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Cui X, Fan J, Lyu Y, Zhou X, Meng Q, Zhang C. Quasi-intrinsic thiobase derivatives as potential targeted photosensitizers in two-photon photodynamic therapy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 316:124311. [PMID: 38663131 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a set of potential quasi-intrinsic photosensitizers for two-photon photodynamic therapy (PDT) are proposed based on the unnatural 2-amino-8-(1'-β-ᴅ-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)-imidazo[1,2-ɑ]-1,3,5-triazin-4(8H)-one (P), which is paired with the 6-amino-5-nitro-3-(1'-β-ᴅ-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)-2(1H)-pyridone (Z) and can specifically recognize breast and liver cancer cells. Herein, the effects of sulfur substitution and electron-donating/electron-withdrawing groups on the photophysical properties in aqueous solution are systematically investigated. The one- and two-photon absorption spectra evidence that the modifications could result in red-shifted absorption wavelength and large two-photon absorption cross-section, which contributes to selective excitation and provides effective PDT for deep-seated tissues. To ensure the efficient triplet state population, the singlet-triplet energy gaps and spin-orbit coupling constants were examined, which is responsible for a rapid intersystem crossing rate. Furthermore, these thiobase derivatives are characterized by the long-lived T1 state and the large energy gap for radiationless transition to ensure the generation of cytotoxic singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Cui
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Fan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China
| | - Yongkang Lyu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China
| | - Xucong Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, PR China
| | - Qingtian Meng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China.
| | - Changzhe Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China.
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Wang X, Yin X, Lai XY, Liu YT. A theoretical study of a series of water-soluble triphenylamine photosensitizers for two-photon photodynamic therapy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 203:229-235. [PMID: 29870907 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the therapeutic activity of a series of water-soluble triphenylamine (TP) photosensitizers (Ps) was explored by using theoretical simulations. The key photophysical parameters which determined the efficiency of Ps, such as absorption electronic spectra, singlet-triplet energy gaps and spin-orbit matrix elements were calculated at density functional theory and its time-dependent extension (DFT, TD-DFT). The calculated results showed that these TP photosensitizers possessed large two-photon absorption cross-section in the near-infrared region (NIR), efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) transition from the first singlet excited state to the low lying triplet excited states and sufficient energy for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). These suitable features made these TP series holding great promise for applications in two-photon photodynamic therapy (PDT). These TP photosensitizers studied here in principle extended the application range of two-photon PDT in water solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Xue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ying-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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Wang X, Bai FQ, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang HX, Lin Z. A Computational Way To Achieve More Effective Candidates for Photodynamic Therapy. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:1089-1100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Department
of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yingtao Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yu Wang
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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Rapozzi V, Zorzet S, Zacchigna M, Della Pietra E, Cogoi S, Xodo LE. Anticancer activity of cationic porphyrins in melanoma tumour-bearing mice and mechanistic in vitro studies. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:75. [PMID: 24684778 PMCID: PMC4021972 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyrin TMPyP4 (P4) and its C14H28-alkyl derivative (C14) are G-quadruplex binders and singlet oxygen (1O2) generators. In contrast, TMPyP2 (P2) produces 1O2 but it is not a G-quadruplex binder. As their photosensitizing activity is currently undefined, we report in this study their efficacy against a melanoma skin tumour and describe an in vitro mechanistic study which gives insights into their anticancer activity. Methods Uptake and antiproliferative activity of photoactivated P2, P4 and C14 have been investigated in murine melanoma B78-H1 cells by FACS, clonogenic and migration assays. Apoptosis was investigated by PARP-1 cleavage and annexin-propidium iodide assays. Biodistribution and in vivo anticancer activity were tested in melanoma tumour-bearing mice. Porphyrin binding and photocleavage of G-rich mRNA regions were investigated by electrophoresis and RT-PCR. Porphyrin effect on ERK pathway was explored by Western blots. Results Thanks to its higher lipophylicity C14 was taken up by murine melanoma B78-H1 cells up to 30-fold more efficiently than P4. When photoactivated (7.2 J/cm2) in B78-H1 melanoma cells, P4 and C14, but not control P2, caused a strong inhibition of metabolic activity, clonogenic growth and cell migration. Biodistribution studies on melanoma tumour-bearing mice showed that P4 and C14 localize in the tumour. Upon irradiation (660 nm, 193 J/cm2), P4 and C14 retarded tumour growth and increased the median survival time of the treated mice by ~50% (P <0.01 by ANOVA), whereas porphyrin P2 did not. The light-dependent mechanism mediated by P4 and C14 is likely due to the binding to and photocleavage of G-rich quadruplex-forming sequences within the 5′-untranslated regions of the mitogenic ras genes. This causes a decrease of RAS protein and inhibition of downstream ERK pathway, which stimulates proliferation. Annexin V/propidium iodide and PARP-1 cleavage assays showed that the porphyrins arrested tumour growth by apoptosis and necrosis. C14 also showed an intrinsic light-independent anticancer activity, as recently reported for G4-RNA binders. Conclusions Porphyrins P4 and C14 impair the clonogenic growth and migration of B78-H1 melanoma cells and inhibit melanoma tumour growth in vivo. Evidence is provided that C14 acts through light-dependent (mRNA photocleavage) and light-independent (translation inhibition) mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luigi E Xodo
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, P,le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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Thandu M, Rapozzi V, Xodo L, Albericio F, Comuzzi C, Cavalli S. “Clicking” Porphyrins to Magnetic Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy. Chempluschem 2013; 79:90-98. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rapozzi V, Zorzet S, Zacchigna M, Drioli S, Xodo LE. The PDT activity of free and pegylated pheophorbide a against an amelanotic melanoma transplanted in C57/BL6 mice. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:192-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ballico M, Rapozzi V, Xodo LE, Comuzzi C. Metallation of pentaphyrin with Lu(III) dramatically increases reactive-oxygen species production and cell phototoxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:712-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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TP53 regulates human AlkB homologue 2 expression in glioma resistance to Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:362-9. [PMID: 20661249 PMCID: PMC2920031 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment. However, cancers resistant to PDT, mediated through the efflux of photosensitisers by means of P-glycoprotein or ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins, have been reported. The DNA repair has also been suggested to be responsible for PDT resistance, but little is known about the repair pathways and mechanisms involved. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible function of six major DNA repair mechanisms in glioma cells resistant to Photofrin-mediated PDT (Ph-PDT). METHODS The U87 glioma cells relatively resistant to Ph-PDT were obtained by recovering the viable cells 3 h after PDT treatment. The mRNA and protein expression levels of DNA repair genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Small-interfering RNA and chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays were used to further examine the relationship between AlkB, an alkylation repair homologue 2 (Escherichia coli) (ALKBH2) and Ph-PDT responsiveness, and transcription factors involved in ALKBH2 transcription. RESULTS The ALKBH2 of DNA damage reversal was significantly increased at both mRNA and protein levels from 30 min to 48 h post-treatment with Ph-PDT. Conversely, down-regulating ALKBH2 expression enhances Ph-PDT efficiency. Furthermore, our data clearly show for the first time that tumour protein (TP53) is directly involved by binding to the promoter of ALKBH2 in mediating Ph-PDT resistance. CONCLUSION C The DNA damage reversal mechanisms may have important functions in Ph-PDT resistance through the activation of ALKBH2 by TP53.
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Wong TW, Huang HJ, Wang YF, Lee YP, Huang CC, Yu CK. Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation as a novel disinfectant of enterovirus 71. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:2176-82. [PMID: 20719762 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested whether methylene blue, an inexpensive and safe photosensitizer, is feasible for photodynamic inactivation of enterovirus 71 (EV71) in the environment. METHODS By escalating light doses and photosensitizer concentrations, photoinactivation of EV71 and other enteroviruses was examined in vitro. Viral transmission in the environment was simulated with a neonatal mouse model in vivo. Possible mechanisms were analysed with alterations of viral DNA and proteins after treatments. RESULTS Photodynamic inactivation of EV71 in suspensions occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal condition for photoinactivating EV71 required a light dose of 200 J/cm(2) in the presence of methylene blue. This photodynamic condition was also able to inactivate other enteroviruses, including poliovirus 1 and coxsackieviruses A2, A3, A16 and B3. In an imitation environment, EV71 spread on a solid surface was inactivated by methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation and prevented EV71 transmission to mice. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis indicated that both the viral proteins and the genome were disrupted after photodynamic inactivation. CONCLUSIONS Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation may provide a novel way to eliminate environmentally contaminated sources of EV71 to prevent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Graduated Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Stamati I, Kuimova MK, Lion M, Yahioglu G, Phillips D, Deonarain MP. Novel photosensitisers derived from pyropheophorbide-a: uptake by cells and photodynamic efficiency in vitro. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:1033-41. [PMID: 20532306 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00038h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive procedure used for treating a range of neoplastic diseases, which utilises combined action of light and a PDT drug called a photosensitiser. The efficiency of this treatment depends crucially on the properties of the photosensitiser used, namely on its efficient uptake by cells or by the surrounding vasculature, intracellular localisation, minimal dark toxicity and substantial phototoxicity. In this report we compare the spectroscopic properties, cell uptake and in vitro phototoxicity of two novel hydrophilic photosensitisers derived from pyropheophorbide-a (PPa). Both new photosensitisers have the potential to form bioconjugates with antibody fragments for targeted PDT. We find that the photophysical properties of both new photosensitisers are favourable compared to the parent PPa, including enhanced absorption in the red spectral region and substantial singlet oxygen quantum yields. Both molecules show efficient cellular uptake, but display a different intracellular localisation. Both new photosensitisers exhibit no significant dark-toxicity at concentrations of up to 100 microM. The phototoxicity of the two photosensitisers is strikingly different, with one derivative being 13 times more efficient than the parent PPa and another derivative being 18 times less efficient in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. We investigate the reasons behind such drastic differences in phototoxicity using confocal fluorescence microscopy and conclude that intracellular localisation is a crucial factor in the photodynamic efficiency of pheophorbide derivatives. These studies highlight the underlying factors behind creating more potent photosensitisers through synthetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Stamati
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Rapozzi V, Beverina L, Salice P, Pagani GA, Camerin M, Xodo LE. Photooxidation and Phototoxicity of π-Extended Squaraines. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2188-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901727j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rapozzi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 53 I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizio Salice
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 53 I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio A. Pagani
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 53 I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Camerin
- Department of Biology, Via U. Bassi 58/B, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi E. Xodo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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Comparison of the photodynamic fungicidal efficacy of methylene blue, toluidine blue, malachite green and low-power laser irradiation alone against Candida albicans. Lasers Med Sci 2009; 25:385-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-009-0706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ultrasound may be exploited for the treatment of microbial diseases. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:18-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kulinich AV, Ishchenko AA. Merocyanine dyes: synthesis, structure, properties and applications. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2009. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2009v078n02abeh003900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ma X, Pan H, Yi J. Combination sonodynamic therapy with immunoadjuvant may be a promising new modality for cancer treatment. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:418-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stein E, Koehn J, Sutter W, Schmidl C, Lezaic V, Wendtlandt G, Watzinger F, Turhani D. Phenothiazine Chloride and Soft Laser Light Have a Biostimulatory Effect on Human Osteoblastic Cells. Photomed Laser Surg 2009; 27:71-7. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2008.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Stein
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jadranka Koehn
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Department of Angiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Sutter
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Constanze Schmidl
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vesna Lezaic
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Wendtlandt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Department of Angiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Watzinger
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dritan Turhani
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sbarra MS, Di Poto A, Arciola CR, Saino E, Sharma M, Bragheri F, Cristiani I, Speziale P, Visai L. Photodynamic action of merocyanine 540 on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Int J Artif Organs 2009; 31:848-57. [PMID: 18924098 DOI: 10.1177/039139880803100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic treatment (PDT) has been proposed as a new approach for inactivation of biofilms associated with medical devices that are resistant to chemical additives or biocides. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of merocyanine 540 (MC 540), a photosensitizing dye that is used for purging malignant cells from autologous bone marrow grafts, against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Effect of the combined photodynamic action of MC 540 and 532 nm laser was investigated on the viability and structure of biofilms of two Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, RP62A and 1457. Significant inactivation of cells was observed when biofilms were exposed to MC 540 and laser simultaneously. The effect was found to be light dose-dependent but S. epidermidis 1457 biofilm proved to be slightly more susceptible than S. epidermidis RP62A biofilm. Furthermore, significant killing of both types of cells was attained even when a fixed light dose was delivered to the biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) analysis indicated damage to bacterial cell membranes in photodynamically treated biofilms, while disruption of PDT-treated biofilm was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Sbarra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
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Sulfur-substituted naphthalimides as photoactivatable anticancer agents: DNA interaction, fluorescence imaging, and phototoxic effects in cultured tumor cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Miyoshi T, Arai T, Nonogawa M, Makino K, Mori H, Yamashita K, Sasada M. Anticancer photodynamic and non-photodynamic effects of pterin derivatives on a pancreatic cancer cell line. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 107:221-5. [PMID: 18544897 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08002sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the feasibility of two kinds of pterin derivatives, 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyleneamino)-6-formyl-3-pivaloylpteridin-4-one (DFP) and 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyleneamino)-3-pivaloylpteridin-4-one (DP), as anticancer drugs, their photodynamic and non-photodynamic effects on pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1 cells were examined. For photodynamic effects, cell death 48 h after UV-A irradiation was more prominent in cells preloaded with DP than DFP. When cells were simply incubated for 96 h without irradiation, DFP induced cell death, while DP suppressed cell proliferation. Furthermore, DP was much more soluble in water than DFP. These findings collectively indicated that DP is more feasible as an anticancer drug than DFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyoshi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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Bhatti M, Yahioglu G, Milgrom LR, Garcia-Maya M, Chester KA, Deonarain MP. Targeted photodynamic therapy with multiply-loaded recombinant antibody fragments. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1155-63. [PMID: 17973256 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is limited by inefficiencies involved in specifically targeting photosensitizers to tumors. Although antibodies are being explored as targeting vehicles, they present significant challenges, particularly in terms of pharmacokinetics and drug-coupling. We describe here a novel and effective system to covalently attach multiple photosensitizer molecules (both preclinical, pyropheophorbide-a and clinically approved, verteporfin photosensitizers) to single-chain Fvs. Further, we demonstrate that not only do the resulting photoimmunoconjugates retain photophysical functionality, they are more potent than either free photosensitizer, effectively killing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. For example, treatment of human breast cancer xenografts with a photoimmunoconjugate comprising an anti-HER-2 scFv linked to 8-10 molecules of pyropheophorbide-a leads to significant tumor regression. These results give an insight into the important features that make scFvs good carriers for PDT drugs and provide proof of concept of our unique approach to targeted photodynamic therapy (tPDT). This promises to significantly improve on current photodynamic therapies for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Bhatti
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
For the treatment of tumours and other proliferative conditions, widespread uptake of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has to some extent been hindered by its inability to target specifically photosensitisers (PSs) to localised lesions in the body. PSs may be deposited in the skin, leading to painful and disfiguring photosensitivity, sometimes for weeks after initial treatment. Targeting PSs specifically could not only avoid such side-effects, it could greatly improve PDT's therapeutic margin. This review describes photoimmunoconjugates (PICs) produced via successful combination of PSs with recombinant monoclonal antibody fragments (sc-Fvs). PICs can not only target specifically and destroy tumour cells in vitro and in vivo, but counter-intuitively, it is possible to conjugate many more PSs to an sc-Fv than to the much larger parent monoclonal antibody. The general utility of PICs is demonstrated by significant improvements to the potency and selectivity of already existing PSs. Furthermore, critical features of sc-Fvs are discussed that enable them to make effective PICs. This has implications for the future engineering of scFv carriers for PDT, in order to control the number and function of the PSs that can be coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel R Milgrom
- Department of Life Sciences, Biochemistry Building, Imperial College London, UK.
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Kuimova MK, Bhatti M, Deonarain M, Yahioglu G, Levitt JA, Stamati I, Suhling K, Phillips D. Fluorescence characterisation of multiply-loaded anti-HER2 single chain Fv-photosensitizer conjugates suitable for photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:933-9. [PMID: 17721591 DOI: 10.1039/b708320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, spectroscopic properties and intracellular imaging of recombinant antibody single chain fragment (scFv) conjugates with photosensitizers used for photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT). Two widely-studied photosensitizers have been selected: preclinical pyropheophorbide-a (PPa) and verteporfin (VP), which has been clinically approved for the treatment of acute macular degeneration (Visudyne). Pyropheophorbide-a and verteporfin have been conjugated to an anti-HER2 scFv containing on average ten photosensitizer molecules per scFv with a small contribution (<or=20%) from non-covalently bound molecules. Confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrates good cellular uptake of PPa conjugate with the HER2-positive cell line, SKOV-3, while negligible cell uptake is demonstrated for the HER2-negative cell line, KB. For the VP conjugate, increased rate of cellular uptake and prolonged retention in SKOV-3 cells is observed compared to free photosensitizer. In clinical applications this could provide increased potency and desired selectivity towards malignant tissue, leaving surrounding healthy tissue unharmed and reducing skin photosensitivity. The present study highlights the usefulness of photosensitizer immunoconjugates with scFvs for targeted PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina K Kuimova
- Chemistry Department, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, UK
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Van Quaquebeke E, Mahieu T, Dumont P, Dewelle J, Ribaucour F, Simon G, Sauvage S, Gaussin JF, Tuti J, El Yazidi M, Van Vynckt F, Mijatovic T, Lefranc F, Darro F, Kiss R. 2,2,2-Trichloro-N-({2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin- 5-yl}carbamoyl)acetamide (UNBS3157), a Novel Nonhematotoxic Naphthalimide Derivative with Potent Antitumor Activity. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4122-34. [PMID: 17658777 DOI: 10.1021/jm070315q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amonafide (1), a naphthalimide which binds to DNA by intercalation and poisons topoisomerase IIalpha, has demonstrated activity in phase II breast cancer trials, but has failed thus far to enter clinical phase III because of dose-limiting bone marrow toxicity. Compound 17 (one of 41 new compounds synthesized) is a novel anticancer naphthalimide with a distinct mechanism of action, notably inducing autophagy and senescence in cancer cells. Compound 17 (2,2,2-trichloro-N-({2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-5-yl}carbamoyl)acetamide (UNBS3157)) was found to have a 3-4-fold higher maximum tolerated dose compared to amonafide and not to provoke hematotoxicity in mice at doses that display significant antitumor effects. Furthermore, 17 has shown itself to be superior to amonafide in vivo in models of (i) L1210 murine leukemia, (ii) MXT-HI murine mammary adenocarcinoma, and (iii) orthotopic models of human A549 NSCLC and BxPC3 pancreatic cancer. Compound 17, therefore, merits further investigation as a potential anticancer agent.
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Hachimine K, Shibaguchi H, Kuroki M, Yamada H, Kinugasa T, Nakae Y, Asano R, Sakata I, Yamashita Y, Shirakusa T, Kuroki M. Sonodynamic therapy of cancer using a novel porphyrin derivative, DCPH-P-Na(I), which is devoid of photosensitivity. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:916-20. [PMID: 17419708 PMCID: PMC11159730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the efficacy of sonodynamic therapy of cancer using photosensitizers, we developed a novel porphyrin derivative designated DCPH-P-Na(I) and investigated its photochemical characteristics and sonotoxicity on tumor cells. DCPH-P-Na(I) exhibited a minimum fluorescent emission by excitation with light, compared with a strong emission from ATX-70, which is known to reveal both photo- and sonotoxicity. According to this observation, when human tumor cells were exposed to light in the presence of DCPH-P-Na(I) in vitro, the least phototoxicity was observed, in contrast to the strong phototoxicity of ATX-70. However, DCPH-P-Na(I) exhibited a potent sonotoxicity on tumor cells by irradiation with ultrasound in vitro. This sonotoxicity was reduced by the addition of L-histidine, but not D-mannitol, thus suggesting that singlet oxygen may be responsible for the sonotoxicity of DCPH-P-Na(I). DCPH-P-Na(I) demonstrated significant sonotoxicity against a variety of cancer cell lines derived from different tissues. In addition, in a mouse xenograft model, a potent growth inhibition of the tumor was observed using sonication after the administration of DCPH-P-Na(I) to the mouse. These results suggest that sonodynamic therapy with DCPH-P-Na(I) may therefore be a useful clinical treatment for cancers located deep in the human body without inducing skin sensitivity, which tends to be a major side-effect of photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Hachimine
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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26
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Caffieri S, Di Lisa F, Bolesani F, Facco M, Semenzato G, Dall'Acqua F, Canton M. The mitochondrial effects of novel apoptogenic molecules generated by psoralen photolysis as a crucial mechanism in PUVA therapy. Blood 2007; 109:4988-94. [PMID: 17311998 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-037192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The generation of photoproducts of psoralen (POPs) might be relevant in cell death induced by psoralen plus UVA, namely PUVA, which is a recognized effective treatment for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, chronic graft-versus-host disease, and psoriasis. We investigated the occurrence of POP-induced cell death and the underlying mechanisms. POPs were produced by irradiating a psoralen solution with UVA. Jurkat cells treated in the dark with these mixtures died mainly through an apoptotic mechanism. POPs were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and cells were added with each of these fractions. A total of 2 dimers of psoralen and 6-formyl-7-hydroxycoumarin (FHC) were identified in the apoptogenic fractions. Apoptosis was preceded by mitochondrial dysfunction caused by the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP). In fact, both mitochondrial depolarization and cell death were prevented by the PTP inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA). PTP opening was also documented in isolated mitochondria added with POP, suggesting that apoptosis is caused by a direct effect of POP on mitochondria. In fact, FHC alone induced PTP opening and CsA-inhibitable cell death of Jurkat cells, whereas nontransformed T lymphocytes were resistant. Along with identifying novel apoptogenic molecules, the present results indicate that POP generation directs transformed cells to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Caffieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, I-35121 Padua, Italy
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Rodriguez-Mora O, LaHair MM, Howe CJ, McCubrey JA, Franklin RA. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases as potential targets in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 9:791-808. [PMID: 16083343 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.4.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review the authors discuss the expression and activation of a family of protein kinases known as the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaM-kinase) and the role that these kinases have in the activation of antiapoptotic signalling pathways. In addition, the authors outline a novel mechanism of activation of these kinases by oxidative stress. Founded on this novel mechanism of activation and the role that these kinases have in activating antiapoptotic signalling pathways, the authors propose that the CaM-kinases would make very good targets for sensitising cancer cells to certain therapeutic treatments. Furthermore, the authors discuss the role that these kinases have in cell transformation and in the regulation of the cell cycle. Based on these roles the authors suggest that inhibition of the CaM-kinases not only has the potential to sensitise cancer cells, but also has the potential to induce cytostasis in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Rodriguez-Mora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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Abstract
1. Photodynamic therapy is an established modality for the treatment of solid tumours and other accessible lesions. Although the concept and practice of combining light with a photosensitizing agent for the treatment of disease states has been around for almost a century, the understanding of the art and science therein has been tremendously enhanced over the past few years. 2. Photosensitized reactions are dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen species, in particular singlet oxygen, which accounts for the damaging effects on biological macromolecules, such as membrane lipids and proteins. Therefore, compounds that give a good yield of (1)O(2) are used as photosensitizers. 3. The main photosensitizers used in the clinical setting belong to the photofrin family; however, newer and more effective sensitizers are being evaluated for their potential clinical effectiveness. 4. Light sources have moved from the use of white light with specific filters in the old days to the more recent use of monochromatic light sources, such as lasers, to more sophisticated light-emitting diodes. However, dosimetry remains a big issue mainly because of difficulties in establishing the optimum treatment conditions for an approach that requires the fine-tuning of several variables, such as sensitizer and light doses and drug-to-light interval, as well as the issues of skin photosensitivity and low selectivity. A newer development to circumvent these and provide a broader application for this concept has been the phenomenon of photo-activation, whereby photo-exposure of chromophores to generate novel, small biologically active compounds has been demonstrated successfully. 5. The aim of the present review was to provide a general overview of the art and science of photodynamic therapy and to highlight some of the issues and recent developments in further advancing this modality of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, Yon Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Comuzzi C, Cogoi S, Overhand M, Van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Xodo LE. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new pentaphyrin macrocycles for photodynamic therapy. J Med Chem 2006; 49:196-204. [PMID: 16392804 DOI: 10.1021/jm050831l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and in-depth characterization of two new porphyrogenic macrocycles 1 and 2, and provides an evaluation of these molecules as photosensitizer agents. By tuning the reaction conditions and starting from readily available 1,9-diformyl-5-phenyldipyrromethane (4) and tripyrrane dicarboxylic acid (3), both the nonaromatic isopentaphyrin 1, composed of a 24 pi-electron macrocycle, and the aromatic pentaphyrin 2, composed of a 22 pi-electron macrocycle, were obtained in good yield and purity. Confocal laser microscopy and cytofluorimetry studies showed that the newly synthesized pentaphyrins penetrate the cell membranes and localize mainly in the cytoplasm. In the absence of light, 1 and 2 exhibit a nonsignificant cytotoxic effect at concentrations up to 3 mug/mL. In contrast, the synthesized pentaphyrins, when delivered to cells at 1.5 or 3 microg/mL and irradiated with white light (8 mW/cm(2)), promoted a strong and dose-dependent phototoxic effect in four different cell lines. FACS and caspase-3/7 activation assays demonstrated that the pentaphyrins cause cell death by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Comuzzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Udine, Via del Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy
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31
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Yamada H, Arai T, Endo N, Yamashita K, Nonogawa M, Makino K, Fukuda K, Sasada M, Uchiyama T. Photodynamic effects of a novel pterin derivative on a pancreatic cancer cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:763-7. [PMID: 15964552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
6-Formylpterin (6FP) has the potential to produce singlet oxygen (1O2) under UV-A radiation. In order to apply this potential to anti-cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT), we prepared a novel variant of 6FP, 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyleneamino)-6-formyl-3-pivaloylpteridine-4-one (6FP-tBu-DMF), and examined its photodynamic effects on a pancreatic cancer cell line, Panc-1 cells. The study using laser scanning confocal microscopy showed that the drug uptake, the 1O2 generation, and cell death were observed in the 6FP-tBu-DMF-treated cells, while these phenomena were not observed in the 6FP-treated cells. The MTT assay also showed the decrease in cell viability only in the 6FP-tBu-DMF-treated cells. Since 6FP and 6FP-tBu-DMF generate 1O2 to the same extent under UV-A radiation in aqueous solutions, these results indicated that the differences in the photodynamic effects between 6FP and 6FP-tBu-DMF were entirely attributed to the differences in the cell permeability between them. The development of cell permeable pterin derivatives has the potential for application in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yamada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Lin HY, Chen CT, Huang CT. Use of merocyanine 540 for photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus planktonic and biofilm cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 70:6453-8. [PMID: 15528505 PMCID: PMC525131 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.11.6453-6458.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus planktonic and biofilm cells by a phtotosensitizer, merocyanine 540 (MC 540), was investigated. For the planktonic experiments, MC 540 binding efficiency to bacterial cells was found to increase with both increasing MC 540 concentration and increasing incubation time, but the binding became saturated following 10 min of incubation. The antimicrobial activity was enhanced with an increasing light dose, but an increase in the light dose could not further improve the antimicrobial activity if the maximum excitation level attainable was less than the necessary minimum threshold level. Complete inactivation was achieved when the excitation level of MC 540 was somewhere above the threshold level. The relationship between antimicrobial activity and the excitation level of MC 540 revealed that the more MC 540 was excited, the more S. aureus cells were killed. For the biofilm experiments, the antimicrobial activity was enhanced with an increase in the light dose. No viable cells were detected when organisms were exposed to 15 mug of MC 540 per ml and a light dose of 600 J/cm2 or to 20 mug of MC 540 per ml and a light dose of 450 J/cm2. A quantitative analysis of MC 540 bound to biofilms was also performed, and the images from confocal laser scanning microscopy provided direct evidence that revealed the difference between the MC 540 remaining in the biofilms prior to irradiation and the MC 540 remaining in the biofilms after irradiation. The results of both the planktonic and biofilm experiments suggest that the antimicrobial activity of photodynamic inactivation of S. aureus is closely related to the excitation level of MC 540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yin Lin
- Institute for Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Lee WY, Lim DS, Ko SH, Park YJ, Ryu KS, Ahn MY, Kim YR, Lee DW, Cho CW. Photoactivation of pheophorbide a induces a mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat leukaemia cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2005; 75:119-26. [PMID: 15341925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2002] [Revised: 07/29/2003] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of cell death by pheophorbide a (Pba) which has been established to be a potential photosensitizer was examined in experimental photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Jurkat cells, a human lymphoid tumor cell line. In 30-60 min after irradiation, Pba treated cells exhibited apoptotic features including membrane blebbing and DNA fragmentation. Pba/PDT caused a rapid release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol. Sequentially, activation of caspase-3 and the cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) were followed. Meanwhile, no evidence of activation of caspase-8 was indicated in the cells. In experiments with caspase inhibitors, it was found that caspase-3 alone was sufficient initiator for the Pba-induced apoptosis of the cells. Pba specific emission spectra were confirmed in the mitochondrial fraction and the light irradiation caused a rapid change in its membrane potential. Thus, mitochondria were entailed as the crucial targets for Pba as well as a responsible component for the cytochrome c release to initiate apoptotic pathways. Taken together, it was concluded that the mode of Jurkat cell death by Pba/PDT is an apoptosis, which is initiated by mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase-3-pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, CPO Box 8044, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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Kyagova AA, Mansurova GV, Kozir LA, Ponomarev GV, Pavlov VY, Konstantinov IO, Potapenko AY. Systemic Suppression of the Contact Hypersensitivity by the Products of Protoporphyrin IX Photooxidation. Photochem Photobiol 2005; 81:1380-5. [PMID: 16080780 DOI: 10.1562/2005-04-26-ra-500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is frequently accompanied by induction of systemic immunosuppression. Photochemical mechanisms underlying this effect are not completely understood. Here, we demonstrate the immunosuppressive activity of photooxidation products of protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester (PPIX) in a murine model of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Intravenous injection of the preirradiated solution of PPIX to mice resulted in fluence-dependent suppression of the CHS. The samples of photodecomposed PPIX with suppressive effect on the CHS contained chlorin-type products, namely, two isomers of photoprotoporphyrin (pPP1 and pPP2) as main photoproducts. Concentration-dependent suppression of the CHS was also induced when purified pPP1 or pPP2 were injected to mice intravenously. These purified photoproducts exerted equal immunosuppressive activity. The highest suppression of the CHS was induced when pPP1 was injected 20 h before sensitization with DNFB. The lowest suppression was at its injection time 24 h before challenge. The pPP1-induced suppression of the CHS was adoptively transferable and was associated with generation of cells with suppressive functions. These suppressor cells inhibited the efferent phase of the CHS. Our results strongly indicate that induction of systemic immunosuppression by PDT with PPIX may proceed through photobleaching of photosensitizer and generation of photoprotoporphyrins, which can affect T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla A Kyagova
- Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively new modality of treatment of diseases involving uncontrolled cell proliferation. It is based on the production of reactive species upon illumination of a photosensitizer in the presence of oxygen. Antioxidants are primarily reducing agents prone to scavenge reactive species in one way or another. Their presence in photodynamic reactions usually reduces the efficacy of PDT. Some antioxidants like ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol or butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, however, when added to cells at adequate concentrations may enhance the photodamaging activity of PDT. The presence of transition metals and precise timing of antioxidant administration may also be important factors in increasing the efficacy of PDT. Antioxidant carrier sensitizers have been designed, synthesised and tested for their antibacterial PDT activity. The promising results raise the question whether the introduction of antioxidant moieties into sensitizer molecules would lead to the synthesis of highly effective new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Jakus
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 59-67 Pusztaszeri St., 1025 Budapest, Hungary
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36
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Chilin A, Dodoni G, Frezza C, Guiotto A, Barbieri V, Di Lisa F, Canton M. 4-Hydroxymethyl-1,6,8-trimethylfuro[2,3-h]quinolin-2(1H)-one Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis upon Its Intracellular Oxidation. J Med Chem 2004; 48:192-9. [PMID: 15634013 DOI: 10.1021/jm0493919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of cell death induced by a furoquinolinone derivative, namely, 4-hydroxymethyl-1,6,8-trimethylfuro[2,3-h]quinolin-2(1H)-one (HOFQ), in the dark. Mitochondrial depolarization was found to be a causative event in HOFQ-induced apoptosis that was blunted either by replacing the 4-hydroxymethyl group with a methyl one, or by 4-methylpyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). In vitro enzymatic assay demonstrated that HOFQ is a substrate of ADH. In isolated mitochondria HOFQ was without effect, whereas in the presence of ADH and NAD(+) it caused the opening of the permeability transition pore, indicating that HOFQ-oxidized products affect mitochondrial function directly. Finally, an analogue bearing the formyl group at the C-4 position mimicked all the effects exerted by HOFQ. In conclusion, these results suggest that the direct action on mitochondria of HOFQ-oxidized products are responsible for their cytotoxicity, which might be exacerbated, but hardly determined, by photodynamic action and/or binding to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Chilin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Lee CF, Lee CJ, Chen CT, Huang CT. δ-Aminolaevulinic acid mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy on Pseudomonas aeruginosa planktonic and biofilm cultures. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2004; 75:21-5. [PMID: 15246346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To demonstrate photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using photoporphyrin IX which could be endogenously synthesized by administrating delta-aminolaevulinic acid (delta-ALA), and a light emitted diode (LED) array to photoactivate the photosensitizer. P. aeruginosa suspended cells or biofilms, grown on a rotating disk reactor, were treated by different concentrations of delta-ALA in the dark for 1 h, followed by LED irradiation for various time. Regrowth experiments were conducted by placed PACT-treated disks back to a sterile reactor. Viable cells were determined by serial dilution and plate counts. Both P. aeruginosa planktonic and biofilm cells were inhibited by PACT with light doses or photosensitizer concentrations increasing. Treatments of planktonic cells with 10 mM delta-ALA and incident dose 240 J cm(-2) or 7.5 mM ALA and incident dose 360 J cm(-2) led to completely photoinactivation. No viable biofilm cells were found after treatment of 20 mM delta-ALA and incident dose 240 J cm(-2). However, regrowth was observed once PACT-treated biofilms were put back to a sterile reactor. Regrowth could be prevented only if biofilm samples were treated PACT twice. delta-ALA-mediated PACT on P. aeruginosa planktonic and biofilm cells was effective, though the detailed mechanism still required further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fen Lee
- Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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38
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Westby MJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, Macneill JSJ, Herd RM. Photodynamic therapy for localised squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Brezova V, Valko M, Breza M, Morris H, Telser J, Dvoranova D, Kaiserova K, Varecka L, Mazur M, Leibfritz D. Role of Radicals and Singlet Oxygen in Photoactivated DNA Cleavage by the Anticancer Drug Camptothecin: An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027743m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Brezova
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - M. Valko
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - M. Breza
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - H. Morris
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - J. Telser
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - D. Dvoranova
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - K. Kaiserova
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - L. Varecka
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - M. Mazur
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - D. Leibfritz
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
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Clément MV, Pervaiz S. Intracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations: a critical balance that determines survival or death. Redox Rep 2002; 6:211-4. [PMID: 11642710 DOI: 10.1179/135100001101536346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M V Clément
- Oncology Research Institute, National University Medical Institutes, Singapore.
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