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Jung S, Cheong S, Lee Y, Lee J, Lee J, Kwon MS, Oh YS, Kim T, Ha S, Kim SJ, Jo DH, Ko J, Jeon NL. Integrating Vascular Phenotypic and Proteomic Analysis in an Open Microfluidic Platform. ACS NANO 2024; 18:24909-24928. [PMID: 39208278 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This research introduces a vascular phenotypic and proteomic analysis (VPT) platform designed to perform high-throughput experiments on vascular development. The VPT platform utilizes an open-channel configuration that facilitates angiogenesis by precise alignment of endothelial cells, allowing for a 3D morphological examination and protein analysis. We study the effects of antiangiogenic agents─bevacizumab, ramucirumab, cabozantinib, regorafenib, wortmannin, chloroquine, and paclitaxel─on cytoskeletal integrity and angiogenic sprouting, observing an approximately 50% reduction in sprouting at higher drug concentrations. Precise LC-MS/MS analyses reveal global protein expression changes in response to four of these drugs, providing insights into the signaling pathways related to the cell cycle, cytoskeleton, cellular senescence, and angiogenesis. Our findings emphasize the intricate relationship between cytoskeletal alterations and angiogenic responses, underlining the significance of integrating morphological and proteomic data for a comprehensive understanding of angiogenesis. The VPT platform not only advances our understanding of drug impacts on vascular biology but also offers a versatile tool for analyzing proteome and morphological features across various models beyond blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghun Cheong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonho Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungseub Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Target Link Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul 04545, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kwon
- Target Link Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul 04545, Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Target Link Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul 04545, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewan Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Ha
- ProvaLabs, Inc., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- SOFT Foundry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Jo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Ko
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Qureator, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Laschke MW, Gu Y, Menger MD. Replacement in angiogenesis research: Studying mechanisms of blood vessel development by animal-free in vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches. Front Physiol 2022; 13:981161. [PMID: 36060683 PMCID: PMC9428454 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.981161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is an essential process determining numerous physiological and pathological conditions. Accordingly, there is a high demand for research approaches allowing the investigation of angiogenic mechanisms and the assessment of pro- and anti-angiogenic therapeutics. The present review provides a selective overview and critical discussion of such approaches, which, in line with the 3R principle, all share the common feature that they are not based on animal experiments. They include in vitro assays to study the viability, proliferation, migration, tube formation and sprouting activity of endothelial cells in two- and three-dimensional environments, the degradation of extracellular matrix compounds as well as the impact of hemodynamic forces on blood vessel formation. These assays can be complemented by in vivo analyses of microvascular network formation in the chorioallantoic membrane assay and early stages of zebrafish larvae. In addition, the combination of experimental data and physical laws enables the mathematical modeling of tissue-specific vascularization, blood flow patterns, interstitial fluid flow as well as oxygen, nutrient and drug distribution. All these animal-free approaches markedly contribute to an improved understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms underlying angiogenesis. Hence, they do not only represent essential tools in basic science but also in early stages of drug development. Moreover, their advancement bears the great potential to analyze angiogenesis in all its complexity and, thus, to make animal experiments superfluous in the future.
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Narasimhan B, Narasimhan H, Lorente-Ros M, Romeo FJ, Bhatia K, Aronow WS. Therapeutic angiogenesis in coronary artery disease: a review of mechanisms and current approaches. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:947-963. [PMID: 34346802 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1964471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite tremendous advances, the shortcomings of current therapies for coronary disease are evidenced by the fact that it remains the leading cause of death in many parts of the world. There is hence a drive to develop novel therapies to tackle this disease. Therapeutic approaches to coronary angiogenesis have long been an area of interest in lieu of its incredible, albeit unrealized potential. AREAS COVERED This paper offers an overview of mechanisms of native angiogenesis and a description of angiogenic growth factors. It progresses to outline the advances in gene and stem cell therapy and provides a brief description of other investigational approaches to promote angiogenesis. Finally, the hurdles and limitations unique to this particular area of study are discussed. EXPERT OPINION An effective, sustained, and safe therapeutic option for angiogenesis truly could be the paradigm shift for cardiovascular medicine. Unfortunately, clinically meaningful therapeutic options remain elusive because promising animal studies have not been replicated in human trials. The sheer complexity of this process means that numerous major hurdles remain before therapeutic angiogenesis truly makes its way from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Narasimhan
- Department Of Medicine, Mount Sinai St.Lukes-Roosevelt, Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marta Lorente-Ros
- Department Of Medicine, Mount Sinai St.Lukes-Roosevelt, Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francisco Jose Romeo
- Department Of Medicine, Mount Sinai St.Lukes-Roosevelt, Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirtipal Bhatia
- Department Of Medicine, Mount Sinai St.Lukes-Roosevelt, Icahn School Of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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A ligand-insensitive UNC5B splicing isoform regulates angiogenesis by promoting apoptosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4872. [PMID: 34381052 PMCID: PMC8358048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Netrin-1 receptor UNC5B is an axon guidance regulator that is also expressed in endothelial cells (ECs), where it finely controls developmental and tumor angiogenesis. In the absence of Netrin-1, UNC5B induces apoptosis that is blocked upon Netrin-1 binding. Here, we identify an UNC5B splicing isoform (called UNC5B-Δ8) expressed exclusively by ECs and generated through exon skipping by NOVA2, an alternative splicing factor regulating vascular development. We show that UNC5B-Δ8 is a constitutively pro-apoptotic splicing isoform insensitive to Netrin-1 and required for specific blood vessel development in an apoptosis-dependent manner. Like NOVA2, UNC5B-Δ8 is aberrantly expressed in colon cancer vasculature where its expression correlates with tumor angiogenesis and poor patient outcome. Collectively, our data identify a mechanism controlling UNC5B’s necessary apoptotic function in ECs and suggest that the NOVA2/UNC5B circuit represents a post-transcriptional pathway regulating angiogenesis. UNC5B is a Netrin-1 receptor expressed in endothelial cells that in the absence of ligand induces apoptosis. Here the authors identify an UNC5B splicing isoform that is insensitive to the pro-survival ligand Netrin-1 and is required for apoptosis-dependent blood vessel development.
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Torán JL, Aguilar S, López JA, Torroja C, Quintana JA, Santiago C, Abad JL, Gomes-Alves P, Gonzalez A, Bernal JA, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Alves PM, R-Borlado L, Vázquez J, Bernad A. CXCL6 is an important paracrine factor in the pro-angiogenic human cardiac progenitor-like cell secretome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12490. [PMID: 28970523 PMCID: PMC5624898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11976-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in recent years have established that the principal effects in cardiac cell therapy are associated with paracrine/autocrine factors. We combined several complementary techniques to define human cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) secretome constituted by 914 proteins/genes; 51% of these are associated with the exosomal compartment. To define the set of proteins specifically or highly differentially secreted by CPC, we compared human mesenchymal stem cells and dermal fibroblasts; the study defined a group of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines expressed at high to medium levels by CPC. Among them, IL-1, GROa (CXCL1), CXCL6 (GCP2) and IL-8 are examples whose expression was confirmed by most techniques used. ELISA showed that CXCL6 is significantly overexpressed in CPC conditioned medium (CM) (18- to 26-fold) and western blot confirmed expression of its receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Addition of anti-CXCL6 completely abolished migration in CPC-CM compared with anti-CXCR2, which promoted partial inhibition, and anti-CXCR1, which was inefficient. Anti-CXCL6 also significantly inhibited CPC CM angiogenic activity. In vivo evaluation also supported a relevant role for angiogenesis. Altogether, these results suggest a notable angiogenic potential in CPC-CM and identify CXCL6 as an important paracrine factor for CPC that signals mainly through CXCR2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Cell Movement
- Chemokine CXCL1/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL1/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CXCL6/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL6/metabolism
- Culture Media, Conditioned/chemistry
- Culture Media, Conditioned/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Male
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myocardium/cytology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Paracrine Communication/genetics
- Proteome/genetics
- Proteome/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/drug effects
- Stem Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Torán
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Aguilar
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio López
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Melchor Fernaández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Torroja
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Quintana
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesar Santiago
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Abad
- Coretherapix SLU, Santiago Grisolia 2, 28769, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Gomes-Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andrés Gonzalez
- Myocardial pathophysiology, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Bernal
- Myocardial pathophysiology, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Jesús Jiménez-Borreguero
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital de la Princesa, Diego de León 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Marques Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luis R-Borlado
- Coretherapix SLU, Santiago Grisolia 2, 28769, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Melchor Fernaández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Bernad
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Chen S, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Ke M, Li B, Chen L, Cai S. A perforated microhole-based microfluidic device for improving sprouting angiogenesis in vitro. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:054111. [PMID: 29085522 PMCID: PMC5634888 DOI: 10.1063/1.4994599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology is an important research tool for investigating angiogenesis in vitro. Here, we fabricated a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device with five cross-shaped chambers using a coverslip molding method. Then, the perforated PDMS microhole arrays prepared by soft lithography were assembled in the device as barriers; a single microhole had a diameter of 100 μm. After injecting type I collagen into the middle gel chamber, we added a culture medium containing a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) into the middle chamber. It would generate a linear concentration gradient of VEGF across the gel region from the middle chamber to the four peripheral chambers. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were then seeded on the microhole barrier. With VEGF stimulation, cells migrated along the inner walls of the microholes, formed annularly distributed cell clusters at the gel-barrier interface, and then three-dimensionally (3D) sprouted into the collagen scaffold. After 4 days of culture, we quantitatively analyzed the sprouting morphogenesis. HUVECs cultured on the microhole barrier had longer sprouts than HUVECs cultured without the barrier (controls). Furthermore, the initial distribution of sprouts was more regular and more connections of tube-like structures were generated when the microhole barrier was used. This study introduces a novel microfluidic device containing both microtopographic structures and 3D collagen. HUVECs cultured with the microhole barrier could form well-interconnected tube-like structures and are thus an ideal in vitro angiogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of the State Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Liguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of the State Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of the State Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ming Ke
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of the State Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | | | | | - Shaoxi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of the State Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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7
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Rohban R, Prietl B, Pieber TR. Crosstalk between Stem and Progenitor Cellular Mediators with Special Emphasis on Vasculogenesis. Transfus Med Hemother 2017. [PMID: 28626368 DOI: 10.1159/000477677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular components and molecular processes of signaling during vasculogenesis have been investigated for decades. Considerable efforts have been made to unravel regulatory mechanisms of vasculogenesis through crosstalk between vasculogenic playmakers located in the vascular niche, namely hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells. Recent studies have increased the knowledge about signaling events within vascular microenvironment that leads to vasculogenesis. Findings from these recent studies indicate the impact of cellular crosstalk through signaling pathways such as vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, wingless and Notch signaling in vasculogenesis and vascular development. In this review, we highlight the signaling signature between stem and progenitor cellular mediators during vasculogenesis. We further focus on hematopoietic stem cell-endothelial progenitor cell crosstalk during vasculogenesis and discuss their potential implications and benefits for therapeutic interventions and regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokhsareh Rohban
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Prietl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Competence Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas R Pieber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Competence Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, Graz, Austria.,HEALTH-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Graz, Austria
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8
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Park YM, Kim MA, Jung HT, Kang HJ, Yoo HS, Kang IC. Nutriproteomic Analysis of Hwangmaemok-Induced Antiangiogenic Effect Using Antibody-Arrayed Protein Chip Assay. J Med Food 2017; 20:586-591. [PMID: 28581882 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the antiangiogenic effects of Lindera obtusiloba Blume (Hwangmaemok, HMM), which is a plant in the Lauraceae family that is commonly used to treat colds and gastritis. Moreover, given that a recent study reported the inhibitory effects of HMM extract on cancer metastasis, we hypothesized that HMM extract might possess and antiangiogenic function. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of HMM extract on endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and neovascularization in chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), and investigated the molecular mechanism of antiangiogenesis using a ProteoChip-based proteomics technology. To examine the effects of HMM extracts on endothelial cell proliferation and migration, we conducted basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and migration. To assess the molecular mechanism of the antiangiogenic effects of HMM extract, a ProteoChip-based forwarded phase antibody array was employed to identify the differential expression of cell cycle proteins in HMM-treated HUVECs. HMM extract inhibited bFGF-induced HUVEC proliferation and migration in a dose-dependent manner and CAM angiogenesis. The ProteoChip-based antibody microarray data showed upregulation of Nibrin/NBS1 and downregulation of Plk-1 and Cyclin E, which are involved in cell division and controlling the cell cycle in bFGF-induced HUVECs. These data suggest that HMM may be a potent antitumor medicinal herb. The present study demonstrates that the antiangiogenic effect of HMM may be due to suppression of endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Taken together, these results emphasize the potential to use HMM extract as a potent angiogenesis inhibitor to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Park
- 1 Department of Biological Science, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University , Asan, Korea
| | - Min-A Kim
- 1 Department of Biological Science, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University , Asan, Korea
| | - Hee Tae Jung
- 2 East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Korean Medical Hospital of Daejeon University , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hwa Jeong Kang
- 1 Department of Biological Science, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University , Asan, Korea
| | - Hwa-Seung Yoo
- 2 East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Korean Medical Hospital of Daejeon University , Daejeon, Korea
| | - In-Cheol Kang
- 1 Department of Biological Science, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University , Asan, Korea
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9
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Wu X, Newbold MA, Gao Z, Haynes CL. A versatile microfluidic platform for the study of cellular interactions between endothelial cells and neutrophils. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1122-1130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Zhao X, Sun B, Liu Y, Zhang D, Liu Z, Zhao X, Gu Q, Han C, Dong X, Che N, An J, Zheng Y, Liu T. Linearly Patterned Programmed Cell Necrosis Induced by Chronic Hypoxia Plays a Role in Melanoma Angiogenesis. J Cancer 2016; 7:22-31. [PMID: 26722356 PMCID: PMC4679377 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Highly aggressive tumors are exposed to hypoxia and increased tumor interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) conditions which is resistant to blood supply. Physiological responses of the organism may reduce IFP through induction of orderly cell death. Specific aims: This study demonstrates that orderly cell death provided spatial structure for early angiogenesis in the hypoxic, high-IFP tumor microenvironment and the participation of linearly patterned programmed cell necrosis (LPPCN) in nascent melanoma angiogenesis. Methods: Animal model, laser capture microdissection, wound healing and transwell assays, three-dimensional cultures, zymography assays, western-blotting analysis, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were performed. Results: This study demonstrated a special form of cell death occurring in groups of malignant tumor cells which arrayed in lines. Both features of apoptosis and necrosis can be found in this cell death pattern and were termed as LPPCN. Its role as a stimulus of tumor angiogenesis was investigated using human melanoma samples and an animal model. Computer image analysis showed that LPPCN and tumor microvessels had identical spatial distributions. It can be induced by chronic hypoxia, high IFP and subsequent calcium influx. Higher number of tumor associated macrophages (TAM) and VEGF expression were found in the tumor with LPPCN. Based on the tumor-bearing animal model, it was found that block of caspase pathway inhibited LPPCN, microvessel density and vasculogenic mimicry (VM). Conclusions: LPPCN formation may play an important role in tumor angiogenesis due to stimulation of macrophage infiltration and HIF-1α regulation, and that inhibition of LPPCN may be a novel therapeutic strategy against tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Zhao
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Baocun Sun
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University ; 3. Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University
| | - Yanrong Liu
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Danfang Zhang
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- 3. Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University
| | - Xueming Zhao
- 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Qiang Gu
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Chunrong Han
- 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Xueyi Dong
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Na Che
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Jindan An
- 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Yanjun Zheng
- 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Tieju Liu
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
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11
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Kang H, Park BR, Yoo HS, Kwon KR, Kang IC. Anti-angiogenic function of a Korean Ginseng and Toad venom complex, Doksamsumsu-dan (DSSSD) analyzed by a forwarded phase antibody microarray. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-015-9308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Wang Q, Li C, Peng X, Kang Q, Deng D, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Wang C, Qiao Z, Guo D, You S, Tang H. Combined treatment of carfilzomib and z-VAD-fmk inhibits skeletal proteolysis and apoptosis and ameliorates cancer cachexia. Med Oncol 2015; 32:100. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Smad-independent pathway involved in transforming growth factor β1-induced Nox4 expression and proliferation of endothelial cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:319-26. [PMID: 25428269 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species are important for various cellular functions, including proliferation. Endothelial cells predominantly express the Nox4 isoform of NADPH oxidase, but it is not entirely clear how it is regulated. In this study, we investigated the signalling pathways involved in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced Nox4 expression and the proliferation of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). TGF-β1 stimulated Nox4 messenger RNA and protein expression in HMECs. TGF-β1-induced Nox4 also increased hydrogen peroxide production, which was inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium and EUK134. The acute treatment of HMECs with TGF-β1 enhanced the phosphorylation of Smad2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, without affecting p38MAPK, Akt, or Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) pathways. Further, inhibition of Smad2 signalling using an inhibitor of activin receptor-linked kinase 5 SB431542 reduced TGF-β1-induced Nox4 expression, while inhibition of ERK1/2 with the inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 U0126 decreased both basal and TGF-β1-induced Nox4 expression. Inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation with U0126 did not affect Smad2 phosphorylation. Finally, TGF-β1 enhanced endothelial cell proliferation, which was reduced by U0126 but not by SB431542. These findings suggest that the non-canonical pathway ERK1/2 regulates Nox4 expression and may be involved in TGF-β1-induced proliferation of endothelial cells, which is vital during angiogenesis and vascular development.
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Yamamoto S, Hotta MM, Okochi M, Honda H. Effect of vascular formed endothelial cell network on the invasive capacity of melanoma using the in vitro 3D co-culture patterning model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103502. [PMID: 25058006 PMCID: PMC4110033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro three dimensional (3D) cancer models were developed to observe the invasive capacity of melanoma cell spheroids co-cultured with the vascular-formed endothelial cell network. An array-like multicellular pattern of mouse melanoma cell line B16F1 was developed by magnetic cell labeling using a pin-holder device for allocation of magnetic force. When the B16F1 patterned together with a vascular network of human umbilical vein epithelial cells (HUVEC), spreading and progression were observed along the HUVEC network. The B16F1 cells over 80 µm distance from HUVEC remain in a compact spheroid shape, while B16F1 in the proximity of HUVEC aggressively changed their morphology and migrated. The mRNA expression levels of IL-6, MDR-1 and MMP-9 in B16F1 increased along with the distance the HUVEC network, and these expressions were increased by 5, 3 and 2-fold in the B16F1 close to HUVEC (within 80 µm distance) as compared to that far from HUVEC (over 80 µm distance). Our results clearly show that malignancy of tumor cells is enhanced in proximity to vascular endothelial cells and leads to intravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Yamamoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michael Masakuni Hotta
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mina Okochi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ye J, Yuan L. Inhibition of P38 MAPK Reduces Tumor Conditioned Medium-Induced Angiogenesis in Co-Cultured Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and Fibroblasts. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:1162-9. [PMID: 17485858 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor conditioned medium (CM) has been widely used to stimulate endothelial cells to form capillary-like structures in in vitro angiogenesis models. We report herein the effect of HT1080 and A549 CM after they were mixed with microvascular endothelial cells medium-2 (EGM-2) on angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Both HT1080 and A549 CM decreased HUVEC proliferation, to different extents. While A549 CM significantly increased capillary-like structure formation in a co-culture system, no effect of HT1080 was apparent. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) blocked both basal and A549 CM induced capillary-like structure formation, but inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and that of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNK) MAPK had no such effect. Activation of ERK MAPK was inhibited by both CMs, whereas p38 MAPK was inactivated by HT1080 and activated by A549 CM and a control. Neither CM had an effect on JNK MAPK. The results suggest that p38 MAPK played a critical role in capillary-like structure formation in the co-culture, partly via promotion of apoptosis in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China.
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Zimmerman MA, Huang Q, Li F, Liu X, Li CY. Cell death-stimulated cell proliferation: a tissue regeneration mechanism usurped by tumors during radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 2014; 23:288-95. [PMID: 24012343 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The death of all the cancer cells in a tumor is the ultimate goal of cancer therapy. Therefore, much of the current effort in cancer research is focused on activating cellular machinery that facilitates cell death such as factors involved in causing apoptosis. However, recently, a number of studies point to some counterintuitive roles for apoptotic caspases in radiation therapy as well as in tissue regeneration. It appears that a major function of apoptotic caspases is to facilitate tissue regeneration and tumor cell repopulation during cancer therapy. Because tumor cell repopulation has been shown to be important for local tumor relapse, understanding the molecular mechanisms behind tumor repopulation would be important to enhance cancer radiotherapy. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of these potentially paradigm-changing phenomena and mechanisms in various organisms and their implications on the development of novel cancer therapeutics and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Zimmerman
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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17
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Alfaro J, Grau M, Serrano M, Checa AI, Criado LM, Moreno E, Paz-Artal E, Mellado M, Serrano A. Blockade of endothelial G(i) protein enhances early engraftment in intraportal cell transplant to mouse liver. Cell Transplant 2013; 21:1383-96. [PMID: 22525519 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited availability of liver donors and recent progress in cell therapy technologies has centered interest on cell transplantation as a therapeutic alternative to orthotopic liver transplant for restoring liver function. Following transplant by intraportal perfusion, the main obstacle to cell integration in the parenchyma is the endothelial barrier. Transplanted cells form emboli in the portal branches, inducing ischemia and reperfusion injury, which cause disruption of endothelial impermeability and activate the immune system. Approximately 95% of transplanted cells fail to implant and die within hours by anoikis or are destroyed by the host immune system. Intravascular perfusion of Bordetella pertussis toxin (PTx) blocks endothelial G(i) proteins and acts as a reversible inducer of actin cytoskeleton reorganization, leading to interruption of cell confluence in vitro and increased vascular permeability in vivo. PTx treatment of the murine portal vascular tree 2 h before intraportal perfusion of embryonic stem cells facilitated rapid cell engraftment. By 2 h postperfusion, the number of implanted cells in treated mice was more than fivefold greater than in untreated controls, a difference that was maintained to at least 30 days posttransplant. We conclude that prior to cell transplant, PTx blockade of the G(i) protein pathway in liver endothelium promotes rapid, efficient cell implantation in liver parenchyma, and blocks chemokine receptor signaling, an essential step in early activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Alfaro
- Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Immunology Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Rohban R, Reinisch A, Etchart N, Schallmoser K, Hofmann NA, Szoke K, Brinchmann JE, Rad EB, Rohde E, Strunk D. Identification of an effective early signaling signature during neo-vasculogenesis in vivo by ex vivo proteomic profiling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66909. [PMID: 23826172 PMCID: PMC3691264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic neo-vasculogenesis in vivo can be achieved by the co-transplantation of human endothelial colony-forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) with mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSPCs). The underlying mechanism is not completely understood thus hampering the development of novel stem cell therapies. We hypothesized that proteomic profiling could be used to retrieve the in vivo signaling signature during the initial phase of human neo-vasculogenesis. ECFCs and MSPCs were therefore either transplanted alone or co-transplanted subcutaneously into immune deficient mice. Early cell signaling, occurring within the first 24 hours in vivo, was analyzed using antibody microarray proteomic profiling. Vessel formation and persistence were verified in parallel transplants for up to 24 weeks. Proteomic analysis revealed significant alteration of regulatory components including caspases, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, DNA protein kinase, human ErbB2 receptor-tyrosine kinase as well as mitogen-activated protein kinases. Caspase-4 was selected from array results as one therapeutic candidate for targeting vascular network formation in vitro as well as modulating therapeutic vasculogenesis in vivo. As a proof-of-principle, caspase-4 and general caspase-blocking led to diminished endothelial network formation in vitro and significantly decreased vasculogenesis in vivo. Proteomic profiling ex vivo thus unraveled a signaling signature which can be used for target selection to modulate neo-vasculogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokhsareh Rohban
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Reinisch
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nathalie Etchart
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Schallmoser
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Krisztina Szoke
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan E. Brinchmann
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ehsan Bonyadi Rad
- Cancer Biology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescence Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Rohde
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Vartanian AA. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Signaling pathways in tumor vasculogenic mimicry. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:1044-55. [DOI: 10.1134/s000629791209012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Woad KJ, Hunter MG, Mann GE, Laird M, Hammond AJ, Robinson RS. Fibroblast growth factor 2 is a key determinant of vascular sprouting during bovine luteal angiogenesis. Reproduction 2012; 143:35-43. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A are thought to be key controllers of luteal angiogenesis; however, their precise roles in the regulation and coordination of this complex process remain unknown. Thus, the temporal and spatial patterns of endothelial network formation were determined by culturing mixed cell types from early bovine corpora lutea on fibronectin in the presence of FGF2 and VEGFA (6 h to 9 days). Endothelial cells, as determined by von Willebrand factor immunohistochemistry, initially grew in cell islands (days 0–3), before undergoing a period of vascular sprouting to display a more tubule-like appearance (days 3–6), and after 9 days in culture had formed extensive intricate networks. Mixed populations of luteal cells were treated with SU1498 (VEGF receptor 2 inhibitor) or SU5402 (FGF receptor 1 inhibitor) or control on days 0–3, 3–6 or 6–9 to determine the role of FGF2 and VEGFA during these specific windows. The total area of endothelial cells was unaffected by SU1498 treatment during any window. In contrast, SU5402 treatment caused maximal reduction in the total area of endothelial cell networks on days 3–6 vs controls (mean reduction 81%;P<0.001) during the period of tubule initiation. Moreover, SU5402 treatment on days 3–6 dramatically reduced the total number of branch points (P<0.001) and degree of branching per endothelial cell island (P<0.05) in the absence of changes in mean island area. This suggests that FGF2 is a key determinant of vascular sprouting and hence critical to luteal development.
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21
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Kim JM. Anti-angiogenic effects of water extract of a formula consisting of Pulsatilla koreana, Panax ginseng and Glycyrrhiza uralensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 9:1005-13. [DOI: 10.3736/jcim20110912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Abaci HE, Truitt R, Tan S, Gerecht S. Unforeseen decreases in dissolved oxygen levels affect tube formation kinetics in collagen gels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C431-40. [PMID: 21543738 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00074.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The availability of oxygen (O(2)) is a critical parameter affecting vascular tube formation. In this study, we hypothesize that dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in collagen gels change during the three-dimensional (3D) culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in atmospheric conditions and that such changes affect the kinetics of tube formation through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We demonstrate a decrease in O(2) tension during 3D cultures of HUVECs. Noninvasive measurements of DO levels during culture under atmospheric conditions revealed a profound decrease that reached as low as 2% O(2) at the end of 24 h. After media replacement, DO levels rose rapidly and equilibrated at ∼15% O(2), creating a reoxygenated environment. To accurately estimate DO gradients in 3D collagen gels, we developed a 3D mathematical model and determined the Michaelis-Menten parameters, V(max) and K(m), of HUVECs in collagen gels. We detected an increase in ROS levels throughout the culture period. Using diphenyliodonium to inhibit ROS production resulted in the complete inhibition of tube formation. Interference RNA studies further showed that hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs)-1α and -2α are not involved in the formation of 3D tubes in collagen gels. We conclude that ROS affect the tubulogenesis process through HIFα-independent pathways, where the levels of ROS are influenced by the uncontrolled variations in DO levels. This study is the first demonstration of the critical and unexpected role of O(2) during 3D in vitro culture models of tubulogenesis in atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Erbil Abaci
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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23
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Bang JY, Kim KS, Kim EY, Yoo HS, Lee YW, Cho CK, Choi Y, Jeong HJ, Kang IC. Anti-angiogenic effects of the water extract of HangAmDan (WEHAD), a Korean traditional medicine. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:248-54. [PMID: 21416324 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the anti-angiogenic effects of the water extract of HangAmDan (WEHAD), which is a crude extract of nine Korean medicinal substances of animal and plant origin. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, WEHAD significantly inhibited bFGF-induced proliferation, adhesion, migration, and capillary tube formation. We used an antibody array to perform an analysis of signaling proteins, which showed up-regulated expression of various proteins including RAD51, RAD52, and p73, and down-regulated expression of pFAK. Blood vessel formation in a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) treated with WEHAD was markedly reduced in length compared with a PBS-treated control group. These results suggest that inhibition of angiogenesis by WEHAD may be the mechanism of action for the anti-cancer effects of HAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Bang
- InnoPharmasceen Inc., Hoseo University, Asan, 336-795, Republic of Korea
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24
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Lee S, Maharjan S, Kim K, Kim NJ, Choi HJ, Kwon YG, Suh YG. Cholesterol-derived novel anti-apoptotic agents on the structural basis of ginsenoside Rk1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7102-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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25
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Analysis of anti-angiogenic mechanism of HangAmDan-B (HAD-B), a Korean traditional medicine, using antibody microarray chip. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-010-4412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Alfaro F, Checa A, Ramírez E, Cevey M, Meneu J, Abradelo M, Moreno E, Paz-Artal E, Mellado M, Serrano A. In Vitro Evaluation of New Possible Cell Engraftment Enhancers for Cell Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:671-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shapiro S, Khodalev O, Bitterman H, Auslender R, Lahat N. Different activation forms of MMP-2 oppositely affect the fate of endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 298:C942-51. [PMID: 20071690 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00305.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Detachment of endothelial cells (ECs) from the extracellular matrix (ECM) is required not only for angiogenesis, but also for EC apoptosis. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 plays a major role in the degradation of the ECM, supporting an essential role for this enzyme in both survival (angiogenesis) and death of ECs. Our aim was to study these seemingly paradoxical effects of MMP-2. We rationalized that inhibiting apoptosis would drive MMP-2 toward a prosurvival activity, clarifying the mechanisms involved. By employing specific inhibitors to two major apoptotic pathways in ECs, caspases and p38 MAPK (p38), we demonstrated that they differently affected EC behavior as well as MMP-2 expression. The p38 pathway appears to enhance MMP-2 synthesis, its partial ("intermediate") and its full activation, probably via membrane type (MT)1-MMP, while caspases enhance MMP-2 synthesis and full activation but reduce MT1-MMP and MMP-2 intermediate form. Evaluation of the reciprocal influences of MMP-2 on ECs showed that the intermediate form supported survival and migration, and the fully active form led to cell death. In addition, a pro- and intermediate form-rich environment, even in the presence of the fully active form, exerted protective effects. Thus the seemingly conflicting effects of MMP-2 on EC survival may be explained by the ratio between the MMP-2 activation forms. A regulatory loop between active MMP-2 and p38 but not between MMP-2 and caspases was also observed, suggesting that MMP-2 is downstream to caspases where it serves as an "exterminator" molecule. Altogether, modification of caspase and p38 pathways, via changes of local MMP-2, affect survival and angiogenic steps in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shapiro
- Immunology Research Unit, Carmel Medical Center, 7 Michal St., Haifa 34362, Israel
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28
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Fosslien E. The hormetic morphogen theory of curvature and the morphogenesis and pathology of tubular and other curved structures. Dose Response 2009; 7:307-31. [PMID: 20011651 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.09-013.fosslien] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro, morphogens such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta can up-and down-regulate cell growth at low and high concentrations respectively, i.e. they behave like hormetic agents. The hormetic morphogen theory of curvature proposes that in vivo tissue gradients of such morphogens secreted by source cells determine the fate of cells within their gradient fields (field cells) and that morphogen-induced amplitude modulation of field cell mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation controls field cell growth along the morphogen gradients: At the high concentration end of gradients, field cell ATP generation and field cell growth is reduced. With declining concentrations along the rest of the gradients field cell ATP and growth is progressively less reduced until an equidyne point is reached, beyond which ATP generation and growth gradually increases. Thus, the differential growth rates along the gradients curve the tissue. Apoptosis at very high morphogen concentrations enables lumen and cavity formation of tubular, spherical, cystic, domed, and other curved biological structures. The morphogen concentration, the gradient slope and the hormesis responses of field cells determine the curvature of such structures during developmental morphogenesis, tissue remodeling and repair of injury. Aberrant hormetic morphogen signaling is associated with developmental abnormalities, vascular diseases, and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egil Fosslien
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60137, USA.
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29
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Staton CA, Reed MWR, Brown NJ. A critical analysis of current in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:195-221. [PMID: 19563606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2008.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of angiogenesis has grown exponentially over the past 40 years with the recognition that angiogenesis is essential for numerous pathologies and, more recently, with the advent of successful drugs to inhibit angiogenesis in tumours. The main problem with angiogenesis research remains the choice of appropriate assays to evaluate the efficacy of potential new drugs and to identify potential targets within the angiogenic process. This selection is made more complex by the recognition that heterogeneity occurs, not only within the endothelial cells themselves, but also within the specific microenvironment to be studied. Thus, it is essential to choose the assay conditions and cell types that most closely resemble the angiogenic disease being studied. This is especially important when aiming to translate data from in vitro to in vivo and from preclinical to the clinic. Here we critically review and highlight recent advances in the principle assays in common use including those for endothelial cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and co-culture with fibroblasts and mural cells in vitro, vessel outgrowth from organ cultures and in vivo assays such as chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), zebrafish, sponge implantation, corneal, dorsal air sac, chamber and tumour angiogenesis models. Finally, we briefly discuss the direction likely to be taken in future studies, which include the use of increasingly sophisticated imaging analysis systems for data acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Staton
- Microcirculation Research Group, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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30
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Fan C, Zhao J, Zhao B, Zhang S, Miao J. Novel Complex of Copper and a Salicylaldehyde Pyrazole Hydrazone Derivative Induces Apoptosis through Up-Regulating Integrin β4 in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1517-25. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900111y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuandong Fan
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China, and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China, and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Baoxiang Zhao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China, and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Shangli Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China, and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Junying Miao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China, and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
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Alfaro F, Grau M, Ramírez E, Cevey M, Mellado M, Castro M, Meneu J, Abradelo M, Camañas C, Moreno E, Morales P, Paz-Artal E, Serrano A. An In Vitro Model of Cell Transplantation for Evaluation of Cell Engraftment Enhancers. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:2487-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhao J, He Q, Cheng Y, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Miao J. A benzoxazine derivative induces vascular endothelial cell apoptosis in the presence of fibroblast growth factor-2 by elevating NADPH oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species levels. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1039-46. [PMID: 19539746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we found that 6,8-dichloro-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxymethyl-1,4-benzoxazine (DBO) promoted apoptosis of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) deprived of growth factors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of DBO and its mechanism of action on angiogenesis and apoptosis of HUVECs in the presence of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), which promotes angiogenesis and inhibits apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. DBO significantly inhibited capillary-like tube formation by promoting apoptosis of HUVECs in the presence of FGF-2 in vitro. Furthermore, DBO elevated the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and increased the activity of NADPH oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in promoting apoptosis under this condition. Moreover, when NADPH oxidase was inhibited by its specific inhibitor, dibenziodolium chloride (DPI), DBO could not elevate ROS and NO levels in HUVECs. The data suggest that DBO is a new modulator of apoptosis in vitro, and it might function by increasing the activity of NADPH oxidase and iNOS, subsequently elevating the levels of ROS and NO in HUVECs. The findings of this study provide a new small molecule for investigating the FGF-2/NADPH oxidase/iNOS signaling pathway in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Moretti L, Kim KW, Jung DK, Willey CD, Lu B. Radiosensitization of solid tumors by Z-VAD, a pan-caspase inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1270-9. [PMID: 19417149 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the management of breast and lung cancer, novel treatment strategies are still needed to further improve patient outcome. The targeting of cell death pathways has therefore been proposed to enhance therapeutic ratio in cancer. In this study, we examined the in vitro and in vivo effects of Z-VAD, a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, on breast and lung cancer in association with radiation. Using clonogenic assays, we observed that Z-VAD markedly radiosensitized breast and lung cancer cells, with a radiation dose enhancement ratio of 1.31 (P < 0.003). For both models, the enhanced tumor cytotoxicity was associated with induction of autophagy. Furthermore, we found that administration of Z-VAD with radiation in both breast and lung cancer xenograft produced a significant tumor growth delay compared with radiation alone and was well tolerated. Interestingly, Z-VAD also had dramatic antiangiogenic effect when combined with radiation both in vitro and in vivo and thus represents an attractive anticancer therapeutic strategy. In conclusion, this preclinical study supports the therapeutic potential of Z-VAD as a radiosensitizer in breast and lung cancer. This study also suggests caspase inhibition as a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic ratio of radiation therapy in solid tumors. Therefore, clinical trials are needed to determine the potential of this combination therapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Moretti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-5671, USA
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Identification of ARIA regulating endothelial apoptosis and angiogenesis by modulating proteasomal degradation of cIAP-1 and cIAP-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:8227-32. [PMID: 19416853 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806780106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial apoptosis is a pivotal process for angiogenesis during embryogenesis as well as postnatal life. By using a retrovirus-mediated signal sequence trap method, we identified a previously undescribed gene, termed ARIA (apoptosis regulator through modulating IAP expression), which regulates endothelial apoptosis and angiogenesis. ARIA was expressed in blood vessels during mouse embryogenesis, as well as in endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. ARIA is a unique protein with no homology to previously reported conserved domain structures. Knockdown of ARIA in HUVECs by using small interfering RNA significantly reduced endothelial apoptosis without affecting either cell migration or proliferation. ARIA knockdown significantly increased inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP)-1 and cIAP-2 protein expression, although their mRNA expression was not changed. Simultaneous knockdown of cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 abolished the antiapoptotic effect of ARIA knockdown. Using yeast 2-hybrid screening, we identified the interaction of ARIA with 20S proteasome subunit alpha-7. Thereafter, we found that cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 were degraded by proteasomes in endothelial cells under normal condition. Overexpression of ARIA significantly reduced cIAP-1 expression, and this reduction was abolished by proteasomal inhibition in BAECs. Also, knockdown of ARIA demonstrated an effect similar to proteasomal inhibition with respect to not only expression but also subcellular localization of cIAP-1 and cIAP-2. In vivo angiogenesis studied by Matrigel-plug assay, mouse ischemic retinopathy model, and tumor xenograft model was significantly enhanced by ARIA knockdown. Together, our data indicate that ARIA is a unique factor regulating endothelial apoptosis, as well as angiogenesis, presumably through modulating proteasomal degradation of cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 in endothelial cells.
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Ferrari G, Cook BD, Terushkin V, Pintucci G, Mignatti P. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) induces angiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:449-58. [PMID: 19180561 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
VEGF and TGF-beta1 induce angiogenesis but have opposing effects on endothelial cells. VEGF protects endothelial cells from apoptosis; TGF-beta1 induces apoptosis. We have previously shown that VEGF/VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) signaling mediates TGF-beta1 induction of apoptosis. This finding raised an important question: Does this mechanism stimulate or inhibit angiogenesis? Here we report that VEGF-mediated apoptosis is required for TGF-beta1 induction of angiogenesis. In vitro the apoptotic effect of TGF-beta1 on endothelial cells is rapid and followed by a long period in which the cells are refractory to apoptosis induction by TGF-beta1. Inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling abrogates formation of cord-like structures by TGF-beta1 with an effect comparable to that of z-VAD, an apoptosis inhibitor. Similarly, genetic deficiency of VEGF abolishes TGF-beta1 upregulation of endothelial cell differentiation and formation of vascular structures in embryoid bodies. In vivo TGF-beta1 induces endothelial cell apoptosis as rapidly as in vitro. Inhibition of VEGF blocks TGF-beta1 induction of both apoptosis and angiogenesis, an effect similar to that of z-VAD. Thus, TGF-beta1 induction of angiogenesis requires a rapid and transient apoptotic effect mediated by VEGF/VEGFR2. This novel, unexpected role of VEGF and VEGFR2 indicates VEGF-mediated apoptosis as a potential target to control angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ferrari
- The Seymour Cohn Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Cook BD, Ferrari G, Pintucci G, Mignatti P. TGF-beta1 induces rearrangement of FLK-1-VE-cadherin-beta-catenin complex at the adherens junction through VEGF-mediated signaling. J Cell Biochem 2009; 105:1367-73. [PMID: 18980215 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
VEGF and TGF-beta1 induce angiogenesis but have opposing effects on vascular endothelial cells: VEGF promotes survival; TGF-beta1 induces apoptosis. We have previously shown that TGF-beta1 induces endothelial cell apoptosis via up-regulation of VEGF expression and activation of signaling through VEGF receptor-2 (flk-1). In context with TGF-beta1, VEGF signaling is transiently converted from a survival into an apoptotic one. VEGF promotes cell survival in part via activation of PI3K/Akt by a mechanism dependent on the formation of a multi-protein complex that includes flk-1 and the adherens junction proteins VE-cadherin and beta-catenin. Here we report that TGF-beta1 induces rearrangement of the adherens junction complex by separating flk-1 from VE-cadherin and increasing beta-catenin association with both flk-1 and VE-cadherin. This rearrangement is caused neither by changes in adherens junction mRNA or protein expression nor by post-translational modification, and requires VEGF signaling through flk-1. These results show that the adherens junction is an important regulatory component of TGF-beta1-VEGF interaction in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandoch D Cook
- Seymour Cohn Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Kucharzewska P, Welch JE, Svensson KJ, Belting M. The polyamines regulate endothelial cell survival during hypoxic stress through PI3K/AKT and MCL-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 380:413-8. [PMID: 19250631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-dependent angiogenesis is an inherent feature of solid tumors, and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of hypoxic cell-death should provide additional targets for cancer therapy. Here, we show a novel role of the polyamines in endothelial cell (EC) survival during hypoxia. Polyamine depletion by specific inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase was shown to protect ECs from hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of the polyamines resulted in a significant induction of PI3K/AKT and its down-stream target MCL-1, i.e. an anti-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family. Specific inhibitors of PI3K reversed the decrease of hypoxia-induced apoptosis as well as the induction of MCL-1 in polyamine-deprived cells. Moreover, siRNA-mediated down-regulation of MCL-1 was found to counter-act the protective effect of polyamine inhibition. We conclude that the polyamines regulate hypoxia-induced apoptosis in ECs through PI3K/AKT and MCL-1 dependent pathways. Our results may have important implications for the modulation of hypoxia-driven neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kucharzewska
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology, Lund University, Barngatan 2:1, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Scharner D, Rössig L, Carmona G, Chavakis E, Urbich C, Fischer A, Kang TB, Wallach D, Chiang YJ, Deribe YL, Dikic I, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Caspase-8 is involved in neovascularization-promoting progenitor cell functions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:571-8. [PMID: 19122169 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.182006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) comprise a heterogeneous population of cells, which improve therapeutic neovascularization after ischemia. The neovascularization-promoting potential of progenitor cells depends on survival and retention of the infused cells to the tissue. Caspases mediate apoptosis but are also involved in other critical biological processes. Therefore, we aimed to address the role of caspases in proangiogenic cells. METHODS AND RESULTS The caspase-8 inhibitor zIETD abrogated the ex vivo formation of EPCs, inhibited EPC adhesion and migration, and reduced their capacity to improve neovascularization in vivo. Consistently, cells isolated from caspase-8-deficient mice exhibited a reduced capacity for enhancing neovascularization when transplanted into mice after hindlimb ischemia. Because inhibition of Caspase-8 reduced the adhesion and homing functions of EPCs, we further determined the surface expression of integrins and receptors involved in cell recruitment to ischemic tissues. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase-8 and genetic depletion of caspase-8 reduced the expression of the fibronectin receptor subunits alpha5 and beta1 and the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4. Moreover, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b, which negatively regulates integrin and receptor-mediated signaling, as a potential Caspase-8 substrate. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data demonstrate a novel apoptosis-unrelated role of caspase-8 in proangiogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörte Scharner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Sahdev S, Saini KS, Hasnain SE. Baculovirus P35 protein: An overview of its applications across multiple therapeutic and biotechnological arenas. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 26:301-12. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Osteoprotegerin and RANKL differentially regulate angiogenesis and endothelial cell function. Angiogenesis 2008; 12:35-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-008-9127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fu LW, Phan A, Longhurst JC. Myocardial ischemia-mediated excitatory reflexes: a new function for thromboxane A2? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H2530-40. [PMID: 18952714 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00790.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence has shown that myocardial ischemia activates cardiac spinal afferents that mediate sympathoexcitatory reflex responses. During myocardial ischemia, thromboxane A2 (TxA2) is released in large quantities by activated platelets in the coronary circulation of patients with coronary artery disease. We hypothesized that endogenous TxA2 contributes to sympathoexcitatory reflexes during myocardial ischemia through stimulation of TxA2/prostaglandin endoperoxide (TP) receptors. Regional myocardial ischemia was induced by occlusion of a diagonal branch of left anterior descending coronary artery of anesthetized cats. Hemodynamic parameters and renal sympathetic nerve activity were recorded after sinoaortic denervation and bilateral vagotomy. Regional myocardial ischemia evoked significant increases in mean blood pressure (122+/-10 vs. 139+/-12 mmHg, before vs. ischemia), aortic flow (153+/-18 vs. 167+/-20 ml/min), first derivative of left ventricular pressure at 40-mmHg developed pressure (2,736+/-252 vs. 2,926+/-281 mmHg/s), systemic vascular resistance (0.6+/-0.1 vs. 0.9+/-0.12 peripheral resistance units), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (by 22%). The reflex nature of the excitatory responses was confirmed by observing its disappearance after blockade of cardiac nerve transmission with intrapericardial 2% procaine treatment. Moreover, application of U-46619 (2.5-10 microg), a TxA2 mimetic, on the heart caused graded increases in mean arterial pressure and renal nerve activity, responses that were abolished 3 min after local blockade of cardiac neural transmission with intrapericardial procaine. BM 13,177 (30 mg/kg iv), a selective TP receptor antagonist, eliminated the reflex responses to U-46619 and significantly attenuated the excitatory responses during brief (5 min) regional myocardial ischemia. The sympathoexcitatory reflex responses to U-46619 were unchanged by blockade of histamine H1 receptors with pyrilamine and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors with tropisetron, indicating specificity of this TP receptor agonist. These data indicate that endogenous TxA2 participates in myocardial ischemia-mediated sympathoexcitatory reflex responses through a TP receptor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Wu Fu
- Department of Medicine, Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Mediicne, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Kim KW, Moretti L, Lu B. M867, a novel selective inhibitor of caspase-3 enhances cell death and extends tumor growth delay in irradiated lung cancer models. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2275. [PMID: 18509530 PMCID: PMC2386548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Radioresistance of lung cancer cells results in unacceptable rate of loco-regional failure. Although radiation is known to induce apoptosis, our recent study showed that knockdown of pro-apoptotic proteins Bak and Bax resulted in an increase in autophagic cell death and lung cancer radiosensitivity in vitro. To further explore the potential of apoptosis inhibition as a way to sensitize lung cancer for therapy, we tested M867, a novel chemical and reversible caspase-3 inhibitor, in combination with ionizing radiation in vivo and in vitro. Methods and Findings M867 reduced clonogenic survival in H460 lung cancer cells (DER = 1.27, p = 0.007) compared to the vehicle-treated treated cells. We found that administration of M867 with ionizing radiation in an in vivo mouse hind limb lung cancer model was well tolerated, and produced a significant tumor growth delay compared to radiation alone. A dramatic decrease in tumor vasculature was observed with M867 and radiation using von Willebrand factor staining. In addition, Ki67 index showed >5-fold reduction of tumor proliferation in the combination therapy group, despite the reduced levels of apoptosis observed with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining. Radiosensitizing effect of M867 through inhibiting caspases was validated using caspase-3/-7 double-knockout (DKO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) cell model. Consistent with our previous study, autophagy contributed to the mechanism of increased cell death, following inhibition of apoptosis. In addition, matrigel assay showed a decrease in in vitro endothelial tubule formation during the M867/radiation combination treatment. Conclusions M867 enhances the cytotoxic effects of radiation on lung cancer and its vasculature both in vitro and in vivo. M867 has the potential to prolong tumor growth delay by inhibiting tumor proliferation. Clinical trials are needed to determine the potential of this combination therapy in patients with locally advanced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Woon Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Luigi Moretti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tas F, Duranyildiz D, Oguz H, Camlica H, Yasasever V, Topuz E. Circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and BCL-2 in malignant melanoma. Med Oncol 2008; 25:431-6. [PMID: 18363112 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-008-9058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a critical regulator of angiogenesis that stimulates proliferation, migration, and metastasis of melanoma. In literature, all studies concerning influences of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and antiapoptotic proteins on VEGF-induced angiogenesis in melanoma patients have been performed in tissue scale in melanoma. The objective of this study was to determine the value of circulating serum VEGF and its possible mechanisms of angiogenesis by circulating VEGF, MMP-3, and Bcl-2 in patients with melanoma. Fifty-one patients with cutaneous melanoma pathologically verified at different stages, and eighteen healthy controls were investigated. Serum VEGF, MMP-3, and Bcl-2 levels were quantitatively analyzed by ELISA. The serum VEGF (P = 0.034) and Bcl-2 (P = 0.005) levels were significantly higher in patients with melanoma than in the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the serum MMP-3 level between melanoma patients and controls (P = 0.51). The serum levels of VEGF were significantly influenced only by Breslow thickness (P = 0.045) and mitosis (0.039) and were not positively correlated with the stage of the disease. Among serum parameters, a significant relationship was found only between serum levels of VEGF and MMP-3 (r = 0.32, P = 0.023). In conclusion, our study demonstrates increased concentrations of VEGF and Bcl-2, but not MMP-3, in serum of melanoma patients regardless of the stage of the disease. VEGF may be a potential endothelial cell growth and survival factor. The mechanism of VEGF regulation of angiogenesis may be in part due to enhanced proliferation and survival of endothelial cells by differential expression of antiapoptotic genes and in part by activation of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Tas
- Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Capa, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Sánchez-Sánchez F, Aroca-Aguilar JD, Segura I, Ramírez-Castillejo C, Riese HH, Coca-Prados M, Escribano J. Expression and purification of functional recombinant human pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) secreted by the yeast Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2008; 134:193-201. [PMID: 18282627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) combines neurotrophic, neuroprotective, anti-angiogenic, anti-tumor and neural stem cell self-renewal properties in a single molecule, making this protein a valuable potential therapeutic agent. We herein analyzed the expression of human recombinant full-length PEDF, and its N- and C-terminal regions (amino acids 1-243 and 195-418, respectively) in three mammalian cell lines (HEK-293T, COS-1, and 26HCMsv), and in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The highest production of recombinant PEDF was achieved in P. pastoris which secreted approximately 30 microg of full-length rPEDF, and 47 microg of C-terminal/ml of culture medium. Full-length rPEDF was purified by one-step Ni-chelating high-performance liquid chromatography, recovering almost 70% of secreted rPEDF with a purity of 98.6%. The C-terminal region of PEDF was isolated by low-pressure liquid chromatography, recovering around 4% of the recombinant molecule with a purity of 98%. The N-terminal region of PEDF was not secreted by any expression system assayed. The two isolated recombinant PEDF polypeptides inhibited in vitro endothelial cell migration, and full-length rPEDF also increased cerebellar granule cell survival, thus demonstrating their biological activity. These polypeptides can be used to investigate the therapeutic role of PEDF in cancer, neurodegenerative and ocular diseases, and stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sánchez-Sánchez
- Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina/Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/Almansa 14, 02006 Albacete, Spain
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Transcription factor Erg regulates angiogenesis and endothelial apoptosis through VE-cadherin. Blood 2008; 111:3498-506. [PMID: 18195090 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-105346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of the balance between apoptosis and survival is essential in angiogenesis. The ETS transcription factor Erg is required for endothelial tube formation in vitro. Inhibition of Erg expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), using antisense oligonucleotides, resulted in detachment of cell-cell contacts and increased cell death. Inhibition of Erg expression by antisense in HUVECs also lowered expression of the adhesion molecule vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, a key regulator of endothelial intercellular junctions and survival. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we showed that Erg binds to the VE-cadherin promoter. Furthermore, Erg was found to enhance VE-cadherin promoter activity in a transactivation assay. Apoptosis induced by inhibition of Erg was partly rescued by overexpression of VE-cadherin-GFP, suggesting that VE-cadherin is involved in the Erg-dependent survival signals. To show the role of Erg in angiogenesis in vivo, we used siRNA against Erg in a Matrigel plug model. Erg inhibition resulted in a significant decrease in vascularization, with increase in caspase-positive endothelial cells (ECs). These results identify a new pathway regulating angiogenesis and endothelial survival, via the transcription factor Erg and the adhesion molecule VE-cadherin.
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Affara M, Dunmore B, Savoie C, Imoto S, Tamada Y, Araki H, Charnock-Jones DS, Miyano S, Print C. Understanding endothelial cell apoptosis: what can the transcriptome, glycome and proteome reveal? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2007; 362:1469-87. [PMID: 17569639 PMCID: PMC2440409 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis may play an important role in blood vessel development, homeostasis and remodelling. In support of this concept, EC apoptosis has been detected within remodelling vessels in vivo, and inactivation of EC apoptosis regulators has caused dramatic vascular phenotypes. EC apoptosis has also been associated with cardiovascular pathologies. Therefore, understanding the regulation of EC apoptosis, with the goal of intervening in this process, has become a current research focus. The protein-based signalling and cleavage cascades that regulate EC apoptosis are well known. However, the possibility that programmed transcriptome and glycome changes contribute to EC apoptosis has only recently been explored. Traditional bioinformatic techniques have allowed simultaneous study of thousands of molecular signals during the process of EC apoptosis. However, to progress further, we now need to understand the complex cause and effect relationships among these signals. In this article, we will first review current knowledge about the function and regulation of EC apoptosis including the roles of the proteome transcriptome and glycome. Then, we assess the potential for further bioinformatic analysis to advance our understanding of EC apoptosis, including the limitations of current technologies and the potential of emerging technologies such as gene regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Affara
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge UniversityTennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Benjamin Dunmore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cambridge UniversityThe Rosie Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2SW, UK
| | - Christopher Savoie
- GNI Ltd. Kasumigaseki IHF Building 3-5-1Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, 100-0013 Toyko, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Human Genome Centre, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cambridge UniversityThe Rosie Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2SW, UK
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto UniversityGokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Araki
- GNI Ltd. Kasumigaseki IHF Building 3-5-1Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, 100-0013 Toyko, Japan
| | - D. Stephen Charnock-Jones
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cambridge UniversityThe Rosie Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2SW, UK
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Human Genome Centre, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Cristin Print
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland85 Park Road, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
- Author for correspondence ()
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Mitsios N, Pennucci R, Krupinski J, Sanfeliu C, Gaffney J, Kumar P, Kumar S, Juan‐Babot O, Slevin M. Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 mRNA and protein in the human brain following acute ischemic stroke. Brain Pathol 2007; 17:11-23. [PMID: 17493033 PMCID: PMC8095526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2006.00031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death after brain ischemia may be regulated by activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). In this study, expression of Cdk5 and its activator p35/p25 was examined in human post-mortem stroke tissue and in human cerebral cortical fetal neurons and human brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deficiency and reperfusion. The majority of patients demonstrated increased expression of Cdk5 and p-Cdk5 in stroke-affected tissue, with about a third showing increased p35 and p25 cleaved fragment as determined by Western blotting. An increase in Cdk5-, p-Cdk5- and p35-positive neurons and microvessels occurred in stroke-affected regions of patients. Staining of neurons became irregular and clumped in the cytoplasm, and nuclear translocation occurred, with colocalization of p35 and Cdk5. Association of Cdk5 with nuclear damage was demonstrated by coexpression of nuclear Cdk5 in TUNEL-positive neurons and microvessels in peri-infarcted regions. In vitro studies showed up-regulation and/or nuclear translocation of Cdk5, p-Cdk5 and p35 in neurons and endothelial cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deficiency, and strong staining was associated with propidium iodide positive nuclei, an indicator of cellular damage. These results provide new evidence for a role of Cdk5 in the events associated with response to ischemic injury in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Mitsios
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Roberta Pennucci
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jerzy Krupinski
- Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Department de Farmacologia i Toxicologia, IIBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Gaffney
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Pat Kumar
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Shant Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Mark Slevin
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Evans AL, Bryant J, Skepper J, Smith SK, Print CG, Charnock-Jones DS. Vascular development in embryoid bodies: quantification of transgenic intervention and antiangiogenic treatment. Angiogenesis 2007; 10:217-26. [PMID: 17577673 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-007-9076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that the investigation of vascular development is best considered in the context of a whole tissue environment since in vivo endothelial cells interact closely with other cell types. Murine embryoid bodies have been used as a model for the early development of a vascular network and are amenable to genetic manipulation and treatment with soluble modulators. However, quantifying morphological changes in these complex three-dimensional structures is challenging. In this paper we describe protocols to culture embryoid bodies on a large scale to study vascular development together with methods to quantify changes seen when antiangiogenic agents or endothelial cell-specific transgenes are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lisabeth Evans
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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49
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Green JJ, Shi J, Chiu E, Leshchiner ES, Langer R, Anderson DG. Biodegradable polymeric vectors for gene delivery to human endothelial cells. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 17:1162-9. [PMID: 16984124 DOI: 10.1021/bc0600968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are an important cell type to both cardiovascular disease and cancer, as they play critical roles in vascular function and angiogenesis. However, effective and safe gene delivery to primary endothelial cells in the presence of serum proteins is known to be particularly challenging. A library of biodegradable poly(beta-amino esters) was synthesized for use as potential vectors. Promising vectors were optimized for high efficacy and low cytotoxicity to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in serum. Vector parameters including polymer type, polymer weight, and DNA loading were varied, and biophysical properties including particle size, zeta potential, and particle stability over time were studied. While many of the poly(beta-amino ester) vectors have similar biophysical properties in the presence of buffer, their biophysical properties changed differentially in the presence of serum proteins, and the properties of these serum-interacting particles correlated to transfection efficacy. Leading poly(beta-amino ester) vectors were found to transfect HUVECs in the presence of serum significantly higher (47 +/- 9% positive, n = 10) than the best commercially available transfection reagents including jetPEI (p < 0.001) and Lipofectamine 2000 (p < 0.01). These results demonstrate the potential of a new class of biomaterials, poly(beta-amino esters), for effective human endothelial cell gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Green
- Division of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA
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50
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Xie Y, Zhu KQ, Deubner H, Emerson DA, Carrougher GJ, Gibran NS, Engrav LH. The Microvasculature in Cutaneous Wound Healing in the Female Red Duroc Pig Is Similar to That in Human Hypertrophic Scars and Different From That in the Female Yorkshire Pig. J Burn Care Res 2007; 28:500-6. [PMID: 17438498 DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0b013e318053dafe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The female red Duroc pig has been found to be a promising model of hypertrophic scarring. The female Yorkshire pig has been demonstrated to heal in a very different manner, more resembling human normotrophic scarring. Given these observations, we studied microvessel density, an important aspect of wound healing, in human hypertrophic scars and the scars of the female Duroc and Yorkshire pigs. We studied microvessel density in uninjured skin; hypertrophic scars at 6 months or less, 7 to 12, and longer than 12 months; female Duroc tissues at 3 weeks and 3 and 5 months; and similar Yorkshire tissue, including uninjured skin and shallow and deep wounds. Antifactor VIII-related antigen was used to mark the endothelial cells. Computed assessment of microvessel density was used to quantify the microvasculature. In human hypertrophic scars, the microvessels were increased dramatically, and microvessel density and area were significantly elevated. We found similar results in the Duroc tissues at 5 months after deep wounding. In contrast, we found far less microvasculature and, at 5 months, the values had returned to normal in the Yorkshire tissues. This quantitative study of microvessel density further validates the female Duroc pig as an animal model of hypertrophic scarring and the female Yorkshire pig as a control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youfu Xie
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, The Fourth-affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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