1
|
Martín-Cardoso H, Bundó M, Val-Torregrosa B, San Segundo B. Phosphate accumulation in rice leaves promotes fungal pathogenicity and represses host immune responses during pathogen infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1330349. [PMID: 38298608 PMCID: PMC10827867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1330349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Rice is one of the most important crops in the world and a staple food for more than half of the world's population. At present, the blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae poses a severe threat to food security through reduction of rice yields worldwide. High phosphate fertilization has previously been shown to increase blast susceptibility. At present, however, our knowledge on the mechanisms underpinning phosphate-induced susceptibility to M. oryzae infection in rice is limited. In this work, we conducted live cell imaging on rice sheaths inoculated with a M. oryzae strain expressing two fluorescently-tagged M. oryzae effectors. We show that growing rice under high phosphate fertilization, and subsequent accumulation of phosphate in leaf sheaths, promotes invasive growth of M. oryzae. Consistent with this, stronger expression of M. oryzae effectors and Pathogenicity Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (PMK1) occurs in leaf sheaths of rice plants grown under high a phosphate regime. Down-regulation of fungal genes encoding suppressors of plant cell death and up-regulation of plant cell death-inducing effectors also occurs in sheaths of phosphate over-accumulating rice plants. Treatment with high Pi causes alterations in the expression of fungal phosphate transporter genes potentially contributing to pathogen virulence. From the perspective of the plant, Pi accumulation in leaf sheaths prevents H2O2 accumulation early during M. oryzae infection which was associated to a weaker activation of Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs (RBOHs) genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Further, a weaker activation of defense-related genes occurs during infection in rice plants over-accumulating phosphate. From these results, it can be concluded that phosphate fertilization has an effect on the two interacting partners, pathogen and host. Phosphate-mediated stimulation of fungal effector genes (e.g., potentiation of fungal pathogenicity) in combination with repression of pathogen-inducible immune responses (e.g., ROS accumulation, defense gene expression) explains higher colonization by M. oryzae in rice tissues accumulating phosphate. Phosphate content can therefore be considered as an important factor in determining the outcome of the rice/M. oryzae interaction. As fertilizers and pesticides are commonly used in rice cultivation to maintain optimal yield and to prevent losses caused by pathogens, a better understanding of how phosphate impacts blast susceptibility is crucial for developing strategies to rationally optimize fertilizer and pesticide use in rice production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Martín-Cardoso
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/de la Vall Moronta, CRAG Building, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Bundó
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/de la Vall Moronta, CRAG Building, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Val-Torregrosa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/de la Vall Moronta, CRAG Building, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/de la Vall Moronta, CRAG Building, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Q, Dong H, Li Q, Sun X, Qiao X, Yin H, Xie Z, Qi K, Huang X, Zhang S. PbrChiA: a key chitinase of pear in response to Botryosphaeria dothidea infection by interacting with PbrLYK1b2 and down-regulating ROS accumulation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad188. [PMID: 37899950 PMCID: PMC10611555 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Pear ring rot, caused by the pathogenic fungi Botryosphaeria dothidea, seriously affects pear production. While the infection-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst of infected plants limits the proliferation of B. dothidea during the early infection stage, high ROS levels can also contribute to their growth during the later necrotrophic infection stage. Therefore, it is important to understand how plants balance ROS levels and resistance to pathogenic B. dothidea during the later stage. In this study, we identified PbrChiA, a glycosyl hydrolases 18 (GH18) chitinase-encoding gene with high infection-induced expression, through a comparative transcriptome analysis. Artificial substitution, stable overexpression, and virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments demonstrated that PbrChiA can positively regulate pear resistance as a secreted chitinase to break down B. dothidea mycelium in vitro and that overexpression of PbrChiA suppressed infection-induced ROS accumulation. Further analysis revealed that PbrChiA can bind to the ectodomain of PbrLYK1b2, and this interaction suppressed PbrLYK1b2-mediated chitin-induced ROS accumulation. Collectively, we propose that the combination of higher antifungal activity from abundant PbrChiA and lower ROS levels during later necrotrophic infection stage confer resistance of pear against B. dothidea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huizhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qionghou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaosan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu H, Chang Q, Huang L, Wei P, Song Y, Guo Z, Peng YL, Fan J. An Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Expression Method for Functional Assay of Genes Promoting Disease in Monocots. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087636. [PMID: 37108797 PMCID: PMC10142106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression (AMTE) has been widely used for high-throughput assays of gene function in diverse plant species. However, its application in monocots is still limited due to low expression efficiency. Here, by using histochemical staining and a quantitative fluorescence assay of β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene expression, we investigated factors affecting the efficiency of AMTE on intact barley plants. We found prominent variation in GUS expression levels across diverse vectors commonly used for stable transformation and that the vector pCBEP produced the highest expression. Additionally, concurrent treatments of plants with one day of high humidity and two days of darkness following agro-infiltration also significantly increased GUS expression efficiency. We thus established an optimized method for efficient AMTE on barley and further demonstrated its efficiency on wheat and rice plants. We showed that this approach could produce enough proteins suitable for split-luciferase assays of protein-protein interactions on barley leaves. Moreover, we incorporated the AMTE protocol into the functional dissection of a complex biological process such as plant disease. Based on our previous research, we used the pCBEP vector to construct a full-length cDNA library of genes upregulated during the early stage of rice blast disease. A subsequent screen of the library by AMTE identified 15 candidate genes (out of ~2000 clones) promoting blast disease on barley plants. Four identified genes encode chloroplast-related proteins: OsNYC3, OsNUDX21, OsMRS2-9, and OsAk2. These genes were induced during rice blast disease; however, constitutive overexpression of these genes conferred enhanced disease susceptibility to Colletotrichum higginsianum in Arabidopsis. These observations highlight the power of the optimized AMTE approach on monocots as an effective tool for facilitating functional assays of genes mediating complex processes such as plant-microbe interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Xu
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingle Chang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Luli Huang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peiyao Wei
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulu Song
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zejian Guo
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Fan
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang L, Xu G, Li L, Ruan M, Bennion A, Wang GL, Li R, Qu S. The OsBDR1-MPK3 module negatively regulates blast resistance by suppressing the jasmonate signaling and terpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211102120. [PMID: 36952381 PMCID: PMC10068787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211102120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) may initiate signaling pathways by perceiving and transmitting environmental signals to cellular machinery and play diverse roles in plant development and stress responses. The rice genome encodes more than one thousand RLKs, but only a small number have been characterized as receptors for phytohormones, polypeptides, elicitors, and effectors. Here, we screened the function of 11 RLKs in rice resistance to the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) and identified a negative regulator named BDR1 (Blast Disease Resistance 1). The expression of BDR1 was rapidly increased under M. oryzae infection, while silencing or knockout of BDR1 significantly enhanced M. oryzae resistance in two rice varieties. Protein interaction and kinase activity assays indicated that BDR1 directly interacted with and phosphorylated mitogen-activated kinase 3 (MPK3). Knockout of BDR1 compromised M. oryzae-induced MPK3 phosphorylation levels. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that M. oryzae-elicited jasmonate (JA) signaling and terpenoid biosynthesis pathway were negatively regulated by BDR1 and MPK3. Mutation of JA biosynthetic (allene oxide cyclase (AOC)/signaling (MYC2) genes decreased rice resistance to M. oryzae. Besides diterpenoid, the monoterpene linalool and the sesquiterpene caryophyllene were identified as unique defensive compounds against M. oryzae, and their biosynthesis genes (TPS3 and TPS29) were transcriptionally regulated by JA signaling and suppressed by BDR1 and MPK3. These findings demonstrate the existence of a BDR1-MPK3 cascade that negatively mediates rice blast resistance by affecting JA-related defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Wang
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021Hangzhou, China
| | - Guojuan Xu
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiying Ruan
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,310021Hangzhou, China
| | - Anne Bennion
- SynMikro Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University Marburg, 35032Marburg, Germany
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, 43210Columbus, OH
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohong Qu
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sánchez-Sanuy F, Mateluna-Cuadra R, Tomita K, Okada K, Sacchi GA, Campo S, San Segundo B. Iron Induces Resistance Against the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae Through Potentiation of Immune Responses. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:68. [PMID: 36566483 PMCID: PMC9790844 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient required for plant growth and development. The availability of iron might also influence disease resistance in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the plant response to iron availability and immunity have been investigated separately from each other. In this work, we found that exposure of rice plants to high iron enhances resistance to infection by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of blast disease. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that blast resistance in iron-treated rice plants was associated with superinduction of defense-related genes during pathogen infection, including Pathogenesis-Related genes. The expression level of genes involved in the biosynthesis of phytoalexins, both diterpene phytoalexins and the flavonoid phytoalexin sakuranetin, was also higher in iron-treated plants compared with control plants, which correlated well with increased levels of phytoalexins in these plants during M. oryzae infection. Upon pathogen infection, lipid peroxidation was also higher in iron-treated plants compared with non-treated plants. We also show that M. oryzae infection modulates the expression of genes that play a pivotal role in the maintenance of iron homeostasis. Histochemical analysis of M. oryzae-infected leaves revealed colocalization of iron and reactive oxygen species in cells located in the vicinity of fungal penetration sites (e.g. appressoria) in rice plants that have been exposed to iron. Together these findings support that ferroptosis plays a role in the response of iron-treated rice plants to infection by virulent M. oryzae. Understanding interconnected regulations between iron signaling and immune signaling in rice holds great potential for developing novel strategies to improve blast resistance in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Sánchez-Sanuy
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Mateluna-Cuadra
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Keisuke Tomita
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gian Attilio Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Campo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain.
- Fundació Miquel Agustí, Campus Baix Llobregat, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain.
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li H, Zhang Y, Wu C, Bi J, Chen Y, Jiang C, Cui M, Chen Y, Hou X, Yuan M, Xiong L, Yang Y, Xie K. Fine-tuning OsCPK18/OsCPK4 activity via genome editing of phosphorylation motif improves rice yield and immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2258-2271. [PMID: 35984919 PMCID: PMC9674324 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved complex signalling networks to regulate growth and defence responses under an ever-changing environment. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the growth-defence tradeoff are largely unclear. We previously reported that rice CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 18 (OsCPK18) and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 5 (OsMPK5) mutually phosphorylate each other and that OsCPK18 phosphorylates and positively regulates OsMPK5 to suppress rice immunity. In this study, we found that OsCPK18 and its paralog OsCPK4 positively regulate plant height and yield-related traits. Further analysis reveals that OsCPK18 and OsMPK5 synergistically regulate defence-related genes but differentially regulate development-related genes. In vitro and in vivo kinase assays demonstrated that OsMPK5 phosphorylates C-terminal threonine (T505) and serine (S512) residues of OsCPK18 and OsCPK4, respectively. The kinase activity of OsCPK18T505D , in which T505 was replaced by aspartic acid to mimic T505 phosphorylation, displayed less calcium sensitivity than that of wild-type OsCPK18. Interestingly, editing the MAPK phosphorylation motif in OsCPK18 and its paralog OsCPK4, which deprives OsMPK5-mediated phosphorylation but retains calcium-dependent activation of kinase activity, simultaneously increases rice yields and immunity. This editing event also changed the last seven amino acid residues of OsCPK18 and attenuated its binding with OsMPK5. This study presents a new regulatory circuit that fine tunes the growth-defence tradeoff by modulating OsCPK18/4 activity and suggests that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated engineering phosphorylation pathways could simultaneously improve crop yield and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and HealthHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Yun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Caiyun Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jinpeng Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yache Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Changjin Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Miaomiao Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuedan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lizhong Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yinong Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Huck Institutes of Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kabin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and HealthHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen MM, Yang SR, Wang J, Fang YL, Peng YL, Fan J. Fungal oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins promote pathogen virulence and activate plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2125-2141. [PMID: 34864987 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins (ORPs) are a conserved class of lipid transfer proteins that are closely involved in multiple cellular processes in eukaryotes, but their roles in plant-pathogen interactions are mostly unknown. We show that transient expression of ORPs of Magnaporthe oryzae (MoORPs) in Nicotiana benthamina plants triggered oxidative bursts and cell death; treatment of tobacco Bright Yellow-2 suspension cells with recombinant MoORPs elicited the production of reactive oxygen species. Despite ORPs being normally described as intracellular proteins, we detected MoORPs in fungal culture filtrates and intercellular fluids from barley plants infected with the fungus. More importantly, infiltration of Arabidopsis plants with recombinant Arabidopsis or fungal ORPs activated oxidative bursts, callose deposition, and PR1 gene expression, and enhanced plant disease resistance, implying that ORPs may function as endogenous and exogenous danger signals triggering plant innate immunity. Extracellular application of fungal ORPs exerted an opposite impact on salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathways. Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1-associated Kinase 1 was dispensable for the ORP-activated defense. Besides, simultaneous knockout of MoORP1 and MoORP3 abolished fungal colony radial growth and conidiation, whereas double knockout of MoORP1 and MoORP2 compromised fungal virulence on barley and rice plants. These observations collectively highlight the multifaceted role of MoORPs in the modulation of plant innate immunity and promotion of fungal development and virulence in M. oryzae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Ru Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Li Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
ERF Transcription Factor OsBIERF3 Positively Contributes to Immunity against Fungal and Bacterial Diseases but Negatively Regulates Cold Tolerance in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020606. [PMID: 35054806 PMCID: PMC8775505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that overexpression of the rice ERF transcription factor gene OsBIERF3 in tobacco increased resistance against different pathogens. Here, we report the function of OsBIERF3 in rice immunity and abiotic stress tolerance. Expression of OsBIERF3 was induced by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, hormones (e.g., salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, and abscisic acid), and abiotic stress (e.g., drought, salt and cold stress). OsBIERF3 has transcriptional activation activity that depends on its C-terminal region. The OsBIERF3-overexpressing (OsBIERF3-OE) plants exhibited increased resistance while OsBIERF3-suppressed (OsBIERF3-Ri) plants displayed decreased resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae and X. oryzae pv. oryzae. A set of genes including those for PRs and MAPK kinases were up-regulated in OsBIERF3-OE plants. Cell wall biosynthetic enzyme genes were up-regulated in OsBIERF3-OE plants but down-regulated in OsBIERF3-Ri plants; accordingly, cell walls became thicker in OsBIERF3-OE plants but thinner in OsBIERF3-Ri plants than WT plants. The OsBIERF3-OE plants attenuated while OsBIERF3-Ri plants enhanced cold tolerance, accompanied by altered expression of cold-responsive genes and proline accumulation. Exogenous abscisic acid and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, a precursor of ethylene biosynthesis, restored the attenuated cold tolerance in OsBIERF3-OE plants while exogenous AgNO3, an inhibitor of ethylene action, significantly suppressed the enhanced cold tolerance in OsBIERF3-Ri plants. These data demonstrate that OsBIERF3 positively contributes to immunity against M. oryzae and X. oryzae pv. oryzae but negatively regulates cold stress tolerance in rice.
Collapse
|
9
|
Schnippenkoetter W, Hoque M, Maher R, Van de Wouw A, Hands P, Rolland V, Barrett L, Sprague S. Comparison of non-subjective relative fungal biomass measurements to quantify the Leptosphaeria maculans-Brassica napus interaction. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:122. [PMID: 34852830 PMCID: PMC8638343 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blackleg disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans, is a serious threat to canola (Brassica napus) production worldwide. Quantitative resistance to this disease is a highly desirable trait but is difficult to precisely phenotype. Visual scores can be subjective and are prone to assessor bias. Methods to assess variation in quantitative resistance more accurately were developed based on quantifying in planta fungal biomass, including the Wheat Germ Agglutinin Chitin Assay (WAC), qPCR and ddPCR assays. RESULTS Disease assays were conducted by inoculating a range of canola cultivars with L. maculans isolates in glasshouse experiments and assessing fungal biomass in cotyledons, petioles and stem tissue harvested at different timepoints post-inoculation. PCR and WAC assay results were well correlated, repeatable across experiments and host tissues, and able to differentiate fungal biomass in different host-isolate treatments. In addition, the ddPCR assay was shown to differentiate between L. maculans isolates. CONCLUSIONS The ddPCR assay is more sensitive in detecting pathogens and more adaptable to high-throughput methods by using robotic systems than the WAC assay. Overall, these methods proved accurate and non-subjective, providing alternatives to visual assessments to quantify the L. maculans-B. napus interaction in all plant tissues throughout the progression of the disease in seedlings and mature plants and have potential for fine-scale blackleg resistance phenotyping in canola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Hoque
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 1 Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Rebecca Maher
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 1 Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Angela Van de Wouw
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Phillip Hands
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 1 Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Vivien Rolland
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 1 Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Luke Barrett
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 1 Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Susan Sprague
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 1 Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Campo S, Sánchez‐Sanuy F, Camargo‐Ramírez R, Gómez‐Ariza J, Baldrich P, Campos‐Soriano L, Soto‐Suárez M, San Segundo B. A novel Transposable element-derived microRNA participates in plant immunity to rice blast disease. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1798-1811. [PMID: 33780108 PMCID: PMC8428829 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that direct post-transcriptional gene silencing in plant development and stress responses through cleavage or translational repression of target mRNAs. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of a new member of the miR812 family in rice (named as miR812w) involved in disease resistance. miR812w is present in cultivated Oryza species, both japonica and indica subspecies, and wild rice species within the Oryza genus, but not in dicotyledonous species. miR812w is a 24nt-long that requires DCL3 for its biogenesis and is loaded into AGO4 proteins. Whereas overexpression of miR812w increased resistance to infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MIR812w editing enhances disease susceptibility, supporting that miR812w plays a role in blast resistance. We show that miR812w derives from the Stowaway type of rice MITEs (Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable Elements). Moreover, miR812w directs DNA methylation in trans at target genes that have integrated a Stowaway MITE copy into their 3' or 5' untranslated region (ACO3, CIPK10, LRR genes), as well as in cis at the MIR812w locus. The target genes of miR812 were found to be hypo-methylated around the miR812 recognition site, their expression being up-regulated in transgene-free CRISPR/Cas9-edited miR812 plants. These findings further support that, in addition to post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, miRNAs can exert their regulatory function at the transcriptional level. This relationship between miR812w and Stowaway MITEs integrated into multiple coding genes might eventually create a network for miR812w-mediated regulation of gene expression with implications in rice immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Campo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)C/ de la Vall Moronta, CRAG BuildingBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Ferran Sánchez‐Sanuy
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)C/ de la Vall Moronta, CRAG BuildingBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Rosany Camargo‐Ramírez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)C/ de la Vall Moronta, CRAG BuildingBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Jorge Gómez‐Ariza
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)C/ de la Vall Moronta, CRAG BuildingBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Patricia Baldrich
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)C/ de la Vall Moronta, CRAG BuildingBarcelona08193Spain
- Present address:
Donald Danforth Plant Science Center975 N Warson RoadSt. LouisMO63132USA
| | - Lidia Campos‐Soriano
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)C/ de la Vall Moronta, CRAG BuildingBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Mauricio Soto‐Suárez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)C/ de la Vall Moronta, CRAG BuildingBarcelona08193Spain
- Present address:
Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria. AGROSAVIAKm 14 vía Mosquera‐BogotáMosquera250047Colombia
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBCampus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)C/ de la Vall Moronta, CRAG BuildingBarcelona08193Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu Y, Wilson S, Schwessinger B, Rathjen JP. Blurred lines: integrating emerging technologies to advance plant biosecurity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:127-134. [PMID: 32610220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases threaten global food security and biodiversity. Rapid dispersal of pathogens particularly via human means has accelerated in recent years. Timely detection of plant pathogens is essential to limit their spread. At the same time, international regulations must keep abreast of advances in plant disease diagnostics. In this review we describe recent progress in developing modern plant disease diagnostics based on detection of pathogen components, high-throughput image analysis, remote sensing, and machine learning. We discuss how different diagnostic approaches can be integrated in detection frameworks that can work at different scales and account for sampling biases. Lastly, we briefly discuss the requirements to apply these advances under regulatory settings to improve biosecurity measures globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Hu
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Salome Wilson
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Benjamin Schwessinger
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John P Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Q, Dong C, Sun X, Zhang Y, Dai H, Bai S. Overexpression of an apple LysM-containing protein gene, MdCERK1-2, confers improved resistance to the pathogenic fungus, Alternaria alternata, in Nicotiana benthamiana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:146. [PMID: 32268888 PMCID: PMC7386173 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysin motif (LysM)-containing proteins are involved in the recognition of fungal and bacterial pathogens. However, few studies have reported on their roles in the defense responses of woody plants against pathogens. A previous study reported that the apple MdCERK1 gene was induced by chitin and Rhizoctonia solani, and its protein can bind to chitin. However, its effect on defense responses has not been investigated. RESULTS In this study, a new apple CERK gene, designated as MdCERK1-2, was identified. It encodes a protein that shares high sequence identity with the previously reported MdCERK1 and AtCERK1. Its chitin binding ability and subcellular location are similar to MdCERK1 and AtCERK1, suggesting that MdCERK1-2 may play a role in apple immune defense responses as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR). MdCERK1-2 expression in apple was induced by 2 fungal pathogens, Botryosphaeria dothidea and Glomerella cingulate, but not by the bacterial pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, indicating that MdCERK1-2 is involved in apple anti-fungal defense responses. Further functional analysis by heterologous overexpression (OE) in Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb) demonstrated that MdCERK1-2 OE improved Nb resistance to the pathogenic fungus, Alternaria alternata. H2O2 accumulation and callose deposition increased after A. alternata infection in MdCERK1-2 OE plants compared to wild type (WT) and empty vector (EV)-transformed plants. The induced expression of NbPAL4 by A. alternata significantly (p < 0.01, n = 4) increased in MdCERK1-2 OE plants. Other tested genes, including NbNPR1, NbPR1a, NbERF1, and NbLOX1, did not exhibit significant changes after A. alternata infection in OE plants compared to EV or WT plants. OE plants also accumulated more polyphenols after A. alternata infection. CONCLUSIONS Heterologous MdCERK1-2 OE affects multiple defense responses in Nb plants and increased their resistance to fungal pathogens. This result also suggests that MdCERK1-2 is involved in apple defense responses against pathogenic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chaohua Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hongyi Dai
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Suhua Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Fungi are rich sources of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance, such as antibiotics, antitumor agents, and immunosuppressants, as well as of harmful toxins. Secondary metabolites play important roles in the development and pathogenesis of fungi. LaeA is a global regulator of secondary metabolism and was originally reported in Aspergillus nidulans; however, its role in secondary metabolism in Magnaporthe oryzae has not yet been reported. Here, we investigated the role of a gene homologous to LAEA (loss of AflR expression) of Aspergillus spp. in Magnaporthe oryzae, named M. oryzaeLAEA (MoLAEA). Studies on MoLAEA overexpression and knockdown strains have suggested that this gene acts as a negative regulator of sporulation and melanin synthesis. However, it is not involved in the growth and pathogenesis of M. oryzae Transcriptomic data indicated that MoLAEA regulated genes involved in secondary metabolism. Interestingly, we observed (for the first time, to our knowledge) that this gene is involved in benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) synthesis in M. oryzae Overexpression of MoLAEA increased penicillin G production, whereas the silenced strain showed a complete absence of penicillin G compared to its presence in the wild type. We also observed that MoLaeA interacted with MoVeA, a velvet family protein involved in fungal development and secondary metabolism, in the nucleus. This study showed that though MoLAEA may not make any contribution in rice blast fungal pathogenesis, it regulates secondary metabolism in M. oryzae and thus can be further studied for identifying other new uncharacterized metabolites in this fungus.IMPORTANCEM. oryzae causes blast disease, the most serious disease of cultivated rice affecting global rice production. The genome of M. oryzae has been shown to have a number of genes involved in secondary metabolism, but most of them are uncharacterized. In fact, compared to studies of other filamentous fungi, hardly any work has been done on secondary metabolism in M. oryzae It is shown here (for the first time, to our knowledge) that penicillin G is being synthesized in M. oryzae and that MoLAEA is involved in this process. This is the first step in understanding the penicillin G biosynthesis pathway in M. oryzae This study also unraveled the details of how MoLaeA works by forming a nuclear complex with MoVeA in M. oryzae, thus indicating functional conservation of such a gene across filamentous fungi. All these findings open up avenues for more relevant investigations on the genetic regulation of secondary metabolism in M. oryzae.
Collapse
|
14
|
Campos‐Soriano L, Bundó M, Bach‐Pages M, Chiang S, Chiou T, San Segundo B. Phosphate excess increases susceptibility to pathogen infection in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:555-570. [PMID: 32072745 PMCID: PMC7060143 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and productivity. Due to soil fixation, however, phosphorus availability in soil is rarely sufficient to sustain high crop yields. The overuse of fertilizers to circumvent the limited bioavailability of phosphate (Pi) has led to a scenario of excessive soil P in agricultural soils. Whereas adaptive responses to Pi deficiency have been deeply studied, less is known about how plants adapt to Pi excess and how Pi excess might affect disease resistance. We show that high Pi fertilization, and subsequent Pi accumulation, enhances susceptibility to infection by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae in rice. This fungus is the causal agent of the blast disease, one of the most damaging diseases of cultivated rice worldwide. Equally, MIR399f overexpression causes an increase in Pi content in rice leaves, which results in enhanced susceptibility to M. oryzae. During pathogen infection, a weaker activation of defence-related genes occurs in rice plants over-accumulating Pi in leaves, which is in agreement with the phenotype of blast susceptibility observed in these plants. These data support that Pi, when in excess, compromises defence mechanisms in rice while demonstrating that miR399 functions as a negative regulator of rice immunity. The two signalling pathways, Pi signalling and defence signalling, must operate in a coordinated manner in controlling disease resistance. This information provides a basis to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in immunity in rice plants under high Pi fertilization, an aspect that should be considered in management of the rice blast disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Campos‐Soriano
- Centre for Research in Agricultural GenomicsCSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mireia Bundó
- Centre for Research in Agricultural GenomicsCSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Marcel Bach‐Pages
- Centre for Research in Agricultural GenomicsCSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)BarcelonaSpain
- Present address:
Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Su‐Fen Chiang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tzyy‐Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural GenomicsCSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés)BarcelonaSpain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasBarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu X, Inoue H, Tang X, Tan Y, Xu X, Wang C, Jiang CJ. Rice OsAAA-ATPase1 is Induced during Blast Infection in a Salicylic Acid-Dependent Manner, and Promotes Blast Fungus Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041443. [PMID: 32093321 PMCID: PMC7073101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) have been implicated in signaling roles in plant defense responses. We previously reported that mutation or RNAi-knockdown (OsSSI2-kd) of the rice OsSSI2 gene, encoding a stearoyl acyl carrier protein FA desaturase (SACPD), remarkably enhanced resistance to blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and the leaf-blight bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Transcriptomic analysis identified six AAA-ATPase family genes (hereafter OsAAA-ATPase1–6) upregulated in the OsSSI2-kd plants, in addition to other well-known defense-related genes. Here, we report the functional analysis of OsAAA-ATPase1 in rice’s defense response to M. oryzae. Recombinant OsAAA-ATPase1 synthesized in Escherichia coli showed ATPase activity. OsAAA-ATPase1 transcription was induced by exogenous treatment with a functional analogue of salicylic acid (SA), benzothiadiazole (BTH), but not by other plant hormones tested. The transcription of OsAAA-ATPase1 was also highly induced in response to M. oryzae infection in an SA-dependent manner, as gene induction was significantly attenuated in a transgenic rice line expressing a bacterial gene (nahG) encoding salicylate hydroxylase. Overexpression of OsAAA-ATPase1 significantly enhanced pathogenesis-related gene expression and the resistance to M. oryzae; conversely, RNAi-mediated suppression of this gene compromised this resistance. These results suggest that OsAAA-APTase1 plays an important role in SA-mediated defense responses against blast fungus M. oryzae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiong Liu
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (C.-J.J.); Tel.: +86-189-7122-9082 (X.L.); +81-298-838-8385(C.-J.J.)
| | - Haruhiko Inoue
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Xianying Tang
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanping Tan
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chuntai Wang
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chang-Jie Jiang
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (C.-J.J.); Tel.: +86-189-7122-9082 (X.L.); +81-298-838-8385(C.-J.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu N, Lei Y, Zhang M, Zheng W, Shi Y, Qi X, Chen H, Zhou Y, Gong G. Latent Infection of Powdery Mildew on Volunteer Wheat in Sichuan Province, China. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1084-1091. [PMID: 31009363 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-18-1003-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wheat powdery mildew, caused by the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most destructive wheat diseases in China, especially in Sichuan Province. Successfully oversummered B. graminis f. sp. tritici can become a primary infection source for wheat seedlings in the fall. Determining the latent infection level of B. graminis f. sp. tritici in volunteer wheat and the oversummering areas of B. graminis f. sp. tritici is important for estimating potential B. graminis f. sp. tritici epidemics. In this study, we clarified the critical role of volunteer wheat in the B. graminis f. sp. tritici oversummering cycle and determined whether latent B. graminis f. sp. tritici infection was present in volunteer wheat by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). The results indicated that volunteer wheat was mostly found in the northeast and middle regions of Sichuan, where lower temperatures and higher precipitation are common. A total of 13.2% of samples showed symptoms of B. graminis f. sp. tritici (spores) in the field, and 36.8% of samples were found to carry the B. graminis f. sp. tritici pathogen, even though no symptoms were observed. Volunteer wheat with B. graminis f. sp. tritici infection symptoms was found at an altitude of 536 m but volunteer wheat latently infected by B. graminis f. sp. tritici was identified at the lowest altitude of 323 m. Crop shade (e.g., corn and lima bean) provided suitable conditions for the survival of volunteer wheat in the summer. In addition, volunteer wheat played a key role in the B. graminis f. sp. tritici oversummering cycle. Moreover, B. graminis f. sp. tritici could oversummer by infecting generations of volunteer wheat in the summer, thereby becoming the primary infection source for autumn-sown wheat. The results showed that the latent infection of wheat diseases could be rapidly quantified by real-time PCR. Here, the primary disease center of autumn-sown wheat in Ya'an and Wenjiang were detected accurately based on this method. This study provides solid evidence for identifying the disease center, which offers guidance for wheat disease control and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- 1 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- 2 College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China; and
| | - Yu Lei
- 1 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- 3 College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Min Zhang
- 1 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenming Zheng
- 2 College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China; and
| | - Yongchun Shi
- 2 College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China; and
| | - Xiaobo Qi
- 1 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huabao Chen
- 1 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - You Zhou
- 1 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guoshu Gong
- 1 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chu B, Yang L, Wang C, Gu Y, Yuan K, Wang R, Luo Y, Ma Z. Improved Evaluation of Wheat Cultivars (Lines) on Resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Using Molecular Disease Index. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1206-1212. [PMID: 30995150 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-18-1158-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat worldwide. Sichuan Province plays an important role in interregional epidemics in China. Application of host resistance is important in disease management, and efficient approaches to evaluate resistance level are necessary to obtain useful varieties. In this study, 100 wheat cultivars (lines) growing in Sichuan were selected to evaluate their resistance to stripe rust. Field experiments were conducted with a mixture of three P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races for inoculations at seeding and adult stages in the 2014 to 2015 season and the 2016 to 2017 season. Leaf samplings were conducted four times during the latent period at early growth stage of wheat. The sampled leaves were processed to extract DNA. The DNA of both wheat and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici was quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the molecular disease index (MDI) was used to evaluate the resistance level. The area under the disease progress curve in terms of disease index (AUDPC-DI) was obtained for each studied cultivar (line) in the fields. Among the 100 studied cultivars (lines), 61% of them showed seedling resistance, and 63 and 65% showed adult resistance in the 2014 to 2015 and 2016 to 2017 seasons, respectively, based on the infection type. High consistency in resistance grouping by cluster analysis as the percentage of the studied cultivar (line) belonging to the same group based on AUDPC-DI data and based on MDI data was obtained. The correlations between AUDPC-DI and MDI from samples collected on 9 and 14 or 15 days after inoculation during the latent period were all significant at P < 0.01. This study provided a new and efficient method for evaluation of varietal resistance to wheat stripe rust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingyao Chu
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MOA) Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; and
| | - Lujia Yang
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MOA) Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; and
| | - Cuicui Wang
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MOA) Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; and
| | - Yilin Gu
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MOA) Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; and
| | - Kai Yuan
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MOA) Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; and
| | - Rui Wang
- 2 Kaifeng Experimental Station of China Agricultural University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yong Luo
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MOA) Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; and
| | - Zhanhong Ma
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MOA) Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; and
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Salvador-Guirao R, Baldrich P, Tomiyama S, Hsing YI, Okada K, San Segundo B. OsDCL1a activation impairs phytoalexin biosynthesis and compromises disease resistance in rice. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:79-93. [PMID: 30032201 PMCID: PMC6344094 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression via sequence-specific cleavage or translational repression of target transcripts. They are transcribed as long single-stranded RNA precursors with unique stem-loop structures that are processed by a DICER-Like (DCL) ribonuclease, typically DCL1, to produce mature miRNAs. Although a plethora of miRNAs have been found to be regulated by pathogen infection in plants, the biological function of most miRNAs remains largely unknown. Here, the contribution of OsDCL1 to rice immunity was investigated. METHODS Activation-tagged Osdcl1a (Osdcl1a-Ac) rice mutants were examined for resistance to pathogen infection. mRNA and small RNA deep sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and stem-loop reverse tanscripion-PCR (RT-PCR) were used to examine DCL1a-mediated alterations in the rice transcriptome. Rice diterpene phytoalexins were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS). Accumulation of O2·- was determined by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining. KEY RESULTS dcl1a-Ac mutants exhibit enhanced susceptibility to infection by fungal pathogens which was associated with a weaker induction of defence gene expression. Comparison of the mRNA and miRNA transcriptomes of dcl1a-Ac and wild-type plants revealed misregulation of genes involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Consequently, dcl1a-Ac plants accumulated O2·- in their leaves and were more sensitive to methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, dcl1a-Ac plants showed downregulation of diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthetic genes, these genes also being weakly induced during pathogen infection. Upon pathogen challenge, dcl1a-Ac plants failed to accumulate major diterpenoid phytoalexins. OsDCL1a activation resulted in marked alterations in the rice miRNAome, including both upregulation and downregulation of miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS OsDCL1a activation enhances susceptibility to infection by fungal pathogens in rice. Activation of OsDCL1a represses the pathogen-inducible host defence response and negatively regulates diterpenoid phytoalexin production. These findings provide a basis to understand the molecular mechanisms through which OsDCL1a mediates rice immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Salvador-Guirao
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Baldrich
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shiho Tomiyama
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yue-Ie Hsing
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- For correspondence. E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kishi-Kaboshi M, Seo S, Takahashi A, Hirochika H. The MAMP-Responsive MYB Transcription Factors MYB30, MYB55 and MYB110 Activate the HCAA Synthesis Pathway and Enhance Immunity in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:903-915. [PMID: 29562362 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids, including diverse compounds, such as monolignols and hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAAs), are essential for land plants to protect them against abiotic stresses, and create physical and chemical barriers to pathogen infection. However, the control of production of these compounds in response to pathogens has been poorly understood. Previously we showed that a MAMP- (microbe-associated molecular pattern) responsive MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascade (MKK4-MPK3/MPK6) comprehensively induced the expression of cinnamate/monolignol synthesis genes in rice cells. Here, we identified three MYB proteins, MYB30, MYB55 and MYB110, which are transcriptionally induced by MAMP treatment, MAPK activation and pathogen inoculation. Induced expression of these MYB genes systematically and specifically induced a large part of the genes encoding enzymes in the cinnamate/monolignol pathway. Furthermore, induced expression of the MYB genes caused accumulation of ferulic acid, one of the HCAAs, and enhanced resistance to both fungal and bacterial pathogens in planta. In conclusion, MYB30, MYB55 and MYB110 are involved in the signal pathway between MAMP perception and cinnamate/monolignol synthesis, and have important roles for plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Kishi-Kaboshi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shigemi Seo
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hirochika
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Salvador-Guirao R, Hsing YI, San Segundo B. The Polycistronic miR166k-166h Positively Regulates Rice Immunity via Post-transcriptional Control of EIN2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:337. [PMID: 29616057 PMCID: PMC5869255 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs acting as regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In plants, most miRNAs are generated from independent transcriptional units, and only a few polycistronic miRNAs have been described. miR166 is a conserved miRNA in plants targeting the HD-ZIP III transcription factor genes. Here, we show that a polycistronic miRNA comprising two miR166 family members, miR166k and miR166h, functions as a positive regulator of rice immunity. Rice plants with activated MIR166k-166h expression showed enhanced resistance to infection by the fungal pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae and Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agents of the rice blast and bakanae disease, respectively. Disease resistance in rice plants with activated MIR166k-166h expression was associated with a stronger expression of defense responses during pathogen infection. Stronger induction of MIR166k-166h expression occurred in resistant but not susceptible rice cultivars. Notably, the ethylene-insensitive 2 (EIN2) gene was identified as a novel target gene for miR166k. The regulatory role of the miR166h-166k polycistron on the newly identified target gene results from the activity of the miR166k-5p specie generated from the miR166k-166h precursor. Collectively, our findings support a role for miR166k-5p in rice immunity by controlling EIN2 expression. Because rice blast is one of the most destructive diseases of cultivated rice worldwide, unraveling miR166k-166h-mediated mechanisms underlying blast resistance could ultimately help in designing appropriate strategies for rice protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Salvador-Guirao
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yue-ie Hsing
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Onyilo F, Tusiime G, Tripathi JN, Chen LH, Falk B, Stergiopoulos I, Tushemereirwe W, Kubiriba J, Tripathi L. Silencing of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) Fus3 and Slt2 in Pseudocercospora fijiensis Reduces Growth and Virulence on Host Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:291. [PMID: 29593757 PMCID: PMC5859377 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Pseudocercospora fijiensis, causal agent of the black Sigatoka disease (BSD) of Musa spp., has spread globally since its discovery in Fiji 1963 to all the banana and plantain growing areas across the globe. It is becoming the most damaging and economically important disease of this crop. The identification and characterization of genes that regulate infection processes and pathogenicity in P. fijiensis will provide important knowledge for the development of disease-resistant cultivars. In many fungal plant pathogens, the Fus3 and Slt2 are reported to be essential for pathogenicity. Fus3 regulates filamentous-invasion pathways including the formation of infection structures, sporulation, virulence, and invasive and filamentous growth, whereas Slt2 is involved in the cell-wall integrity pathway, virulence, invasive growth, and colonization in host tissues. Here, we used RNAi-mediated gene silencing to investigate the role of the Slt2 and Fus3 homologs in P. fijiensis in pathogen invasiveness, growth and pathogenicity. The PfSlt2 and PfFus3 silenced P. fijiensis transformants showed significantly lower gene expression and reduced virulence, invasive growth, and lower biomass in infected leaf tissues of East African Highland Banana (EAHB). This study suggests that Slt2 and Fus3 MAPK signaling pathways play important roles in plant infection and pathogenic growth of fungal pathogens. The silencing of these vital fungal genes through host-induced gene silencing (HIG) could be an alternative strategy for developing transgenic banana and plantain resistant to BSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Onyilo
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Geoffrey Tusiime
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Li-Hung Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bryce Falk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ioannis Stergiopoulos
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Jerome Kubiriba
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
You Q, Zhai K, Yang D, Yang W, Wu J, Liu J, Pan W, Wang J, Zhu X, Jian Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Li Q, Lou Y, Xie Q, He Z. An E3 Ubiquitin Ligase-BAG Protein Module Controls Plant Innate Immunity and Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 20:758-769. [PMID: 27978435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) and immunity in plants are tightly controlled to promote antimicrobial defense while preventing autoimmunity. However, the mechanisms contributing to this immune homeostasis are poorly understood. Here, we isolated a rice mutant ebr1 (enhanced blight and blast resistance 1) that shows enhanced broad-spectrum bacterial and fungal disease resistance, but displays spontaneous PCD, autoimmunity, and stunted growth. EBR1 encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with OsBAG4, which belongs to the BAG (Bcl-2-associated athanogene) family that functions in cell death, growth arrest, and immune responses in mammals. EBR1 directly targets OsBAG4 for ubiquitination-mediated degradation. Elevated levels of OsBAG4 in rice are necessary and sufficient to trigger PCD and enhanced disease resistance to pathogenic infection, most likely by activating pathogen-associated molecular patterns-triggered immunity (PTI). Together, our study suggests that an E3-BAG module orchestrates innate immune homeostasis and coordinates the trade-off between defense and growth in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanyuan You
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Keran Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Donglei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weibing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingni Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junzhong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbo Pan
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yikun Jian
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jiyun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiwen Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yonggen Lou
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ueno Y, Matsushita A, Inoue H, Yoshida R, Jiang CJ, Takatsuji H. WRKY45 phosphorylation at threonine 266 acts negatively on WRKY45-dependent blast resistance in rice. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1356968. [PMID: 28758876 PMCID: PMC5616141 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1356968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
WRKY45 is a central regulator of disease resistance mediated by salicylic acid signaling in rice and its activation involves phosphorylation by OsMPK6. OsMPK6 phosphorylates WRKY45 at Thr266, Ser294, and Ser299 in vitro. Phosphorylation of Ser294 and/or Ser299 is required for full activation of WRKY45, but the importance of Thr266 phosphorylation has remained unknown. Here, we report on the characterization of Thr266 phosphorylation of WRKY45 in rice. Transient expression of mutant WRKY45 revealed that Thr266 is phosphorylated in vivo, together with Ser294/299. Replacement of Thr266 by Asn did not affect the enhanced Magnaporthe oryzae resistance afforded by WRKY45 overexpression. By contrast, replacement by Asp negated the enhancement of M. oryzae resistance. These results suggest that Thr266 phosphorylation acts negatively on WRKY45-dependent disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Ueno
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokatani 1-5, Seta Ohe-cho, Otsu-shi, Shiga, Japan
| | - Akane Matsushita
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Inoue
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Riichiro Yoshida
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chang-Jie Jiang
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takatsuji
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- CONTACT Hiroshi Takatsuji , Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2–1–2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The Nep1-like protein family of Magnaporthe oryzae is dispensable for the infection of rice plants. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4372. [PMID: 28663588 PMCID: PMC5491491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The necrosis- and ethylene-inducing protein 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) are a class of microbe-associated molecular patterns widely distributed across diverse groups of plant-associated microorganisms. In spite of the cytotoxic activity in dicot plants, the role of most NLPs in the virulence of plant pathogens is still largely unknown. We showed that the MoNLP family of rice blast fungus varied very little in amino acid sequence, transient expression of three MoNLPs induced cell death and the production of reactive oxygen species in Nicotiana benthamiana, and the expression of MoNLPs was induced during infection of susceptible rice plants. To further investigate the biological role of the MoNLP family, a marker-free gene replacement vector was developed and used to knock out the whole family in Magnaporthe oryzae. Results showed no significant difference in disease levels caused by wild type and the quadruple ΔMoNLP mutant strains. Likewise, the sporulation and radial growth of the two strains were similar under various unfavorable cultural conditions including malnutrition and abiotic stresses. These observations demonstrated that the MoNLP family is dispensable for the fungal tolerance to the tested adverse cultural conditions, and more importantly, for the virulence of blast fungus on susceptible rice plants.
Collapse
|
25
|
Onyilo F, Tusiime G, Chen LH, Falk B, Stergiopoulos I, Tripathi JN, Tushemereirwe W, Kubiriba J, Changa C, Tripathi L. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation of Pseudocercospora fijiensis to Determine the Role of PfHog1 in Osmotic Stress Regulation and Virulence Modulation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:830. [PMID: 28559879 PMCID: PMC5432539 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Black Sigatoka disease, caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis is a serious constraint to banana production worldwide. The disease continues to spread in new ecological niches and there is an urgent need to develop strategies for its control. The high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is well known to respond to changes in external osmolarity. HOG pathway activation leads to phosphorylation, activation and nuclear transduction of the HOG1 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The activated HOG1 triggers several responses to osmotic stress, including up or down regulation of different genes, regulation of protein translation, adjustments to cell cycle progression and synthesis of osmolyte glycerol. This study investigated the role of the MAPK-encoding PfHog1 gene on osmotic stress adaptation and virulence of P. fijiensis. RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of PfHog1 significantly suppressed growth of P. fijiensis on potato dextrose agar media supplemented with 1 M NaCl, indicating that PfHog1 regulates osmotic stress. In addition, virulence of the PfHog1-silenced mutants of P. fijiensis on banana was significantly reduced, as observed from the low rates of necrosis and disease development on the infected leaves. Staining with lacto phenol cotton blue further confirmed the impaired mycelial growth of the PfHog1 in the infected leaf tissues, which was further confirmed with quantification of the fungal biomass using absolute- quantitative PCR. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PfHog1 plays a critical role in osmotic stress regulation and virulence of P. fijiensis on its host banana. Thus, PfHog1 could be an interesting target for the control of black Sigatoka disease in banana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Onyilo
- National Agricultural Research LaboratoriesKampala, Uganda
- Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere UniversityKampala, Uganda
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobi, Kenya
| | - Geoffrey Tusiime
- Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere UniversityKampala, Uganda
| | - Li-Hung Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, USA
| | - Bryce Falk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles Changa
- National Agricultural Research LaboratoriesKampala, Uganda
| | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kyndt T, Zemene HY, Haeck A, Singh R, De Vleesschauwer D, Denil S, De Meyer T, Höfte M, Demeestere K, Gheysen G. Below-Ground Attack by the Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne graminicola Predisposes Rice to Blast Disease. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:255-266. [PMID: 28151048 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-16-0225-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae (rice blast) and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola are causing two of the most important pathogenic diseases jeopardizing rice production. Here, we show that root-knot nematode infestation on rice roots leads to important above-ground changes in plant immunity gene expression, which is correlated with significantly enhanced susceptibility to blast disease. A detailed metabolic analysis of oxidative stress responses and hormonal balances demonstrates that the above-ground tissues have a disturbed oxidative stress level, with accumulation of H2O2, as well as hormonal disturbances. Moreover, double infection experiments on an oxidative stress mutant and an auxin-deficient rice line indicate that the accumulation of auxin in the above-ground tissue is at least partly responsible for the blast-promoting effect of root-knot nematode infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kyndt
- 1 Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henok Yimer Zemene
- 1 Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- 4 Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University
| | - Ashley Haeck
- 2 Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Singh
- 1 Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Simon Denil
- 3 Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University; and
| | - Tim De Meyer
- 3 Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University; and
| | - Monica Höfte
- 4 Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- 2 Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- 1 Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hong Y, Yang Y, Zhang H, Huang L, Li D, Song F. Overexpression of MoSM1, encoding for an immunity-inducing protein from Magnaporthe oryzae, in rice confers broad-spectrum resistance against fungal and bacterial diseases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41037. [PMID: 28106116 PMCID: PMC5247740 DOI: 10.1038/srep41037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential of MoSM1, encoding for a cerato-platanin protein from Magnaporthe oryzae, in improvement of rice disease resistance was examined. Transient expression of MoSM1 in rice leaves initiated hypersensitive response and upregulated expression of defense genes. When transiently expressed in tobacco leaves, MoSM1 targeted to plasma membrane. The MoSM1-overexpressing (MoSM1-OE) transgenic rice lines showed an improved resistance, as revealed by the reduced disease severity and decreased in planta pathogen growth, against 2 strains belonging to two different races of M. oryzae, causing blast disease, and against 2 strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, causing bacterial leaf blight disease. However, no alteration in resistance to sheath blight disease was observed in MoSM1-OE lines. The MoSM1-OE plants contained elevated levels of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) and constitutively activated the expression of SA and JA signaling-related regulatory and defense genes. Furthermore, the MoSM1-OE plants had no effect on drought and salt stress tolerance and on grain yield. We conclude that MoSM1 confers a broad-spectrum resistance against different pathogens through modulating SA- and JA-mediated signaling pathways without any penalty on abiotic stress tolerance and grain yield, providing a promising potential for application of MoSM1 in improvement of disease resistance in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Hong
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yayun Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yang C, Li W, Cao J, Meng F, Yu Y, Huang J, Jiang L, Liu M, Zhang Z, Chen X, Miyamoto K, Yamane H, Zhang J, Chen S, Liu J. Activation of ethylene signaling pathways enhances disease resistance by regulating ROS and phytoalexin production in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:338-353. [PMID: 27701783 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene plays diverse roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. However, the roles of ethylene signaling in immune responses remain largely unknown. In this study, we showed that the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae infection activated ethylene biosynthesis in rice. Resistant rice cultivars accumulated higher levels of ethylene than susceptible ones. Ethylene signaling components OsEIN2 and the downstream transcription factor OsEIL1 positively regulated disease resistance. Mutation of OsEIN2 led to enhanced disease susceptibility. Whole-genome transcription analysis revealed that responsive genes of ethylene, jasmonates (JAs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling as well as phytoalexin biosynthesis genes were remarkably induced. Transcription of OsrbohA/B, which encode NADPH oxidases, and OsOPRs, the JA biosynthesis genes, were induced by M. oryzae infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OsEIL1 binds to the promoters of OsrbohA/OsrbohB and OsOPR4 to activate their expression. These data suggest that OsEIN2-mediated OsrbohA/OsrbohB and OsOPR transcription may play essential roles in ROS generation, JA biosynthesis and the subsequent phytoalexin accumulation. Therefore, the involvement of ethylene signaling in disease resistance is probably by activation of ROS and phytoalexin production in rice during M. oryzae infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jidong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fanwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yongqi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Junkai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Koji Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, 320-8551, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, 320-8551, Japan
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shouyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Azizi P, Rafii MY, Abdullah SNA, Hanafi MM, Maziah M, Sahebi M, Ashkani S, Taheri S, Jahromi MF. Over-Expression of the Pikh Gene with a CaMV 35S Promoter Leads to Improved Blast Disease (Magnaporthe oryzae) Tolerance in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:773. [PMID: 27379107 PMCID: PMC4911359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is a rice blast fungus and plant pathogen that causes a serious rice disease and, therefore, poses a threat to the world's second most important food security crop. Plant transformation technology has become an adaptable system for cultivar improvement and to functionally analyze genes in plants. The objective of this study was to determine the effects (through over-expressing and using the CaMV 35S promoter) of Pikh on MR219 resistance because it is a rice variety that is susceptible to the blast fungus pathotype P7.2. Thus, a full DNA and coding DNA sequence (CDS) of the Pikh gene, 3172 bp, and 1206 bp in length, were obtained through amplifying the gDNA and cDNA template from a PH9-resistant rice variety using a specific primer. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation technology was also used to introduce the Pikh gene into the MR219 callus. Subsequently, transgenic plants were evaluated from the DNA to protein stages using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), semi-quantitative RT-PCR, real-time quantitative PCR and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Transgenic plants were also compared with a control using a real-time quantification technique (to quantify the pathogen population), and transgenic and control plants were challenged with the local most virulent M. oryzae pathotype, P7.2. Based on the results, the Pikh gene encodes a hydrophilic protein with 18 sheets, 4 helixes, and 21 coils. This protein contains 401 amino acids, among which the amino acid sequence from 1 to 376 is a non-cytoplasmic region, that from 377 to 397 is a transmembrane region, and that from 398 to 401 is a cytoplasmic region with no identified disordered regions. The Pikh gene was up-regulated in the transgenic plants compared with the control plants. The quantity of the amino acid leucine in the transgenic rice plants increased significantly from 17.131 in the wild-type to 47.865 mg g(-1) in transgenic plants. The M. oryzae population was constant at 31, 48, and 72 h after inoculation in transgenic plants, while it was increased in the inoculated control plants. This study successfully clarified that over-expression of the Pikh gene in transgenic plants can improve their blast resistance against the M. oryzae pathotype P7.2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Azizi
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Y. Rafii
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| | - Siti N. A. Abdullah
- Laboratory of Plantation Crop, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed M. Hanafi
- Laboratory of Plantation Crop, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| | - M. Maziah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| | - Mahbod Sahebi
- Laboratory of Plantation Crop, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| | - Sadegh Ashkani
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityTehran, Iran
| | - Sima Taheri
- Depatment of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad F. Jahromi
- Laboratory of animal production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bundó M, Coca M. Enhancing blast disease resistance by overexpression of the calcium-dependent protein kinase OsCPK4 in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1357-67. [PMID: 26578239 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the most important staple food for more than half of the human population, and blast disease is the most serious disease affecting global rice production. In this work, the isoform OsCPK4 of the rice calcium-dependent protein kinase family is reported as a regulator of rice immunity to blast fungal infection. It shows that overexpression of OsCPK4 gene in rice plants enhances resistance to blast disease by preventing fungal penetration. The constitutive accumulation of OsCPK4 protein prepares rice plants for a rapid and potentiated defence response, including the production of reactive oxygen species, callose deposition and defence gene expression. OsCPK4 overexpression leads also to constitutive increased content of the glycosylated salicylic acid hormone in leaves without compromising rice yield. Given that OsCPK4 overexpression was known to confer also salt and drought tolerance in rice, the results reported in this article demonstrate that OsCPK4 acts as a convergence component that positively modulates both biotic and abiotic signalling pathways. Altogether, our findings indicate that OsCPK4 is a potential molecular target to improve not only abiotic stress tolerance, but also blast disease resistance of rice crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Bundó
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Coca
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Goto S, Sasakura-Shimoda F, Yamazaki M, Hayashi N, Suetsugu M, Ochiai H, Takatsuji H. Development of disease-resistant rice by pathogen-responsive expression of WRKY45. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1127-38. [PMID: 26448265 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
WRKY45 is an important transcription factor in the salicylic acid signalling pathway in rice that mediates chemical-induced resistance against multiple pathogens. Its constitutive overexpression confers extremely strong resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae to rice, but has adverse effects on agronomic traits. Here, a new strategy to confer rice with strong disease resistance without any negative effects on agronomic traits was established by expressing WRKY45 under the control of pathogen-responsive promoters in combination with a translational enhancer derived from a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of rice alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Rice promoters that responded to M. oryzae and X. oryzae pv. oryzae infections within 24 h were identified, and 2-kb upstream sequences from nine of them were isolated, fused to WRKY45 cDNA with or without the ADH 5'-UTR, and introduced into rice. Although pathogen-responsive promoters alone failed to confer effective disease resistance, the use of the ADH 5'-UTR in combination with them, in particular the PR1b and GST promoters, enhanced disease resistance. Field trials showed that overall, PR1b promoter-driven (with ADH 5'-UTR) lines performed the best and one had agronomic traits comparable to control untransformed rice. Thus, expressing WRKY45 under the control of the PR1b promoter with the ADH 5'-UTR is an excellent strategy to develop disease-resistant rice, and the line established could serve as a mother line for breeding disease-resistant rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Goto
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fuyuko Sasakura-Shimoda
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Muneo Yamazaki
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nagao Hayashi
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mai Suetsugu
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ochiai
- Plant-Microbe Interaction Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takatsuji
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kadotani N, Akagi A, Takatsuji H, Miwa T, Igarashi D. Exogenous proteinogenic amino acids induce systemic resistance in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:60. [PMID: 26940322 PMCID: PMC4778346 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant immune responses can be induced by endogenous and exogenous signaling molecules. Recently, amino acids and their metabolites have been reported to affect the plant immune system. However, how amino acids act in plant defense responses has yet to be clarified. Here, we report that treatment of rice roots with amino acids such as glutamate (Glu) induced systemic disease resistance against rice blast in leaves. RESULTS Treatment of roots with Glu activated the transcription of a large variety of defense-related genes both in roots and leaves. In leaves, salicylic acid (SA)-responsive genes, rather than jasmonic acid (JA) or ethylene (ET)-responsive genes, were induced by this treatment. The Glu-induced blast resistance was partially impaired in rice plants deficient in SA signaling such as NahG plants expressing an SA hydroxylase, WRKY45-knockdown, and OsNPR1-knockdown plants. The JA-deficient mutant cpm2 exhibited full Glu-induced blast resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the amino acid-induced blast resistance partly depends on the SA pathway but an unknown SA-independent signaling pathway is also involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kadotani
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Aya Akagi
- Plant Disease Resistance Research Unit, Division of Plant Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan.
- Bayer Crop Science, Tokyo, 100-8262, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Takatsuji
- Plant Disease Resistance Research Unit, Division of Plant Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Miwa
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Igarashi
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kumar A, Ghosh S, Bhatt DN, Narula A, Datta A. Magnaporthe oryzaeaminosugar metabolism is essential for successful host colonization. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:1063-77. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research; New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research; New Delhi 110067 India
| | | | - Alka Narula
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research; New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Asis Datta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research; New Delhi 110067 India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Harkenrider M, Sharma R, De Vleesschauwer D, Tsao L, Zhang X, Chern M, Canlas P, Zuo S, Ronald PC. Overexpression of Rice Wall-Associated Kinase 25 (OsWAK25) Alters Resistance to Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147310. [PMID: 26795719 PMCID: PMC4721673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wall-associated kinases comprise a sub-family of receptor-like kinases that function in plant growth and stress responses. Previous studies have shown that the rice wall-associated kinase, OsWAK25, interacts with a diverse set of proteins associated with both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Here, we show that wounding and BTH treatments induce OsWAK25 transcript expression in rice. We generated OsWAK25 overexpression lines and show that these lines exhibit a lesion mimic phenotype and enhanced expression of rice NH1 (NPR1 homolog 1), OsPAL2, PBZ1 and PR10. Furthermore, these lines show resistance to the hemibiotrophic pathogens, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Magnaporthe oryzae, yet display increased susceptibility to necrotrophic fungal pathogens, Rhizoctonia solani and Cochliobolus miyabeanus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Harkenrider
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rita Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | | | - Li Tsao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Xuting Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mawsheng Chern
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick Canlas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology and Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ueno Y, Yoshida R, Kishi-Kaboshi M, Matsushita A, Jiang CJ, Goto S, Takahashi A, Hirochika H, Takatsuji H. Abiotic Stresses Antagonize the Rice Defence Pathway through the Tyrosine-Dephosphorylation of OsMPK6. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005231. [PMID: 26485146 PMCID: PMC4617645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, survive environmental changes by prioritizing their responses to the most life-threatening stress by allocating limited resources. Previous studies showed that pathogen resistance was suppressed under abiotic stresses. Here, we show the mechanism underlying this phenomenon. Phosphorylation of WRKY45, the central transcription factor in salicylic-acid (SA)-signalling-dependent pathogen defence in rice, via the OsMKK10-2-OsMPK6 cascade, was required to fully activate WRKY45. The activation of WRKY45 by benzothiadiazole (BTH) was reduced under low temperature and high salinity, probably through abscisic acid (ABA) signalling. An ABA treatment dephosphorylated/inactivated OsMPK6 via protein tyrosine phosphatases, OsPTP1/2, leading to the impaired activation of WRKY45 and a reduction in Magnaporthe oryzae resistance, even after BTH treatment. BTH induced a strong M. oryzae resistance in OsPTP1/2 knockdown rice, even under cold and high salinity, indicating that OsPTP1/2 is the node of SA-ABA signalling crosstalk and its down-regulation makes rice disease resistant, even under abiotic stresses. These results points to one of the directions to further improve crops by managing the tradeoffs between different stress responses of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Ueno
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Riichiro Yoshida
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Kishi-Kaboshi
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akane Matsushita
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chang-Jie Jiang
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shingo Goto
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hirochika
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takatsuji
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mou S, Shi L, Lin W, Liu Y, Shen L, Guan D, He S. Over-Expression of Rice CBS Domain Containing Protein, OsCBSX3, Confers Rice Resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae Inoculation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15903-17. [PMID: 26184180 PMCID: PMC4519930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) domain containing proteins (CDCPs) constitute a big family in plants and some members in this family have been implicated in a variety of biological processes, but the precise functions and the underlying mechanism of the majority of this family in plant immunity remain to be elucidated. In the present study, a CBS domain containing protein gene, OsCBSX3, is functionally characterized in rice resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae). By quantitative real-time PCR, transcripts of OsCBSX3 are up-regulated significantly by inoculation of M. oryzae and the exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). OsCBSX3 is exclusively localized to the plasma membrane by transient expression of OsCBSX3 fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) through approach of Agrobacterium infiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The plants of homozygous T3 transgenic rice lines of over-expressing OsCBSX3 exhibit significant enhanced resistance to M. oryzae inoculation, manifested by decreased disease symptoms, and inhibition of pathogen growth detected in DNA. Consistently, the over-expression of OsCBSX3 enhances the transcript levels of immunity associated marker genes including PR1a, PR1b, PR5, AOS2, PAL, NH1, and OsWRKY13 in plants inoculated with M. oryzae. These results suggest that OsCBSX3 acts as a positive regulator in resistance of rice to M. oryzae regulated by SA and JA-mediated signaling pathways synergistically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Mou
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Lanping Shi
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yanyan Liu
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Lei Shen
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Azizi P, Rafii MY, Mahmood M, Abdullah SNA, Hanafi MM, Nejat N, Latif MA, Sahebi M. Differential Gene Expression Reflects Morphological Characteristics and Physiological Processes in Rice Immunity against Blast Pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126188. [PMID: 26001124 PMCID: PMC4441441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is a serious pathogen that jeopardises the world’s most important food-security crop. Ten common Malaysian rice varieties were examined for their morphological, physiological and genomic responses to this rice blast pathogen. qPCR quantification was used to assess the growth of the pathogen population in resistant and susceptible rice varieties. The chlorophyll content and photosynthesis were also measured to further understand the disruptive effects that M. oryzae has on infected plants of these varieties. Real-time PCR was used to explore the differential expression of eight blast resistance genes among the ten local varieties. Blast disease has destructive effects on the growth of rice, and the findings of our study provide evidence that the Pikh, Pi9, Pi21, and Osw45 genes are involved in defence responses in the leaves of Malaysian rice at 31 h after inoculation with M. oryzae pathotype P7.2. Both the chlorophyll content and photosynthesis were reduced, but the levels of Pikh gene expression remained constant in susceptible varieties, with a developed pathogen population and mild or severe symptoms. The Pi9, Pi21, and Osw45 genes, however, were simultaneously upregulated in infected rice plants. Therefore, the presence of the Pikh, Pi9, Pi21, and Osw45 genes in the germplasm is useful for improving the resistance of rice varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Azizi
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Y. Rafii
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Maziah Mahmood
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti N. A. Abdullah
- Laboratory of Plantation Crop, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed M. Hanafi
- Laboratory of Plantation Crop, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Naghmeh Nejat
- Laboratory of Plantation Crop, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad A. Latif
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbod Sahebi
- Laboratory of Plantation Crop, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sun G, Liu J, Li G, Zhang X, Chen T, Chen J, Zhang H, Wang D, Sun F, Pan H. Quick and Accurate Detection and Quantification of Magnaporthe oryzae in Rice Using Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction. PLANT DISEASE 2015; 99:219-224. [PMID: 30699568 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-14-0485-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most severe fungal diseases in rice worldwide. In this study, we developed methods to quickly and accurately detect and quantify M. oryzae in the pure cultures of the fungus, rice plants, and rice seed by using SYBR Green I of the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results of absolute qPCR show that Magnaporthe oryzae can be detected at as low as 6.9 × 10-5 ng of genomic DNA. Results also show that all 10 varieties of rice seed examined in this study contain this fungus, indicating that M. oryzae is generally widespread in rice seed. We report the quantification of DNA of M. oryzae in rice leaves collected in the field, instead of in the lab, using relative qPCR by using rice actin gene as a housekeeping gene. Our results show great practical significance because we would know the potential fungal infection even before planting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Sun
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, China, and State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110021, China
| | | | - Guihua Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University
| | | | | | | | - Hao Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Dongping Wang
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544
| | - Fengjie Sun
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yang W, Zhang H, Li M, Wang Z, Zhou J, Wang S, Lu G, Fu F. Early diagnosis of blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, in rice plant by using an ultra-sensitive electrically magnetic-controllable electrochemical biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 850:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
40
|
Analysis on blast fungus-responsive characters of a flavonoid phytoalexin sakuranetin; accumulation in infected rice leaves, antifungal activity and detoxification by fungus. Molecules 2014; 19:11404-18. [PMID: 25093982 PMCID: PMC6271790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of the rice flavonoid phytoalexin (PA) sakuranetin for blast resistance, the fungus-responsive characteristics were studied. Young rice leaves in a resistant line exhibited hypersensitive reaction (HR) within 3 days post inoculation (dpi) of a spore suspension, and an increase in sakuranetin was detected at 3 dpi, increasing to 4-fold at 4 dpi. In the susceptible line, increased sakuranetin was detected at 4 dpi, but not at 3 dpi, by which a large fungus mass has accumulated without HR. Induced expression of a PA biosynthesis gene OsNOMT for naringenin 7-O-methyltransferase was found before accumulation of sakuranetin in both cultivars. The antifungal activity of sakuranetin was considerably higher than that of the major rice diterpenoid PA momilactone A in vitro and in vivo under similar experimental conditions. The decrease and detoxification of sakuranetin were detected in both solid and liquid mycelium cultures, and they took place slower than those of momilactone A. Estimated local concentration of sakuranetin at HR lesions was thought to be effective for fungus restriction, while that at enlarged lesions in susceptible rice was insufficient. These results indicate possible involvement of sakuranetin in blast resistance and its specific relation to blast fungus.
Collapse
|
41
|
Su'udi M, Kim J, Park JM, Bae SC, Kim D, Kim YH, Ahn IP. Quantification of rice blast disease progressions through Taqman real-time PCR. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 55:43-8. [PMID: 23653313 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a major disease in the paddy field and also a representative model system in the investigation of plant-microbe interactions. This study was undertaken to provide the quantitative evaluation method that specifically determines the amount of M. oryzae proliferation in planta. Real-time PCR was used as the detection strategy in combination with the primer pair and Taqman probe specific to MHP1, a unigene encoding HYDROPHOBIN that is indispensable for normal virulence expression. Based on the crossing point values from the PCR reactions containing a series of increasing concentration of cloned amplicon or fungal genomic DNA, correlation among the template's copy number or its amount and amplification pattern was calculated. Reliability of this equation was further confirmed using the DNA samples from the rice leaves infected with compatible or incompatible strains of M. oryzae. The primer pair used in the Taqman real-time PCR reaction can recognize the existence of fungal DNA as low as 1 pg. In sum, our quantitative evaluation system is applicable and reliable in the blast diagnosis and also in the estimation of objective blast disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukhamad Su'udi
- Rural Development Administration, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon 441-707, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Engelbrecht J, Duong TA, van den Berg N. Development of a Nested Quantitative Real-Time PCR for Detecting Phytophthora cinnamomi in Persea americana Rootstocks. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:1012-1017. [PMID: 30722481 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-12-1007-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi causes Phytophthora root rot (PRR) in avocado (Persea americana), an important disease that causes severe economic losses to the avocado industry globally. To date, no PRR-resistant avocado rootstock variety has been discovered, although certain rootstock varieties have been shown to be more tolerant than others. In this study, we developed an accurate, low cost assay for in planta quantification of P. cinnamomi to evaluate disease tolerance. A nested real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to sensitively detect pathogen DNA in plant tissues. Root samples from a highly tolerant (Dusa) and less tolerant (R0.12) rootstock were collected at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after inoculation with P. cinnamomi and used for pathogen quantification. Nested primers developed in this study were specific and sensitive and could detect P. cinnamomi in root tissues. The amount of P. cinnamomi quantified in roots was significantly higher in the less-tolerant R0.12 plants when compared with the highly tolerant Dusa plants at all time points. This study has confirmed the known status of disease tolerance of Dusa and R0.12 avocado rootstocks in a quantitative manner and provides a reliable molecular tool to assist with industry breeding programs for the selection of PRR-resistant avocado rootstock varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Engelbrecht
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute
| | - T A Duong
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - N van den Berg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Song MY, Kim CY, Han M, Ryu HS, Lee SK, Sun L, He Z, Seo YS, Canal P, Ronald PC, Jeon JS. Differential requirement of Oryza sativa RAR1 in immune receptor-mediated resistance of rice to Magnaporthe oryzae. Mol Cells 2013; 35:327-34. [PMID: 23563801 PMCID: PMC3887888 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The required for Mla12 resistance (RAR1) protein is essential for the plant immune response. In rice, a model monocot species, the function of Oryza sativa RAR1 (OsRAR1) has been little explored. In our current study, we characterized the response of a rice osrar1 T-DNA insertion mutant to infection by Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast disease. osrar1 mutants displayed reduced resistance compared with wild type rice when inoculated with the normally virulent M. oryzae isolate PO6-6, indicating that OsRAR1 is required for an immune response to this pathogen. We also investigated the function of OsRAR1 in the resistance mechanism mediated by the immune receptor genes Pib and Pi5 that encode nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins. We inoculated progeny from Pib/osrar1 and Pi5/osrar1 heterozygous plants with the avirulent M. oryzae isolates, race 007 and PO6-6, respectively. We found that only Pib-mediated resistance was compromised by the osrar1 mutation and that the introduction of the OsRAR1 cDNA into Pib/osrar1 rescued Pib-mediated resistance. These results indicate that OsRAR1 is required for Pib-mediated resistance but not Pi5-mediated resistance to M. oryzae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Young Song
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
| | - Chi-Yeol Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
| | - Muho Han
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
| | - Hak-Seung Ryu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
| | - Li Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032,
China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032,
China
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,
USA
| | - Patrick Canal
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,
USA
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,
USA
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mou S, Liu Z, Guan D, Qiu A, Lai Y, He S. Functional analysis and expressional characterization of rice ankyrin repeat-containing protein, OsPIANK1, in basal defense against Magnaporthe oryzae attack. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59699. [PMID: 23555750 PMCID: PMC3608567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ankyrin repeat-containing protein gene OsPIANK1 (AK068021) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was previously shown to be upregulated following infection with the rice leaf blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo). In this study, we further characterized the role of OsPIANK1 in basal defense against Magnaporthe oryzae (M.oryzae) by 5' deletion analysis of its promoter and overexpression of the gene. The promoter of OsPIANK1 with 1,985 bps in length was sufficient to induce the OsPIANK1 response to inoculation with M.oryzae and to exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or salicylic acid (SA), but not to exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA). A TCA-element present in the region between -563 bp and -249 bp may be responsible for the OsPIANK1 response to both M.oryzae infection and exogenous SA application. The JERE box, CGTCA-box, and two MYB binding sites locating in the region between -1985 bp and -907 bp may be responsible for the response of OsPIANK1 to exogenous MeJA. OsPIANK1 expression was upregulated after inoculation with M.oryzae and after treatment with exogenous SA and MeJA. Overexpression of OsPIANK1 enhanced resistance of rice to M.oryzae, although it did not confer complete resistance. The enhanced resistance to M.oryzae was accompanied by enhanced transcriptional expression of SA- and JA-dependent genes such as NH1, WKRY13, PAL, AOS2, PR1b, and PR5. This evidence suggests that OsPIANK1 acted as a positive regulator in rice basal defense mediated by SA- and JA-signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Mou
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ailian Qiu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Lai
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shuilin He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jiang CJ, Shimono M, Sugano S, Kojima M, Liu X, Inoue H, Sakakibara H, Takatsuji H. Cytokinins act synergistically with salicylic acid to activate defense gene expression in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:287-96. [PMID: 23234404 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-12-0152-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hormone crosstalk is pivotal in plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we report on the accumulation of cytokinins (CK) in rice seedlings after infection of blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and its potential significance in rice-M. oryzae interaction. Blast infection to rice seedlings increased levels of N(6)-(Δ(2)-isopentenyl) adenine (iP), iP riboside (iPR), and iPR 5'-phosphates (iPRP) in leaf blades. Consistent with this, CK signaling was activated around the infection sites, as shown by histochemical staining for β-glucuronidase activity driven by a CK-responsive OsRR6 promoter. Diverse CK species were also detected in the hyphae (mycelium), conidia, and culture filtrates of blast fungus, indicating that M. oryzae is capable of production as well as hyphal secretion of CK. Co-treatment of leaf blades with CK and salicylic acid (SA), but not with either one alone, markedly induced pathogenesis-related genes OsPR1b and probenazole-induced protein 1 (PBZ1). These effects were diminished by RNAi-knockdown of OsNPR1 or WRKY45, the key regulators of the SA signaling pathway in rice, indicating that the effects of CK depend on these two regulators. Taken together, our data imply a coevolutionary rice-M. oryzae interaction, wherein M. oryzae probably elevates rice CK levels for its own benefits such as nutrient translocation. Rice plants, on the other hand, sense it as an infection signal and activate defense reactions through the synergistic action with SA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jie Jiang
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sun L, Zhang H, Li D, Huang L, Hong Y, Ding XS, Nelson RS, Zhou X, Song F. Functions of rice NAC transcriptional factors, ONAC122 and ONAC131, in defense responses against Magnaporthe grisea. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:41-56. [PMID: 23103994 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
NAC (NAM/ATAF/CUC) transcription factors have important functions in regulating plant growth, development, and abiotic and biotic stress responses. Here, we characterized two rice pathogen-responsive NAC transcription factors, ONAC122 and ONAC131. We determined that these proteins localized to the nucleus when expressed ectopically and had transcriptional activation activities. ONAC122 and ONAC131 expression was induced after infection by Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast disease, and the M. grisea-induced expression of both genes was faster and higher in the incompatible interaction compared with the compatible interaction during early stages of infection. ONAC122 and ONAC131 were also induced by treatment with salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (a precursor of ethylene). Silencing ONAC122 or ONAC131 expression using a newly modified Brome mosaic virus (BMV)-based silencing vector resulted in an enhanced susceptibility to M. grisea. Furthermore, expression levels of several other defense- and signaling-related genes (i.e. OsLOX, OsPR1a, OsWRKY45 and OsNH1) were down-regulated in plants silenced for ONAC122 or ONAC131 expression via the BMV-based silencing system. Our results suggest that both ONAC122 and ONAC131 have important roles in rice disease resistance responses through the regulated expression of other defense- and signaling-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Quantification of rice brown leaf spot through Taqman real-time PCR specific to the unigene encoding Cochliobolus miyabeanus SCYTALONE DEHYDRATASE1 involved in fungal melanin biosynthesis. J Microbiol 2012; 50:947-54. [PMID: 23274981 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rice brown leaf spot is a major disease in the rice paddy field. The causal agent Cochliobolus miyabeanus is an ascomycete fungus and a representative necrotrophic pathogen in the investigation of rice-microbe interactions. The aims of this research were to identify a quantitative evaluation method to determine the amount of C. miyabeanus proliferation in planta and determine the method's sensitivity. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed in combination with the primer pair and Taqman probe specific to CmSCD1, a C. miyabeanus unigene encoding SCYTALONE DEHYDRATASE, which is involved in fungal melanin biosynthesis. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of CmSCD1 from Korean strains with those from the Japanese and Taiwanese strains revealed some sequence differences. Based on the crossing point (CP) values from Taqman real-time PCR containing a series of increasing concentrations of cloned amplicon or fungal genomic DNA, linear regressions with a high level of reliability (R(2)>0.997) were constructed. This system was able to estimate fungal genomic DNA at the picogram level. The reliability of this equation was further confirmed using DNA samples from both resistant and susceptible cultivars infected with C. miyabeanus. In summary, our quantitative system is a powerful alternative in brown leaf spot forecasting and in the consistent evaluation of disease progression.
Collapse
|
48
|
Simultaneous monitoring of two fungal genotypes on plant roots by single nucleotide polymorphism quantification with an innovative KASPar quantitative PCR. Mycol Prog 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-012-0872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
49
|
Yan J, Luo Y, Chen T, Huang C, Ma Z. Field Distribution of Wheat Stripe Rust Latent Infection Using Real-Time PCR. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:544-551. [PMID: 30727438 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-11-0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stripe rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. tritici, is of worldwide significance. Quantification of latent infection level is critical to estimate the potential for disease epidemics. In this study, field distribution of latent infection and the corresponding observed disease were studied in two growing seasons from 2009 to 2011 in Gangu, Gansu Province and Shangzhuang, Beijing, China. A previously developed real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was applied to obtain the molecular disease index (MDX) to quantify the level of latent infection. At 1 to 3 weeks after leaf sampling, the observed disease indices (DX) were assessed in the corresponding experimental sites. The computer software SURFER showed that the spatial distribution patterns of MDX had a linear relationship with DX in field plots with P = 0.01. The aggregation levels of MDX correlated with those of DX in the fields. The disease foci which were correctly detected for latent infections with the real-time PCR for the Gangu and Shangzhuang field plots were 71.4 and 85.7%, respectively. The triadimefon fungicide treatment focused on the detected latent infection foci reduced both the initial inoculum and disease development, resulting in an average reduction in disease area in the field plots of 73 to 81%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chong Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhanhong Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Methods enabling quantification of fungi in planta can be useful for a variety of applications. In combination with information on plant disease severity, indirect quantification of fungi in planta offers an additional tool in the screening of plants that are resistant to fungal diseases. In this chapter, a method is described for the quantification of DNA from a fungus in plant leaves using real-time PCR (qPCR). Although the method described entails quantification of the fungus Verticillium dahliae in lettuce leaves, the methodology described would be useful for other pathosystems as well. The method utilizes primers that are specific for amplification of a β-tubulin sequence from V. dahliae and a lettuce actin gene sequence as a reference for normalization. This approach enabled quantification of V. dahliae in the amount of 2.5 fg/ng of lettuce leaf DNA at 21 days following plant inoculation.
Collapse
|