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Ahmed E, Musio B, Todisco S, Mastrorilli P, Gallo V, Saponari M, Nigro F, Gualano S, Santoro F. Non-Targeted Spectranomics for the Early Detection of Xylella fastidiosa Infection in Asymptomatic Olive Trees, cv. Cellina di Nardò. Molecules 2023; 28:7512. [PMID: 38005234 PMCID: PMC10672767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) is a disease that has been seriously affecting olive trees in southern Italy since around 2009. During the disease, caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca sequence type ST53 (Xf), the flow of water and nutrients within the trees is significantly compromised. Initially, infected trees may not show any symptoms, making early detection challenging. In this study, young artificially infected plants of the susceptible cultivar Cellina di Nardò were grown in a controlled environment and co-inoculated with additional xylem-inhabiting fungi. Asymptomatic leaves of olive plants at an early stage of infection were collected and analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), hyperspectral reflectance (HSR), and chemometrics. The application of a spectranomic approach contributed to shedding light on the relationship between the presence of specific hydrosoluble metabolites and the optical properties of both asymptomatic Xf-infected and non-infected olive leaves. Significant correlations between wavebands located in the range of 530-560 nm and 1380-1470 nm, and the following metabolites were found to be indicative of Xf infection: malic acid, fructose, sucrose, oleuropein derivatives, and formic acid. This information is the key to the development of HSR-based sensors capable of early detection of Xf infections in olive trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhussein Ahmed
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (E.A.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (V.G.)
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari (CIHEAM Bari), Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Biagia Musio
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (E.A.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Stefano Todisco
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (E.A.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (E.A.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (V.G.)
- Innovative Solutions S.r.l.—Spin-Off Company of Polytechnic University of Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015 Noci, Italy
| | - Vito Gallo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (E.A.); (S.T.); (P.M.); (V.G.)
- Innovative Solutions S.r.l.—Spin-Off Company of Polytechnic University of Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015 Noci, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto Per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, I-70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Franco Nigro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Stefania Gualano
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari (CIHEAM Bari), Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Franco Santoro
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari (CIHEAM Bari), Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
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Jlilat A, Ragone R, Gualano S, Santoro F, Gallo V, Varvaro L, Mastrorilli P, Saponari M, Nigro F, D'Onghia AM. A non-targeted metabolomics study on Xylella fastidiosa infected olive plants grown under controlled conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1070. [PMID: 33441842 PMCID: PMC7806896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa has devastated olive trees throughout Apulia region (Southern Italy) in the form of the disease called "Olive Quick Decline Syndrome" (OQDS). This study describes changes in the metabolic profile due to the infection by X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 in artificially inoculated young olive plants of the susceptible variety Cellina di Nardò. The test plants, grown in a thermo-conditioned greenhouse, were also co-inoculated with some xylem-inhabiting fungi known to largely occur in OQDS-affected trees, in order to partially reproduce field conditions in terms of biotic stress. The investigations were performed by combining NMR spectroscopy and MS spectrometry with a non-targeted approach for the analysis of leaf extracts. Statistical analysis revealed that Xylella-infected plants were characterized by higher amounts of malic acid, formic acid, mannitol, and sucrose than in Xylella-non-infected ones, whereas it revealed slightly lower amounts of oleuropein. Attention was paid to mannitol which may play a central role in sustaining the survival of the olive tree against bacterial infection. This study contributes to describe a set of metabolites playing a possible role as markers in the infections by X. fastidiosa in olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmae Jlilat
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Rosa Ragone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Innovative Solutions S.R.L. - Spin Off del Politecnico Di Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015, Noci, BA, Italy
| | - Stefania Gualano
- Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM) of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Franco Santoro
- Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM) of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Vito Gallo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
- Innovative Solutions S.R.L. - Spin Off del Politecnico Di Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015, Noci, BA, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Varvaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Innovative Solutions S.R.L. - Spin Off del Politecnico Di Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015, Noci, BA, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto Per La Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, CNR, SS Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università Degli Studi di Bari ″Aldo Moro″, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Onghia
- Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM) of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
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