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Kozai K, Moreno-Irusta A, Iqbal K, Winchester ML, Scott RL, Simon ME, Muto M, Parrish MR, Soares MJ. The AKT1-FOXO4 axis reciprocally regulates hemochorial placentation. Development 2023; 150:dev201095. [PMID: 36607602 PMCID: PMC10110493 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemochorial placentation involves the differentiation of invasive trophoblast cells, specialized cells that possess the capacity to exit the placenta and invade into the uterus where they restructure the vasculature. Invasive trophoblast cells arise from a well-defined compartment within the placenta, referred to as the junctional zone in rat and the extravillous trophoblast cell column in human. In this study, we investigated roles for AKT1, a serine/threonine kinase, in placental development using a genome-edited/loss-of-function rat model. Disruption of AKT1 resulted in placental, fetal and postnatal growth restriction. Forkhead box O4 (Foxo4), which encodes a transcription factor and known AKT substrate, was abundantly expressed in the junctional zone and in invasive trophoblast cells of the rat placentation site. Foxo4 gene disruption using genome editing resulted in placentomegaly, including an enlarged junctional zone. AKT1 and FOXO4 regulate the expression of many of the same transcripts expressed by trophoblast cells, but in opposite directions. In summary, we have identified AKT1 and FOXO4 as part of a regulatory network that reciprocally controls critical indices of hemochorial placenta development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kozai
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ayelen Moreno-Irusta
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Khursheed Iqbal
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Mae-Lan Winchester
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Regan L. Scott
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Mikaela E. Simon
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Masanaga Muto
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Marc R. Parrish
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Michael J. Soares
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Center for Perinatal Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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2
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The intricate nature of senescence in development and cell plasticity. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 87:214-219. [PMID: 33486077 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a stable form of cell cycle arrest, accompanied by pronounced secretory activity, has functional roles in both physiological and pathological conditions. Although senescence has been linked for a long time with cancer and ageing, recent studies have revealed a functional role of senescence in development, regeneration and reprogramming. Notably, the transient presence of senescent cells may be beneficial, in contrast to the potential deleterious effects of persistent senescence in aged or chronically damaged tissues. We will discuss how senescence contributes to embryonic development, cell plasticity and tissue regeneration, as a highly coordinated and programmed cellular state.
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3
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Kochhar P, Vukku M, Rajashekhar R, Mukhopadhyay A. microRNA signatures associated with fetal growth restriction: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1088-1102. [PMID: 34741137 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-01041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Placental-origin microRNA (miRNA) profiles can be useful toward early diagnosis and management of fetal growth restriction (FGR) and associated complications. We conducted a systematic review to identify case-control studies that have examined miRNA signatures associated with human FGR. We systematically searched PubMed and ScienceDirect databases for relevant articles and manually searched reference lists of the relevant articles till May 18th, 2021. Of the 2133 studies identified, 21 were included. FGR-associated upregulation of miR-210 and miR-424 and downregulation of a placenta-specific miRNA cluster miRNA located on C19MC (miR-518b, miR-519d) and miR-221-3p was reported by >1 included studies. Analysis of the target genes of these miRNA as well as pathway analysis pointed to the involvement of angiogenesis and growth signaling pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) pathway. Only 3 out of the 21 included studies reported FGR-associated miRNAs in matched placental and maternal blood samples. We conclude that FGR-associated placental miRNAs could be utilized to inform clinical practice towards early diagnosis of FGR, provided enough evidence from studies on matched placental and maternal blood samples become available.Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) registration number: CRD42019136762.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kochhar
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, A Recognized Research Centre of University of Mysore, Bangalore, India
| | - M Vukku
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, A Recognized Research Centre of University of Mysore, Bangalore, India
| | - R Rajashekhar
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, A Recognized Research Centre of University of Mysore, Bangalore, India.,Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - A Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, A Recognized Research Centre of University of Mysore, Bangalore, India.
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4
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Wu L, Xiao P, Li Q, Zhang Z, Wang H, Jiang Q, Li L. Altered expression of AKT1 and P38A in the colons of patients with Hirschsprung's disease. Pediatr Surg Int 2020; 36:719-725. [PMID: 32236665 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-020-04653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a functional obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract due to the congenital absence of enteric ganglion cells. The proto-oncogene RET is one of the primary genes implicated in the aetiology of HSCR. We designed this study to investigate the expression of 10 RET regulatory network genes in the colons of patients with HSCR. METHODS HSCR tissue specimens (n = 28) were collected at the time of pull-through surgery. qPCR analysis was applied to compare the expression levels of 10 genes in the RET regulatory network. Western blot analysis was performed to quantify the protein expression. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the localization of AKT1 and P38A in HSCR colon tissue. RESULTS AKT1 (p = 0.015) and P38A (p = 0.039) were both significantly downregulated in the aganglionic segment compared to those in the ganglionic segment in HSCR patients (n = 28). Western blot analysis revealed the decreasing protein expression of AKT1 and P38A in the aganglionic segment compared to ganglionic segment and control colon tissues (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry staining revealed that both AKT1 and P38A were localized in the colonic mucosa and were significantly decreased in the aganglionic segment. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, we report for the first time the expression of RET regulatory network genes in the colons of patients with HSCR. The markedly decreased expression of AKT1 and P38A suggested a possible role in HSCR pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 2 Yabao Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 2 Yabao Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 2 Yabao Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
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5
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Howell KR, Law AJ. Neurodevelopmental concepts of schizophrenia in the genome-wide association era: AKT/mTOR signaling as a pathological mediator of genetic and environmental programming during development. Schizophr Res 2020; 217:95-104. [PMID: 31522868 PMCID: PMC7065975 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Normative brain development is contingent on the complex interplay between genes and environment. Schizophrenia (SCZ) is considered a highly polygenic, neurodevelopmental disorder associated with impaired neural circuit development, neurocognitive function and variations in neurotransmitter signaling systems, including dopamine. Significant evidence, accumulated over the last 30 years indicates a role for the in utero environment in SCZ pathophysiology. Emerging data suggests that changes in placental programming and function may mediate the link between genetic risk, early life complications (ELC) and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, with risk highlighted in key developmental drivers that converge on AKT/mTOR signaling. In this article we overview select risk genes identified through recent genome-wide association studies of SCZ including AKT3, miR-137, DRD2, and AKT1 itself. We propose that through convergence on AKT/mTOR signaling, these genes are critical factors directing both placentation and neurodevelopment, influencing risk for SCZ through dysregulation of placental function, metabolism and early brain development. We discuss association of risk genes in the context of their known roles in neurodevelopment, placental expression and their possible mechanistic links to SCZ in the broad context of the 'developmental origins of adult disease' construct. Understanding how common genetic variation impacts early fetal programming may advance our knowledge of disease etiology and identify early critical developmental windows for prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda J. Law
- Corresponding Author: Amanda J. Law, PhD, Professor of Psychiatry, Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Nancy L. Gary Endowed Chair in Children’s Mental Disorders Research, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, , Phone: 303-724-4418, Fax: 303-724-4425, 12700 E. 19th Ave., MS 8619, Aurora, CO 80045
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6
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Gal H, Lysenko M, Stroganov S, Vadai E, Youssef SA, Tzadikevitch‐Geffen K, Rotkopf R, Biron‐Shental T, de Bruin A, Neeman M, Krizhanovsky V. Molecular pathways of senescence regulate placental structure and function. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100849. [PMID: 31424120 PMCID: PMC6745498 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is an autonomous organ that maintains fetal growth and development. Its multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast layer, providing fetal nourishment during gestation, exhibits characteristics of cellular senescence. We show that in human placentas from pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction, these characteristics are decreased. To elucidate the functions of pathways regulating senescence in syncytiotrophoblast, we used dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in mice with attenuated senescence programs. This approach revealed an altered dynamics in placentas of p53-/- , Cdkn2a-/- , and Cdkn2a-/- ;p53-/- mice, accompanied by histopathological changes in placental labyrinths. Human primary syncytiotrophoblast upregulated senescence markers and molecular pathways associated with cell-cycle inhibition and senescence-associated secretory phenotype. The pathways and components of the secretory phenotype were compromised in mouse placentas with attenuated senescence and in human placentas from pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction. We propose that molecular mediators of senescence regulate placental structure and function, through both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilah Gal
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Marina Lysenko
- Department of Biological RegulationThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Sima Stroganov
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Ezra Vadai
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Sameh A Youssef
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineDutch Molecular Pathology CenterUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Division of Molecular GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Ron Rotkopf
- Bioinformatics and Biological Computing UnitDepartment of Biological ServicesThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Tal Biron‐Shental
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMeir Medical CenterKfar SabaIsrael
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineDutch Molecular Pathology CenterUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Division of Molecular GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Michal Neeman
- Department of Biological RegulationThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Valery Krizhanovsky
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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7
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López-Tello J, Pérez-García V, Khaira J, Kusinski LC, Cooper WN, Andreani A, Grant I, Fernández de Liger E, Lam BY, Hemberger M, Sandovici I, Constancia M, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Fetal and trophoblast PI3K p110α have distinct roles in regulating resource supply to the growing fetus in mice. eLife 2019; 8:45282. [PMID: 31241463 PMCID: PMC6634971 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that placental nutrient supply adapts according to fetal demands. However, signaling events underlying placental adaptations remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110α in the fetus and the trophoblast interplay to regulate placental nutrient supply and fetal growth. Complete loss of fetal p110α caused embryonic death, whilst heterozygous loss resulted in fetal growth restriction and impaired placental formation and nutrient transport. Loss of trophoblast p110α resulted in viable fetuses, abnormal placental development and a failure of the placenta to transport sufficient nutrients to match fetal demands for growth. Using RNA-seq we identified genes downstream of p110α in the trophoblast that are important in adapting placental phenotype. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we showed loss of p110α differentially affects gene expression in trophoblast and embryonic stem cells. Our findings reveal important, but distinct roles for p110α in the different compartments of the conceptus, which control fetal resource acquisition and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge López-Tello
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Pérez-García
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jaspreet Khaira
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura C Kusinski
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy N Cooper
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Andreani
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Imogen Grant
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edurne Fernández de Liger
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Yh Lam
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Hemberger
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ionel Sandovici
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Constancia
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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8
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Sweeney S, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Thorne PS, Assouline JG. Multifunctional nanoparticles for real-time evaluation of toxicity during fetal development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192474. [PMID: 29420606 PMCID: PMC5805299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing production of nanomaterials in industrial quantities has led to public health concerns regarding exposure, particularly among pregnant women and developing fetuses. Information regarding the barrier capacity of the placenta for various nanomaterials is limited due to challenges working with ex vivo human placentas or in vivo animal models. To facilitate real-time in vivo imaging of placental transport, we have developed a novel, multifunctional nanoparticle, based on a core of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), and functionalized for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and fluorescent microscopy. Our MSN particles were tested as a tracking method for harmful and toxic nanomaterials. In gravid mice, intravenous injections of MSN were administered in the maternal circulation in early gestation (day 9) and late gestation (day 14). MRI and ultrasound were used to track the MSN following the injections. Changes in contrast relative to control mice indicated that MSN were observed in the embryos of mice following early gestation injections, while MSN were excluded from the embryo by the placenta following late gestation injections. The timing of transplacental barrier porosity is consistent with the notion that in mice there is a progressive increasing segregation by the placenta in later gestation. In addition, built-in physico-chemical properties of our MSN may present options for the therapeutic treatment of embryonic exposure. For example, if preventive measures such as detoxification of harmful compounds are implemented, the particle size and exposure timing can be tailored to selectively distribute to the maternal side of the trophoblast or delivered to the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Sweeney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- NanoMedTrix, LLC, Coralville, IA, United States of America
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Environmental Health Sciences Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Environmental Health Sciences Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Jose G. Assouline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- NanoMedTrix, LLC, Coralville, IA, United States of America
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9
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Siauve N, Chalouhi GE, Deloison B, Alison M, Clement O, Ville Y, Salomon LJ. Functional imaging of the human placenta with magnetic resonance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:S103-14. [PMID: 26428488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal placentation is responsible for most failures in pregnancy; however, an understanding of placental functions remains largely concealed from noninvasive, in vivo investigations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is safe in pregnancy for magnetic fields of up to 3 Tesla and is being used increasingly to improve the accuracy of prenatal imaging. Functional MRI (fMRI) of the placenta has not yet been validated in a clinical setting, and most data are derived from animal studies. FMRI could be used to further explore placental functions that are related to vascularization, oxygenation, and metabolism in human pregnancies by the use of various enhancement processes. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI is best able to quantify placental perfusion, permeability, and blood volume fractions. However, the transplacental passage of Gadolinium-based contrast agents represents a significant safety concern for this procedure in humans. There are alternative contrast agents that may be safer in pregnancy or that do not cross the placenta. Arterial spin labeling MRI relies on magnetically labeled water to quantify the blood flows within the placenta. A disadvantage of this technique is a poorer signal-to-noise ratio. Based on arterial spin labeling, placental perfusion in normal pregnancy is 176 ± 91 mL × min(-1) × 100 g(-1) and decreases in cases with intrauterine growth restriction. Blood oxygen level-dependent and oxygen-enhanced MRIs do not assess perfusion but measure the response of the placenta to changes in oxygen levels with the use of hemoglobin as an endogenous contrast agent. Diffusion-weighted imaging and intravoxel incoherent motion MRI do not require exogenous contrast agents, instead they use the movement of water molecules within tissues. The apparent diffusion coefficient and perfusion fraction are significantly lower in placentas of growth-restricted fetuses when compared with normal pregnancies. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has the ability to extract information regarding metabolites from the placenta noninvasively and in vivo. There are marked differences in all 3 metabolites N-acetyl aspartate/choline levels, inositol/choline ratio between small, and adequately grown fetuses. Current research is focused on the ability of each fMRI technique to make a timely diagnosis of abnormal placentation that would allow for appropriate planning of follow-up examinations and optimal scheduling of delivery. These research programs will benefit from the use of well-defined sequences, standardized imaging protocols, and robust computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Siauve
- INSERM, U970, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France; EA FETUS and LUMIERE Unit, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Gihad E Chalouhi
- INSERM, U970, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France; EA FETUS and LUMIERE Unit, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Deloison
- INSERM, U970, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France; EA FETUS and LUMIERE Unit, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Alison
- INSERM, U970, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Clement
- INSERM, U970, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Yves Ville
- EA FETUS and LUMIERE Unit, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Laurent J Salomon
- INSERM, U970, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France; EA FETUS and LUMIERE Unit, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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10
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Avni R, Neeman M, Garbow JR. Functional MRI of the placenta--From rodents to humans. Placenta 2015; 36:615-22. [PMID: 25916594 PMCID: PMC4452090 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The placenta performs a wide range of physiological functions; insufficiencies in these functions may result in a variety of severe prenatal and postnatal syndromes with long-term negative impacts on human adult health. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of placental function, in both animal models and humans, have contributed significantly to our understanding of placental structure, blood flow, oxygenation status, and metabolic profile, and have provided important insights into pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Avni
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - M Neeman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - J R Garbow
- Biomedical MR Laboratory, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States.
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11
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Keane NA, Glavey SV, Krawczyk J, O'Dwyer M. AKT as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:897-915. [PMID: 24905897 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.924507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple myeloma remains an incurable malignancy with poor survival. Novel therapeutic approaches capable of improving outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma are urgently required. AKT is a central node in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway with high expression in advanced and resistant multiple myeloma. AKT contributes to multiple oncogenic functions in multiple myeloma which may be exploited therapeutically. Promising preclinical data has lent support for pursuing further development of AKT inhibitors in multiple myeloma. Lead drugs are now entering the clinic. AREAS COVERED The rationale for AKT inhibition in multiple myeloma, pharmacological subtypes of AKT inhibitors in development, available results of clinical studies of AKT inhibitors and suitable drug partners for further development in combination with AKT inhibition in multiple myeloma are discussed. EXPERT OPINION AKT inhibitors are a welcome addition to the armamentarium against multiple myeloma and promising clinical activity is being reported from ongoing trials in combination with established and/or novel treatment approaches. AKT inhibitors may be set to improve patient outcomes when used in combination with synergistic drug partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh A Keane
- Galway University Hospital, Department of Haematology , Newcastle Road, Galway , Ireland
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12
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Vandoorne K, Vandsburger MH, Weisinger K, Brumfeld V, Hemmings BA, Harmelin A, Neeman M. Multimodal imaging reveals a role for Akt1 in fetal cardiac development. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00143. [PMID: 24400145 PMCID: PMC3871458 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though congenital heart disease is the most prevalent malformation, little is known about how mutations affect cardiovascular function during development. Akt1 is a crucial intracellular signaling molecule, affecting cell survival, proliferation, and metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Akt1 on prenatal cardiac development. In utero echocardiography was performed in fetal wild-type, heterozygous, and Akt1-deficient mice. The same fetal hearts were imaged using ex vivo micro-computed tomography (μCT) and histology. Neonatal hearts were imaged by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Additional ex vivo neonatal hearts were analyzed using histology and real-time PCR of all three groups. In utero echocardiography revealed abnormal blood flow patterns at the mitral valve and reduced contractile function of Akt1 null fetuses, while ex vivo μCT and histology unraveled structural alterations such as dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular septum defects in these fetuses. Further histological analysis showed reduced myocardial capillaries and coronary vessels in Akt1 null fetuses. At neonatal age, Akt1-deficient mice exhibited reduced survival with reduced endothelial cell density in the myocardium and attenuated cardiac expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A and collagen Iα1. To conclude, this study revealed a central role of Akt1 in fetal cardiac function and myocardial angiogenesis inducing fetal cardiomyopathy and reduced neonatal survival. This study links a specific physiological phenotype with a defined genotype, namely Akt1 deficiency, in an attempt to pinpoint intrinsic causes of fetal cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vandoorne
- Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel ; Biomedical engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karen Weisinger
- Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Brian A Hemmings
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alon Harmelin
- Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Neeman
- Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
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Vandoorne K, Vandsburger MH, Raz T, Shalev M, Weisinger K, Biton I, Brumfeld V, Raanan C, Nevo N, Eilam R, Hemmings BA, Tzahor E, Harmelin A, Gepstein L, Neeman M. Chronic Akt1 Deficiency Attenuates Adverse Remodeling and Enhances Angiogenesis After Myocardial Infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:992-1000. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.113.000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vandoorne
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Moriel H. Vandsburger
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Tal Raz
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Moran Shalev
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Karen Weisinger
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Inbal Biton
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Calanit Raanan
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Nava Nevo
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Raya Eilam
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Brian A. Hemmings
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Alon Harmelin
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Lior Gepstein
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
| | - Michal Neeman
- From the Department of Biological Regulation (K.V., M.H.V., T.R., M.S., K.W., N.N., E.T., M.N.), Department of Veterinary Resources (I.B., C.R., R.E., A.H.), and Department of Chemical Research Support (V.B.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (K.V.); Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel (T.R.); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research,
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Raz T, Avni R, Addadi Y, Cohen Y, Jaffa AJ, Hemmings B, Garbow JR, Neeman M. The hemodynamic basis for positional- and inter-fetal dependent effects in dual arterial supply of mouse pregnancies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52273. [PMID: 23284965 PMCID: PMC3527527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalian pregnancy, maternal cardiovascular adaptations must match the requirements of the growing fetus(es), and respond to physiologic and pathologic conditions. Such adaptations are particularly demanding for mammals bearing large-litter pregnancies, with their inherent conflict between the interests of each individual fetus and the welfare of the entire progeny. The mouse is the most common animal model used to study development and genetics, as well as pregnancy-related diseases. Previous studies suggested that in mice, maternal blood flow to the placentas occurs via a single arterial uterine loop generated by arterial-arterial anastomosis of the uterine artery to the uterine branch of the ovarian artery, resulting in counter bi-directional blood flow. However, we provide here experimental evidence that each placenta is actually supplied by two distinct arterial inputs stemming from the uterine artery and from the uterine branch of the ovarian artery, with position-dependent contribution of flow from each source. Moreover, we report significant positional- and inter-fetal dependent alteration of placental perfusion, which were detected by in vivo MRI and fluorescence imaging. Maternal blood flow to the placentas was dependent on litter size and was attenuated for placentas located centrally along the uterine horn. Distinctive apposing, inter-fetal hemodynamic effects of either reduced or elevated maternal blood flow, were measured for placenta of normal fetuses that are positioned adjacent to either pathological, or to hypovascular Akt1-deficient placentas, respectively. The results reported here underscore the critical importance of confounding local and systemic in utero effects on phenotype presentation, in general and in the setting of genetically modified mice. The unique robustness and plasticity of the uterine vasculature architecture, as reported in this study, can explain the ability to accommodate varying litter sizes, sustain large-litter pregnancies and overcome pathologic challenges. Remarkably, the dual arterial supply is evolutionary conserved in mammals bearing a single offspring, including primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Raz
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reut Avni
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Addadi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoni Cohen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ariel J. Jaffa
- Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Brian Hemmings
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joel R. Garbow
- Biomedical MR Laboratory, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michal Neeman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Kent LN, Ohboshi S, Soares MJ. Akt1 and insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) regulate placentation and fetal/postnatal development. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 56:255-61. [PMID: 22562201 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.113407lk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic characterization of Akt1 and Igf2 null mice has revealed roles for each in the regulation of placentation, and fetal and postnatal growth. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is encoded by the Igf2 gene and influences cellular function, at least in part, through activation of an intracellular serine/threonine kinase called AKT1. Akt1 and Igf2 null mice were originally characterized on inbred and mixed genetic backgrounds, prohibiting direct comparisons of their phenotypes. The impact of loss of AKT1 or IGF2 on placental, fetal, and postnatal function were examined following transfer of Akt1 and Igf2 null mutations to an outbred CD1 genetic background. Disruption of IGF2 did not affect AKT expression or activation. Both Akt1-/- and Igf2-/- mice exhibited decreased placental weight, fetal weight and viability. Deregulation of placental growth was similar in Akt1 and Igf2 nulls; however, disruption of Igf2 had a more severe impact on prenatal survival and postnatal growth. Placental structure, including organization of junctional and labyrinth zones and development of the interstitial, invasive, trophoblast lineage, were similar in mutant and wild-type mice. Akt1 and Igf2 null mutations affected postnatal growth. The relative impact of each gene differed during pre-weaning versus post-weaning growth phases. AKT1 had a more significant role during pre-weaning growth, whereas IGF2 was a bigger contributor to post-weaning growth. Akt1 and Igf2 null mutations impact placental, fetal and postnatal growth. Placental phenotypes are similar; however, fetal and postnatal growth patterns are unique to each mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey N Kent
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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