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Vineeth VK, Babu S, Reshma TR, Philip S, Prem E. Exhaustive identification and characterization of Colletotrichum siamense and Colletotrichum fructicola as causative agents of circular leaf spot disease of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) in India. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1907-1916. [PMID: 39059846 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is one of the major domesticated crops planted commercially for the production of natural rubber (NR) worldwide. In recent years, rubber trees in the Southern states of India and other rubber-producing countries have experienced a severe leaf spot disease, characterized by the appearance of several brown circular spots in the initial stage, which later spread all over the lamina of fully matured leaves, leading to yellowing and defoliation. The causal organism of this Circular Leaf Spot (CLS) disease has not been conclusively identified in any previous studies. In this study, we collected infected leaf samples from various locations in the South Indian states. We aimed to identify the actual fungal pathogen that causes the CLS disease on rubber trees. Based on the morphological and molecular analysis of the most frequently isolated fungi from infected leaf samples were identified as Colletotrichum siamense and Colletotrichum fructicola. Pathogenicity tests also confirmed the involvement of isolated Colletotrichum spp. in the development of CLS disease. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding the CLS disease and its impact on rubber cultivation. To our knowledge, it is the first report of C. siamense and C. fructicola associated with CLS disease of rubber trees in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Vineeth
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
| | - Shilpa Babu
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
| | - T R Reshma
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
| | - Shaji Philip
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
| | - Edwin Prem
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
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2
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Zhu JZ, Li P, Zhang Z, Li XG, Zhong J. The CfKOB1 gene related to cell apoptosis is required for pathogenicity and involved in mycovirus-induced hypovirulence in Colletotrichum fructicola. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132437. [PMID: 38761910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola is a globally significant phytopathogenic fungus. Mycovirus-induced hypovirulence has great potential for biological control and study of fungal pathogenic mechanisms. We previously reported that the mycovirus Colletotrichum alienum partitivirus 1 (CaPV1) is associated with the hypovirulence of C. fructicola, and the present study aimed to further investigate a host factor and its roles in mycovirus-induced hypovirulence. A gene named CfKOB1, which encodes putative protein homologous to the β-subunit of voltage-gated potassium channels and aldo-keto reductase, is downregulated upon CaPV1 infection and significantly upregulated during the early infection phase of Nicotiana benthamiana by C. fructicola. Deleting the CfKOB1 gene resulted in diminished vegetative growth, decreased production of asexual spores, hindered appressorium formation, reduced virulence, and altered tolerance to abiotic stresses. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CfKOB1 regulates many metabolic pathways as well as the cell cycle and apoptosis. Furthermore, enhanced apoptosis was observed in the ΔCfKOB1 mutants. Viral RNA accumulation was significantly increased in the CfKOB1 deletion mutant. Additionally, our findings demonstrated that CaPV1 infection in the WT strain also induced cell apoptosis. Collectively, these results highlight the diverse biological roles of the CfKOB1 gene in the fungus C. fructicola, while it also participates in mycovirus-induced hypovirulence by regulating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zi Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410128, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410128, PR China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410125, PR China
| | - Xiao Gang Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410128, PR China.
| | - Jie Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410128, PR China.
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3
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Liang X, Yu W, Meng Y, Shang S, Tian H, Zhang Z, Rollins JA, Zhang R, Sun G. Genome comparisons reveal accessory genes crucial for the evolution of apple Glomerella leaf spot pathogenicity in Colletotrichum fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13454. [PMID: 38619507 PMCID: PMC11018114 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is an emerging fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum fructicola and other Colletotrichum species. These species are polyphyletic and it is currently unknown how these pathogens convergently evolved to infect apple. We generated chromosome-level genome assemblies of a GLS-adapted isolate and a non-adapted isolate in C. fructicola using long-read sequencing. Additionally, we resequenced 17 C. fructicola and C. aenigma isolates varying in GLS pathogenicity using short-read sequencing. Genome comparisons revealed a conserved bipartite genome architecture involving minichromosomes (accessory chromosomes) shared by C. fructicola and other closely related species within the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Moreover, two repeat-rich genomic regions (1.61 Mb in total) were specifically conserved among GLS-pathogenic isolates in C. fructicola and C. aenigma. Single-gene deletion of 10 accessory genes within the GLS-specific regions of C. fructicola identified three that were essential for GLS pathogenicity. These genes encoded a putative non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, a flavin-binding monooxygenase and a small protein with unknown function. These results highlight the crucial role accessory genes play in the evolution of Colletotrichum pathogenicity and imply the significance of an unidentified secondary metabolite in GLS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yanan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Shengping Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | | | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Cao L, Sun X, Dong W, Ma L, Li H. Detection and Quantification of Anthracnose Pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola in Cultivated Tea-Oil Camellia Species from Southern China Using a DNA-Based qPCR Assay. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:363-371. [PMID: 35852905 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0901-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tea-oil Camellia species as edible-oil producing trees are widely cultivated in southern China. Camellia anthracnose that is mainly caused by Colletotrichum fructicola is a major disease of tea-oil trees. However, rapid detection and precise quantification of C. fructicola in different Camellia species that are crucial for the fundamental study of this pathosystem and effective disease management remain largely unexplored. Here, we developed a sensitive, rapid, and accurate method for quantifying C. fructicola growth in different Camellia species using a quantitative PCR assay. Amplified C. fructicola DNA using ITS-specific primers is relatively compared with the amplification of Camellia oleifera using the TUB gene. We determined that the fungal growth is tightly associated with the disease development in Ca. oleifera following C. fructicola infection in a time-course manner. This assay is highly sensitive, as fungal growth was detected in six different inoculated tea-oil Camellia species without visible disease lesion symptoms. Additionally, this method was validated by quantifying the Camellia anthracnose in orchards that did not show any disease symptoms. This assay enables the rapid, highly sensitive, and precise detection and quantification of C. fructicola growth in different tea-oil Camellia species, which will have a practical application for early diagnosis of anthracnose disease under asymptomatic conditions in Camellia breeding and field and will facilitate the development of tea-oil trees and C. fructicola interaction as a mold system to study woody plant and fungal pathogens interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxue Cao
- Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Wentong Dong
- Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - He Li
- Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Astolfi P, Velho AC, Moreira V, Mondino PE, Alaniz SM, Stadnik MJ. Reclassification of the Main Causal Agent of Glomerella Leaf Spot on Apple into Colletotrichum chrysophilum in Southern Brazil and Uruguay. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1825-1832. [PMID: 35322713 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-21-0527-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is one of the most important diseases of apple, affecting a wide range of economically important cultivars, particularly Golden Delicious and its descendants. Caused mainly by species of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC), C. fructicola has been described as the most prevalent and aggressive species associated with GLS and apple bitter rot (ABR) in Brazil and Uruguay. Recently, new CGSC species, closely related to C. fructicola, have been identified causing ABR. To verify the accuracy of species identification within the CGSC, we aimed to reevaluate the identity of representative GLS-causing isolates from Brazilian and Uruguayan populations, previously identified as C. fructicola. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis based on APN2, ApMAT, CAL, GAPDH, GS, ITS, and TUB2 allocated these isolates in a monophyletic clade with C. chrysophilum. This species was first described as the causal agent of anthracnose in banana fruits in Brazil, and recent reports indicate its association with ABR in the United States. This is the first report of C. chrysophilum causing GLS disease on apple worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Astolfi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC, 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Aline C Velho
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC, 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Victoria Moreira
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, University of the Republic, Montevideo, CP 12900, Uruguay
| | - Pedro E Mondino
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, University of the Republic, Montevideo, CP 12900, Uruguay
| | - Sandra M Alaniz
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, University of the Republic, Montevideo, CP 12900, Uruguay
| | - Marciel J Stadnik
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC, 88034-001, Brazil
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Chen Y, Fu D, Wang W, Gleason ML, Zhang R, Liang X, Sun G. Diversity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Apple Bitter Rot and Glomerella Leaf Spot in China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070740. [PMID: 35887495 PMCID: PMC9322356 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter rot and Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) of apples, caused by Colletotrichum species, are major diseases of apples around the world. A total of 98 isolates were obtained from apple fruits with bitter rot, and 53 isolates were obtained from leaves with leaf spot in the primary apple production regions in China. These isolates were characterized morphologically, and five gene regions (ITS, ACT, GAPDH, CHS-1 and TUB2) were sequenced for each isolate. A phylogenetic analysis, combined with a comparison of the morphological, cultural and pathogenic characters, sorted bitter rot isolates into six species: C. alienum, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto, C. nymphaeae, C. siamense and one new species, C. orientalis Dandan Fu & G.Y. Sun. Among these, C. siamense was the predominant pathogen associated with bitter rot. Isolates from leaf spot were identified as two species, C. aenigma and C. fructicola. This is the first report of C. orientalis as an apple bitter rot pathogen worldwide, and the results provide important insights into the diversity of Colletotrichum species in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.C.); (D.F.); (W.W.); (R.Z.)
| | - Dandan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.C.); (D.F.); (W.W.); (R.Z.)
- College of Food & Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.C.); (D.F.); (W.W.); (R.Z.)
| | - Mark L. Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.C.); (D.F.); (W.W.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.C.); (D.F.); (W.W.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (G.S.); Tel.: +86-29-87092075 (G.S.)
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.C.); (D.F.); (W.W.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (G.S.); Tel.: +86-29-87092075 (G.S.)
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Li P, Zhu JZ, Li XG, Zhong J. Identification and Characterization of Colletotrichum fructicola and Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose on Luffa Sponge Gourd in China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1537. [PMID: 35736688 PMCID: PMC9228988 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Luffa sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) is an important cucurbitaceous vegetable and is known as the source of loofah. From 2020 to 2021, a leaf disease occurred on luffa leaves in the Hunan Province of China. Symptoms were displayed as oval to irregular chlorotic lesions surrounded by yellow halos. The pathogens were isolated from the affected leaves. According to morphological characterization and molecular identification using multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-tubulin (TUB2), and partial mating type (Mat1-2) gene (ApMAT) regions, the pathogens were identified as two Colletotrichum species: Colletotrichum fructicola and C. siamense. Koch's postulates were identified by a pathogenicity test and re-confirmation. To the best of our knowledge, C. fructicola and C. siamense are two new species associated with luffa sponge gourd anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road 1, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (P.L.); (J.-Z.Z.)
| | - Jun-Zi Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road 1, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (P.L.); (J.-Z.Z.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Pest Early Warning and Control, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road 1, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Pest Early Warning and Control, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road 1, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road 1, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (P.L.); (J.-Z.Z.)
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Jiang B, Cai T, Yang X, Dai Y, Yu K, Zhang P, Li P, Wang C, Liu N, Li B, Lian S. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals significant differences in gene expression between pathogens of apple Glomerella leaf spot and apple bitter rot. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:246. [PMID: 35354401 PMCID: PMC8969349 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and apple bitter rot (ABR) are two devastating foliar and fruit diseases on apples. The different symptoms of GLS and ABR could be related to different transcriptome patterns. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare the transcriptome profiles of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex isolates GC20190701, FL180903, and FL180906, the pathogen of GLS and ABR, and to evaluate the involvement of the genes on pathogenicity. Results A relatively large difference was discovered between the GLS-isolate GC20190701 and ABR-isolates FL180903, FL180906, and quite many differential expression genes associated with pathogenicity were revealed. The DEGs between the GLS- and ABR-isolate were significantly enriched in GO terms of secondary metabolites, however, the categories of degradation of various cell wall components did not. Many genes associated with secondary metabolism were revealed. A total of 17 Cytochrome P450s (CYP), 11 of which were up-regulated while six were down-regulated, and five up-regulated methyltransferase genes were discovered. The genes associated with the secretion of extracellular enzymes and melanin accumulation were up-regulated. Four genes associated with the degradation of the host cell wall, three genes involved in the degradation of cellulose, and one gene involved in the degradation of xylan were revealed and all up-regulated. In addition, genes involved in melanin syntheses, such as tyrosinase and glucosyltransferase, were highly up-regulated. Conclusions The penetration ability, pathogenicity of GLS-isolate was greater than that of ABR-isolate, which might indicate that GLS-isolate originated from ABR-isolates by mutation. These results contributed to highlighting the importance to investigate such DEGs between GLS- and ABR-isolate in depth. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08493-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Jiang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Pest Precise Control of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Ting Cai
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Pest Precise Control of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Pest Precise Control of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Yuya Dai
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Pest Precise Control of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Kaixuan Yu
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Pest Precise Control of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Pest Precise Control of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Pingliang Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Pest Precise Control of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Caixia Wang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Pest Precise Control of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Pest Precise Control of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Pest Precise Control of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Sen Lian
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Pest Precise Control of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, P. R. China.
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9
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Zhang S, Guo Y, Chen S, Li H. The Histone Acetyltransferase CfGcn5 Regulates Growth, Development, and Pathogenicity in the Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum fructicola on the Tea-Oil Tree. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:680415. [PMID: 34248895 PMCID: PMC8260702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.680415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The tea-oil tree (Camellia oleifera Abel.) is a commercial edible-oil tree in China, and anthracnose commonly occurs in its plantations, causing great losses annually. We have previously revealed that CfSnf1 is essential for pathogenicity in Colletotrichum fructicola, the major pathogen of anthracnose on the tea-oil tree. Here, we identified CfGcn5 as the homolog of yeast histone acetyltransferase ScGcn5, which cooperates with ScSnf1 to modify histone H3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Targeted gene deletion revealed that CfGcn5 is important in fungi growth, conidiation, and responses to environmental stresses. Pathogenicity assays indicated that CfGcn5 is essential for C. fructicola virulence both in unwounded and wounded tea-oil tree leaves. Further, we found that CfGcn5 is localized to the nucleus and this specific localization is dependent on both NLS region and HAT domain. Moreover, we provided evidence showing that the nuclear localization is essential but not sufficient for the full function of CfGcn5, and the NLS, HAT, and Bromo domains were proven to be important for normal CfGcn5 functions. Taken together, our studies not only illustrate the key functions of CfGcn5 in growth, development, and pathogenicity but also highlight the relationship between its locations with functions in C. fructicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of National Forestry, Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of National Forestry, Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of National Forestry, Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - He Li
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of National Forestry, Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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10
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Martin PL, Krawczyk T, Khodadadi F, Aćimović SG, Peter KA. Bitter Rot of Apple in the Mid-Atlantic United States: Causal Species and Evaluation of the Impacts of Regional Weather Patterns and Cultivar Susceptibility. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:966-981. [PMID: 33487025 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0432-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Apple growers in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States have been reporting an increase in losses to bitter rot of apple and are requesting up-to-date management recommendations. Management is complicated by variations in apple cultivar susceptibility, temperature, rainfall, and biology of the Colletotrichum spp. that cause bitter rot. Over 500 apple fruit with bitter rot were obtained from 38 orchards across the Mid-Atlantic and the causal species were identified as Colletotrichum fioriniae and C. nymphaeae of the C. acutatum species complex and C. chrysophilum, C. noveboracense, C. siamense, C. fructicola, C. henanense, and C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, the latter two being first reports. Species with faster in vitro growth rates at higher temperatures were more abundant in warmer regions of the Mid-Atlantic, while those with slower growth rates at higher temperatures were more abundant in cooler regions. Regional bloom dates are earlier and weather data show a gradual warming trend that likely influenced but was not necessarily the main cause of the recent increase in bitter rot in the region. A grower survey of apple cultivar susceptibility showed high variation, with the increase in acres planted to the highly susceptible cultivar Honeycrisp broadly corresponding to the increase in reports of bitter rot. These results form a basis for future studies on the biology and ecology of the Colletotrichum spp. responsible, and suggest that integrated bitter rot management must begin with selection of less-susceptible apple cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Martin
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA 17307
| | - Teresa Krawczyk
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA 17307
| | - Fatemeh Khodadadi
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY
| | - Srđan G Aćimović
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY
| | - Kari A Peter
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA 17307
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11
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Dowling M, Peres N, Villani S, Schnabel G. Managing Colletotrichum on Fruit Crops: A "Complex" Challenge. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2301-2316. [PMID: 32689886 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-19-2378-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fungal genus Colletotrichum includes numerous important plant pathogenic species and species complexes that infect a wide variety of hosts. Its taxonomy is particularly complex because species' phenotypes and genotypes are difficult to differentiate. Two notable complexes, C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, are known for infecting temperate fruit crops worldwide. Even species within these complexes vary in traits such as tissue specificity, aggressiveness, geographic distribution, and fungicide sensitivity. With few effective chemicals available to control these pathogens, and the persistent threat of fungicide resistance, there is a need for greater understanding of this destructive genus and the methods that can be used for disease management. This review summarizes current research on diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. on major fruit crops in the United States, focusing on the taxonomy of species involved, disease management strategies, and future management outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Dowling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Natalia Peres
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | - Sara Villani
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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12
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Liang X, Cao M, Li S, Kong Y, Rollins JA, Zhang R, Sun G. Highly Contiguous Genome Resource of Colletotrichum fructicola Generated Using Long-Read Sequencing. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:790-793. [PMID: 32163336 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-19-0316-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola is a plant-pathogenic fungus with a broad host range. It causes significant losses to important crops, including apple, pear, strawberry, and other Rosaceae and non-Rosaceae species. To date, two short read-based C. fructicola genomes are publicly available, but both are fragmented. In this study, we re-sequenced the genome of C. fructicola using nanopore long-read technology and refined the assembly with Hi-C map data. The resulting high-quality assembly is an important resource for further comparative and experimental studies with C. fructicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jeffrey A Rollins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
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13
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Zhang S, Guo Y, Li S, Zhou G, Liu J, Xu J, Li H. Functional analysis of CfSnf1 in the development and pathogenicity of anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum fructicola on tea-oil tree. BMC Genet 2019; 20:94. [PMID: 31805867 PMCID: PMC6896739 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tea-oil tree (Camellia oleifera) is a unique edible-oil tree in China, and anthracnose occurs in wherever it is cultivated, causing great economic losses each year. We have previously identified the Ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum fructicola as the major pathogen of anthracnose in Ca.oleifera. The purpose of this study was to characterize the biological function of Snf1 protein, a key component of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) pathway, for the molecular pathogenic-mechanisms of C. fructicola. Results We characterized CfSnf1 as the homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Snf1. Targeted CfSNF1 gene deletion revealed that CfSnf1 is involved in the utilization of specific carbon sources, conidiation, and stress responses. We further found that the ΔCfSnf1 mutant was not pathogenic to Ca.oleifera, resulting from its defect in appressorium formation. In addition, we provided evidence showing crosstalk between the AMPK and the cAMP/PKA pathways for the first time in filamentous fungi. Conclusion This study indicate that CfSnf1 is a critical factor in the development and pathogenicity of C. fructicola and, therefore, a potential fungicide target for anthracnose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Sizheng Li
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Junang Liu
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - He Li
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China. .,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.
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14
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Liang X, Wei T, Cao M, Zhang X, Liu W, Kong Y, Zhang R, Sun G. The MAP Kinase CfPMK1 Is a Key Regulator of Pathogenesis, Development, and Stress Tolerance of Colletotrichum fructicola. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1070. [PMID: 31164876 PMCID: PMC6536633 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ascomycetes fungus Colletotrichum fructicola causes severe diseases on a wide range of crops, fruits, and vegetables. Its pathogenic mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved regulators of fungal development and pathogenesis. In this study, a Fus3/Kss1-related MAPK from C. fructicola was functionally characterized via gene deletion. On potato dextrose agar (PDA) and oatmeal agar media, the CfPMK1 gene deletion mutants (ΔCfPMK1) were slightly reduced in radial growth rate, severely limited in aerial hyphal differentiation and hyphal melanization, and formed deformed perithecia that were smaller in size and more compactly organized relative to wild type. When artificially inoculated on plants, conidia of these mutants failed to differentiate appressoria or penetrate cuticle, and their pathogenicity defect could not be rescued by wounding plant tissue prior to inoculation. On PDA, ΔCfPMK1 mutants were hypersensitive to osmotic stresses, but were more tolerant to membrane and cell wall stresses. Genetic complementation rescued all phenotypic changes associated with CfPMK1 gene deletion. Based on GFP fusion expression, CfPMK1 protein accumulation was detected at all life stages, and the accumulation level was higher in nascent appressoria relative to conidia. Overall, this study identified CfPMK1 as a key regulator of appressorium and sexual development, pathogenesis, and stress tolerance in C. fructicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tingyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuanyuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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15
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Alaniz S, Cuozzo V, Martínez V, Stadnik MJ, Mondino P. Ascospore Infection and Colletotrichum Species Causing Glomerella Leaf Spot of Apple in Uruguay. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:100-111. [PMID: 31007640 PMCID: PMC6464197 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.07.2018.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) caused by Colletotrichum spp. is a destructive disease of apple restricted to a few regions worldwide. The distribution and evolution of GLS symptoms were observed for two years in Uruguay. The recurrent ascopore production on leaves and the widespread randomized distribution of symptoms throughout trees and orchard, suggest that ascospores play an important role in the disease dispersion. The ability of ascospores to produce typical GLS symptom was demonstrated by artificial inoculation. Colletotrichum strains causing GLS did not result in rot development, despite remaining alive in fruit lesions. Based on phylogenetic analysis of actin, β-tubulin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene regions of 46 isolates, 25 from fruits and 21 from leaves, C. karstii was identified for the first time causing GLS in Uruguay and C. fructicola was found to be the most frequent (89%) and aggressive species. The higher aggressiveness of C. fructicola and its ability on to produce abundant fertile perithecia could help to explain the predominance of this species in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Alaniz
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, University of the Republic, Avenue Garzón 780, Montevideo 12900,
Uruguay
| | - Vanessa Cuozzo
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, University of the Republic, Avenue Garzón 780, Montevideo 12900,
Uruguay
| | - Valentina Martínez
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, University of the Republic, Avenue Garzón 780, Montevideo 12900,
Uruguay
| | - Marciel J. Stadnik
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Road Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis-SC 88034-001,
Brazil
| | - Pedro Mondino
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, University of the Republic, Avenue Garzón 780, Montevideo 12900,
Uruguay
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16
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Transcriptomic analysis reveals candidate genes regulating development and host interactions of Colletotrichum fructicola. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:557. [PMID: 30055574 PMCID: PMC6064131 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colletotrichum is a fungal genus in Ascomycota that contain many plant pathogens. Among all Colletotrichum genomes that have been sequenced, C. fructicola contains the largest number of candidate virulence factors, such as plant cell wall degrading enzymes, secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthetic enzymes, secreted proteinases, and small secreted proteins. Systematic analysis of the expressional patterns of these factors would be an important step toward identifying key virulence determinants. Results In this study, we obtained and compared the global transcriptome profiles of four types of infection-related structures: conidia, appressoria, infected apple leaves, and cellophane infectious hyphae (bulbous hyphae spreading inside cellophane) of C. fructicola. We also compared the expression changes of candidate virulence factors among these structures in a systematic manner. A total of 3189 genes were differentially expressed in at least one pairwise comparison. Genes showing in planta-specific expressional upregulations were enriched with small secreted proteins (SSPs), cytochrome P450s, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZYs) and secondary metabolite (SM) synthetases, and included homologs of several known candidate effectors and one SM gene cluster specific to the Colletotrichum genus. In conidia, tens of genes functioning in triacylglycerol biosynthesis showed coordinately expressional upregulation, supporting the viewpoint that C. fructicola builds up lipid droplets as energy reserves. Several phosphate starvation responsive genes were coordinately up-regulated during early plant colonization, indicating a phosphate-limited in planta environment immediately faced by biotrophic infectious hyphae. Conclusion This study systematically analyzes the expression patterns of candidate virulence genes, and reveals biological activities related to the development of several infection-related structures of C. fructicola. Our findings lay a foundation for further dissecting infection mechanisms in Colletotrichum and identifying disease control targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4934-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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17
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Velho AC, Mondino P, Stadnik MJ. Extracellular enzymes of Colletotrichum fructicola isolates associated to Apple bitter rot and Glomerella leaf spot. Mycology 2018; 9:145-154. [PMID: 30123670 PMCID: PMC6059057 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1464525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola causes two important diseases on apple in Southern Brazil, bitter rot (ABR) and Glomerella leaf spot (GLS). In this pathosystem, the Colletotrichum ability to cause different symptoms could be related to differences of extracellular enzymes produced by the fungi. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare the production of these enzymes between ABR- and GLS-isolate in vitro and to evaluate their involvement on infected apple leaves with C. fructicola. In agar plate enzymatic assay, ABR- showed significantly higher amylolytic and pectolytic activity than GLS-isolate. In contrast, for lipolytic and proteolytic no significant differences were observed between isolates. In culture broth, ABR-isolate also had higher activity of pectin lyase (PNL), polygalacturonase (PG) and laccase (LAC). Notably, LAC was significantly five-fold higher in ABR- than GLS-isolate. On the other hand, in infected apple leaves no significant difference was observed between isolates for PNL, PG and LAC. Although differences in extracellular enzymes of ABR- and GLS-isolate have not been observed in vivo, these results contributed to highlight the importance to investigate such enzymes in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cristina Velho
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Pedro Mondino
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marciel J. Stadnik
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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18
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Liang X, Wang B, Dong Q, Li L, Rollins JA, Zhang R, Sun G. Pathogenic adaptations of Colletotrichum fungi revealed by genome wide gene family evolutionary analyses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196303. [PMID: 29689067 PMCID: PMC5915685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal genus Colletotrichum contains hemibiotrophic phytopathogens being highly variable in host and tissue specificities. We sequenced a C. fructicola genome (1104–7) derived from an isolate of apple in China and compared it with the reference genome (Nara_gc5) derived from an isolate of strawberry in Japan. Mauve alignment and BlastN search identified 0.62 Mb lineage-specific (LS) genomic regions in 1104–7 with a length criterion of 10 kb. Genes located within LS regions evolved more dynamically, and a strongly elevated proportion of genes were closely related to non-Colletotrichum sequences. Two LS regions, containing nine genes in total, showed features of fungus-to-fungus horizontal transfer supported by both gene order collinearity and gene phylogeny patterns. We further compared the gene content variations among 13 Colletotrichum and 11 non-Colletotrichum genomes by gene function annotation, OrthoMCL grouping and CAFE analysis. The results provided a global evolutionary picture of Colletotrichum gene families, and identified a number of strong duplication/loss events at key phylogenetic nodes, such as the contraction of the detoxification-related RTA1 family in the monocot-specializing graminicola complex and the expansions of several ammonia production-related families in the fruit-infecting gloeosporioides complex. We have also identified the acquirement of a RbsD/FucU fucose transporter from bacterium by the Colletotrichum ancestor. In sum, this study summarized the pathogenic evolutionary features of Colletotrichum fungi at multiple taxonomic levels and highlights the concept that the pathogenic successes of Colletotrichum fungi require shared as well as lineage-specific virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qiuyue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lingnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jeffrey A. Rollins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States of America
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
- * E-mail: (RZ); (GS)
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
- * E-mail: (RZ); (GS)
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