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Xie W, Donat A, Jiang S, Baranowsky A, Keller J. The emerging role of tranexamic acid and its principal target, plasminogen, in skeletal health. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2869-2884. [PMID: 39027253 PMCID: PMC11252461 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide burden of skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis, degenerative joint disease and impaired fracture healing is steadily increasing. Tranexamic acid (TXA), a plasminogen inhibitor and anti-fibrinolytic agent, is used to reduce bleeding with high effectiveness and safety in major surgical procedures. With its widespread clinical application, the effects of TXA beyond anti-fibrinolysis have been noticed and prompted renewed interest in its use. Some clinical trials have characterized the effects of TXA on reducing postoperative infection rates and regulating immune responses in patients undergoing surgery. Also, several animal studies suggest potential therapeutic effects of TXA on skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis and fracture healing. Although a direct effect of TXA on the differentiation and function of bone cells in vitro was shown, few mechanisms of action have been reported. Here, we summarize recent findings of the effects of TXA on skeletal diseases and discuss the underlying plasminogen-dependent and -independent mechanisms related to bone metabolism and the immune response. We furthermore discuss potential novel indications for TXA application as a treatment strategy for skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Xie
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Antonia Donat
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Anke Baranowsky
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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2
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Ruggiero C, Baroni M, Xenos D, Parretti L, Macchione IG, Bubba V, Laudisio A, Pedone C, Ferracci M, Magierski R, Boccardi V, Antonelli-Incalzi R, Mecocci P. Dementia, osteoporosis and fragility fractures: Intricate epidemiological relationships, plausible biological connections, and twisted clinical practices. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102130. [PMID: 38030092 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Dementia, osteoporosis, and fragility fractures are chronic diseases, often co-existing in older adults. These conditions pose severe morbidity, long-term disability, and mortality, with relevant socioeconomic implications. While in the research arena, the discussion remains on whether dementia is the cause or the consequence of fragility fractures, healthcare professionals need a better understanding of the interplay between such conditions from epidemiological and physiological standpoints. With this review, we summarized the available literature surrounding the relationship between cognitive impairment, dementia, and both low bone mineral density (BMD) and fragility fractures. Given the strength of the bi-directional associations and their impact on the quality of life, we shed light on the biological connections between brain and bone systems, presenting the main mediators, including gut microbioma, and pathological pathways leading to the dysregulation of bone and brain metabolism. Ultimately, we synthesized the evidence about the impact of available pharmacological treatments for the prevention of fragility fractures on cognitive functions and individuals' outcomes when dementia coexists. Vice versa, the effects of symptomatic treatments for dementia on the risk of falls and fragility fractures are explored. Combining evidence alongside clinical practice, we discuss challenges and opportunities related to the management of older adults affected by cognitive impairment or dementia and at high risk for fragility fracture prevention, which leads to not only an improvement in patient health-related outcomes and survival but also a reduction in healthcare cost and socio-economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruggiero
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | - M Baroni
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - D Xenos
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - L Parretti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - I G Macchione
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - V Bubba
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - A Laudisio
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Geriatrics, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Rome, Italy
| | - C Pedone
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Geriatrics, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Rome, Italy
| | - M Ferracci
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - R Magierski
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - V Boccardi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - R Antonelli-Incalzi
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Geriatrics, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mecocci
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Italy
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3
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Londzin P, Cegieła U, Trawczyński M, Czuba ZP, Folwarczna J. Unfavorable effects of memantine on the skeletal system in female rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114921. [PMID: 37229803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). NMDA receptors are expressed on bone cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of memantine on the rat musculoskeletal system. Taking into account that most of female AD patients are postmenopausal, the study was carried out on intact and ovariectomized (estrogen-deficient) rats. Mature Wistar rats were divided into following groups: non-ovariectomized (NOVX) control rats, NOVX rats treated with memantine, ovariectomized (OVX) control rats, and OVX rats treated with memantine. Memantine (2 mg/kg p.o.) was administered once daily for four weeks, starting one week after ovariectomy. The serum bone turnover marker and cytokine levels, bone density, mass, mineralization, mechanical properties, histomorphometric parameters of compact and cancellous bone, skeletal muscle mass and grip strength were determined. In NOVX rats, memantine slightly decreased the strength of compact bone of the femoral diaphysis (parameters in the yield point) and unfavorably affected histomorphometric parameters of cancellous bone (the femoral epiphysis and metaphysis). In OVX rats, in which estrogen deficiency induced osteoporotic changes, memantine increased the phosphorus content in the femoral bone mineral. No other effects on bone were observed in the memantine-treated OVX rats. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated slight damaging skeletal effects of memantine in rats with normal estrogen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Londzin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Urszula Cegieła
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Marcin Trawczyński
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Zenon P Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Joanna Folwarczna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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4
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Ahmad M, Stirmlinger N, Jan I, Stifel U, Lee S, Weingandt M, Kelp U, Bockmann J, Ignatius A, Böckers TM, Tuckermann J. Downregulation of the Autism Spectrum Disorder Gene Shank2 Decreases Bone Mass in Male Mice. JBMR Plus 2022; 7:e10711. [PMID: 36751416 PMCID: PMC9893268 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the postsynaptic scaffold protein Shank2 lead to autism spectrum disorders (ASD). These patients frequently suffer from higher fracture risk. Here, we investigated whether Shank2 directly regulates bone mass. We show that Shank2 is expressed in bone and that Shank2 levels are increased during osteoblastogenesis. Knockdown of Shank2 by siRNA targeting the encoding regions for PDZ and SAM domain inhibits osteoblastogenesis of primary murine calvarial osteoblasts. Shank2 knockout mice (Shank2 -/-) have a decreased bone mass due to reduced osteoblastogenesis and bone formation, whereas bone resorption remains unaffected. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived osteoblasts from a loss-of-function Shank2 mutation in a patient showed a significantly reduced osteoblast differentiation potential. Moreover, silencing of known Shank2 interacting proteins revealed that a majority of them promote osteoblast differentiation. From this we conclude that Shank2 and interacting proteins known from the central nervous system are decisive regulators in osteoblast differentiation. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Ahmad
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME)Ulm UniversityUlmGermany
| | | | - Irfana Jan
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME)Ulm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Ulrich Stifel
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME)Ulm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME)Ulm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Marcel Weingandt
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME)Ulm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Ulrike Kelp
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME)Ulm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Jürgen Bockmann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell BiologyUlm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and BiomechanicsUlm UniversityUlmGermany
| | | | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME)Ulm UniversityUlmGermany
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Martin KS, Azzolini M, Lira Ruas J. The kynurenine connection: how exercise shifts muscle tryptophan metabolism and affects energy homeostasis, the immune system, and the brain. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C818-C830. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00580.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway generates a variety of bioactive metabolites. Physical exercise can modulate kynurenine pathway metabolism in skeletal muscle and thus change the concentrations of select compounds in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how exercise alters tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism in muscle and its subsequent local and distal effects. We propose that the effects of kynurenine pathway metabolites on skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, immune system, and the brain suggest that some of these compounds could qualify as exercise-induced myokines. Indeed, some of the more recently discovered biological activities for kynurenines include many of the best-known benefits of exercise: improved energy homeostasis, promotion of an anti-inflammatory environment, and neuroprotection. Finally, by considering the tissue expression of the different membrane and cytosolic receptors for kynurenines, we discuss known and potential biological activities for these tryptophan metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S. Martin
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michele Azzolini
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jorge Lira Ruas
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
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Matta C, Juhász T, Fodor J, Hajdú T, Katona É, Szűcs-Somogyi C, Takács R, Vágó J, Oláh T, Bartók Á, Varga Z, Panyi G, Csernoch L, Zákány R. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor expression and function is required for early chondrogenesis. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:166. [PMID: 31842918 PMCID: PMC6915923 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro chondrogenesis depends on the concerted action of numerous signalling pathways, many of which are sensitive to the changes of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor is a cation channel with high permeability for Ca2+. Whilst there is now accumulating evidence for the expression and function of NMDA receptors in non-neural tissues including mature cartilage and bone, the contribution of glutamate signalling to the regulation of chondrogenesis is yet to be elucidated. Methods We studied the role of glutamatergic signalling during the course of in vitro chondrogenesis in high density chondrifying cell cultures using single cell fluorescent calcium imaging, patch clamp, transient gene silencing, and western blotting. Results Here we show that key components of the glutamatergic signalling pathways are functional during in vitro chondrogenesis in a primary chicken chondrogenic model system. We also present the full glutamate receptor subunit mRNA and protein expression profile of these cultures. This is the first study to report that NMDA-mediated signalling may act as a key factor in embryonic limb bud-derived chondrogenic cultures as it evokes intracellular Ca2+ transients, which are abolished by the GluN2B subunit-specific inhibitor ifenprodil. The function of NMDARs is essential for chondrogenesis as their functional knock-down using either ifenprodil or GRIN1 siRNA temporarily blocks the differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells. Cartilage formation was fully restored with the re-expression of the GluN1 protein. Conclusions We propose a key role for NMDARs during the transition of chondroprogenitor cells to cartilage matrix-producing chondroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hajdú
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csilla Szűcs-Somogyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Vágó
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ádám Bartók
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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7
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Liu J, Chang L, Song Y, Li H, Wu Y. The Role of NMDA Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:43. [PMID: 30800052 PMCID: PMC6375899 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), early synaptic dysfunction is associated with the increased oligomeric amyloid-beta peptide, which causes NMDAR-dependent synaptic depression and spine elimination. Memantine, low-affinity NMDAR channel blocker, has been used in the treatment of moderate to severe AD. However, clear evidence is still deficient in demonstrating the underlying mechanisms and a relationship between NMDARs dysfunction and AD. This review focuses on not only changes in expression of different NMDAR subunits, but also some unconventional modes of NMDAR action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Liu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lirong Chang
- Department of Anatomy, Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhi Song
- Department of Anatomy, Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy, Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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The effect of memantine on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 793:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Kanaya S, Komatsu H, Shimauchi H, Nemoto E. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 promotes cementoblast proliferation via MAP kinase signaling pathways. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:417-26. [PMID: 27261070 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1195826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM Glutamate is one of the signaling molecules responsible for transmission in the central nervous system. Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells were recently reported to express metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). However, the functions of mGluR signaling in PDL cells or PDL-related cells remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and function of mGluRs in PDL-related cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS OCCM-30 cells, immortalized murine cementoblasts, were stimulated with l-glutamate or mGluRs antagonists. The cells' proliferative response was evaluated using a colorimetric assay and gene expression was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The nuclear translocation of cyclin D1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS l-Glutamate promoted the proliferation of OCCM-30 cells, which expressed mGluR1, but not mGluR5. Dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), an agonist of group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5), also promoted cell proliferation, and this was inhibited by LY456236, an mGluR1 antagonist. DHPG increased the expression of cyclin D1, a key regulator of cell proliferation, and its nuclear translocation. DHPG also increased the expression of Bcl2A1, an antiapoptotic oncogene and simultaneously reduced the expression of Bax, a pro-apoptotic marker. Furthermore, the DHPG-induced proliferation of OCCM-30 cells was reduced by pretreatment with SB203580, SP600125, and PD98059, inhibitors of p38, JNK, and ERK1/2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that activation of mGluR1 expressed by OCCM-30 cells induces cell proliferation in a manner that is dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and that cyclin D1 and Bcl2A1/Bax may be involved. Our results provide useful information for elucidating the mechanisms underlying cementum homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sousuke Kanaya
- a Department of Periodontology and Endodontology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry , Sendai , Japan.,b Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry , Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Hidehiro Komatsu
- a Department of Periodontology and Endodontology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry , Sendai , Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Shimauchi
- a Department of Periodontology and Endodontology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry , Sendai , Japan
| | - Eiji Nemoto
- a Department of Periodontology and Endodontology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry , Sendai , Japan
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10
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Physiological Roles of Non-Neuronal NMDA Receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:750-767. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Excellent reviews on central N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) signaling and function in cardiovascular regulating neuronal pools have been reported. However, much less attention has been given to NMDAR function in peripheral tissues, particularly the heart and vasculature, although a very recent review discusses such function in the kidney. In this short review, we discuss the NMDAR expression and complexity of its function in cardiovascular tissues. In conscious (contrary to anesthetized) rats, activation of the peripheral NMDAR triggers cardiovascular oxidative stress through the PI3K-ERK1/2-NO signaling pathway, which ultimately leads to elevation in blood pressure. Evidence also implicates Ca release, in the peripheral NMDAR-mediated pressor response. Despite evidence of circulating potent ligands (eg, D-aspartate and L-aspartate, L-homocysteic acid, and quinolinic acid) and also their coagonist (eg, glycine or D-serine), the physiological role of peripheral cardiovascular NMDAR remains elusive. Nonetheless, the cardiovascular relevance of the peripheral NMDAR might become apparent when its signaling is altered by drugs, such as alcohol, which interact with the NMDAR or its downstream signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. McGee
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Abdel A. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
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12
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Wen ZH, Chang YC, Jean YH. Excitatory amino acid glutamate: role in peripheral nociceptive transduction and inflammation in experimental and clinical osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:2009-16. [PMID: 26521747 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although a large proportion of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) show inflammation in their affected joints, the pathological role of inflammation in the development and progression of OA has yet to be clarified. Glutamate is considered an excitatory amino acid (EAA) neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). There are cellular membrane glutamate receptors and transporters for signal input modulation and termination as well as vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) for signal output through exocytotic release. Glutamate been shown to mediate intercellular communications in bone cells in a manner similar to synaptic transmission within the CNS. Glutamate-mediated events may also contribute to the pathogenesis and ongoing processes of peripheral nociceptive transduction and inflammation of experimental arthritis models as well as human arthritic conditions. This review will discuss the differential roles of glutamate signaling and blockade in peripheral neuronal and non-neuronal joint tissues, including bone remodeling systems and their potentials to impact OA-related inflammation and progression. This will serve to identify several potential targets to direct novel therapies for OA. Future studies will further elucidate the role of glutamate in the development and progression of OA, as well as its association with the clinical features of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-H Wen
- Marine Biomedical Laboratory & Center for Translational Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Chang
- Marine Biomedical Laboratory & Center for Translational Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan
| | - Y-H Jean
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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13
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Nakazato R, Takarada T, Ikeno S, Nakamura S, Kutsukake T, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. Upregulation of Runt-Related Transcription Factor-2 Through CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein-β Signaling Pathway in Microglial BV-2 Cells Exposed to ATP. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2510-21. [PMID: 25802132 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have shown constitutive expression of the master regulator of osteoblastogenesis, runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2), by microglia cells outside bone. Here, we attempted to evaluate the pathological significance of Runx2 in microglial BV-2 cells exposed to ATP at a high concentration. Marked upregulation of Runx2 transcript and protein expression was seen in cells exposed to 1 mM ATP for a period longer than 30 min without inducing cytotoxicity. The Runx2 upregulation by ATP was prevented by extracellular and intracellular Ca(2+) chelators, while thapsigargin upregulated Runx2 expression alone without affecting the upregulation by ATP. A calmodulin antagonist prevented the upregulation by ATP, with calcineurin inhibitors being ineffective. Although ATP markedly increased nuclear levels of nuclear factor of activated T cell-2 (NFAT2), Runx2 promoter activity was not simulated by the introduction of either NFAT1 or NFAT2, but facilitated by that of CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα), C/EBPβ and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 (Nrf2). Exposure to ATP up-regulated C/EBPβ and Nrf2, but not C/EBPα, expression, in addition to increasing nuclear levels of respective corresponding proteins. Runx2 upregulation by ATP was deteriorated by knockdown of C/EBPβ but not by that of Nrf2, however, while exposure to ATP up-regulated matrix metalloproteinase-13 (Mmp13) expression in a Runx2-dependent manner. Overexpression of Runx2 up-regulated Mmp13 expression with promoted incorporation of fluorescent beads into BV-2 cells without ATP. These results suggest that extracellular ATP up-regulates Runx2 expression through activation of the C/EBPβ signaling in a calmodulin-dependent manner to play a pivotal role in phagocytosis in microglial BV-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nakazato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ikeno
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Saki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takaya Kutsukake
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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Abstract
This review compares the biological and physiological function of Sigma receptors [σRs] and their potential therapeutic roles. Sigma receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and across multiple peripheral tissues. σRs consist of sigma receptor one (σ1R) and sigma receptor two (σ2R) and are expressed in numerous regions of the brain. The sigma receptor was originally proposed as a subtype of opioid receptors and was suggested to contribute to the delusions and psychoses induced by benzomorphans such as SKF-10047 and pentazocine. Later studies confirmed that σRs are non-opioid receptors (not an µ opioid receptor) and play a more diverse role in intracellular signaling, apoptosis and metabolic regulation. σ1Rs are intracellular receptors acting as chaperone proteins that modulate Ca2+ signaling through the IP3 receptor. They dynamically translocate inside cells, hence are transmembrane proteins. The σ1R receptor, at the mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane, is responsible for mitochondrial metabolic regulation and promotes mitochondrial energy depletion and apoptosis. Studies have demonstrated that they play a role as a modulator of ion channels (K+ channels; N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors [NMDAR]; inositol 1,3,5 triphosphate receptors) and regulate lipid transport and metabolism, neuritogenesis, cellular differentiation and myelination in the brain. σ1R modulation of Ca2+ release, modulation of cardiac myocyte contractility and may have links to G-proteins. It has been proposed that σ1Rs are intracellular signal transduction amplifiers. This review of the literature examines the mechanism of action of the σRs, their interaction with neurotransmitters, pharmacology, location and adverse effects mediated through them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Rousseaux
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada and
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15
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Tsuchiya N, Kodama D, Goto S, Togari A. Shear stress-induced Ca(2+) elevation is mediated by autocrine-acting glutamate in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:311-8. [PMID: 25837928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading is an important regulatory factor in bone homeostasis. Neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and ATP, are known to be released from osteoblasts, but their roles have been less studied. In this study, we investigated the role of transmitter release in mechanotransduction. To identify from where transmitters were released, focal fluid flow was applied to a single cell of MC3T3-E1, mouse calvaria-derived osteoblastic cell line, by using a glass micropipette. Intracellular Ca(2+) elevation induced by the focal shear stress was eliminated by either GdCl3, a mechanosensing channel inhibitor, or removal of extracellular Ca(2+). On the other hand, the focal shear stress-induced Ca(2+) elevation was also significantly suppressed by inositol triphosphate receptor antagonist or vesicular release inhibitors. These results suggest that not only mechanosensitive channel-mediated Ca(2+) influx but also some autocrine transmitters are involved in mechanotransduction. Additionally, glutamate receptor antagonists, but not ATP receptor antagonist, suppressed most of the focal shear stress-induced Ca(2+) elevation. Therefore, it is suggested that glutamate is released from osteoblasts following the activation of mechanosensitive Ca(2+) channels and acts in an autocrine manner. The glutamate release may have a significant role in the initial event of mechanotransduction in bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norika Tsuchiya
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kodama
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Shigemi Goto
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan
| | - Akifumi Togari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan.
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16
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor with a high permeability to calcium and a unique feature of controlling numerous calcium-dependent processes. Apart from being widely distributed in the CNS, the presence of NMDAR and its potential significance in a variety of non-neuronal cells and tissues has become an interesting research topic. AREAS COVERED The current review summarizes prevailing knowledge on the role of NMDARs in the kidney, bone and parathyroid gland, three main organs responsible for calcium homeostasis, as well as in the heart, an organ whose function is highly dependable on balanced intracellular calcium concentrations. The review also examines studies that have advanced our understanding of the therapeutic potential of NMDAR agonists and antagonists in renal, cardiovascular and bone pathologies. EXPERT OPINION NMDARs have a preeminent role in many physiological and pathological processes outside the CNS. In certain organs and/or disease conditions, activating the NMDAR leads to beneficial effects for the target organ, whereas in other diseases cell signaling downstream of NMDAR activation can exacerbate their pathology. Therefore, targeting NMDARs therapeutically is rather intricate work, and surely requires more extensive investigation in order to properly tune up the diverse NMDAR's actions translating them into beneficial cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Bozic
- Institute for Biomedical Research (IRB Lleida), Nephrology Research Department , Edificio Biomedicina 1. Lab B1-10, Lleida , Spain +34 973 003 650 ; +34 973 702 213 ;
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17
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Takarada T. Analysis of the signaling cascade of transcription factors in joint tissue with the aim of drug discovery. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2014; 144:178-84. [PMID: 25312287 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.144.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Yoneda Y. [Universality of amino acid signaling between diverse plasma cells]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 134:879-87. [PMID: 25088319 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Both glutamic (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) acids are believed to play roles as neurotransmitters released from particular neurons into synaptic clefts in the mammalian central nervous system. Although GABA has been shown to act as an extracellular signal outside the brain, little attention has been paid to the possible expression of machineries required for neuronal glutamatergic signaling in cells other than central neurons. We first demonstrated the presence of Glu receptors in peripheral tissues such as the adrenal and pituitary glands three decades ago. In this review, I will outline our experimental findings accumulated since then on the physiological and pathological significance of neuronal amino acids as an extracellular signal for the maintenance of homeostasis in a variety of plasma cells. For example, Glu is released upon stimulation in a Ca2+-dependent manner for signal output in osteoblasts, where Glu is essential for the expression of the master regulator of osteoblastogenesis through a particular inotropic receptor subtype. In contrast, GABA plays a role in mechanisms underlying the suppression of cellular differentiation and maturation through a particular metabotropic receptor subtype in osteoblasts. Taken together, osteoblastic maturation proceeds as a delicate balancing between excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic signals, as seen in the brain. Re-evaluation of drugs currently used could be beneficial for the efficient discovery and development of innovative drugs useful for the prophylaxis and/or therapy of a variety of diseases relevant to the disturbance of glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in diverse plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Yoneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
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19
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Inhibitory effect of a fermented soy product from lactic acid bacteria (PS-B1) on deterioration of bone mass and quality in ovariectomized mice. Oral Radiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11282-013-0143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Takarada T, Takarada-Iemata M, Takahata Y, Yamada D, Yamamoto T, Nakamura Y, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. Osteoclastogenesis is negatively regulated by D-serine produced by osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3477-87. [PMID: 22252936 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have shown the functional expression by chondrocytes of serine racemase (SR) which is responsible for the synthesis of D-serine (Ser) from L-Ser in cartilage. In this study, we evaluated the possible functional expression of SR by bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Expression of SR mRNA was seen in osteoblasts localized at the cancellous bone surface in neonatal rat tibial sections and in cultured rat calvarial osteoblasts endowed to release D-Ser into extracellular medium, but not in cultured osteoclasts differentiated from murine bone marrow progenitor cells. Sustained exposure to D-Ser failed to significantly affect alkaline phosphatase activity and Ca(2+) accumulation in cultured osteoblasts, but significantly inhibited differentiation and maturation in a concentration-dependent manner at a concentration range of 0.1-1 mM without affecting cellular survival in cultured osteoclasts. By contrast, L-Ser promoted osteoclastic differentiation in a manner sensitive to the inhibition by D-Ser. Matured osteoclasts expressed mRNA for the amino acid transporter B(0,+) (ATB(0,+) ) and the system alanine, serine, and cysteine amino acid transporter-2 (ASCT2), which are individually capable of similarly incorporating extracellular L- and D-Ser. Knockdown of these transporters by siRNA prevented both the promotion by L-Ser and the inhibition by D-Ser of osteoclastic differentiation in pre-osteoclastic RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that D-Ser may play a pivotal role in osteoclastogenesis through a mechanism related to the incorporation mediated by both ATB(0,+) and ASCT2 of serine enantiomers in osteoclasts after the synthesis and subsequent release from adjacent osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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21
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Gupta R, Palchaudhuri S, Chattopadhyay D. Glutamate induces neutrophil cell migration by activating class I metabotropic glutamate receptors. Amino Acids 2012; 44:757-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Hinoi E. [Elucidation of signal response mechanisms in bone-related cell lineages]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2012; 140:3-7. [PMID: 22790225 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.140.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. [Glutamate signaling in non-neuronal tissues]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2012; 139:165-9. [PMID: 22498681 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.139.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cowan RW, Seidlitz EP, Singh G. Glutamate signaling in healthy and diseased bone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:89. [PMID: 22833735 PMCID: PMC3400067 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone relies on multiple extracellular signaling systems to maintain homeostasis of its normal structure and functions. The amino acid glutamate is a fundamental extracellular messenger molecule in many tissues, and is used in bone for both neural and non-neural signaling. This review focuses on the non-neural interactions, and examines the evolutionarily ancient glutamate signaling system in the context of its application to normal bone functioning and discusses recent findings on the role of glutamate signaling as they pertain to maintaining healthy bone structure. The underlying mechanisms of glutamate signaling and the many roles glutamate plays in modulating bone physiology are featured, including those involved in osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation and mature cell functions. Moreover, the relevance of glutamate signaling systems in diseases that affect bone, such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis, is discussed, and will highlight how the glutamate system may be exploited as a viable therapeutic target. We will identify novel areas of research where knowledge of glutamate communication mechanisms may aid in our understanding of the complex nature of bone homeostasis. By uncovering the contributions of glutamate in maintaining healthy bone, the reader will discover how this complex molecular signaling system may advance our capacity to treat bone pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Cowan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eric P. Seidlitz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Gurmit Singh, Juravinski Cancer Centre, Room 4-225, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8V 5C2. e-mail:
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25
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Abstract
Mechanical loading plays a key role in the physiology of bone, allowing bone to functionally adapt to its environment, however characterization of the signaling events linking load to bone formation is incomplete. A screen for genes associated with mechanical load-induced bone formation identified the glutamate transporter GLAST, implicating the excitatory amino acid, glutamate, in the mechanoresponse. When an osteogenic load (10 N, 10 Hz) was externally applied to the rat ulna, GLAST (EAAT1) mRNA, was significantly down-regulated in osteocytes in the loaded limb. Functional components from each stage of the glutamate signaling pathway have since been identified within bone, including proteins necessary for calcium-mediated glutamate exocytosis, receptors, transporters, and signal propagation. Activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors has been shown to regulate the phenotype of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro and bone mass in vivo. Furthermore, glutamatergic nerves have been identified in the vicinity of bone cells expressing glutamate receptors in vivo. However, it is not yet known how a glutamate signaling event is initiated in bone or its physiological significance. This review will examine the role of the glutamate signaling pathway in bone, with emphasis on the functions of glutamate transporters in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S. Brakspear
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bristol University,Bristol, UK
| | - Deborah J. Mason
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University,Cardiff, UK
- *Correspondence: Deborah J. Mason, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK. e-mail:
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26
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Uno K, Takarada T, Takarada-Iemata M, Nakamura Y, Fujita H, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. Negative regulation of osteoblastogenesis through downregulation of runt-related transcription factor-2 in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells with stable overexpression of the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT subunit. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2953-64. [PMID: 21302293 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that glutamate (Glu) suppresses cellular proliferation toward self-renewal through a mechanism associated with intracellular GSH depletion mediated by the bidirectional cystine/Glu antiporter in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells cultured in the absence of differentiation inducers. To further evaluate the possible role of the antiporter in osteoblastogenesis, in this study, we have established stable transfectants of the xCT subunit of the antiporter in MC3T3-E1 cells. Stable overexpression led to a significant facilitation of cellular proliferation determined by different indices with increased GSH levels and decreased ROS generation in addition to promoted [(14)C]cystine incorporation, while Glu failed to significantly inhibit cellular proliferation in stable xCT transfectants. In stable transfectants cultured under differentiation conditions, drastic decreases were invariably seen in Ca(2+) accumulation, alkaline phosphatase activity and several osteoblastic marker gene expressions, in addition to downregulation of mRNA and corresponding protein for runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2). Runx2 promoter activity was significantly promoted by the introduction of Runx2 expression vector in a manner sensitive to the prevention by the co-introduction of xCT expression vector in MC3T3-E1 cells. In both MC3T3-E1 cells and murine calvarial osteoblasts cultured with differentiation inducers, transient transfection with xCT siRNA significantly increased Runx2 protein expression along with decreases in xCT mRNA expression and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide reduction. These results suggest that the cystine/Glu antiporter plays a pivotal role in cellular differentiation through a mechanism related to the regulation of transactivation of Runx2 essential for osteoblastogenesis toward maturation in osteoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Uno
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Li JL, Zhao L, Cui B, Deng LF, Ning G, Liu JM. Multiple signaling pathways involved in stimulation of osteoblast differentiation by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors activation in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:895-903. [PMID: 21685927 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Glutamate receptors are expressed in osteoblastic cells. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms underlying the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation in vitro. METHODS Primary culture of osteoblasts was prepared from SD rats. Microarray was used to detect the changes of gene expression. The effect of NMDA receptor agonist or antagonist on individual gene was examined using RT-PCR. The activity of alkaloid phosphotase (ALP) was assessed using a commercial ALP staining kit. RESULTS Microarray analyses revealed that 10 genes were up-regulated by NMDA (0.5 mmol/L) and down-regulated by MK801 (100 μmol/L), while 13 genes down-regulated by NMDA (0.5 mmol/L) and up-regulated by MK801 (100 μmol/L). Pretreatment of osteoblasts with the specific PKC inhibitor Calphostin C (0.05 μmol/L), the PKA inhibitor H-89 (20 nmol/L), or the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (100 nmol/L) blocked the ALP activity increase caused by NMDA (0.5 mmol/L). Furthermore, NMDA (0.5 mmol/L) rapidly increased PI3K phosphorylation, which could be blocked by pretreatment of wortmannin (100 nmol/L). CONCLUSION The results suggest that activation of NMDA receptors stimulates osteoblasts differentiation through PKA, PKC, and PI3K signaling pathways, which is a new role for glutamate in regulating bone remodeling.
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28
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Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. Possible involvement of glutamatergic signaling machineries in pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 116:248-56. [PMID: 21666346 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11r03cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevailing view is that L-glutamate (Glu) functions as an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter through a number of molecular machineries required for the neurocrine signaling at synapses in the brain. These include Glu receptors for signal input, Glu transporters for signal termination, and vesicular Glu transporters for signal output through exocytotic release. Although relatively little attention has been paid to the functional expression of these molecules required for glutamatergic signaling in peripheral tissues, recent molecular biological analyses including ours give rise to a novel function for Glu as an extracellular signal mediator in the autocrine and/or paracrine system in several peripheral and non-neuronal tissues, including bone and cartilage. In particular, a drastic increase is demonstrated in the endogenous levels of both Glu and aspartate in the synovial fluid with intimate relevance to increased edema and sensitization to thermal hyperalgesia in experimental arthritis models. However, to date, there is only limited information about the physiological and pathological significance of glutamatergic signaling machineries expressed by articular synovial tissues. In this review, we have outlined the role of Glu in synovial fibroblasts in addition to the possible involvement of glutamatergic signaling machineries in the pathogenesis of joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Hinoi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Kim DH, Brown RT, Ding EL, Kiel DP, Berry SD. Dementia medications and risk of falls, syncope, and related adverse events: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59:1019-31. [PMID: 21649634 PMCID: PMC3260523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and memantine on the risk of falls, syncope, and related events, defined as fracture and accidental injury. DESIGN Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that were identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (no language restriction, through July 2009), and manual search. SETTING Community and nursing homes. PARTICIPANTS Participants in fifty-four placebo-controlled randomized trials and extension studies of ChEIs and memantine that reported falls, syncope, and related events in cognitively impaired older adults. MEASUREMENTS Falls, syncope, fracture, and accidental injury. RESULTS ChEI use was associated with greater risk of syncope (odds ratio (OR)=1.53, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.02-2.30) than placebo but not with other events (falls: OR=0.88, 95% CI=0.74-1.04; fracture: OR=1.39, 95% CI=0.75-2.56; accidental injury: OR=1.13, 95% CI=0.87-1.45). Memantine use was associated with fewer fractures (OR=0.21, 95% CI=0.05-0.85) but not with other events (falls: OR=0.92, 95% CI=0.72-1.18; syncope: OR=1.04, 95% CI=0.35-3.04; accidental injury: OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.56-1.12). There was no differential effect according to type and severity of cognitive impairment, residential status, or length of follow-up, although because of underreporting and small number of events, a potential benefit or risk cannot be excluded. CONCLUSION ChEIs may increase the risk of syncope, with no effects on falls, fracture, or accidental injury in cognitively impaired older adults. Memantine may have a favorable effect on fracture, with no effects on other events. More research is needed to confirm the reduction in fractures observed for memantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyun Kim
- Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Seo T, Cha S, Woo KM, Park YS, Cho YM, Lee JS, Kim TI. Synergic induction of human periodontal ligament fibroblast cell death by nitric oxide and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2011; 41:17-22. [PMID: 21394293 PMCID: PMC3051052 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2011.41.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nitric oxide (NO) has been known as an important regulator of osteoblasts and periodontal ligament cell activity. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between NO-mediated cell death of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5, 10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK801). METHODS Human PDLFs were treated with various concentrations (0 to 4 mM) of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) with or without 200 µM MK801 in culture media for 16 hours and the cell medium was then removed and replaced by fresh medium containing MTS reagent for cell proliferation assay. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the effects of SNP on the expression of Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 proteins. The differences for each value among the sample groups were compared using analysis of variance with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS In the case of SNP treatment, as a NO donor, cell viability was significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, a synergistic effect was shown when both SNP and NMDA receptor antagonist was added to the medium. SNP treated PDLFs exhibited a round shape in culture conditions and were dramatically reduced in cell number. SNP treatment also increased levels of apoptotic marker protein, such as Bax and cytochrome c, and reduced caspase-3 in PDLFs. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling was activated by treatment of SNP and NMDA receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that excessive production of NO may induce apoptosis and that NMDA receptor may modulate NO-induced apoptosis in PDLFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegun Seo
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Korea
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Uno K, Takarada T, Nakamura Y, Fujita H, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. A negative correlation between expression profiles of runt-related transcription factor-2 and cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT subunit in ovariectomized mouse bone. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 115:309-19. [PMID: 21325781 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10310fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that glutamate (Glu) suppresses cellular proliferation toward self-renewal through a mechanism associated with the depletion of intracellular GSH after promoting the retrograde operation of the bidirectional cystine/Glu antiporter in undifferentiated osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. In this study, we investigated the expression profile of the xCT subunit of the antiporter as well as the master regulator of osteoblastogenesis runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) in ovariectomized mouse bone. In spinal columns isolated 28 days after ovariectomy, a marked reduction was seen with the intensity of Von Kossa staining used as an index of ossification. In femurs of these ovariectomized mice, a significant decrease was seen in mRNA and protein levels of Runx2 along with increased expression of both mRNA and the corresponding protein for the xCT subunit. To evaluate the possible role of the antiporter in osteoblastogenesis, stable transfectants were established with the xCT subunit toward the culture with osteoblastic differentiation inducers in MC3T3-E1 cells. In stable xCT transfectants cultured under differentiation conditions, marked decreases were seen in nodule formation, Ca(2+) accumulation, and osteoblastic marker gene expression, in addition to downregulation of both mRNA and the corresponding protein for Runx2. Runx2 promoter activity was markedly stimulated in MC3T3-E1 cells transfected with a responsive promoter plasmid after the culture under differentiation conditions, while transient and stable transfection with xCT expression vector invariably prevented the stimulation through an activator protein-1 site. These results suggest that Runx2 expression would be negatively regulated by the cystine/glutamate antiporter expressed by osteoblastic cells at the level of gene transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Uno
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Ishikawa, Japan
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Takarada-Iemata M, Takarada T, Nakamura Y, Nakatani E, Hori O, Yoneda Y. Glutamate preferentially suppresses osteoblastogenesis than adipogenesis through the cystine/glutamate antiporter in mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:652-65. [PMID: 20717926 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that glutamate (Glu) signaling machineries, such as receptors (GluR) and transporters, are functionally expressed by mesenchymal stem cells, in addition to by their progeny cells such as osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Sustained exposure to Glu induced significant decreases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and osteoblastic marker gene expression in the mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 stem cells infected with runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) adenovirus, without markedly affecting Oil Red O staining for adipocytes in cells cultured with adipogenic inducers. In cells with Runx2 adenovirus, the cystine/Glu antiporter substrate cystine significantly prevented the decreases by Glu in both ALP staining and osteoblastic marker gene expression, with GluR agonists being ineffective. In cells with Runx2 adenovirus, Glu significantly decreased [14C]cystine uptake, intracellular glutathione (GSH) level, Runx2 recruitment to osteocalcin promoter and nuclear Runx2 protein level, respectively. Cystine again significantly prevented the decreases by Glu in both GSH levels and Runx2 recruitment. In mouse bone marrow stromal cells, Glu and a GSH depleter significantly decreased ALP staining without affecting Oil Red O staining. Knockdown of the cystine/Glu antiporter led to markedly decreased ALP staining and GSH levels, with concomitant prevention of the decrease by Glu, in cells with Runx2 adenovirus. These results suggest that Glu may play a role as a negative regulator at an early differentiation stage into osteoblasts than adipocytes through a mechanism relevant to nuclear translocation of Runx2 after regulation of intracellular GSH levels by the cystine/Glu antiporter expressed in mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Seidlitz EP, Sharma MK, Singh G. Extracellular glutamate alters mature osteoclast and osteoblast functions. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:929-36. [PMID: 20921979 DOI: 10.1139/y10-070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic intercellular communication is involved in many aspects of metabolic homeostasis in normal bone. In bone metastasis, the balance between bone formation and degradation is disrupted. Although the responsible mechanisms are not clear, we have previously identified that cancer cell lines used in bone tumour models secrete glutamate, suggesting that tumour-derived glutamate may disrupt sensitive signalling systems in bone. This study examines the role of glutamate in mature osteoclastic bone resorption, osteoblast differentiation, and bone nodule formation. Glutamate was found to have no effect on the survival or activity of mature osteoclasts, although glutamate transporter inhibition and receptor blockade increased the number of bone resorption pits. Furthermore, transporter inhibition increased the area of resorbed bone while significantly decreasing the number of osteoclasts. Alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular matrix mineralization were used as measurements of osteoblast differentiation. Glutamate significantly increased osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, but transport inhibitors had no effect. These studies support earlier findings suggesting that glutamate may be more important for osteoclastogenesis than for osteoclast proliferation or functions. Since glutamate is capable of changing the differentiation and activities of both osteoclast and osteoblast cell types in bone, it is reasonable to postulate that tumour-derived glutamate may impact bone homeostasis in bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Seidlitz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Seidlitz EP, Sharma MK, Singh G. A by-product of glutathione production in cancer cells may cause disruption in bone metabolic processes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:197-203. [PMID: 20393585 DOI: 10.1139/y09-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a frequent site for metastasis of breast and prostate cancers, often resulting in pathologic changes in bone metabolism and severe pain. The mechanisms involved are not well understood, but tumour cells may release factors that interfere with bone homeostasis. Several observations have led us to hypothesize that the functional disruptions in bone metastasis are the result of a biological process common to many cell types. The high metabolic activity characteristic of cancer cells often upregulates oxidative stress protection mechanisms such as the antioxidant molecule glutathione. In maintaining redox balance, this normal metabolic response may result in unintended pathologic effects in certain sensitive organ sites. Malignant glioma cells kill surrounding neurons in the brain specifically by secreting the amino acid glutamate, an obligatory waste product of glutathione synthesis. We suggest that glutamate release is a plausible mechanism that may account for the pathologic changes in bone metastasis, since bone, like brain, is also highly sensitive to glutamatergic disruption. This report reviews the available evidence to draw a mechanistic connection between tumour cell oxidative stress and the pathology seen in patients with bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Seidlitz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada
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Modulation of potassium channels via the α1B-adrenergic receptor in human osteoblasts. Neurosci Lett 2010; 485:102-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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McNearney TA, Ma Y, Chen Y, Taglialatela G, Yin H, Zhang WR, Westlund KN. A peripheral neuroimmune link: glutamate agonists upregulate NMDA NR1 receptor mRNA and protein, vimentin, TNF-alpha, and RANTES in cultured human synoviocytes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R584-98. [PMID: 20007519 PMCID: PMC2838657 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00452.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human primary and clonal synovial cells were incubated with glutamate receptor agonists to assess their modulating influence on glutamate receptors N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) NR1 and NR2 and inflammatory cytokines to determine potential for paracrine or autocrine (neurocrine) upregulation of glutamate receptors, as has been shown for bone and chondrocytes. Clonal SW982 synoviocytes constitutively express vimentin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and NMDA NR1 and NR2. Coincubation (6 h) with glutamate agonists NMDA (5 microM), and the NMDA NR1 glycine site activator (+/-)1-aminocyclopentane-cis-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (5 muM), significantly increases cellular mRNA and protein levels of glutamate receptors, as well as increasing vimentin, SMA, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), assessed qualitatively and quantitatively with nucleotide amplification, image analysis of immunocytochemical staining, fluorescein-activated cell sorting, Western blotting, and immunoassays. Human primary synovial cells harvested from patients with arthritic conditions also constitutively expressed NMDA NR1 with increases after agonist treatment. Glutamate receptor agonist-induced increases were blocked by the noncompetitive glutamate antagonist MK-801 (8 microg/ml) and NR1 blocking antibody. Coincubation with glutamate agonists and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a protein kinase C activator, significantly enhanced mean levels of TNF-alpha and RANTES in SW982 cell supernatants compared with incubation with either agent alone. Increases were diminished with protein kinase inhibitor and NR1 blocking antibody. The functional activation of glutamate receptors on human synoviocytes establishes a neurogenic cell signaling link between neurotransmitter glutamate released from nerve terminals and target cells in the joint capsule. The influence of glutamate on subsequent release of cellular proinflammatory mediators in non-neural tissue for activation of downstream immune events supports a peripheral neuroimmune link in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A McNearney
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi HINOI
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
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Grundberg E, Kwan T, Ge B, Lam KCL, Koka V, Kindmark A, Mallmin H, Dias J, Verlaan DJ, Ouimet M, Sinnett D, Rivadeneira F, Estrada K, Hofman A, van Meurs JM, Uitterlinden A, Beaulieu P, Graziani A, Harmsen E, Ljunggren O, Ohlsson C, Mellström D, Karlsson MK, Nilsson O, Pastinen T. Population genomics in a disease targeted primary cell model. Genome Res 2009; 19:1942-52. [PMID: 19654370 DOI: 10.1101/gr.095224.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The common genetic variants associated with complex traits typically lie in noncoding DNA and may alter gene regulation in a cell type-specific manner. Consequently, the choice of tissue or cell model in the dissection of disease associations is important. We carried out an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) study of primary human osteoblasts (HOb) derived from 95 unrelated donors of Swedish origin, each represented by two independently derived primary lines to provide biological replication. We combined our data with publicly available information from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of bone mineral density (BMD). The top 2000 BMD-associated SNPs (P < approximately 10(-3)) were tested for cis-association of gene expression in HObs and in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) using publicly available data and showed that HObs have a significantly greater enrichment (threefold) of converging cis-eQTLs as compared to LCLs. The top 10 BMD loci with SNPs showing strong cis-effects on gene expression in HObs (P = 6 x 10(-10) - 7 x 10(-16)) were selected for further validation using a staged design in two cohorts of Caucasian male subjects. All 10 variants were tested in the Swedish MrOS Cohort (n = 3014), providing evidence for two novel BMD loci (SRR and MSH3). These variants were then tested in the Rotterdam Study (n = 2090), yielding converging evidence for BMD association at the 17p13.3 SRR locus (P(combined) = 5.6 x 10(-5)). The cis-regulatory effect was further fine-mapped to the proximal promoter of the SRR gene (rs3744270, r(2) = 0.5, P = 2.6 x 10(-15)). Our results suggest that primary cells relevant to disease phenotypes complement traditional approaches for prioritization and validation of GWAS hits for follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Grundberg
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1B1, Canada
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Glutamate signaling in chondrocytes and the potential involvement of NMDA receptors in cell proliferation and inflammatory gene expression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:1076-83. [PMID: 19233337 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased levels of glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter, are found in the synovial fluid of osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Our aim was to study glutamate signaling in chondrocytes, focusing on the composition, pharmacology, and functional role of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. METHODS We used the human chondrocyte cell line SW1353 and, in parallel, primary rat articular chondrocytes. Glutamate release and uptake were measured by fluorimetric and radiometric methods, respectively. Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. NMDA receptor pharmacology was studied in binding experiments with [3H]MK-801, a specific NMDA receptor antagonist. RNA interference was used to knock-down the expression of NR1, a subunit of NMDA receptors. RESULTS Glutamate release, sodium- and calcium-dependent glutamate uptake, and the expression of a glutamate transporter were observed in chondrocytes. NR2D was the most abundant NMDA receptor subunit in these cells. Consistent with this observation, the binding affinity of [3H]MK-801 was much lower in chondrocytes than in rat brain membranes (mean K(d) values of 700 and 2.6 nM, respectively). NR1 knock-down, as well as NMDA receptor blockade with MK-801, reduced chondrocyte proliferation. Interleukin (IL)-1beta significantly altered glutamate release and uptake (about 90% increase and 50% decrease, respectively, in SW1353 cells). Moreover, IL-1beta induced the gene expression of cytokines and enzymes involved in cartilage degradation, and MK-801 significantly inhibited this response. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that chondrocytes express a self-sufficient machinery for glutamate signaling, including a peripheral NMDA receptor with unique properties. This receptor may have a role in the inflammatory process associated with cartilage degradation, thus emerging as a potential pharmacological target in OA.
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Takarada T, Takahata Y, Iemata M, Hinoi E, Uno K, Hirai T, Yamamoto T, Yoneda Y. Interference with cellular differentiation by D-serine through antagonism at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors composed of NR1 and NR3A subunits in chondrocytes. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:756-64. [PMID: 19452450 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Serine racemase (SR) is responsible for the biosynthesis of D-serine (D-Ser), an endogenous co-agonist for the glycine (Gly)-binding site on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, from L-Ser in the brain. We have previously demonstrated high expression of SR by chondrocytes in cartilage. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the possible functional role of D-Ser in chondrogenesis. Expression of mRNA and corresponding protein was seen for SR in cultured rat costal chondrocytes, while the addition of L-Ser significantly increased intracellular and extracellular levels of D-Ser. In organotypic cultured mouse embryonic metatarsals isolated before vascularization, SR mRNA was highly localized in hypertrophic and calcified chondrocytes. Exposure to D-Ser not only suppressed several chondrocytic maturation markers, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Ca2+ accumulation, nodule formation, and osteopontin expression, in rat chondrocytes, but also delayed chondral mineralization in mouse metatarsals. Either NMDA or Gly alone significantly increased Ca2+ accumulation in cultured chondrocytes, whereas D-Ser significantly prevented Ca2+ accumulation by Gly, but not by NMDA. Gly alone also significantly increased gene transactivation by the introduction of runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) in COS7 cells transfected with NR1 and NR3A subunits, while D-Ser significantly prevented the increase by Gly without affecting the promoter activity of Runx2. In both cultured chondrocytes and metatarsals from NR1-null mice, significant decreases were seen in ALP activity and chondral mineralization, respectively. These results suggest that D-Ser may negatively regulate cellular differentiation through inhibiting NMDA receptors composed of NR1 and NR3A subunits in a manner related to Runx2 transcriptional activity in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Seidlitz EP, Sharma MK, Saikali Z, Ghert M, Singh G. Cancer cell lines release glutamate into the extracellular environment. Clin Exp Metastasis 2009; 26:781-7. [PMID: 19526315 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-009-9277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most frequent sites for metastasis of breast and prostate cancers. Bone metastases are associated with pathologic changes in bone turnover and severe pain. The mechanisms that trigger these effects are not well understood, but it is postulated that tumour cells release factors which interfere with signalling processes critical to bone homeostasis. We have identified that several cancer cell lines known to cause bone disruption in animal models of bone metastasis appear to secrete glutamate into their extracellular environment in vitro. Although these cells also express specific glutamate receptors, the implications of this potentially disruptive chemical signal are discussed in relation to normal glutamate-dependent communication processes in bone and a possible mechanistic connection is made between tumour cell glutamate release and the development of pathological changes in bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Seidlitz
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Schizas N, Lian Ø, Frihagen F, Engebretsen L, Bahr R, Ackermann PW. Coexistence of up-regulated NMDA receptor 1 and glutamate on nerves, vessels and transformed tenocytes in tendinopathy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 20:208-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Soltanoff CS, Yang S, Chen W, Li YP. Signaling networks that control the lineage commitment and differentiation of bone cells. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2009; 19:1-46. [PMID: 19191755 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v19.i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are the two major bone cells involved in the bone remodeling process. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation while osteoclasts are the bone-resorbing cells. The major event that triggers osteogenesis and bone remodeling is the transition of mesenchymal stem cells into differentiating osteoblast cells and monocyte/macrophage precursors into differentiating osteoclasts. Imbalance in differentiation and function of these two cell types will result in skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteopetrosis, periodontal disease, and bone cancer metastases. Osteoblast and osteoclast commitment and differentiation are controlled by complex activities involving signal transduction and transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Recent advances in molecular and genetic studies using gene targeting in mice enable a better understanding of the multiple factors and signaling networks that control the differentiation process at a molecular level. This review summarizes recent advances in studies of signaling transduction pathways and transcriptional regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast cell lineage commitment and differentiation. Understanding the signaling networks that control the commitment and differentiation of bone cells will not only expand our basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms of skeletal development but will also aid our ability to develop therapeutic means of intervention in skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie S Soltanoff
- Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Nakamura Y, Takarada T, Kodama A, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. Predominant promotion by tacrolimus of chondrogenic differentiation to proliferating chondrocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:413-23. [PMID: 19270431 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08315fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus (FK506) has been used as a therapeutic drug beneficial for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in humans. In this study, we investigated the effects of FK506 on cellular differentiation in cultured chondrogenic cells. Culture with FK506 led to a significant and concentration-dependent increase in Alcian blue staining for matrix proteoglycan at 0.1 to 1,000 ng/ml, but not in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, in ATDC5 cells, a mouse pre-chondrogenic cell line, cultured for 7 to 28 days, while the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin significantly decreased Alcian blue staining in a concentration-dependent manner, without altering ALP activity. FK506 significantly increased the expression of mRNA for both type II and type X collagen, but not for osteopontin, in ATDC5 cells. Similar promotion was seen in chondrogenic differentiation in both mouse metatarsals and chondrocytes cultured with FK506. However, FK506 failed to significantly affect transcriptional activity of the reporter construct for either sry-type HMG box 9 (Sox9) or runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2), which are both transcription factors responsible for chondrocytic maturation as a master regulator. These results suggest that FK506 may predominantly promote cellular differentiation into proliferating chondrocytes through a mechanism not relevant to the transactivation by either Sox9 or Runx2 in chondrogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Japan
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Transactivation by Runt related factor-2 of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2009; 451:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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46
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Yu JH, Lee SP, Kim TI, Jang JH. Identification of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Subunit in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts: Potential Role in Regulating Differentiation. J Periodontol 2009; 80:338-46. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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47
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Camphoric acid stimulates osteoblast differentiation and induces glutamate receptor expression. Amino Acids 2008; 38:85-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yoneyama M, Nakamichi N, Fukui M, Kitayama T, Georgiev DD, Makanga JO, Nakamura N, Taniura H, Yoneda Y. Promotion of neuronal differentiation through activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors transiently expressed by undifferentiated neural progenitor cells in fetal rat neocortex. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2392-402. [PMID: 18431812 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cell is a generic term for undifferentiated cell populations composed of neural stem, neuronal progenitor, and glial progenitor cells with abilities for self-renewal and multipotentiality. In this study, we have attempted to evaluate the possible functional expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by neural progenitor cells prepared from neocortex of 18-day-old embryonic rats. Cells were cultured in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for different periods up to 12 days under floating conditions. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence imaging analyses revealed transient expression of functional NMDA receptors in neurospheres formed by clustered progenitors during the culture with bFGF. A similarly potent increase was seen in the fluorescence intensity after brief exposure to NMDA in cells differentiated after the removal of bFGF under adherent conditions, and an NMDA receptor antagonist invariably prevented these increases by NMDA. Moreover, sustained exposure to NMDA not only inhibited the formation of neurospheres when exposed for 10 days from day 2 to day 12 but also promoted spontaneous and induced differentiation of neurospheres to cells immunoreactive for a neuronal marker protein on immunocytochemistry and Western blotting analyses. These results suggest that functional NMDA receptors may be transiently expressed to play a role in mechanisms underlying the modulation of proliferation along with the determination of subsequent differentiation fate toward a neuronal lineage in neural progenitor cells of developing rat neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Yoneyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Li JL, Cui B, Qi L, Li XY, Deng LF, Ning G, Liu JM. NMDA enhances stretching-induced differentiation of osteoblasts through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Bone 2008; 43:469-75. [PMID: 18573356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the excitatory neurotransmitter N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and stretching both increase Ca(2+) influx in osteoblastic cells. We postulated that NMDA would enhance the osteoblastic cell's response to stretching. The goal of this study was to investigate, in the presence of the neurotransmitter NMDA, the effect of mechanical loading on osteoblast's stage of differentiation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway associated with it. Rat primary osteoblastic cells were subjected to cyclic, equibiaxial stretch for 48 h in the presence or absence of NMDA. Pretreatment with 0.5 mM NMDA significantly enhanced the stretching magnitude-dependent increase in osteogenesis markers. MK801, an antagonist of NMDA receptors, abolished those responses. To further study the mechanism of this response, osteoblastic cells were stretched for 5, 15, or 60 min in the absence of NMDA. Cyclic stretch induced a rapid increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK1/2 phosphorylation with the peak at 15 min, but no changes were noted in p38 and JNK pathway signaling. NMDA could enhance ERK1/2 phosphorylation stimulated by stretching. U0126, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, blocked the increase in osteogenesis markers. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that there is a synergistic effect between mechanical stimulation and NMDA in osteoblasts. ERK1/2 signaling may be the common pathway in the increased response to stretching in the presence of NMDA in osteoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Li Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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Olkku A, Mahonen A. Wnt and steroid pathways control glutamate signalling by regulating glutamine synthetase activity in osteoblastic cells. Bone 2008; 43:483-93. [PMID: 18555765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate signalling has recently been found functional also outside the central nervous system, especially in bone. Glutamate is converted to glutamine by glutamine synthetase (GS), which is therefore able to regulate intracellular concentrations of glutamate. We previously characterized the induction of GS expression by glucocorticoids (GCs) in human osteoblast-like cells. Besides this observation, the mechanisms controlling GS in bone are unknown. Therefore, the aim of our present study was to investigate further the regulation of GS in osteoblastic cells. We observed that vitamin D inhibited basal and, even more efficiently, GC-stimulated GS activity by affecting both the mRNA and protein levels of the enzyme in human MG-63 osteoblast-like cells. In osteoblasts derived from rat bone marrow stem cells (rMSCs), GS activity was induced accordingly by the osteogenic culture conditions including GCs. Also in these primary cells, vitamin D clearly inhibited GS activity. In addition, the canonical Wnt signalling pathway was characterized as a negative regulator of GS activity. All these changes in GS activity were reflected on the intracellular glutamate concentration. Our results provide novel evidence that GS activity and expression are regulated by several different signalling pathways in osteoblastic cells. Therefore, GS is a strategic enzyme in controlling glutamate concentration in bone environment: GCs decreased the amount of this signalling molecule while vitamin D and Wnt signalling pathway increased it. Interestingly, GS activity and expression declined rapidly when the rMSC derived osteoblasts began to mineralize. Due to its downregulation during osteoblast mineralization, GS could be held as a marker for osteoblast development. Further supporting this, GS activity was stimulated and intracellular glutamate concentration maintained by the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) type glutamate receptor antagonist MK801, which inhibited osteogenic differentiation of the rMSCs. GS, a novel target for both steroidal and Wnt pathways in bone, might be a central player in the regulation of osteoblastogenesis and/or intercellular signal transmission. Therefore, the proper understanding of the interplay of these three signalling cascades, i.e., steroidal, Wnt, and glutamate signalling, gives vital information on how bone cells communicate together aiming to keep bone healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Olkku
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Biochemistry, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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