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Leal I, Bergeron MJ, Feau N, Tsui CKM, Foord B, Pellow K, Hamelin RC, Sturrock RN. Cryptic Speciation in Western North America and Eastern Eurasia of the Pathogens Responsible for Laminated Root Rot. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:456-468. [PMID: 30145938 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-17-0399-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coniferiporia sulphurascens is a facultative fungal pathogen that causes laminated root rot (LRR) in commercially important coniferous species worldwide. This fungus spreads primarily by way of vegetative mycelium transferring at points of contact between infected and healthy roots. Successful intervention to control LRR requires a better understanding of the population structure and genetic variability of C. sulphurascens. In this study, we investigated the population genetic structure and origin of C. sulphurascens populations in western North America and eastern Eurasia collected from multiple coniferous hosts. By analyzing the small and large mitochondrial ribosomal RNA subunit genes combined with six nuclear loci (internal transcribed spacer region, actin, RNA polymerase II largest subunit, RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit, laccase-like multicopper oxidase, and translation elongation factor 1-α), we observed that none of the alleles among the loci were shared between North American (NA) and Eurasian C. sulphurascens populations. In total, 55 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were retrieved in C. sulphurascens isolates occurring in these two continental regions. Of these, 41 MLGs were observed among 58 isolates collected from widespread locations in British Columbia (Canada) and the northwestern United States, while 14 MLGs were observed among 16 isolates sampled in Siberia and Japan. Our data showed that the levels of genetic differentiation between the NA and Eurasian populations are much greater than the populations from within each continental region; the two continental populations formed clearly divergent phylogenetic clades or lineages since they were separated approximately 7.5 million years ago. Moreover, the Eurasian population could be the source of the NA population. Our study indicates the existence of cryptic diversity in this pathogen species, and strongly suggests that the NA and Eurasian populations represent two lineages, which have progressively diverged from each other in allopatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Leal
- First, fifth, sixth, and eighth authors: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5 Canada; second author: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., Québec, QC G1V 4C7 Canada; third and seventh authors: Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada; fourth author: Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar; and seventh author: Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval/Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - M-J Bergeron
- First, fifth, sixth, and eighth authors: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5 Canada; second author: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., Québec, QC G1V 4C7 Canada; third and seventh authors: Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada; fourth author: Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar; and seventh author: Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval/Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - N Feau
- First, fifth, sixth, and eighth authors: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5 Canada; second author: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., Québec, QC G1V 4C7 Canada; third and seventh authors: Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada; fourth author: Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar; and seventh author: Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval/Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - C K M Tsui
- First, fifth, sixth, and eighth authors: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5 Canada; second author: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., Québec, QC G1V 4C7 Canada; third and seventh authors: Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada; fourth author: Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar; and seventh author: Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval/Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - B Foord
- First, fifth, sixth, and eighth authors: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5 Canada; second author: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., Québec, QC G1V 4C7 Canada; third and seventh authors: Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada; fourth author: Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar; and seventh author: Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval/Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - K Pellow
- First, fifth, sixth, and eighth authors: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5 Canada; second author: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., Québec, QC G1V 4C7 Canada; third and seventh authors: Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada; fourth author: Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar; and seventh author: Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval/Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - R C Hamelin
- First, fifth, sixth, and eighth authors: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5 Canada; second author: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., Québec, QC G1V 4C7 Canada; third and seventh authors: Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada; fourth author: Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar; and seventh author: Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval/Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - R N Sturrock
- First, fifth, sixth, and eighth authors: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5 Canada; second author: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., Québec, QC G1V 4C7 Canada; third and seventh authors: Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada; fourth author: Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar; and seventh author: Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval/Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
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Jopcik M, Moravcikova J, Matusikova I, Bauer M, Rajninec M, Libantova J. Structural and functional characterisation of a class I endochitinase of the carnivorous sundew (Drosera rotundifolia L.). PLANTA 2017; 245:313-327. [PMID: 27761648 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase gene from the carnivorous plant, Drosera rotundifolia , was cloned and functionally characterised. Plant chitinases are believed to play an important role in the developmental and physiological processes and in responses to biotic and abiotic stress. In addition, there is growing evidence that carnivorous plants can use them to digest insect prey. In this study, a full-length genomic clone consisting of the 1665-bp chitinase gene (gDrChit) and adjacent promoter region of the 698 bp in length were isolated from Drosera rotundifolia L. using degenerate PCR and a genome-walking approach. The corresponding coding sequence of chitinase gene (DrChit) was obtained following RNA isolation from the leaves of aseptically grown in vitro plants, cDNA synthesis with a gene-specific primer and PCR amplification. The open reading frame of cDNA clone consisted of 978 nucleotides and encoded 325 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis indicated that DrChit belongs to the class I group of plant chitinases. Phylogenetic analysis within the Caryophyllales class I chitinases demonstrated a significant evolutionary relatedness of DrChit with clade Ib, which contains the extracellular orthologues that play a role in carnivory. Comparative expression analysis revealed that the DrChit is expressed predominantly in tentacles and is up-regulated by treatment with inducers that mimick insect prey. Enzymatic activity of rDrChit protein expressed in Escherichia coli was confirmed and purified protein exhibited a long oligomer-specific endochitinase activity on glycol-chitin and FITC-chitin. The isolation and expression profile of a chitinase gene from D. rotundifolia has not been reported so far. The obtained results support the role of specific chitinases in digestive processes in carnivorous plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jopcik
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Moravcikova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Ildiko Matusikova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Bauer
- NAFC Research Institute for Animal Production, Nitra, Hlohovska 2, 951 41, Lužianky, Slovak Republic
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nábrežie mládeže 91, 949 74, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Rajninec
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Libantova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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Arango-Velez A, González LMG, Meents MJ, El Kayal W, Cooke BJ, Linsky J, Lusebrink I, Cooke JEK. Influence of water deficit on the molecular responses of Pinus contorta × Pinus banksiana mature trees to infection by the mountain pine beetle fungal associate, Grosmannia clavigera. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:1220-39. [PMID: 24319029 PMCID: PMC4277265 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Conifers exhibit a number of constitutive and induced mechanisms to defend against attack by pests and pathogens such as mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) and their fungal associates. Ecological studies have demonstrated that stressed trees are more susceptible to attack by mountain pine beetle than their healthy counterparts. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that water deficit affects constitutive and induced responses of mature lodgepole pine × jack pine hybrids (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats. × Pinus banksiana Lamb.) to inoculation with the mountain pine beetle fungal associate Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffrey and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer and Wingfield. The degree of stress induced by the imposed water-deficit treatment was sufficient to reduce photosynthesis. Grosmannia clavigera-induced lesions exhibited significantly reduced dimensions in water-deficit trees relative to well-watered trees at 5 weeks after inoculation. Treatment-associated cellular-level changes in secondary phloem were also observed. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze transcript abundance profiles of 18 genes belonging to four families classically associated with biotic and abiotic stress responses: aquaporins (AQPs), dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB), terpene synthases (TPSs) and chitinases (CHIs). Transcript abundance profiles of a TIP2 AQP and a TINY-like DREB decreased significantly in fungus-inoculated trees, but not in response to water deficit. One TPS, Pcb(+)-3-carene synthase, and the Class II CHIs PcbCHI2.1 and PcbCHI2.2 showed increased expression under water-deficit conditions in the absence of fungal inoculation, while another TPS, Pcb(E)-β-farnesene synthase-like, and two CHIs, PcbCHI1.1 and PcbCHI4.1, showed attenuated expression under water-deficit conditions in the presence of fungal inoculation. The effects were observed both locally and systemically. These results demonstrate that both constitutive and induced carbon- and nitrogen-based defenses are affected by water deficit, suggesting potential consequences for mountain pine beetle dynamics, particularly in novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Arango-Velez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Leonardo M Galindo González
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Miranda J Meents
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Walid El Kayal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Barry J Cooke
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6H 3S5
| | - Jean Linsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Inka Lusebrink
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6E 2E3
| | - Janice E K Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
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