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Traglia M, Windham GC, Pearl M, Poon V, Eyles D, Jones KL, Lyall K, Kharrazi M, Croen LA, Weiss LA. Genetic Contributions to Maternal and Neonatal Vitamin D Levels. Genetics 2020; 214:1091-1102. [PMID: 32047095 PMCID: PMC7153928 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is essential for several physiological functions and biological processes. Increasing levels of maternal vitamin D are required throughout pregnancy as a unique source of vitamin D for the fetus, and consequently maternal vitamin D deficiency may result in several adverse outcomes in newborns. However, the genetic regulation of vitamin D in pregnancy and at birth is not yet well understood. We performed genome-wide association studies of maternal midgestational serum-derived and neonatal blood-spot-derived total 25-hydroxyvitamin D from a case-control study of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We identified one fetal locus (rs4588) significantly associated with neonatal vitamin D levels in the GC gene, encoding the binding protein for the transport and function of vitamin D. We also found suggestive cross-associated loci for neonatal and maternal vitamin D near immune genes, such as CXCL6-IL8 and ACKR1 We found no interactions with ASD. However, when including a set of cases with intellectual disability but not ASD (N = 179), we observed a suggestive interaction between decreased levels of neonatal vitamin D and a specific maternal genotype near the PKN2 gene. Our results suggest that genetic variation influences total vitamin D levels during pregnancy and at birth via proteins in the vitamin D pathway, but also potentially via distinct mechanisms involving loci with known roles in immune function that might be involved in vitamin D pathophysiology in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Traglia
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Gayle C Windham
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, Richmond, California 94804
| | - Michelle Pearl
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, Richmond, California 94804
| | - Victor Poon
- Sequoia Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Kristen Lyall
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 191044
| | - Martin Kharrazi
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, Richmond, California 94804
| | - Lisa A Croen
- Autism Research Program, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California 94612
| | - Lauren A Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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Shoja-Taheri F, George A, Agarwal U, Platt MO, Gibson G, Davis ME. Using Statistical Modeling to Understand and Predict Pediatric Stem Cell Function. Circ Genom Precis Med 2019; 12:e002403. [PMID: 31100989 PMCID: PMC6581595 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.118.002403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart defects are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, and despite advanced surgical treatments, many patients progress to heart failure. Currently, transplantation is the only effective cure and is limited by donor availability and organ rejection. Recently, cell therapy has emerged as a novel method for treating pediatric heart failure with several ongoing clinical trials. However, efficacy of stem cell therapy is variable, and choosing stem cells with the highest reparative effects has been a challenge. METHODS We previously demonstrated the age-dependent reparative effects of human c-kit+ progenitor cells (hCPCs) in a rat model of juvenile heart failure. Using a small subset of patient samples, computational modeling analysis showed that regression models could be made linking sequencing data to phenotypic outcomes. In the current study, we used a similar quantitative model to determine whether predictions can be made in a larger population of patients and validated the model using neonatal hCPCs. We performed RNA sequencing from c-kit+ progenitor cells isolated from 32 patients, including 8 neonatal samples. We tested 2 functional parameters of our model, cellular proliferation and chemotactic potential of conditioned media. RESULTS Interestingly, the observed proliferation and migration responses in each of the selected neonatal hCPC lines matched their predicted counterparts. We then performed canonical pathway analysis to determine potential mechanistic signals that regulated hCPC performance and identified several immune response genes that correlated with performance. ELISA analysis confirmed the presence of selected cytokines in good performing hCPCs and provided many more signals to further validate. CONCLUSIONS These data show that cell behavior may be predicted using large datasets like RNA sequencing and that we may be able to identify patients whose c-kit+ progenitor cells exceed or underperform expectations. With systems biology approaches, interventions can be tailored to improve cell therapy or mimic the qualities of reparative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Shoja-Taheri
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alex George
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Udit Agarwal
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Manu O. Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Children’s Heart Research and Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Emory University & Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
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Mu Y, Zhou S, Ding N, Ao J, Chen X. Molecular characterization of a new fish specific chemokine CXCL_F6 in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) and its role in inflammatory response. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 84:787-794. [PMID: 30393176 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a superfamily of structurally related chemotactic cytokines exerting significant roles in regulating cell migration and activation. Currently, five subgroups of fish specific CXC chemokines, named CXCL_F1-CXCL_F5, have been identified in teleost fish. However, understanding of the functions of these fish specific CXC chemokines is still limited. Here, a new member of fish specific CXC chemokines, LcCXCL_F6, was cloned from large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. Its open reading frame (ORF) is 369 nucleotides long, encoding a peptide of 122 amino acids (aa). The deduced LcCXCL_F6 protein contains a 19-aa signal peptide and a 103-aa mature polypeptide, which has four conserved cysteine residues (C28, C30, C56, and C72), as found in other known CXC chemokines. Phylogenetic analysis showed LcCXCL_F6 formed a separate clade with sequences from other fish species, tentatively named CXCL_F6, distinct from the clades formed by fish CXCL_F1-5 and mammalian CXC chemokines. The LcCXCL_F6 transcripts were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues and significantly up-regulated in the spleen and head kidney tissues by poly (I:C) and Vibrio alginolyticus. Its transcripts were also detected in primary head kidney leukocytes (HKLs), peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs), and large yellow croaker head kidney (LYCK) cell line, and significantly up-regulated by poly(I:C), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and peptidoglycan (PGN) in HKLs. Recombinant LcCXCL_F6 protein (rLcCXCL_F6) could not only chemotactically attract monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes from PBLs, but also enhance NO release and expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and CXCL8) in monocytes/macrophages. These results indicate that LcCXCL_F6 plays a role in mediating the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinnan Mu
- Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shimin Zhou
- Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Moazzeni H, Akbari MT, Yazdani S, Elahi E. Expression of CXCL6 and BBS5 that may be glaucoma relevant genes is regulated by PITX2. Gene 2016; 593:76-83. [PMID: 27520585 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor PITX2 is implicated in glaucoma pathology. In an earlier study we had used microarray analysis to identify genes in the trabecular meshwork (TM) that are affected by knock down of PITX2. Here, those studies were pursued to identify genes that are direct targets of PITX2 and that may be relevant to glaucoma. Initially, bioinformatics tools were used to select among the genes that had been affected by PITX2 knock down those that have PITX2 binding sites and that may be involved in glaucoma related functions. Subsequently, the effect of PITX2 was tested using the dual luciferase assay in four cell cultures including two primary TM cultures co-transfected with vectors containing promoter fragments of six candidate genes upstream of a luciferase gene and a vector that expressed PITX2. Finally, the effect of PITX2 on endogenous expression of two genes was assessed by over expression and knock down of PITX2 in TM cells. Thirty four genes were found to contain PITX2 binding sites in their putative promoter regions, and 16 were found to be associated with TM-specific and/or glaucoma associated functions. Results of dual luciferase assays confirmed that two of six genes tested were directly targeted by PITX2. The two genes were CXCL6 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6) and BBS5 (Bardet-Biedl syndrome 5). Over expression and knock down of PITX2 showed that this transcription factor affects endogenous expression of these two genes in TM cells. CXCL6 encodes a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and many studies have suggested that cytokines and other immune system functions are involved in glaucoma pathogenesis. BBS5 is a member of the BBS family of genes that affect ciliary functions, and ciliary bodies in the anterior chamber of the eye produce the aqueous fluid that affects intraocular pressure. Immune related functions and intraocular pressure are both important components of glaucoma pathology. The role of PITX2 in glaucoma may be mediated partly by regulating the expression of CXCL6 and BBS5 and thus affecting immune functions and intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Moazzeni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box. 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Akbari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box. 14115-331, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahin Yazdani
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Elahi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Tan CW, Lee YH, Tan HH, Lau MSK, Choolani M, Griffith L, Chan JKY. CD26/DPPIV down-regulation in endometrial stromal cell migration in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:167-177.e9. [PMID: 24825423 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) in endometriosis exhibit increased cell motility under hypoxia. DESIGN Prospective case-control study. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Women with endometriosis (n = 18) or benign gynecological disease (n=19). INTERVENTION(S) Eutopic ESCs were cultured under normoxia (20% O2) or hypoxia (6.5% O2), and migration and invasion capacity assayed, with pathway-focused polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array and ELISAs performed. CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) expression was determined by flow cytometric analysis and enzymatic activity assay. The ESCs supplemented with Diprotin A (CD26 inhibitor), stromal cell-derived factor-1α, or AMD3100 (C-X-C motif receptor 4; CXCR4 blocker) were assayed for their migratory potential. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Endometrial stromal cell migration and invasion under hypoxia. RESULT(S) Endometriotic ESCs showed significantly higher migration and invasion through collagen gels under hypoxia compared with nonendometriotic ESCs. The PCR array revealed down-regulation of the migration inhibitor CD26/DPPIV and up-regulation of angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor A, C-X-C motif Ligand 6; CXCL6) in endometriotic ESCs under hypoxia. The CD26/DPPIV surface expression and activity as well as angiogenic protein secretions suggested that the molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant migratory and angiogenic behavior in endometriotic ESCs. A combinatorial treatment with diprotin A and stromal cell-derived factor-1α effectively enhanced migration and invasion preferentially in endometriotic ESCs cultured hypoxically. CONCLUSION(S) Loss of CD26/DPPIV under hypoxia and the subsequent increase in migratory and angiogenic factors may favor conditions for lesion development in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Wen Tan
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yie Hou Lee
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology, Singapore
| | - Heng Hao Tan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Matthew Sie Kuei Lau
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linda Griffith
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology, Singapore; Department of Biological and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
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Wang N, Feng Y, Wang Q, Liu S, Xiang L, Sun M, Zhang X, Liu G, Qu X, Wei F. Neutrophils infiltration in the tongue squamous cell carcinoma and its correlation with CEACAM1 expression on tumor cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89991. [PMID: 24587171 PMCID: PMC3937421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the clinical significance of neutrophils infiltration and carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) expression in the tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), and to probe the possible relationship between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry were used to detect neutrophils density and CEACAM1 expression in 74 cases of primary TSCC specimens and 17 cases of corresponding peritumoral tissues. The relationship of CEACAM1 expression and neutrophils density with clinicopathologic parameters and cancer-related survival of TSCC patients were evaluated. The correlation between CEACAM1 expression and neutrophils density was also evaluated. Real-time quantitative transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to explore the possible molecular mechanisms between CEACAM1 expression and neutrophils infiltration. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry evaluation revealed that there was more neutrophils infiltration in TSCC tissues than in peritumoral tissues. High neutrophil density was associated with LN metastasis (P=0.01), higher clinical stage (P=0.037) and tumor recurrence (P=0.024). CEACAM1 overexpression was also associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.000) and higher clinical stage (P=0.001). Survival analysis revealed that both neutrophils infiltration and CEACAM1 overexpression were associated with poorer cancer-related survival of TSCC patients (P<0.05), and neutrophils infiltration was an independent prognostic factor for TSCC (P<0.05). Furthermore, overexpression of CEACAM1 was correlated with more neutrophils infiltration in TSCC tissues (P<0.01). qRT-PCR results showed that CEACAM1-4L can upregulate the mRNA expression of IL-8 and CXCL-6, which were strong chemotactic factors of neutrophils. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that more neutrophils infiltration and overexpression of CEACAM1 were associated with poor clinical outcomes in TSCC tissues. Overexpression of CEACAM1 on tumor cells correlated with more neutrophils infiltration to some extent through upregulating mRNA expression of IL-8 and CXCL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyong Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guixiang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xun Qu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (XQ); (FW)
| | - Fengcai Wei
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (XQ); (FW)
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Ryynänen J, Carlberg C. Primary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 response of the interleukin 8 gene cluster in human monocyte- and macrophage-like cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78170. [PMID: 24250750 PMCID: PMC3824026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide analysis of vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding sites in THP-1 human monocyte-like cells highlighted the interleukin 8 gene, also known as chemokine CXC motif ligand 8 (CXCL8). CXCL8 is a chemotactic cytokine with important functions during acute inflammation as well as in the context of various cancers. The nine genes of the CXCL cluster and the strong VDR binding site close to the CXCL8 gene are insulated from neighboring genes by CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) binding sites. Only CXCL8, CXCL6 and CXCL1 are expressed in THP-1 cells, but all three are up-regulated primary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) target genes. Formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements sequencing analysis of the whole CXCL cluster demonstrated 1,25(OH)2D3-dependent chromatin opening exclusively for the VDR binding site. In differentiated THP-1 cells the CXCL8 gene showed a 33-fold higher basal expression, but is together with CXCL6 and CXCL1 still a primary 1,25(OH)2D3 target under the control of the same genomic VDR binding site. In summary, both in undifferentiated and differentiated THP-1 cells the genes CXCL8, CXCL6 and CXCL1 are under the primary control of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its receptor VDR. Our observation provides further evidence for the immune-related functions of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Ryynänen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Our recent studies have shown that bone marrow-derived fibroblast precursors contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the recruitment and activation of bone marrow-derived fibroblast precursors are incompletely understood. We found that interleukin 6 was induced in the kidney in a murine model of renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. Therefore, we investigated if interleukin 6 play a role in the recruitment and maturation of bone marrow-derived fibroblast precursors in the kidney during the development of renal fibrosis. Wild-type and interleukin 6 knockout mice were subjected to unilateral obstructive injury for up to two weeks. Interleukin 6 knockout mice accumulated similar number of bone marrow-derived fibroblast precursors and myofibroblasts in the kidney in response to obstructive injury compared to wild-type mice. Furthermore, IL-6 knockout mice expressed comparable α-SMA in the obstructed kidney compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, targeted disruption of Interleukin 6 did not affect gene expression of profibrotic chemokine and cytokines in the obstructed kidney. Finally, there were no significant differences in renal interstitial fibrosis or expression of extracellular matrix proteins between wild-type and interleukin 6 knockout mice following obstructive injury. Our results indicate that interleukin 6 does not play a significant role in the recruitment of bone marrow-derived fibroblast precursors and the development of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiyuan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jingyin Yan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Liping Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mormeneo E, Jimenez-Mallebrera C, Palomer X, De Nigris V, Vázquez-Carrera M, Orozco A, Nascimento A, Colomer J, Lerín C, Gómez-Foix AM. PGC-1α induces mitochondrial and myokine transcriptional programs and lipid droplet and glycogen accumulation in cultured human skeletal muscle cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29985. [PMID: 22272266 PMCID: PMC3260188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) is a chief activator of mitochondrial and metabolic programs and protects against atrophy in skeletal muscle (skm). Here we tested whether PGC-1α overexpression could restructure the transcriptome and metabolism of primary cultured human skm cells, which display a phenotype that resembles the atrophic phenotype. An oligonucleotide microarray analysis was used to reveal the effects of PGC-1α on the whole transcriptome. Fifty-three different genes showed altered expression in response to PGC-1α: 42 upregulated and 11 downregulated. The main gene ontologies (GO) associated with the upregulated genes were mitochondrial components and processes and this was linked with an increase in COX activity, an indicator of mitochondrial content. Furthermore, PGC-1α enhanced mitochondrial oxidation of palmitate and lactate to CO2, but not glucose oxidation. The other most significantly associated GOs for the upregulated genes were chemotaxis and cytokine activity, and several cytokines, including IL-8/CXCL8, CXCL6, CCL5 and CCL8, were within the most highly induced genes. Indeed, PGC-1α highly increased IL-8 cell protein content. The most upregulated gene was PVALB, which is related to calcium signaling. Potential metabolic regulators of fatty acid and glucose storage were among mainly regulated genes. The mRNA and protein level of FITM1/FIT1, which enhances the formation of lipid droplets, was raised by PGC-1α, while in oleate-incubated cells PGC-1α increased the number of smaller lipid droplets and modestly triglyceride levels, compared to controls. CALM1, the calcium-modulated δ subunit of phosphorylase kinase, was downregulated by PGC-1α, while glycogen phosphorylase was inactivated and glycogen storage was increased by PGC-1α. In conclusion, of the metabolic transcriptome deficiencies of cultured skm cells, PGC-1α rescued the expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and FITM1. Several myokine genes, including IL-8 and CCL5, which are known to be constitutively expressed in human skm cells, were induced by PGC-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Mormeneo
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Barcelona, Spain.
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Kotas ME, Lee HY, Gillum MP, Annicelli C, Guigni BA, Shulman GI, Medzhitov R. Impact of CD1d deficiency on metabolism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25478. [PMID: 21980475 PMCID: PMC3183002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) are innate-like T cells that are highly concentrated in the liver and recognize lipids presented on the MHC-like molecule CD1d. Although capable of a myriad of responses, few essential functions have been described for iNKTs. Among the many cell types of the immune system implicated in metabolic control and disease, iNKTs seem ideally poised for such a role, yet little has been done to elucidate such a possible function. We hypothesized that lipid presentation by CD1d could report on metabolic status and engage iNKTs to regulate cellular lipid content through their various effector mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, we examined CD1d deficient mice in a variety of metabolically stressed paradigms including high fat feeding, choline-deficient feeding, fasting, and acute inflammation. CD1d deficiency led to a mild exacerbation of steatosis during high fat or choline-deficient feeding, accompanied by impaired hepatic glucose tolerance. Surprisingly, however, this phenotype was not observed in Jα18⁻/⁻ mice, which are deficient in iNKTs but express CD1d. Thus, CD1d appears to modulate some metabolic functions through an iNKT-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya E Kotas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
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Wang P, Kan QC, Yu ZJ, Li L, Pan X. Effects of cefodizime on chemokines of liver tissues in mice with immunological hepatic injury. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011; 124:746-750. [PMID: 21518570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatic inflammation is characterized by the accumulation of lymphocytes as a consequence of increased recruitment from the blood and retention within the tissue at sites of infection. CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) mRNA has been detected in both inflamed and normal liver tissues and is strongly upregulated in the injured liver tissues in a murine model. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cefodizime on CXCL16 mRNA of liver tissues in mice with immunological hepatic injury. METHODS The murine model of immunological hepatic injury was induced by Bacillus Calmette Guerin and Lipoposaccharide. The mice with immunological hepatic injury were randomly assigned to the model group, the cefodizime group and the ceftriaxone group. The three groups were continuously given agents for seven days and CXCL16 mRNA of liver tissue was determined and contrasted with the control group treated by normal saline. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to assay CXCL16 mRNA levels in liver tissues. RESULTS The expressions of CXCL16 mRNA were significantly higher in the model group and the ceftriaxone group than in the control group and the cefodizime group (P < 0.05), indicating the mice in the model group and the ceftriaxone group were immunodeficient. There was no statistical difference in the expressions of CXCL16 mRNA between the control group and the cefodizime group. Similarly, no statistical difference in the expressions of CXCL16 mRNA between the model group and the ceftriaxone group was detected (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Cefodizime effectively reduces the infiltration of lymphocytes into liver tissues and alleviates the liver damage by decreasing CXCL16 mRNA in liver tissues in mice with immunological hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Base, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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Yi GW, Zeng QT, Mao XB, Cheng M, Yang XF, Liu HT, Mao Y, Guo M, Ji QW, Zhong YC. Overexpression of CXCL16 promotes a vulnerable plaque phenotype in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice. Cytokine 2010; 53:320-6. [PMID: 21177121 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCL16 has been shown to be involved in atherosclerotic lesion development, but its role in preexisting lesions is still unclear. This study aims to assess the effect of CXCL16 on the stability of preexisting lesions. METHODS We firstly measured plasma CXCL16 level in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout (ApoE KO) mice with either high-cholesterol diet (HCD) or normal diet (ND) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then, silastic collars were placed around the carotid arteries in HCD-ApoE KO mice to accelerate atherosclerotic lesions. Five weeks later, CXCL16 was overexpressed by intravenous injection of lentivirus carrying CXCL16 transgene. Two weeks after infection, lesions were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and with oil red O. Biomarkers in the lesions, such as MMPs, CCL2, VCAM-1 and TNF-α were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which indicate the instability of plaques. RESULTS The level of CXCL16 in plasma was higher in HCD-ApoE KO mice as compared to ND-ApoE KO mice. Circulating CXCL16 overexpression does not affect the size of preexisting plaques, but it leads to vulnerable plaque morphology and increases the expression of markers of plaque destabilization. CONCLUSION Systemic CXCL16 becomes much higher in atherosclerosis, and it could be a potential atherogenic biomarker. Overexpression of CXCL16 promotes the evolution of preexisting lesions to vulnerable plaques in ApoE KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-wen Yi
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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13
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Xu L, Duda DG, di Tomaso E, Ancukiewicz M, Chung DC, Lauwers GY, Samuel R, Shellito P, Czito BG, Lin PC, Poleski M, Bentley R, Clark JW, Willett CG, Jain RK. Direct evidence that bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody, up-regulates SDF1alpha, CXCR4, CXCL6, and neuropilin 1 in tumors from patients with rectal cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7905-10. [PMID: 19826039 PMCID: PMC2859041 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies converge on the observation that circulating cytokines are elevated in most cancer patients by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. However, the source of these molecules and their relevance in tumor escape remain unknown. We examined the gene expression profiles of cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages in tumor biopsies before and 12 days after monotherapy with the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab in patients with rectal carcinoma. Bevacizumab up-regulated stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha (SDF1alpha), its receptor CXCR4, and CXCL6, and down-regulated PlGF, Ang1, and Ang2 in cancer cells. In addition, bevacizumab decreased Ang1 and induced neuropilin 1 (NRP1) expression in tumor-associated macrophages. Higher SDF1alpha plasma levels during bevacizumab treatment significantly associated with distant metastasis at three years. These data show that VEGF blockade up-regulates inflammatory pathways and NRP1, which should be evaluated as potential targets for improving anti-VEGF therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Bevacizumab
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL12/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL6/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL6/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Neuropilin-1/genetics
- Neuropilin-1/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Rectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Rectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Rectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dan G. Duda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emmanuelle di Tomaso
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marek Ancukiewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel C. Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory Y. Lauwers
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rekha Samuel
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Shellito
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian G. Czito
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pei-Chun Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin Poleski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rex Bentley
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey W. Clark
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher G. Willett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rakesh K. Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Mount JA, Karrow NA, Caswell JL, Boermans HJ, Leslie KE. Assessment of bovine mammary chemokine gene expression in response to lipopolysaccharide, lipotechoic acid + peptidoglycan, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 2135. Can J Vet Res 2009; 73:49-57. [PMID: 19337396 PMCID: PMC2613597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During intramammary infections pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induce an inflammatory response, recognized clinically as mastitis. Recognition of PAMPs by mammary cells leads to the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. These cytokines augment the secretion of various chemokines that are responsible for directing the host cellular immune response, and consequently the outcome of infection. Previous research has shown that gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria elicit different types of innate immune responses. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to characterize the expression of various chemokine genes in bovine mammary gland explants in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PTG) combined with lipotechoic acid (LTA), and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) 2135 representing gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, and bacterial DNA, respectively, to determine if these PAMPs induce different chemokine gene expression patterns. Explants from 3 Holstein cows were cultured with 10 microg/mL of LPS, LTA + PTG, or CpG-ODN 2135 for 6 and 24 h. Total RNA was extracted and the expression of CXCL8, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MIP1-alpha, and RANTES genes was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Lipopolysaccharide significantly induced MCP-1, MCP-2, and MCP-3 expression, and slightly increased CXCL8 gene expression. The combined PAMPs, LTA + PTG, on the other hand, significantly induced MCP-1 gene expression, and slightly increased MCP-3 expression. No significant expression differences for any of the chemokine genes were observed in explants stimulated with CpG-ODN 2135. These results demonstrate that PAMPs associated with different mastitis-causing pathogens induce chemokine-specific gene expression patterns that may contribute to different innate immune responses to bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Niel A. Karrow; telephone: (519) 824-4120 ext. 53646; fax: (519) 767-0573; e-mail:
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15
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Van den Steen PE, Deroost K, Van Aelst I, Geurts N, Martens E, Struyf S, Nie CQ, Hansen DS, Matthys P, Van Damme J, Opdenakker G. CXCR3 determines strain susceptibility to murine cerebral malaria by mediating T lymphocyte migration toward IFN-gamma-induced chemokines. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1082-95. [PMID: 18383042 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) results from the binding of infected erythrocytes and leukocytes to brain endothelia. The precise mechanisms underlying lymphocyte recruitment and activation in CM remain unclear. Therefore, the expression of various chemokines was quantified in brains of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Several chemokines attracting monocytes and activated T-lymphocytes were expressed at high levels. Their expression was almost completely abrogated in IFN-gamma ligand and receptor KO mice, indicating that IFN-gamma is an essential chemokine inducer in vivo. Surprisingly, the expression levels of chemokines, IFN-gamma and also adhesion molecules in the brain were not lower in CM-resistant Balb/c and DBA/2 mice compared to CM-sensitive C57BL/6 and DBA/1 mice, although T lymphocyte sequestration in the brain was significantly less in CM-resistant than in CM-sensitive mice. This difference correlated with a higher up-regulation of the CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)-3 on splenic T cells and a higher chemotactic response to IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) in C57BL/6 compared to Balb/c mice. In conclusion, parasite-induced IFN-gamma in the brain results in high local expression levels of specific chemokines for monocytes and lymphocytes. The strain-dependent susceptibility to develop CM is more related to the expression of CXCR3 in circulating leukocytes than to the chemokine expression levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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