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Joly S, Dejda A, Rodriguez L, Sapieha P, Pernet V. Nogo-A inhibits vascular regeneration in ischemic retinopathy. Glia 2018; 66:2079-2093. [PMID: 30051920 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a potent glial-derived inhibitor of axon growth in the injured CNS and acts as a negative regulator of developmental angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial cell migration. However, its function in pathological angiogenesis has never been studied after ischemic injury in the CNS. Using the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) which yields defined zones of retinal ischemia, our goal was to investigate the role of Nogo-A in vascular regeneration. We demonstrate a marked upregulation of the Nogo-A receptor sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 in blood vessels following OIR, while Nogo-A is abundantly expressed in surrounding glial cells. Acute inhibition of Nogo-A with function-blocking antibody 11C7 significantly improved vascular regeneration and consequently prevented pathological pre-retinal angiogenesis. Ultimately, inhibition of Nogo-A led to restoration of retinal function as determined by electrophysiological response of retinal cells to light stimulation. Our data suggest that anti-Nogo-A antibody may protect neuronal cells from ischemic damage by accelerating blood vessel repair in the CNS. Targeting Nogo-A by immunotherapy may improve CNS perfusion after vascular injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Joly
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Dejda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Léa Rodriguez
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Pernet
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Coder B, Wang W, Wang L, Wu Z, Zhuge Q, Su DM. Friend or foe: the dichotomous impact of T cells on neuro-de/re-generation during aging. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7116-7137. [PMID: 27738345 PMCID: PMC5351694 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between T cells and the central nervous system (CNS) in homeostasis and injury has been recognized being both pathogenic (CD4+ T-helper 1 - Th1, Th17 and γδT) and ameliorative (Th2 and regulatory T cells - Tregs). However, in-depth studies aimed to elucidate the precise in the aged microenvironment and the dichotomous role of Tregs have just begun and many aspects remain unclear. This is due, not only to a mutual dependency and reciprocal causation of alterations and diseases between the nervous and T cell immune systems, but also to an inconsistent aging of the two systems, which dynamically changes with CNS injury/recovery and/or aging process. Cellular immune system aging, particularly immunosenescence and T cell aging initiated by thymic involution - sources of chronic inflammation in the elderly (termed inflammaging), potentially induces an acceleration of brain aging and memory loss. In turn, aging of the brain via neuro-endocrine-immune network drives total body systemic aging, including that of the immune system. Therefore, immunotherapeutics including vaccination and “protective autoimmunity” provide promising means to rejuvenate neuro-inflammatory disorders and repair CNS acute injury and chronic neuro-degeneration. We review the current understanding and recent discoveries linking the aging immune system with CNS injury and neuro-degeneration. Additionally, we discuss potential recovery and rejuvenation strategies, focusing on targeting the aging T cell immune system in an effort to alleviate acute brain injury and chronic neuro-degeneration during aging, via the “thymus-inflammaging-neurodegeneration axis”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Coder
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Weikan Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Liefeng Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Ming Su
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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3
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Otero-Ortega L, Gómez-de Frutos MC, Laso-García F, Sánchez-Gonzalo A, Martínez-Arroyo A, Díez-Tejedor E, Gutiérrez-Fernández M. NogoA Neutralization Promotes Axonal Restoration After White Matter Injury In Subcortical Stroke. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9431. [PMID: 28842591 PMCID: PMC5573364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking axonal growth inhibitor NogoA has been of great interest for promoting axonal recovery from neurological diseases. The present study investigates the therapeutic effects of blocking NogoA, inducing functional recovery and promoting white matter repair in an experimental animal model of stroke. Adult male rats were subjected to white matter injury by subcortical ischemic stroke. Twenty-four hours after surgery, 250 ug of anti-NogoA or anti-IgG-1 were administered through the tail vein. The quantity of NogoA protein was determined by immunohistochemistry in the brain and peripheral organs. In addition, functional status, lesion size, fiber tract integrity, axonal sprouting and white matter repair markers were analyzed. Moreover, an in vitro study was performed in order to strengthen the results obtained in vivo. A lower quantity of NogoA protein was found in the brain and peripheral organs of the animals that received anti-NogoA treatment. The animals receiving anti-NogoA treatment showed significantly better results in terms of functional recovery, fiber tract integrity, axonal sprouting and white matter repair markers compared with the control group at 28 days. White matter integrity was in part restored by antibody-mediated inhibition of NogoA administration in those animals that were subjected to an axonal injury by subcortical stroke. This white matter restoration triggered functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Otero-Ortega
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Gómez-de Frutos
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Laso-García
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Sánchez-Gonzalo
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Martínez-Arroyo
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Díez-Tejedor
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Bonal CB, Baronnier DE, Pot C, Benkhoucha M, Schwab ME, Lalive PH, Herrera PL. Nogo-A downregulation improves insulin secretion in mice. Diabetes 2013; 62:1443-52. [PMID: 23274909 PMCID: PMC3636604 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by β-cell dysfunction and the subsequent depletion of insulin production, usually in a context of increased peripheral insulin resistance. T2D patients are routinely treated with oral antidiabetic agents such as sulfonylureas or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 antagonists, which promote glucose- and incretin-dependent insulin secretion, respectively. Interestingly, insulin secretion may also be induced by neural stimulation. Here we report the expression of Nogo-A in β-cells. Nogo-A is a membrane protein that inhibits neurite outgrowth and cell migration in the central nervous system. We observed that Nogo-A-deficient mice display improved insulin secretion and glucose clearance. This was associated with a stronger parasympathetic input and higher sensitivity of β-cells to the cholinergic analog carbachol. Insulin secretion was also improved in diabetic db/db mice treated with neutralizing antibody against Nogo-A. Together, these findings suggest that promoting the vagal stimulation of insulin secretion through the selective inhibition of Nogo-A could be a novel therapeutic approach in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire B. Bonal
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Delphine E. Baronnier
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mahdia Benkhoucha
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin E. Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrice H. Lalive
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro L. Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Pedro L. Herrera,
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Guptarak J, Wanchoo S, Durham-Lee J, Wu Y, Zivadinovic D, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Nesic O. Inhibition of IL-6 signaling: A novel therapeutic approach to treating spinal cord injury pain. Pain 2013; 154:1115-28. [PMID: 23639820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the contribution of interleukin-6 (IL-6) to spinal cord injury pain (SCIP), we employed a clinically relevant rat contusion model of SCIP. Using Western blots, we measured IL-6 levels in lumbar segments (L1-L5), at the lesion site (T10), and in the corresponding lumbar and thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in 2 groups of similarly injured rats: (a) SCI rats that developed hind-limb mechanical allodynia (SCIP), and (b) SCI rats that did not develop SCIP. Only in SCIP rats did we find significantly increased IL-6 levels. Immunocytochemistry showed elevated IL-6 predominantly in reactive astrocytes. Our data also showed that increased production of IL-6 in hyperreactive astrocytes in SCIP rats may explain still-poorly understood astrocytic contribution to SCIP. To test the hypothesis that IL-6 contributes to mechanical allodynia, we treated SCIP rats with neutralizing IL-6 receptor antibody (IL-6-R Ab), and found that one systemic injection abolished allodynia and associated weight loss; in contrast to gabapentin, the analgesic effect lasted for at least 2weeks after the injection, despite the shorter presence of the Ab in the circulation. We also showed that IL-6-R Ab partially reversed SCI-induced decreases in the protein levels of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 12hours and 8days after Ab injection, which may explain the lasting analgesic effect of the Ab in SCIP rats. A link between reactive astrocytes IL-6-GLT-1 has not been previously shown. Given that the humanized IL-6-R Ab tocilizumab is Food and Drug Administration-approved for rheumatoid arthritis, we are proposing tocilizumab as a novel and potentially effective treatment for SCIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutatip Guptarak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1072, USA
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6
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Ankathatti Munegowda M, Deng Y, Chibbar R, Xu Q, Freywald A, Mulligan SJ, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Sun D, Xiong S, Xiang J. A distinct role of CD4+ Th17- and Th17-stimulated CD8+ CTL in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:811-26. [PMID: 21674137 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Both CD4(+) Th17-cells and CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are involved in type 1 diabetes and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, their relationship in pathogenesis of these autoimmune diseases is still elusive. We generated ovalbumin (OVA)- or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific Th17 cells expressing RORγt and IL-17 by in vitro co-culturing OVA-pulsed and MOG(35-55) peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC(OVA) and DC(MOG)) with CD4(+) T cells derived from transgenic OTII and MOG-T cell receptor mice, respectively. We found that these Th17 cells when transferred into C57BL/6 mice stimulated OVA- and MOG-specific CTL responses, respectively. To assess the above question, we adoptively transferred OVA-specific Th17 cells into transgenic rat insulin promoter (RIP)-mOVA mice or RIP-mOVA mice treated with anti-CD8 antibody to deplete Th17-stimulated CD8(+) T cells. We demonstrated that OVA-specific Th17-stimulated CTLs, but not Th17 cells themselves, induced diabetes in RIP-mOVA. We also transferred MOG-specific Th17 cells into C57BL/6 mice and H-2K(b-/-) mice lacking of the ability to generate Th17-stimulated CTLs. We further found that MOG-specific Th17 cells, but not Th17-activated CTLs induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice. Taken together, our data indicate a distinct role of Th17 cells and Th17-stimulated CTLs in the pathogenesis of TID and EAE, which may have great impact on the overall understanding of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha Ankathatti Munegowda
- Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Department of Oncology, Saskatoon Cancer Center, 20 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 4H4, Canada
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7
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Riegger T, Conrad S, Schluesener HJ, Kaps HP, Badke A, Baron C, Gerstein J, Dietz K, Abdizahdeh M, Schwab JM. Immune depression syndrome following human spinal cord injury (SCI): a pilot study. Neuroscience 2008; 158:1194-9. [PMID: 18790013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 08/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) has been identified to trigger a systemic, neurogenic immune depression syndrome. Here, we have analyzed fluctuations of immune cell populations following human SCI by FACS analysis. In humans, a rapid and drastic decrease of CD14+ monocytes (<50% of control level), CD3+ T-lymphocytes (<20%, P<0.0001) and CD19+ B-lymphocytes (<30%, P=0.0009) and MHC class II (HLA-DR)+ cells (<30%, P<0.0001) is evident within 24 h after spinal cord injury reaching minimum levels within the first week. CD15+ granulocytes were the only leukocyte subpopulation not decreasing after SCI. A contributing, worsening effect of high dose methylprednisolone cannot be excluded with this pilot study. We demonstrate that spinal cord injury is associated with an early onset of immune suppression and secondary immune deficiency syndrome (SCI-IDS). Identification of patients suffering spinal cord injury as immune compromised is a clinically relevant, yet widely underappreciated finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Riegger
- Institute of Brain Research, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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8
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Mechanisms and implications of adaptive immune responses after traumatic spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2008; 158:1112-21. [PMID: 18674593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in mammals causes widespread glial activation and recruitment to the CNS of innate (e.g. neutrophils, monocytes) and adaptive (e.g. T and B lymphocytes) immune cells. To date, most studies have sought to understand or manipulate the post-traumatic functions of astrocytes, microglia, neutrophils or monocytes. Significantly less is known about the consequences of SCI-induced lymphocyte activation. Yet, emerging data suggest that T and B cells are activated by SCI and play significant roles in shaping post-traumatic inflammation and downstream cascades of neurodegeneration and repair. Here, we provide neurobiologists with a timely review of the mechanisms and implications of SCI-induced lymphocyte activation, including a discussion of different experimental strategies that have been designed to manipulate lymphocyte function for therapeutic gain.
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Liu J, Lin F, Strainic MG, An F, Miller RH, Altuntas CZ, Heeger PS, Tuohy VK, Medof ME. IFN-gamma and IL-17 production in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis depends on local APC-T cell complement production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5882-9. [PMID: 18424707 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.5882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IFN-gamma- and IL-17-producing T cells autoreactive across myelin components are central to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Using direct in vivo, adoptive transfer, and in vitro systems, we show in this study that the generation of these effectors in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(35-55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis depends on interactions of locally produced C3a/C5a with APC and T cell C3aR/C5aR. In the absence of the cell surface C3/C5 convertase inhibitor decay-accelerating factor (DAF), but not the combined absence of DAF and C5aR and/or C3aR on APC and T cells, a heightened local autoimmune response occurs in which myelin destruction is markedly augmented in concert with markedly more IFN-gamma(+) and IL-17(+) T cell generation. The augmented T cell response is due to increased IL-12 and IL-23 elaboration by APCs together with increased T cell expression of the receptors for each cytokine. The results apply to initial generation of the IL-17 phenotype because naive CD62L(high) Daf1(-/-) T cells produce 3-fold more IL-17 in response to TGF-beta and IL-6, whereas CD62L(high) Daf1(-/-)C5aR(-/-)C3aR(-/-) T cells produce 4-fold less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Liu
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106. USA
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10
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Liposomal glucocorticosteroids in treatment of chronic autoimmune demyelination: Long-term protective effects and enhanced efficacy of methylprednisolone formulations. Exp Neurol 2008; 211:397-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bourquin C, van der Haar ME, Anz D, Sandholzer N, Neumaier I, Endres S, Skerra A, Schwab ME, Linington C. DNA vaccination efficiently induces antibodies to Nogo-A and does not exacerbate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 588:99-105. [PMID: 18495110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against the neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-A enhance axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury. However, antibodies directed against myelin components can also enhance CNS inflammation. The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of DNA vaccination for generating antibodies against Nogo-A and to study their pathogenic potential in a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. Mice were immunized by a single i.m. injection of a plasmid expression vector encoding either full length membrane-integral Nogo-A equipped with a signal peptide or two versions of its large N-terminal extramembrane region. The presence of serum antibodies to Nogo-A was measured 4 weeks after injection by ELISA, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. DNA vaccination efficiently induced production of Nogo-A-specific antibodies that recognized recombinant, intracellular Nogo-A in cell culture but also stained native Nogo-A on the oligodendrocyte surface. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced in DNA-vaccinated mice by immunization with proteolipid peptide (a.a. 139-154). In contrast to vaccination with DNA encoding myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein that exacerbates this disease, Nogo-A DNA vaccination did not enhance clinical severity of disease. In summary, DNA vaccination is a simple and efficient method for generating an antibody response to Nogo-A. No pathogenicity was observed even during a full-blown inflammatory response of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Bourquin
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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12
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Morrey JD, Siddharthan V, Olsen AL, Wang H, Julander JG, Hall JO, Li H, Nordstrom JL, Koenig S, Johnson S, Diamond MS. Defining limits of treatment with humanized neutralizing monoclonal antibody for West Nile virus neurological infection in a hamster model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2396-402. [PMID: 17452485 PMCID: PMC1913249 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00147-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A potent anti-West Nile virus (anti-WNV)-neutralizing humanized monoclonal antibody, hE16, was previously shown to improve the survival of WNV-infected hamsters when it was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), even after the virus had infected neurons in the brain. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic limit of hE16 for the treatment of WNV infection in hamsters by comparing single-dose peripheral (i.p.) therapy with direct administration into the pons through a convection-enhanced delivery (CED) system. At day 5 after infection, treatments with hE16 by the peripheral and the CED routes were equally effective at reducing morbidity and mortality. In contrast, at day 6 only the treatment by the CED route protected the hamsters from lethal infection. These experiments suggest that hE16 can directly control WNV infection in the central nervous system. In support of this, hE16 administered i.p. was detected in a time-dependent manner in the serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), cerebral cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord in CSF. A linear relationship between the hE16 dose and the concentration in serum was observed, and maximal therapeutic activity occurred at doses of 0.32 mg/kg of body weight or higher, which produced serum hE16 concentrations of 1.3 microg/ml or higher. Overall, these data suggest that in hamsters hE16 can ameliorate neurological disease after significant viral replication has occurred, although there is a time window that limits therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Morrey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, 4700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4700, USA.
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13
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Nitschke C, Flechsig E, van den Brandt J, Lindner N, Lührs T, Dittmer U, Klein MA. Immunisation strategies against prion diseases: prime-boost immunisation with a PrP DNA vaccine containing foreign helper T-cell epitopes does not prevent mouse scrapie. Vet Microbiol 2007; 123:367-76. [PMID: 17499458 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against prion diseases constitutes a promising approach for the treatment and prevention of the disease. Passive immunisation with antibodies binding to the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) can protect against prion disease. However, immunotherapeutic strategies with active immunisation are limited due to the immune tolerance against the self-antigen. In order to develop an anti-prion vaccine, we designed a novel DNA fusion vaccine composed of mouse PrP and immune stimulatory helper T-cell epitopes of the tetanus toxin that have previously been reported to break tolerance to other self-antigens. This approach provoked a strong PrP(C)-specific humoral and cellular immune response in PrP null mice, but only low antibody titres were found in vaccinated wild-type mice. Furthermore, prime-boost immunisation with the DNA vaccine and recombinant PrP protein increased antibody titres in PrP null mice, but failed to protect wild-type mice from mouse scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Nitschke
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacherstr. 7, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
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14
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Ankeny DP, Lucin KM, Sanders VM, McGaughy VM, Popovich PG. Spinal cord injury triggers systemic autoimmunity: evidence for chronic B lymphocyte activation and lupus-like autoantibody synthesis. J Neurochem 2007; 99:1073-87. [PMID: 17081140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data indicate that spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits pathological T-cell responses. Implicit in these data, but poorly understood, is that B lymphocytes (B cells) also contribute to the delayed pathophysiology of spinal trauma. Here, for the first time, we show that experimental spinal contusion injury elicits chronic systemic and intraspinal B cell activation with the emergence of a B cell-dependent organ-specific and systemic autoimmune response. Specifically, using sera from spinal cord injured mice, immunoblots reveal oligoclonal IgG reactivity against multiple CNS proteins. We also show SCI-induced synthesis of autoantibodies that bind nuclear antigens including DNA and RNA. Elevated levels of anti-DNA antibodies are a distinguishing feature of systemic lupus erythematosus and, via their ability to cross-react with neuronal antigens, can cause neuropathology. We show a similar pathologic potential for the autoantibodies produced after SCI. Thus, mammalian SCI produces marked dysregulation of B cell function (i.e. autoimmunity) with pathological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Ankeny
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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15
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Fergani A, Dupuis L, Jokic N, Larmet Y, de Tapia M, Rene F, Loeffler JP, Gonzalez de Aguilar JL. Reticulons as markers of neurological diseases: focus on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. NEURODEGENER DIS 2006; 2:185-94. [PMID: 16909024 DOI: 10.1159/000089624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticulons (RTNs) are a family of proteins that are primarily associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. In mammals, four genes have been identified and referred as to rtn1, 2, 3 and the neurite outgrowth inhibitor rtn4/nogo. These genes generate multiple isoforms that contain a common C-terminal reticulon homology domain of 150-200 amino-acid residues. The N-terminal regions of RTNs are highly variable, and result from alternative splicing or differential promoter usage. Although widely distributed, the functions of RTNs are still poorly understood. Much interest has been focused on rtn4/nogo because of its activity as a potent inhibitor of axonal growth and repair. In the present study, we update recent knowledge on mammalian RTNs paying special attention to the involvement of these proteins as markers of neurological diseases. We also present recent data concerning RTN expression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a fatal degenerative disorder characterized by loss of upper and lower motor neurons, and muscle atrophy. The rearrangement of RTN expression is regulated not only in suffering skeletal muscle but also preceding the onset of symptoms, and may relate to the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Fergani
- Laboratoire de Signalisations Moléculaires et Neurodégénérescence, INSERM U-692, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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16
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Fontoura P, Steinman L. Nogo in multiple sclerosis: Growing roles of a growth inhibitor. J Neurol Sci 2006; 245:201-10. [PMID: 16682057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, knowledge about the physiological functions of the Nogo-A protein has grown considerably, and this molecule has evolved from being one of the most important axonal regrowth inhibitors present in central nervous system (CNS) myelin, to several other potentially important roles in different areas such as nervous system development, epilepsy, vascular physiology, muscle pathology and CNS tumors. Therapeutically, targeting the Nogo-A protein by means of the immune response has been tried in an attempt to block neurite growth inhibition and promote regeneration in spinal cord injury models; the immune response to Nogo-A, however, has not been extensively studied. We propose to review recent evidence that Nogo-A may also play an important role in autoimmune demyelinating diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis, including that Nogo-66 derived epitopes are encephalitogenic antigens in susceptible mouse strains, and that the immune response to Nogo-66 antigens includes both strong T cell and B cell activation, with epitope spreading of the antibody response to other myelin molecules. In CNS immunotherapy, careful targeting of neural self-antigens is a prerequisite in order to avoid unexpected deleterious effects, and increasing knowledge about the immune response to Nogo-A may provide a safe basis for the development of relevant therapeutic alternatives for several neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Fontoura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal.
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17
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Weinmann O, Schnell L, Ghosh A, Montani L, Wiessner C, Wannier T, Rouiller E, Mir A, Schwab ME. Intrathecally infused antibodies against Nogo-A penetrate the CNS and downregulate the endogenous neurite growth inhibitor Nogo-A. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 32:161-73. [PMID: 16697217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies against the neurite growth inhibitory protein Nogo-A are known to induce regeneration, enhance compensatory growth, and enhance functional recovery. In intact adult rats and monkeys or spinal cord injured adult rats, antibodies reached the entire spinal cord and brain through the CSF circulation from intraventricular or intrathecal infusion sites. In the tissue, anti-Nogo antibodies were found inside Nogo-A expressing oligodendrocytes and neurons. Intracellularly, anti-Nogo-A antibodies were colocalized with endogenous Nogo-A in large organels, some of which containing the lysosomal marker cathepsin-D. This suggests antibody-induced internalization of cell surface Nogo-A. Total Nogo-A tissue levels in spinal cord were decreased in intact adult rats following 7 days of antibody infusion. This mechanism was confirmed in vitro; cultured oligodendrocytes and neurons had lower Nogo-A contents in the presence of anti-Nogo-A antibodies. These results demonstrate that antibodies against a CNS cell surface protein reach their antigen through the CSF and can induce its downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Weinmann
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department Biology, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Ponomarenko NA, Durova OM, Vorobiev II, Belogurov AA, Kurkova IN, Petrenko AG, Telegin GB, Suchkov SV, Kiselev SL, Lagarkova MA, Govorun VM, Serebryakova MV, Avalle B, Tornatore P, Karavanov A, Morse HC, Thomas D, Friboulet A, Gabibov AG. Autoantibodies to myelin basic protein catalyze site-specific degradation of their antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:281-6. [PMID: 16387849 PMCID: PMC1324791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509849103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibody-mediated tissue destruction is among the main features of organ-specific autoimmunity. This report describes "an antibody enzyme" (abzyme) contribution to the site-specific degradation of a neural antigen. We detected proteolytic activity toward myelin basic protein (MBP) in the fraction of antibodies purified from the sera of humans with multiple sclerosis (MS) and mice with induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Chromatography and zymography data demonstrated that the proteolytic activity of this preparation was exclusively associated with the antibodies. No activity was found in the IgG fraction of healthy donors. The human and murine abzymes efficiently cleaved MBP but not other protein substrates tested. The sites of MBP cleavage determined by mass spectrometry were localized within immunodominant regions of MBP. The abzymes could also cleave recombinant substrates containing encephalytogenic MBP(85-101) peptide. An established MS therapeutic Copaxone appeared to be a specific abzyme inhibitor. Thus, the discovered epitope-specific antibody-mediated degradation of MBP suggests a mechanistic explanation of the slow development of neurodegeneration associated with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Ponomarenko
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
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19
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Fontoura P, Ho PP, DeVoss J, Zheng B, Lee BJ, Kidd BA, Garren H, Sobel RA, Robinson WH, Tessier-Lavigne M, Steinman L. Immunity to the extracellular domain of Nogo-A modulates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:6981-92. [PMID: 15557195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nogo-66, the extracellular 66 aa loop of the Nogo-A protein found in CNS myelin, interacts with the Nogo receptor and has been proposed to mediate inhibition of axonal regrowth. It has been shown that immunization with Nogo-A promotes recovery in animal models of spinal cord injury through induction of Ab production. In this report, studies were performed to characterize the immune response to Nogo-66 and to determine the role of Nogo in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Immunization of EAE-susceptible mouse strains with peptides derived from Nogo-66 induced a CNS immune response with clinical and pathological similarities to EAE. The Nogo-66 peptides elicited strong T cell responses that were not cross-reactive to other encephalitogenic myelin Ags. Using a large scale spotted microarray containing proteins and peptides derived from a wide spectrum of myelin components, we demonstrated that Nogo-66 peptides also generated a specific Ab response that spreads to several other encephalitogenic myelin Ags following immunization. Nogo-66-specific T cell lines ameliorated established EAE, via Nogo-66-specific Th2 cells that entered the CNS. These results indicate that some T cell and B cell immune responses to Nogo-66 are associated with suppression of ongoing EAE, whereas other Nogo-66 epitopes can be encephalitogenic.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Disease Susceptibility
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Extracellular Space/immunology
- Female
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin Proteins/administration & dosage
- Myelin Proteins/deficiency
- Myelin Proteins/genetics
- Myelin Proteins/immunology
- Nogo Proteins
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/administration & dosage
- Protein Isoforms/deficiency
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Fontoura
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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20
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Schwartz M, Kipnis J. A common vaccine for fighting neurodegenerative disorders: recharging immunity for homeostasis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 25:407-12. [PMID: 15276709 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2004.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative conditions share common primary risk factors and mediators of disease progression. Because many degenerative disorders are age related, deteriorating immunity in aging patients might impose additional risk. Adaptive (T-cell-mediated) immunity is a defense mechanism that instructs microglia to fight off and clear away self-derived enemies. Such adaptive immunity can be boosted, without risking the development of autoimmune disease, by injecting weak agonists of self-antigens or by weakening the suppressive CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. If widely cross-reactive, the agonist might effectively counteract a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Boosting of relevant T cells by vaccination could thus "recharge" a deteriorating immune system that has to contend with an increasing number of risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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21
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Karnezis T, Mandemakers W, McQualter JL, Zheng B, Ho PP, Jordan KA, Murray BM, Barres B, Tessier-Lavigne M, Bernard CCA. The neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo A is involved in autoimmune-mediated demyelination. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7:736-44. [PMID: 15184901 DOI: 10.1038/nn1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors associated with CNS myelin are thought to be important in the failure of axons to regenerate after spinal cord injury and in other neurodegenerative disorders. Here we show that targeting the CNS-specific inhibitor of neurite outgrowth Nogo A by active immunization blunts clinical signs, demyelination and axonal damage associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Mice vaccinated against Nogo A produce Nogo-specific antibodies that block the neurite outgrowth inhibitory activity associated with CNS myelin in vitro. Passive immunization with anti-Nogo IgGs also suppresses EAE. Our results identify Nogo A as an important determinant of the development of EAE and suggest that its blockade may help to maintain and/or to restore the neuronal integrity of the CNS after autoimmune insult in diseases such as MS. Our finding that Nogo A is involved in CNS autoimmune demyelination indicates that this molecule may have a far more complex role than has been previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Karnezis
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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22
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Rosenzweig ES, McDonald JW. Rodent models for treatment of spinal cord injury: research trends and progress toward useful repair. Curr Opin Neurol 2004; 17:121-31. [PMID: 15021237 DOI: 10.1097/00019052-200404000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we have documented some current research trends in rodent models of spinal cord injury. We have also catalogued the treatments used in studies published between October 2002 and November 2003, with special attention given to studies in which treatments were delayed for at least 4 days after injury. RECENT FINDINGS Most spinal cord injury studies are performed with one of three general injury models: transection, compression, or contusion. Although most treatments are begun immediately after injury, a growing number of studies have used delayed interventions. Mice and the genetic tools they offer are gaining in popularity. Some researchers are setting their sights beyond locomotion, to issues more pressing for people with spinal cord injury (especially bladder function and pain). SUMMARY Delayed treatment protocols may extend the window of opportunity for treatment of spinal cord injury, whereas continued progress in the prevention of secondary cell death will reduce the severity of new cases. The use of mice will hopefully accelerate progress towards useful regeneration in humans. Researchers must improve cross-study comparability to allow balanced decisions about potentially useful treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephron S Rosenzweig
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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23
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Reindl M, Khantane S, Ehling R, Schanda K, Lutterotti A, Brinkhoff C, Oertle T, Schwab ME, Deisenhammer F, Berger T, Bandtlow CE. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to Nogo-A in patients with multiple sclerosis and acute neurological disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 145:139-47. [PMID: 14644040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a protein associated with central nervous system (CNS) myelin thought to impair regenerative responses and to suppress sprouting and plastic changes of synaptic terminals. In this study, we report that serum IgM autoantibodies to the recombinant large N-terminal inhibitory domain of Nogo-A are a frequent finding in multiple sclerosis (MS) and acute inflammatory (IND) and non-inflammatory neurological diseases (OND), but not in neurodegenerative diseases (ND), systemic inflammatory disease and healthy controls. Furthermore, we demonstrate intrathecal production of anti-Nogo-A antibodies measured by increased IgG indices. Intrathecal anti-Nogo antibodies were significantly more frequent in patients with relapsing-remitting as compared to chronic progressive (CP) MS. We also found a highly significant negative correlation of these antibody responses with age indicating that they are more frequent in younger patients. We finally demonstrate that human anti-Nogo-A antibodies recognize native Nogo-A in brain extracts, oligodendrocytes and cells expressing human Nogo-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Reindl
- Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.
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