serves as an internal control to ascertain RNA extraction quality. The real-time technique was validated against 39 CTV strains from around the world as well as with the aphid vector, Aphis gossypii, given a 48 h acquisition access period on a CTV source plant. The assay was effective for quantitation of the viral template in infected plants and in single aphids. CTV detection was compared from different plant tissues and for different RNA isolation methods from aphids. Less than 1 fg was consistently detected when RNA transcripts were diluted in extracts from healthy plants while RNA copies carried by single aphids were estimated to be between 12,000 and 13,000,000. The assay was more sensitive and less time consuming than ELISA or traditional RT-PCR. The real-time RT-PCR assay developed is a valuable new tool for detection and titer quantitation of CTV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Saponari
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 9611 S. Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Al Abdullah A, El Beaino T, Saponari M, Hallak H, Digiaro M. Preliminary evaluation of the status of olive-infecting viruses in Syria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.2005.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
50
|
Fadel C, Digiaro M, Choueiri E, El Beaino T, Saponari M, Savino V, Martelli GP. On the presence and distribution of olive viruses in Lebanon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.2005.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|