1
|
Chen X, Wang H, Yang X, Jiang J, Ren G, Wang Z, Dong X, Chen F. Small-scale alpine topography at low latitudes and high altitudes: refuge areas of the genus Chrysanthemum and its allies. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:184. [PMID: 33328452 PMCID: PMC7603505 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is an economically important ornamental plant species grown worldwide. However, the origin of the genus Chrysanthemum remains unclear. This study was conducted in the Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan Province. We took advantage of a special geographic region where the southernmost species of Ajania and the highest altitude population of Chrysanthemum indicum coexist to investigate their evolutionary origins. Diversity analysis of 9 populations of 5 species that came from 3 genera was carried out based on morphological traits and SRAP markers. Furthermore, topographical and ecological analyses and surveys of the vegetation communities in the plots were carried out for correlation analysis, and past data were used to reconstruct the ancient topography and vegetation to estimate the migration path and divergence time. We found that Chrysanthemum and Ajania were closely related based on the smooth transition states among marginal female florets and their common pollination system. The genetic relationship between Phaeostigma and Chrysanthemum was relatively distant, and Ajania was between them. Low light intensity and relatively humid habitats may be driving the elongation and evolution of marginal female florets. We found that Chrysanthemum and related genera were largely restricted to stony topographies at an altitude of ~3000 m.a.s.l. and in specialized alpine coniferous (Pinus) and broad-leaved (Quercus) mixed forest marginal communities. These stony topographies have become ecological islands of refuge for these species in the current interglacial period. The Hengduan Mountains play a key role in the evolution, divergence, and survival of Chrysanthemum and its allies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University, 671003, Dali, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Guopeng Ren
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, 671003, Dali, China
| | - Zijuan Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University, 671003, Dali, China
| | - Xiaodong Dong
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, 671003, Dali, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Parvin W, Govender N, Othman R, Jaafar H, Rahman M, Wong MY. Phenazine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa UPMP3 induced the host resistance in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)-Ganoderma boninense pathosystem. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15621. [PMID: 32973199 PMCID: PMC7518433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa developed its biocontrol agent property through the production of antifungal derivatives, with the phenazine among them. In this study, the applications of crude phenazine synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa UPMP3 and hexaconazole were comparatively evaluated for their effectiveness to suppress basal stem rot infection in artificially G. boninense-challenged oil palm seedlings. A glasshouse experiment under the randomized completely block design was set with the following treatments: non-inoculated seedlings, G. boninense inoculated seedlings, G. boninense inoculated seedlings with 1 mg/ml phenazine application, G. boninense inoculated seedlings with 2 mg/ml phenazine application and G. boninense inoculated seedlings with 0.048 mg/ml hexaconazole application. Seedlings were screened for disease parameters and plant vigour traits (plant height, plant fresh weight, root fresh, and dry weight, stem diameter, and total chlorophyll) at 1-to-4 month post-inoculation (mpi). The application of 2 mg/ml phenazine significantly reduced disease severity (DS) at 44% in comparison to fungicide application (DS = 67%). Plant vigour improved from 1 to 4 mpi and the rate of disease reduction in seedlings with phenazine application (2 mg/ml) was twofold greater than hexaconazole. At 4, 6 and 8 wpi, an up-regulation of chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase genes in seedlings treated with phenazine suggests the involvement of induced resistance in G. boninense-oil palm pathosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waheeda Parvin
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
- Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Nisha Govender
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Radziah Othman
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hawa Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mui-Yun Wong
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lidor O, Dror O, Hamershlak D, Shoshana N, Belausov E, Zahavi T, Mozes-Daube N, Naor V, Zchori-Fein E, Iasur-Kruh L, Bahar O. Introduction of a putative biocontrol agent into a range of phytoplasma- and liberibacter-susceptible crop plants. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:811-819. [PMID: 29072824 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytoplasma, the causative agent of Bois Noir disease of grapevines, are vectored by the planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae). A Dyella-like bacterium (DLB) isolated from H. obsoletus inhibits the growth of Spiroplasma melliferum, a cultivable relative of phytoplasma. Additional evidence suggests that DLB can reduce the symptoms of yellows disease in grapevine plantlets. The aim of this study was to test whether DLB could colonize a range of phytoplasma- and liberibacter-sensitive crop plants, and thus assess its potential agricultural use. RESULTS Vitex agnus-castus, the preferred host plant of H. obsoletus was found to be a natural host of DLB, which was successfully introduced into a range of crop plants belonging to seven families. The most effective DLB application method was foliar spraying. Microscopy observation revealed that DLB aggregated on the leaf surface and around the stomata, suggesting that this is its route of entry. DLB was also present in the vascular tissues of plants, indicating that it moved systemically through the plant. CONCLUSIONS DLB is a potential biocontrol agent and its broad spectrum of host plants indicates the possibility of its future use against a range of diseases caused by phloem-limited bacteria. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Lidor
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai, Israel
| | - Orit Dror
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dor Hamershlak
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nofar Shoshana
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Microscopy Unit, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | - Netta Mozes-Daube
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai, Israel
| | - Vered Naor
- Shamir Research Institute, Katzrin, Israel
- Ohallo College, Katzrin, Israel
| | - Einat Zchori-Fein
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai, Israel
| | - Lilach Iasur-Kruh
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College of Engineering, Karmiel, Israel
| | - Ofir Bahar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pagliari L, Buoso S, Santi S, Furch ACU, Martini M, Degola F, Loschi A, van Bel AJE, Musetti R. Filamentous sieve element proteins are able to limit phloem mass flow, but not phytoplasma spread. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3673-3688. [PMID: 28859375 PMCID: PMC5853782 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In Fabaceae, dispersion of forisomes-highly ordered aggregates of sieve element proteins-in response to phytoplasma infection was proposed to limit phloem mass flow and, hence, prevent pathogen spread. In this study, the involvement of filamentous sieve element proteins in the containment of phytoplasmas was investigated in non-Fabaceae plants. Healthy and infected Arabidopsis plants lacking one or two genes related to sieve element filament formation-AtSEOR1 (At3g01680), AtSEOR2 (At3g01670), and AtPP2-A1 (At4g19840)-were analysed. TEM images revealed that phytoplasma infection induces phloem protein filament formation in both the wild-type and mutant lines. This result suggests that, in contrast to previous hypotheses, sieve element filaments can be produced independently of AtSEOR1 and AtSEOR2 genes. Filament presence was accompanied by a compensatory overexpression of sieve element protein genes in infected mutant lines in comparison with wild-type lines. No correlation was found between phloem mass flow limitation and phytoplasma titre, which suggests that sieve element proteins are involved in defence mechanisms other than mechanical limitation of the pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pagliari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
| | - Sara Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
| | - Simonetta Santi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Dornburgerstrasse, Jena, Germany
| | - Marta Martini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Degola
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, via Usberti, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Loschi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
| | - Aart J E van Bel
- Department of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pérez-López E, Rodríguez-Martínez D, Olivier CY, Luna-Rodríguez M, Dumonceaux TJ. Molecular diagnostic assays based on cpn60 UT sequences reveal the geographic distribution of subgroup 16SrXIII-(A/I)I phytoplasma in Mexico. Sci Rep 2017; 7:950. [PMID: 28424530 PMCID: PMC5430490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Geographically diverse samples from strawberry exhibiting symptoms of Strawberry Green Petal (SbGP), periwinkle plants with virescence, and blackberry, blueberry, and raspberry plants displaying yellowing and inedible fruits, were assayed for the presence of phytoplasma DNA. PCR targeting the 16S rRNA-encoding gene and chaperonin-60 (cpn60) showed that the plants were infected with phytoplasma subgroup16SrXIII-(A/I)I (SbGP/MPV). To examine the geographic distribution of this pathogen in Mexico, we designed an array of cpn60-targeted molecular diagnostic assays for SbGP/MPV phytoplasma. A fluorescent microsphere hybridization assay was designed that was capable of detecting SbGP/MPV phytoplasma in infected plant tissues, successfully differentiating it from other known phytoplasma cpn60 UT sequences, while identifying a double infection with SbGP/MPV and aster yellows (16SrI) phytoplasma. Two quantitative assays, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), gave similar results in infected samples. Finally, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay provided rapid detection of SbGP/MPV phytoplasma DNA. Application of these assays revealed that SbGP/MPV phytoplasma is widely distributed in Central Mexico, with positive samples identified from eleven localities within three states separated by hundreds of kilometres. These results also provide tools for determining the presence and geographic distribution of this pathogen in plant and insect samples in other localities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edel Pérez-López
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | | | - Chrystel Y Olivier
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mauricio Luna-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Genética e Interacciones Planta Microorganismos, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Tim J Dumonceaux
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Trivedi P, Trivedi C, Grinyer J, Anderson IC, Singh BK. Harnessing Host-Vector Microbiome for Sustainable Plant Disease Management of Phloem-Limited Bacteria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1423. [PMID: 27746788 PMCID: PMC5043059 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant health and productivity is strongly influenced by their intimate interaction with deleterious and beneficial organisms, including microbes, and insects. Of the various plant diseases, insect-vectored diseases are of particular interest, including those caused by obligate parasites affecting plant phloem such as Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma species and several species of Ca. Liberibacter. Recent studies on plant-microbe and plant-insect interactions of these pathogens have demonstrated that plant-microbe-insect interactions have far reaching consequences for the functioning and evolution of the organisms involved. These interactions take place within complex pathosystems and are shaped by a myriad of biotic and abiotic factors. However, our current understanding of these processes and their implications for the establishment and spread of insect-borne diseases remains limited. This article highlights the molecular, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of interactions among insects, plants, and their associated microbial communities with a focus on insect vectored and phloem-limited pathogens belonging to Ca. Phytoplasma and Ca. Liberibacter species. We propose that innovative and interdisciplinary research aimed at linking scales from the cellular to the community level will be vital for increasing our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning plant-insect-microbe interactions. Examination of such interactions could lead us to applied solutions for sustainable disease and pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Trivedi
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith SouthNSW, Australia
| | - Chanda Trivedi
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith SouthNSW, Australia
| | - Jasmine Grinyer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith SouthNSW, Australia
| | - Ian C. Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith SouthNSW, Australia
| | - Brajesh K. Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith SouthNSW, Australia
- Global Centre for Land Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith SouthNSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pagliari L, Martini M, Loschi A, Musetti R. Looking inside phytoplasma-infected sieve elements: A combined microscopy approach using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant. Micron 2016; 89:87-97. [PMID: 27569416 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are phloem-inhabiting plant pathogens that affect over one thousand plant species, representing a severe threat to agriculture. The absence of an effective curative strategy and the economic importance of many affected crops make a priority of studying how plants respond to phytoplasma infection. Nevertheless, the study of phytoplasmas has been hindered by the extreme difficulty of culturing them in vitro and by impediments to natural host plant surveys such as low phytoplasma titre, long plant life cycle and poor knowledge of natural host-plant biology. Stating correspondence between macroscopic symptoms of phytoplasma infected Arabidopsis thaliana and those observed in natural host plants, over the last decade some authors have started to use this plant as a model for studying phytoplasma-plant interactions. Nevertheless, the morphological and ultrastructural modifications occurring in A. thaliana tissues following phytoplasma infection have never been described in detail. In this work, we adopted a combined-microscopy approach to verify if A. thaliana can be considered a reliable model for the study of phytoplasma-plant interactions at the microscopical level. The consistent presence of phytoplasma in infected phloem allowed detailed study of the infection process and the relationship established by phytoplasmas with different components of the sieve elements. In infected A. thaliana, phytoplasmas induced strong disturbances of host plant development that were mainly due to phloem disorganization and impairment. Light microscopy showed collapse, necrosis and hyperplasia of phloem cells. TEM observations of sieve elements identified two common plant-responses to phytoplasma infection: phloem protein agglutination and callose deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pagliari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marta Martini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Loschi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu CT, Huang HM, Hong SF, Kuo-Huang LL, Yang CY, Lin YY, Lin CP, Lin SS. Peanut witches' broom (PnWB) phytoplasma-mediated leafy flower symptoms and abnormal vascular bundles development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1107690. [PMID: 26492318 PMCID: PMC4854342 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1107690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The peanut witches' broom (PnWB) phytoplasma causes virescence symptoms such as phyllody (leafy flower) in infected peanuts. However, the obligate nature of phytoplasma limits the study of host-pathogen interactions, and the detailed anatomy of PnWB-infected plants has yet to be reported. Here, we demonstrate that 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining can be used to track PnWB infection. The DAPI-stained phytoplasma cells were observed in phloem/internal phloem tissues, and changes in vascular bundle morphology, including increasing pith rays and thinner cell walls in the xylem, were found. We also discerned the cell types comprising PnWB in infected sieve tube members. These results suggest that the presence of PnWB in phloem tissue facilitates the transmission of phytoplasma via sap-feeding insect vectors. In addition, PnWB in sieve tube members and changes in vascular bundle morphology might strongly promote the ability of phytoplasmas to assimilate nutrients. These data will help further an understanding of the obligate life cycle and host-pathogen interactions of phytoplasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Te Liu
- Institue of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Mei Huang
- Institue of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Syuan-Fei Hong
- Institue of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chiao-Yin Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yu Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Pin Lin
- Institue of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institue of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Osler R, Borselli S, Ermacora P, Loschi A, Martini M, Musetti R, Loi N. Acquired Tolerance in Apricot Plants that Stably Recovered from European Stone Fruit Yellows. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:492-496. [PMID: 30708735 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-13-0342-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) is one of the most destructive phytoplasma diseases of plum, apricot, and peach in Europe. Conventional preventive defense strategies have been ineffective. Because apricot cultivars with innate-constitutive resistance against ESFY are not available, the aim of this more than 20-year-long study was to seek acquired resistance or tolerance. In the first experiment, we surveyed an orchard with seven apricot cultivars for 12 years in an area of northern Italy with a high rate of natural occurrence of ESFY. Of the diseased plants, a few (8.7%) became completely symptomless but retained the phytoplasma, as confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the second experiment, we grafted buds from two stably recovered plants and from two nonrecovered plants onto 'Rubira' peach. Over the next 9 years in an orchard with a high rate of natural infection, 93.0% of the "nonrecovered clones" became diseased but only 1.5% of the plants grafted with the two "recovered clones" developed ESFY symptoms. According to PCR analyses, all of the exposed test plants were ESFY-infected, whether they were derived from recovered or nonrecovered mothers. This could indicate that epigenetic changes occurred in recovered plants due to a graft-transmissible memory. Based on the results attained from the two described experiments, we propose that an acquired tolerance that occurred in stably recovered apricot trees was graft transmitted from two tolerant apricot clones. In contrast, we did not demonstrate a cross-protection process based on protectant avirulent phytoplasma strains that suppress severe strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Osler
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S Borselli
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - P Ermacora
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - A Loschi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - M Martini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - R Musetti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - N Loi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bulgari D, Casati P, Faoro F. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for phytoplasma and endophytic bacteria localization in plant tissues. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 87:220-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|