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Burbank L, Sisterson MS, Wei W, Ortega B, Luna N, Naegele R. High Growing Season Temperatures Limit Winter Recovery of Grapevines from Xylella fastidiosa Infection - Implications for Epidemiology in Hot Climates. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3858-3867. [PMID: 37278547 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-23-0492-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Management of widespread plant pathogens is challenging as climatic differences among crop-growing regions may alter key aspects of pathogen spread and disease severity. Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterial pathogen that is transmitted by xylem sap-feeding insects. Geographic distribution of X. fastidiosa is limited by winter climate, and vines infected with X. fastidiosa can recover from infection when held at cold temperatures. California has a long history of research on Pierce's disease and significant geographic and climatic diversity among grape-growing regions. This background in combination with experimental disease studies under controlled temperature conditions can inform risk assessment for X. fastidiosa spread and epidemic severity across different regions and under changing climate conditions. California's grape-growing regions have considerable differences in summer and winter climate. In northern and coastal regions, summers are mild and winters are cool, conditions which favor winter recovery of infected vines. In contrast, in inland and southern areas, summers are hot and winters mild, reducing likelihood of winter recovery. Here, winter recovery of three table grape cultivars (Flame, Scarlet Royal, and Thompson Seedless) and three wine grape cultivars (Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Zinfandel) were evaluated under temperature conditions representative of the San Joaquin Valley, an area with hot summers and mild winters that has been severely impacted by Pierce's disease and contains a large portion of California grape production. Mechanically inoculated vines were held in the greenhouse under one of three warming treatments to represent different seasonal inoculation dates prior to being moved into a cold chamber. Winter recovery under all treatments was generally limited but with some cultivar variation. Given hot summer temperatures of many grape-growing regions worldwide, as well as increasing global temperatures overall, winter recovery of grapevines should not be considered a key factor limiting X. fastidiosa spread and epidemic severity in the majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Burbank
- Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Mark S Sisterson
- Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Wei Wei
- Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Brandon Ortega
- Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Nathaniel Luna
- Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Rachel Naegele
- Sugar Beet and Bean Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Giménez-Romero À, Moralejo E, Matías MA. A Compartmental Model for Xylella fastidiosa Diseases with Explicit Vector Seasonal Dynamics. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1686-1696. [PMID: 36774557 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-22-0428-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is mainly transmitted by the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius in Europe, where it has caused significant economic damage to olive and almond trees. Understanding the factors that determine disease dynamics in pathosystems that share similarities can help to design control strategies focused on minimizing transmission chains. Here, we introduce a compartmental model for X. fastidiosa-caused diseases in Europe that accounts for the main relevant epidemiological processes, including the seasonal dynamics of P. spumarius. The model was confronted with epidemiological data from the two major outbreaks of X. fastidiosa in Europe, the olive quick disease syndrome in Apulia, Italy, caused by the subspecies pauca, and the almond leaf scorch disease in Mallorca, Spain, caused by subspecies multiplex and fastidiosa. Using a Bayesian inference framework, we show how the model successfully reproduces the general field data in both diseases. In a global sensitivity analysis, the vector-to-plant and plant-to-vector transmission rates, together with the vector removal rate, were the most influential parameters in determining the time of the infectious host population peak, the incidence peak, and the final number of dead hosts. We also used our model to check different vector-based control strategies, showing that a joint strategy focused on increasing the rate of vector removal while lowering the number of annual newborn vectors is optimal for disease control. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àlex Giménez-Romero
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC, CSIC-UIB), Campus UIB, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Manuel A Matías
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC, CSIC-UIB), Campus UIB, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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3
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Bodino N, Cavalieri V, Dongiovanni C, Saponari M, Bosco D. Bioecological Traits of Spittlebugs and Their Implications for the Epidemiology and Control of the Xylella fastidiosa Epidemic in Apulia (Southern Italy). PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1647-1660. [PMID: 36945728 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-22-0460-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spatial-temporal dynamics of spittlebug populations, together with transmission biology, are of major importance to outline the disease epidemiology of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Apulian olive groves. The spread rate of X. fastidiosa is mainly influenced by (i) the pathogen colonization of the host plant; (ii) the acquisition of the pathogen by the vector from an infected plant, and its inoculation to healthy plants; (iii) the vector population dynamics and abundance at different spatial scales; and (iv) the dispersal of the vector. In this contribution we summarize the recent advances in research on insect vectors' traits-points ii, iii, and iv-focusing on those most relevant to X. fastidiosa epidemic in Apulia. Among the vectors' bioecological traits influencing the X. fastidiosa epidemic in olive trees, we emphasize the following: natural infectivity and transmission efficiency, phenological timing of both nymphal and adult stage, the role of seminatural vegetation as a vector reservoir in the agroecosystem and landscape, and preferential and directional dispersal capabilities. Despite the research on X. fastidiosa vectors carried out in Europe in the last decade, key uncertainties on insect vectors remain, hampering a thorough understanding of pathogen epidemiology and the development of effective and targeted management strategies. Our goal is to provide a structured and contextualized review of knowledge on X. fastidiosa vectors' key traits in the Apulian epidemic, highlighting information gaps and stimulating novel research pathways on X. fastidiosa pathosystems in Europe. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bodino
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Crescenza Dongiovanni
- CRSFA-Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, 70010 Locorotondo (BA), Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, SS Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Gallego D, Sabah SC, Lencina JL, Carrillo AF. Bioclimatic and Landscape Factors drive the Potential Distribution of Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenus campestris and N. lineatus (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) in Southeastern Iberian Peninsula. INSECTS 2023; 14:592. [PMID: 37504597 PMCID: PMC10380695 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Philaenus spumarius and Neophilaenus campestris are the main vectors of the invasive bacteria Xylella fastidiosa and key threats to European plant health. Previous studies of the potential distribution of P. spumarius reveal that climatic factors are the main drivers of its distribution on the Mediterranean Basin scale. Other local studies reveal that the landscape could also have a role in the distribution of both species of P. spumarius and N. campestris. Our work is aimed at understanding the role and importance of bioclimatic and landscape environmental factors in the distributions of the vector and potential vector species P. spumarius, N. campestris, N. lineatus and L. coleoptrata on a regional scale across the Autonomous Community of Murcia (SE Spain), a region with relevant environmental gradients of thermality and crop intensity. We used sweeping nets for sampling 100 points during eight months in 2020. Using bioclimatic landscape composition and topographical variables, we carried out habitat suitability models for each species using the maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt). Distribution results for P. spumarius, N. campestris and N. lineatus indicate a gradient in habitat suitability, with the optimum in the coldest and wettest areas in landscapes with a high proportion of forest. All three species are absent from the southern third of the study region, the hottest, driest and most intensively cultivated area. These results are useful and should be considered in contingency plans against possible invasions of X. fastidiosa in Mediterranean regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gallego
- Sanidad Agrícola Econex S.L., 30149 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | - Antonio Félix Carrillo
- Latizal S.L., 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
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Giménez-Romero A, Galván J, Montesinos M, Bauzà J, Godefroid M, Fereres A, Ramasco JJ, Matías MA, Moralejo E. Global predictions for the risk of establishment of Pierce's disease of grapevines. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1389. [PMID: 36539523 PMCID: PMC9768138 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04358-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The vector-borne bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is responsible for Pierce's disease (PD), a lethal grapevine disease that originated in the Americas. The international plant trade is expanding the geographic range of this pathogen, posing a new threat to viticulture worldwide. To assess the potential incidence of PD, we have built a dynamic epidemiological model based on the response of 36 grapevine varieties to the pathogen in inoculation assays and on the vectors' distribution when this information is available. Key temperature-driven epidemiological processes, such as PD symptom development and recovery, are mechanistically modelled. Integrating into the model high-resolution spatiotemporal climatic data from 1981 onward and different infectivity (R0) scenarios, we show how the main wine-producing areas thrive mostly in non-risk, transient, or epidemic-risk zones with potentially low growth rates in PD incidence. Epidemic-risk zones with moderate to high growth rates are currently marginal outside the US. However, a global expansion of epidemic-risk zones coupled with small increments in the disease growth rate is projected for 2050. Our study globally downscales the risk of PD establishment while highlighting the importance of considering climate variability, vector distribution, and an invasive criterion as factors to obtain better PD risk maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Giménez-Romero
- grid.507629.f0000 0004 1768 3290Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos, (IFISC-UIB-CSIC), Campus UIB, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Javier Galván
- grid.507629.f0000 0004 1768 3290Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos, (IFISC-UIB-CSIC), Campus UIB, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Joan Bauzà
- grid.9563.90000 0001 1940 4767Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Campus UIB, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Martin Godefroid
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICA-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICA-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José J. Ramasco
- grid.507629.f0000 0004 1768 3290Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos, (IFISC-UIB-CSIC), Campus UIB, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Matías
- grid.507629.f0000 0004 1768 3290Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos, (IFISC-UIB-CSIC), Campus UIB, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Vectors as Sentinels: Rising Temperatures Increase the Risk of Xylella fastidiosa Outbreaks. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091299. [PMID: 36138778 PMCID: PMC9495951 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global change is expected to modify the threat posed by pathogens to plants. However, little is known regarding how a changing climate will influence the epidemiology of generalist vector-borne diseases. We developed a high-throughput screening method to test for the presence of a deadly plant pathogen, Xylella fastidiosa, in its insect vectors. Then, using data from a four-year survey in climatically distinct areas of Corsica (France), we demonstrated a positive correlation between the proportion of vectors positive to X. fastidiosa and temperature. Notably, a higher prevalence corresponded with milder winters. Our projections up to 2100 indicate an increased risk of outbreaks. While the proportion of vectors that carry the pathogen should increase, the climate conditions will remain suitable for the bacterium and its main vector, with possible range shifts towards a higher elevation. Besides calling for research efforts to limit the incidence of plant diseases in the temperate zone, this work reveals that recent molecular technologies could and should be used for massive screening of pathogens in vectors to scale-up surveillance and management efforts.
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McLeish M, Peláez A, Pagán I, Gavilán R, Fraile A, García-Arenal F. Structuring of plant communities across agricultural landscape mosaics: the importance of connectivity and the scale of effect. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:173. [PMID: 34503449 PMCID: PMC8427894 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant communities of fragmented agricultural landscapes, are subject to patch isolation and scale-dependent effects. Variation in configuration, composition, and distance from one another affect biological processes of disturbance, productivity, and the movement ecology of species. However, connectivity and spatial structuring among these diverse communities are rarely considered together in the investigation of biological processes. Spatially optimised predictor variables that are based on informed measures of connectivity among communities, offer a solution to untangling multiple processes that drive biodiversity. Results To address the gap between theory and practice, a novel spatial optimisation method that incorporates hypotheses of community connectivity, was used to estimate the scale of effect of biotic and abiotic factors that distinguish plant communities. We tested: (1) whether different hypotheses of connectivity among sites was important to measuring diversity and environmental variation among plant communities; and (2) whether spatially optimised variables of species relative abundance and the abiotic environment among communities were consistent with diversity parameters in distinguishing four habitat types; namely Crop, Edge, Oak, and Wasteland. The global estimates of spatial autocorrelation, which did not consider environmental variation among sites, indicated significant positive autocorrelation under four hypotheses of landscape connectivity. The spatially optimised approach indicated significant positive and negative autocorrelation of species relative abundance at fine and broad scales, which depended on the measure of connectivity and environmental variation among sites. Conclusions These findings showed that variation in community diversity parameters does not necessarily correspond to underlying spatial structuring of species relative abundance. The technique used to generate spatially-optimised predictors is extendible to incorporate multiple variables of interest along with a priori hypotheses of landscape connectivity. Spatially-optimised variables with appropriate definitions of connectivity might be better than diversity parameters in explaining functional differences among communities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01903-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McLeish
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adrián Peláez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Gavilán
- Unidad de Botánica, Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
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Beal DJ, Cooper M, Daugherty MP, Purcell AH, Almeida RPP. Seasonal Abundance and Infectivity of Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), a Vector of Xylella fastidiosa in California Vineyards. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:467-476. [PMID: 33399197 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), is a vector of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa; however, its role in recent outbreaks of Pierce's disease of grapevine (PD) in California is unclear. While the phenology and ecology of P. spumarius can help determine its contributions to PD epidemics, both remain poorly described in the North Coast vineyards of California. We assessed the phenology of P. spumarius in the region. Spittlemasses were first observed in February or March, while the emergence of adult spittlebugs did not occur until April or May depending on the year. Analysis of sweep and trap data from 2016 to 2018 revealed significant effects of survey month, vineyard site, and year on adult abundance in sweep and trap surveys. Spittlebug adults were present in the vineyards from April until December, with the greatest number of adults by sweep net in May or June, whereas adults on traps peaked between July and November. Analysis of natural infectivity in groups of field-collected spittlebug adults showed significant difference in transmission rates among months. Spittlebugs successfully transmitted Xylella fastidiosa (Wells) (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) to potted grapevines between July and December. The greatest risk of X. fastidiosa transmission by P. spumarius was in December (60%) followed by October (30%). However, the infectivity patterns of the meadow spittlebug did not align with the historical paradigm of California North Coast PD. We discuss alternative hypotheses in which P. spumarius could play a role in the epidemiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Beal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Monica Cooper
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Cooperative Extension, Napa, CA
| | - Matthew P Daugherty
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Alexander H Purcell
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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Models Applied to Grapevine Pests: A Review. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020169. [PMID: 33669418 PMCID: PMC7920424 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mathematical models are developed to predict key aspects of insects harmful to many crops, including grapevine. Practical applications of these models include forecasting seasonal occurrence and spread over space in order to make decisions about pest management (e.g., timing of insecticide sprays). Many models have recently been developed to evaluate the spread of insect pests on grapevine under a climate change scenario as well as to forecast the possibility that alien species could settle into new environments. To make the published models available to vine-growers and their stakeholders, a holistic approach presenting these models within the frame of a decision support system should be followed. Abstract This paper reviews the existing predictive models concerning insects and mites harmful to grapevine. A brief conceptual description is given on the definition of a model and about different types of models: deterministic vs. stochastics, continuous vs. discrete, analytical vs. computer-based, and descriptive vs. data-driven. The main biological aspects of grapevine pests covered by different types of models are phenology, population growth and dynamics, species distribution, and invasion risk. A particular emphasis is put on forecasting epidemics of plant disease agents transmitted by insects with sucking-piercing mouthparts. The most investigated species or groups are the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) and other vectors of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa, a bacterium agent of Pierce’s disease; the European grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermuller); and the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball, the main vector of phytoplasmas agents of Flavescence dorée. Finally, the present and future of decision-support systems (DSS) in viticulture is discussed.
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10
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Sisterson MS, Burbank LP, Krugner R, Haviland D, Stenger DC. Xylella fastidiosa and Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter Population Dynamics in the Southern San Joaquin Valley of California. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2994-3001. [PMID: 32852243 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-20-0066-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a vector-transmitted bacterial plant pathogen that affects a wide array of perennial crops, including grapevines (Pierce's disease). In the southern San Joaquin Valley of California, epidemics of Pierce's disease of grapevine were associated with the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis. During the growing season, rates of X. fastidiosa spread in vineyards are affected by changes in pathogen distribution within chronically infected grapevines and by vector population dynamics. Grapevines chronically infected with X. fastidiosa rarely tested positive for the pathogen prior to July, suggesting vector acquisition of X. fastidiosa from grapevines increases as the season progresses. This hypothesis was supported by an increase in number of X. fastidiosa-positive glassy-winged sharpshooters collected from vineyards during July through September. Analysis of insecticide records indicated that vineyards in the study area were typically treated with a systemic neonicotinoid in spring of each year. As a result, abundance of glassy-winged sharpshooters was typically low in late spring and early summer, with abundance of glassy-winged sharpshooter adults increasing in late June and early July of each year. Collectively, the results suggest that late summer is a crucial time for X. fastidiosa secondary spread in vineyards in the southern San Joaquin Valley, because glassy-winged sharpshooter abundance, number of glassy-winged sharpshooters testing positive for X. fastidiosa, and grapevines with detectable pathogen populations were all greatest during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Sisterson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| | - Lindsey P Burbank
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| | - Rodrigo Krugner
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
| | - David Haviland
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Bakersfield, CA 93307
| | - Drake C Stenger
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648-9757
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11
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortés JA, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Boscia D, Chapman D, Gilioli G, Krugner R, Mastin A, Simonetto A, Spotti Lopes JR, White S, Abrahantes JC, Delbianco A, Maiorano A, Mosbach-Schulz O, Stancanelli G, Guzzo M, Parnell S. Update of the Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Xylella fastidiosa in the EU territory. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05665. [PMID: 32626299 PMCID: PMC7009223 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked to update the 2015 EFSA risk assessment on Xylella fastidiosa for the territory of the EU. In particular, EFSA was asked to focus on potential establishment, short- and long-range spread, the length of the asymptomatic period, the impact of X. fastidiosa and an update on risk reduction options. EFSA was asked to take into account the different subspecies and Sequence Types of X. fastidiosa. This was attempted throughout the scientific opinion but several issues with data availability meant that this could only be partially achieved. Models for risk of establishment showed most of the EU territory may be potentially suitable for X. fastidiosa although southern EU is most at risk. Differences in estimated areas of potential establishment were evident among X. fastidiosa subspecies, particularly X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex which demonstrated areas of potential establishment further north in the EU. The model of establishment could be used to develop targeted surveys by Member States. The asymptomatic period of X. fastidiosa varied significantly for different host and pathogen subspecies combinations, for example from a median of approximately 1 month in ornamental plants and up to 10 months in olive, for pauca. This variable and long asymptomatic period is a considerable limitation to successful detection and control, particularly where surveillance is based on visual inspection. Modelling suggested that local eradication (e.g. within orchards) is possible, providing sampling intensity is sufficient for early detection and effective control measures are implemented swiftly (e.g. within 30 days). Modelling of long-range spread (e.g. regional scale) demonstrated the important role of long-range dispersal and the need to better understand this. Reducing buffer zone width in both containment and eradication scenarios increased the area infected. Intensive surveillance for early detection, and consequent plant removal, of new outbreaks is crucial for both successful eradication and containment at the regional scale, in addition to effective vector control. The assessment of impacts indicated that almond and Citrus spp. were at lower impact on yield compared to olive. Although the lowest impact was estimated for grapevine, and the highest for olive, this was based on several assumptions including that the assessment considered only Philaenus spumarius as a vector. If other xylem-feeding insects act as vectors the impact could be different. Since the Scientific Opinion published in 2015, there are still no risk reduction options that can remove the bacterium from the plant in open field conditions. Short- and long-range spread modelling showed that an early detection and rapid application of phytosanitary measures, consisting among others of plant removal and vector control, are essential to prevent further spread of the pathogen to new areas. Further data collection will allow a reduction in uncertainty and facilitate more tailored and effective control given the intraspecific diversity of X. fastidiosa and wide host range.
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Almeida RPP, De La Fuente L, Koebnik R, Lopes JRS, Parnell S, Scherm H. Addressing the New Global Threat of Xylella fastidiosa. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:172-174. [PMID: 30721121 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-18-0488-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is one of the most important threats to plant health worldwide. This bacterial pathogen has a long history, causing disease in the Americas on a range of agricultural crops and trees, with severe economic repercussions particularly on grapevine and citrus. In Europe, X. fastidiosa was detected for the first time in 2013 in association with a severe disease affecting olive trees in southern Italy. Subsequent mandatory surveys throughout Europe led to discoveries in France and Spain in various host species and environments. Detection of additional introductions of X. fastidiosa continue to be reported from Europe, for example from northern Italy in late 2018. These events are leading to a sea change in research, monitoring and management efforts as exemplified by the articles in this Focus Issue . X. fastidiosa is part of complex pathosystems together with hosts and vectors. Although certain X. fastidiosa subspecies and environments have been well studied, particularly those that pertain to established disease in North and South America, this represents only a fraction of the existing genetic, epidemiological, and ecological diversity. This Focus Issue highlights some of the key challenges that must be overcome to address this new global threat, recent advances in understanding the pathosystem, and steps toward improved disease control. It brings together the broad research themes needed to address the global threat of X. fastidiosa, encompassing topics from host susceptibility and resistance, genome sequencing, detection methods, transmission by vectors, epidemiological drivers, chemical and biological control, to public databases and social sciences. Open communication and collaboration among scientists, stakeholders, and the general public from different parts of the world will pave the path to novel ideas to understand and combat this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P P Almeida
- 1 Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley
| | - L De La Fuente
- 2 Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - R Koebnik
- 3 IRD, Cirad, Universite de Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - J R S Lopes
- 4 Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (Esalq), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - S Parnell
- 5 School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK; and
| | - H Scherm
- 6 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30605
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