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Palit S, Shrestha AK, Thapa S, L. Grimm S, Coarfa C, Theis F, Simon LM, Shivanna B. Leveraging Integrated RNA Sequencing to Decipher Adrenomedullin's Protective Mechanisms in Experimental Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:806. [PMID: 38927741 PMCID: PMC11202456 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease commonly affecting premature infants, with limited therapeutic options and increased long-term consequences. Adrenomedullin (Adm), a proangiogenic peptide hormone, has been found to protect rodents against experimental BPD. This study aims to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which Adm influences BPD pathogenesis using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of experimental BPD in mice. Bulk RNA sequencing of Adm-sufficient (wild-type or Adm+/+) and Adm-haplodeficient (Adm+/-) mice lungs, integrated with single-cell RNA sequencing data, revealed distinct gene expression patterns and cell type alterations associated with Adm deficiency and LPS exposure. Notably, computational integration with cell atlas data revealed that Adm-haplodeficient mouse lungs exhibited gene expression signatures characteristic of increased inflammation, natural killer (NK) cell frequency, and decreased endothelial cell and type II pneumocyte frequency. Furthermore, in silico human BPD patient data analysis supported our cell type frequency finding, highlighting elevated NK cells in BPD infants. These results underscore the protective role of Adm in experimental BPD and emphasize that it is a potential therapeutic target for BPD infants with an inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Palit
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Amrit Kumar Shrestha
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (B.S.)
| | - Shyam Thapa
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (B.S.)
| | - Sandra L. Grimm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fabian Theis
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas M. Simon
- Therapeutic Innovation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (B.S.)
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2
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Goikoetxea‐Usandizaga N, Serrano‐Maciá M, Delgado TC, Simón J, Fernández Ramos D, Barriales D, Cornide M, Jiménez M, Pérez‐Redondo M, Lachiondo‐Ortega S, Rodríguez‐Agudo R, Bizkarguenaga M, Zalamea JD, Pasco ST, Caballero‐Díaz D, Alfano B, Bravo M, González‐Recio I, Mercado‐Gómez M, Gil‐Pitarch C, Mabe J, Gracia‐Sancho J, Abecia L, Lorenzo Ó, Martín‐Sanz P, Abrescia NGA, Sabio G, Rincón M, Anguita J, Miñambres E, Martín C, Berenguer M, Fabregat I, Casado M, Peralta C, Varela‐Rey M, Martínez‐Chantar ML. Mitochondrial bioenergetics boost macrophage activation, promoting liver regeneration in metabolically compromised animals. Hepatology 2022; 75:550-566. [PMID: 34510498 PMCID: PMC9300136 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the leading cause of early posttransplantation organ failure as mitochondrial respiration and ATP production are affected. A shortage of donors has extended liver donor criteria, including aged or steatotic livers, which are more susceptible to IRI. Given the lack of an effective treatment and the extensive transplantation waitlist, we aimed at characterizing the effects of an accelerated mitochondrial activity by silencing methylation-controlled J protein (MCJ) in three preclinical models of IRI and liver regeneration, focusing on metabolically compromised animal models. APPROACH AND RESULTS Wild-type (WT), MCJ knockout (KO), and Mcj silenced WT mice were subjected to 70% partial hepatectomy (Phx), prolonged IRI, and 70% Phx with IRI. Old and young mice with metabolic syndrome were also subjected to these procedures. Expression of MCJ, an endogenous negative regulator of mitochondrial respiration, increases in preclinical models of Phx with or without vascular occlusion and in donor livers. Mice lacking MCJ initiate liver regeneration 12 h faster than WT and show reduced ischemic injury and increased survival. MCJ knockdown enables a mitochondrial adaptation that restores the bioenergetic supply for enhanced regeneration and prevents cell death after IRI. Mechanistically, increased ATP secretion facilitates the early activation of Kupffer cells and production of TNF, IL-6, and heparin-binding EGF, accelerating the priming phase and the progression through G1 /S transition during liver regeneration. Therapeutic silencing of MCJ in 15-month-old mice and in mice fed a high-fat/high-fructose diet for 12 weeks improves mitochondrial respiration, reduces steatosis, and overcomes regenerative limitations. CONCLUSIONS Boosting mitochondrial activity by silencing MCJ could pave the way for a protective approach after major liver resection or IRI, especially in metabolically compromised, IRI-susceptible organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naroa Goikoetxea‐Usandizaga
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Marina Serrano‐Maciá
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Teresa C. Delgado
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Jorge Simón
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - David Fernández Ramos
- Precision Medicine and Liver Metabolism Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain
| | - Diego Barriales
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Maria E. Cornide
- Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism Department, Liver Transplantation and Graft Viability LabInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mónica Jiménez
- Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism Department, Liver Transplantation and Graft Viability LabInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Sofia Lachiondo‐Ortega
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Rubén Rodríguez‐Agudo
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Maider Bizkarguenaga
- Precision Medicine and Liver Metabolism Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Juan Diego Zalamea
- Structure and Cell Biology of Viruses Lab Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Samuel T. Pasco
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Daniel Caballero‐Díaz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain,TGF‐β and Cancer GroupOncobell ProgramBellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)Gran Via de L’HospitaletBarcelonaSpain
| | - Benedetta Alfano
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Miren Bravo
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Irene González‐Recio
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Maria Mercado‐Gómez
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Clàudia Gil‐Pitarch
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
| | - Jon Mabe
- Electronics and Communications Unit, IK4‐TeknikerEibarSpain
| | - Jordi Gracia‐Sancho
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain,Liver Vascular Biology Research GroupIDIBAPSBarcelonaSpain
| | - Leticia Abecia
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain,Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Medicine and Nursing FacultyUniversity of the Basque CountryLeioaSpain
| | - Óscar Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Vascular PathologyIIS‐Fundación Jiménez Díaz‐Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) NetworkMadridSpain
| | - Paloma Martín‐Sanz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain,Cell Signalling and Metabolism DepartmentInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols,” CSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
| | - Nicola G. A. Abrescia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain,Structure and Cell Biology of Viruses Lab Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain,IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesStress Kinases in Diabetes, Cancer and BiochemistryMadridSpain
| | - Mercedes Rincón
- Department of MedicineImmunobiology DivisionUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity LaboratoryCenter for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain,IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Eduardo Miñambres
- Transplant Coordination Unit, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital–IDIVAL, Cantabria UniversitySantanderSpain
| | - César Martín
- Biofisika Institute, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and Department of Biochemisty, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Basque CountryLeioaSpain
| | - Marina Berenguer
- Liver UnitHospital Universitario y Politécnico La FeValenciaSpain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain,TGF‐β and Cancer GroupOncobell ProgramBellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)Gran Via de L’HospitaletBarcelonaSpain,Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of BarcelonaL’HospitaletBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marta Casado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain,Experimental Metabolic Pathology DepartmentInstituto de Biomedicina de ValenciaIBV‐CSICValenciaSpain
| | - Carmen Peralta
- Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism Department, Liver Transplantation and Graft Viability LabInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Marta Varela‐Rey
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain
| | - María Luz Martínez‐Chantar
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE)Basque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Carlos III National Health InstituteMadridSpain
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3
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Shapira SN, Christofk HR. Metabolic Regulation of Tissue Stem Cells. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:566-576. [PMID: 32359707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult tissue stem cells mediate organ homeostasis and regeneration and thus are continually making decisions about whether to remain quiescent, proliferate, or differentiate into mature cell types. These decisions often integrate external cues, such as energy balance and the nutritional status of the organism. Metabolic substrates and byproducts that regulate epigenetic and signaling pathways are now appreciated to have instructive rather than bystander roles in regulating cell fate decisions. In this review, we highlight recent literature focused on how metabolites and dietary manipulations can impact cell fate decisions, with a focus on the regulation of adult tissue stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N Shapira
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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4
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Murray B, Barbier-Torres L, Fan W, Mato JM, Lu SC. Methionine adenosyltransferases in liver cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4300-4319. [PMID: 31496615 PMCID: PMC6710175 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i31.4300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs) are essential enzymes for life as they produce S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), the biological methyl donor required for a plethora of reactions within the cell. Mammalian systems express two genes, MAT1A and MAT2A, which encode for MATα1 and MATα2, the catalytic subunits of the MAT isoenzymes, respectively. A third gene MAT2B, encodes a regulatory subunit known as MATβ which controls the activity of MATα2. MAT1A, which is mainly expressed in hepatocytes, maintains the differentiated state of these cells, whilst MAT2A and MAT2B are expressed in extrahepatic tissues as well as non-parenchymal cells of the liver (e.g., hepatic stellate and Kupffer cells). The biosynthesis of SAMe is impaired in patients with chronic liver disease and liver cancer due to decreased expression and inactivation of MATα1. A switch from MAT1A to MAT2A/MAT2B occurs in multiple liver diseases and during liver growth and dedifferentiation, but this change in the expression pattern of MATs results in reduced hepatic SAMe level. Decades of study have utilized the Mat1a-knockout (KO) mouse that spontaneously develops non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to elucidate a variety of mechanisms by which MAT proteins dysregulation contributes to liver carcinogenesis. An increasing volume of work indicates that MATs have SAMe-independent functions, distinct interactomes and multiple subcellular localizations. Here we aim to provide an overview of MAT biology including genes, isoenzymes and their regulation to provide the context for understanding consequences of their dysregulation. We will highlight recent breakthroughs in the field and underscore the importance of MAT’s in liver tumorigenesis as well as their potential as targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Murray
- Division of Digestive and Liver diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Lucia Barbier-Torres
- Division of Digestive and Liver diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Wei Fan
- Division of Digestive and Liver diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - José M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology, Park of Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Digestive and Liver diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
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5
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Boyle M, Mann J. WITHDRAWN: Epigenetics in Chronic Liver Disease. J Hepatol 2017:S0168-8278(17)32255-9. [PMID: 28855099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editors. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Boyle
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 4(th) Floor, William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jelena Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 4(th) Floor, William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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6
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Gandar A, Laffaille P, Marty-Gasset N, Viala D, Molette C, Jean S. Proteome response of fish under multiple stress exposure: Effects of pesticide mixtures and temperature increase. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 184:61-77. [PMID: 28109940 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic systems can be subjected to multiple stressors, including pollutant cocktails and elevated temperature. Evaluating the combined effects of these stressors on organisms is a great challenge in environmental sciences. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the molecular stress response of an aquatic fish species subjected to individual and combined pesticide mixtures and increased temperatures. For that, goldfish (Carassius auratus) were acclimated to two different temperatures (22 and 32°C) for 15 days. They were then exposed for 96h to a cocktail of herbicides and fungicides (S-metolachlor, isoproturon, linuron, atrazine-desethyl, aclonifen, pendimethalin and tebuconazole) at two environmentally relevant concentrations (total concentrations of 8.4μgL-1 and 42μgL-1) at these two temperatures (22 and 32°C). The molecular response in liver was assessed by 2D-proteomics. Identified proteins were integrated using pathway enrichment analysis software to determine the biological functions involved in the individual or combined stress responses and to predict the potential deleterious outcomes. The pesticide mixtures elicited pathways involved in cellular stress response, carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolisms, methionine cycle, cellular functions, cell structure and death control, with concentration- and temperature-dependent profiles of response. We found that combined temperature increase and pesticide exposure affected the cellular stress response: the effects of oxidative stress were more marked and there was a deregulation of the cell cycle via apoptosis inhibition. Moreover a decrease in the formation of glucose by liver and in ketogenic activity was observed in this multi-stress condition. The decrease in both pathways could reflect a shift from a metabolic compensation strategy to a conservation state. Taken together, our results showed (1) that environmental cocktails of herbicides and fungicides induced important changes in pathways involved in metabolism, cell structure and cell cycle, with possible deleterious outcomes at higher biological scales and (2) that increasing temperature could affect the response of fish to pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Gandar
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Laffaille
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Didier Viala
- Plate-Forme 'Exploration du Métabolisme', Centre de Clermont-Ferrand, Theix, 63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France; UMR 1213 Herbivores, INRA, VetAgro Sup, NRA Theix, 63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Caroline Molette
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Séverine Jean
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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7
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Braud M, Magee DA, Park SDE, Sonstegard TS, Waters SM, MacHugh DE, Spillane C. Genome-Wide microRNA Binding Site Variation between Extinct Wild Aurochs and Modern Cattle Identifies Candidate microRNA-Regulated Domestication Genes. Front Genet 2017; 8:3. [PMID: 28197171 PMCID: PMC5281612 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestication of cattle from the now-extinct wild aurochs (Bos primigenius) involved selection for physiological and behavioral traits, with underlying genetic factors that remain largely unknown. Non-coding microRNAs have emerged as key regulators of the spatio-temporal expression of target genes controlling mammalian growth and development, including in livestock species. During the domestication process, selection of mutational changes in miRNAs and/or miRNA binding sites could have provided a mechanism to generate some of the traits that differentiate domesticated cattle from wild aurochs. To investigate this, we analyzed the open reading frame DNA sequence of 19,994 orthologous protein-coding gene pairs from extant Bos taurus genomes and a single extinct B. primigenius genome. We identified miRNA binding site polymorphisms in the 3′ UTRs of 1,620 of these orthologous genes. These 1,620 genes with altered miRNA binding sites between the B. taurus and B. primigenius lineages represent candidate domestication genes. Using a novel Score Site ratio metric we have ranked these miRNA-regulated genes according to the extent of divergence between miRNA binding site presence, frequency and copy number between the orthologous genes from B. taurus and B. primigenius. This provides an unbiased approach to identify cattle genes that have undergone the most changes in miRNA binding (i.e., regulation) between the wild aurochs and modern-day cattle breeds. In addition, we demonstrate that these 1,620 candidate domestication genes are enriched for roles in pigmentation, fertility, neurobiology, metabolism, immunity and production traits (including milk quality and feed efficiency). Our findings suggest that directional selection of miRNA regulatory variants was important in the domestication and subsequent artificial selection that gave rise to modern taurine cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Braud
- Genetics and Biotechnology Lab, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road Galway, Ireland
| | - David A Magee
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen D E Park
- IdentiGEN Ltd, Unit 2, Trinity Enterprise Centre Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Sinead M Waters
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Dunsany, Ireland
| | - David E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Charles Spillane
- Genetics and Biotechnology Lab, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road Galway, Ireland
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8
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Qin S, Zhou Y, Gray L, Kusebauch U, McEvoy L, Antoine DJ, Hampson L, Park KB, Campbell D, Caballero J, Glusman G, Yan X, Kim TK, Yuan Y, Wang K, Rowen L, Moritz RL, Omenn GS, Pirmohamed M, Hood L. Identification of Organ-Enriched Protein Biomarkers of Acute Liver Injury by Targeted Quantitative Proteomics of Blood in Acetaminophen- and Carbon-Tetrachloride-Treated Mouse Models and Acetaminophen Overdose Patients. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3724-3740. [PMID: 27575953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Organ-enriched blood proteins, those produced primarily in one organ and secreted or exported to the blood, potentially afford a powerful and specific approach to assessing diseases in their cognate organs. We demonstrate that quantification of organ-enriched proteins in the blood offers a new strategy to find biomarkers for diagnosis and assessment of drug-induced liver injury (and presumably the assessment of other liver diseases). We used selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry to quantify 81 liver-enriched proteins plus three aminotransferases (ALT1, AST1, and AST2) in plasma of C57BL/6J and NOD/ShiLtJ mice exposed to acetaminophen or carbon tetrachloride. Plasma concentrations of 49 liver-enriched proteins were perturbed significantly in response to liver injury induced by one or both toxins. We validated four of these toxin-responsive proteins (ALDOB, ASS1, BHMT, and GLUD1) by Western blotting. By both assays, these four proteins constitute liver injury markers superior to currently employed markers such as ALT and AST. A similar approach was also successful in human serum where we had analyzed 66 liver-enriched proteins in acetaminophen overdose patients. Of these, 23 proteins were elevated in patients; 15 of 23 overlapped with the concentration-increased proteins in the mouse study. A combination of 5 human proteins, AGXT, ALDOB, CRP, FBP1, and MMP9, provides the best diagnostic performance to distinguish acetaminophen overdose patients from controls (sensitivity: 0.85, specificity: 0.84, accuracy: 85%). These five blood proteins are candidates for detecting acetaminophen-induced liver injury using next-generation diagnostic devices (e.g, microfluidic ELISA assays).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Qin
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Yong Zhou
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Li Gray
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Ulrike Kusebauch
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Laurence McEvoy
- Institute of Translational Medicine at University of Liverpool , 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, England
| | - Daniel J Antoine
- Institute of Translational Medicine at University of Liverpool , 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, England
| | - Lucy Hampson
- Institute of Translational Medicine at University of Liverpool , 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, England
| | - Kevin B Park
- Institute of Translational Medicine at University of Liverpool , 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, England
| | - David Campbell
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Juan Caballero
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Gustavo Glusman
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Xiaowei Yan
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Taek-Kyun Kim
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Yue Yuan
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Lee Rowen
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Robert L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States.,Departments of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Internal Medicine, and Human Genetics and School of Public Health, University of Michigan , 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Institute of Translational Medicine at University of Liverpool , 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, England
| | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, United States
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9
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Pérez C, Pérez-Zúñiga FJ, Garrido F, Reytor E, Portillo F, Pajares MA. The Oncogene PDRG1 Is an Interaction Target of Methionine Adenosyltransferases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161672. [PMID: 27548429 PMCID: PMC4993455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferases MAT I and MAT III (encoded by Mat1a) catalyze S-adenosylmethionine synthesis in normal liver. Major hepatic diseases concur with reduced levels of this essential methyl donor, which are primarily due to an expression switch from Mat1a towards Mat2a. Additional changes in the association state and even in subcellular localization of these isoenzymes are also detected. All these alterations result in a reduced content of the moderate (MAT I) and high Vmax (MAT III) isoenzymes, whereas the low Vmax (MAT II) isoenzyme increases and nuclear accumulation of MAT I is observed. These changes derive in a reduced availability of cytoplasmic S-adenosylmethionine, together with an effort to meet its needs in the nucleus of damaged cells, rendering enhanced levels of certain epigenetic modifications. In this context, the putative role of protein-protein interactions in the control of S-adenosylmethionine synthesis has been scarcely studied. Using yeast two hybrid and a rat liver library we identified PDRG1 as an interaction target for MATα1 (catalytic subunit of MAT I and MAT III), further confirmation being obtained by immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays. Nuclear MATα interacts physically and functionally with the PDRG1 oncogene, resulting in reduced DNA methylation levels. Increased Pdrg1 expression is detected in acute liver injury and hepatoma cells, together with decreased Mat1a expression and nuclear accumulation of MATα1. Silencing of Pdrg1 expression in hepatoma cells alters their steady-state expression profile on microarrays, downregulating genes associated with tumor progression according to GO pathway analysis. Altogether, the results unveil the role of PDRG1 in the control of the nuclear methylation status through methionine adenosyltransferase binding and its putative collaboration in the progression of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Zúñiga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Garrido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edel Reytor
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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10
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Abstract
Living organisms experience tissue damage from both, the surrounding environment and from inside their bodies. Tissue repair/regeneration is triggered by local tissue injury to restore an injured, or lost, part of the body. Tissue damage results in a series of responses, not only locally but also systemically in distant tissues. In our recent publication, we established a "dual system" that induces spatiotemporal tissue damage simultaneously with gene manipulation in surrounding tissues. With this system, we demonstrated that appropriate regulation of methionine metabolism in the fat body is required for tissue repair in Drosophila wing discs, thus highlighting the importance of systemic damage response (SDR) in tissue repair. This "Extra View" aims to discuss our recent reports that propose methionine metabolism to be an essential part of SDR, together with related topics in several model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshiro Kashio
- a Department of Genetics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Fumiaki Obata
- a Department of Genetics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan.,b The Francis Crick Institute , The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London , United Kingdom
| | - Masayuki Miura
- a Department of Genetics , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan.,c Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Medical Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo , Japan
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11
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Jung YS. Metabolism of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids in the Liver: A Link between Hepatic Injury and Recovery. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:971-4. [PMID: 26133705 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methionine is an essential sulfur-containing amino acid that is metabolized mainly in the liver, where it is converted to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) by methionine adenosyltransferase. Importantly, SAM is a metabolically pleiotropic molecule that participates in three types of biochemical reactions; transmethylation, transsulfuration (which results in the transfer of sulfur from methionine to serine to form cysteine), and amino propylation (to synthesize polyamines). Critical roles of SAM in the liver have been extensively studied using transgenic animals with chronically reduced or increased hepatic SAM levels. Interestingly, both models with abnormal hepatic SAM concentrations develop liver disease suggesting that SAM homeostasis plays a pivotal role in liver disease. The transsulfuration pathway is connected to the production of glutathione (GSH), which has potent antioxidant capacity in the liver. Accumulating data show that GSH depletion renders the liver vulnerable to oxidative stress and prone to progression of liver disease. In this review, we highlight the importance of homeostasis in the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids with a particular focus on the transsulfuration pathway which could be a promising therapeutic target in liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University
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12
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Liu LY, Alexa K, Cortes M, Schatzman-Bone S, Kim AJ, Mukhopadhyay B, Cinar R, Kunos G, North TE, Goessling W. Cannabinoid receptor signaling regulates liver development and metabolism. Development 2016; 143:609-22. [PMID: 26884397 PMCID: PMC4760316 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid (EC) signaling mediates psychotropic effects and regulates appetite. By contrast, potential roles in organ development and embryonic energy consumption remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that genetic or chemical inhibition of cannabinoid receptor (Cnr) activity disrupts liver development and metabolic function in zebrafish (Danio rerio), impacting hepatic differentiation, but not endodermal specification: loss of cannabinoid receptor 1 (cnr1) and cnr2 activity leads to smaller livers with fewer hepatocytes, reduced liver-specific gene expression and proliferation. Functional assays reveal abnormal biliary anatomy and lipid handling. Adult cnr2 mutants are susceptible to hepatic steatosis. Metabolomic analysis reveals reduced methionine content in Cnr mutants. Methionine supplementation rescues developmental and metabolic defects in Cnr mutant livers, suggesting a causal relationship between EC signaling, methionine deficiency and impaired liver development. The effect of Cnr on methionine metabolism is regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factors (Srebfs), as their overexpression rescues Cnr mutant liver phenotypes in a methionine-dependent manner. Our work describes a novel developmental role for EC signaling, whereby Cnr-mediated regulation of Srebfs and methionine metabolism impacts liver development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Y Liu
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristen Alexa
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mauricio Cortes
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Kim
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bani Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Trista E North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Gastroenterology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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13
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Tissue nonautonomous effects of fat body methionine metabolism on imaginal disc repair in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1835-40. [PMID: 26831070 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523681113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory mechanisms for tissue repair and regeneration within damaged tissue have been extensively studied. However, the systemic regulation of tissue repair remains poorly understood. To elucidate tissue nonautonomous control of repair process, it is essential to induce local damage, independent of genetic manipulations in uninjured parts of the body. Herein, we develop a system in Drosophila for spatiotemporal tissue injury using a temperature-sensitive form of diphtheria toxin A domain driven by the Q system to study factors contributing to imaginal disc repair. Using this technique, we demonstrate that methionine metabolism in the fat body, a counterpart of mammalian liver and adipose tissue, supports the repair processes of wing discs. Local injury to wing discs decreases methionine and S-adenosylmethionine, whereas it increases S-adenosylhomocysteine in the fat body. Fat body-specific genetic manipulation of methionine metabolism results in defective disc repair but does not affect normal wing development. Our data indicate the contribution of tissue interactions to tissue repair in Drosophila, as local damage to wing discs influences fat body metabolism, and proper control of methionine metabolism in the fat body, in turn, affects wing regeneration.
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14
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Maternal gestational betaine supplementation-mediated suppression of hepatic cyclin D2 and presenilin1 gene in newborn piglets is associated with epigenetic regulation of the STAT3-dependent pathway. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1622-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Ilisso CP, Castellano M, Zappavigna S, Lombardi A, Vitale G, Dicitore A, Cacciapuoti G, Caraglia M, Porcelli M. The methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine potentiates doxorubicin effects on apoptosis of hormone-dependent breast cancer cell lines. Endocrine 2015; 50:212-22. [PMID: 25577236 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have investigated the antiproliferative effect of AdoMet and Doxorubicin (Doxo), alone or in combination, on different breast cancer cell lines. For the evaluation of synergism, we have calculated the combination index (CI) by the Calcusyn software and we have evaluated the effects of the combination on apoptosis occurrence at FACS analysis in hormone-dependent CG5 cell line. We have found that AdoMet and Doxo given in combination were strongly synergistic in the hormone-dependent CG5 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, as a CI50 < 0.5 was found after 72 h of treatment while the effect was only additive in hormone-independent MDA-MB 231 cells. On the basis of our results, we have selected a combination of AdoMet and Doxo, that was highly synergistic and we have found that the AdoMet in combination with Doxo increased apoptosis induced by Doxo alone, suggesting that the synergism on growth inhibition was largely due to apoptosis. Notably, the AdoMet/Doxo combination induced a significant activation of caspases 3, and 8, while no effect was found on caspase 9 cleavage. In contrast, no significant changes of the expression of cleaved caspase 8 and 9 were found in cells treated with AdoMet and Doxo alone. Moreover, the combination induced a significant increase of Fas and FasL expression. These results highlight the importance of the synergistic effect of AdoMet with Doxo in the regulation of hormone-dependent breast cancer cell proliferation and emphasize the anti-tumor activity of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Paola Ilisso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
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16
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Elucidating Metabolic and Epigenetic Mechanisms that Regulate Liver Regeneration. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Li TWH, Peng H, Yang H, Kurniawidjaja S, Panthaki P, Zheng Y, Mato JM, Lu SC. S-Adenosylmethionine and methylthioadenosine inhibit β-catenin signaling by multiple mechanisms in liver and colon cancer. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:77-86. [PMID: 25338671 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe), the principal methyl donor that is available as a nutritional supplement, and its metabolite methylthioadenosine (MTA) exert chemopreventive properties against liver and colon cancer in experimental models. Both agents reduced β-catenin expression on immunohistochemistry in a murine colitis-associated colon cancer model. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanisms involved. SAMe or MTA treatment in the colitis-associated cancer model lowered total β-catenin protein levels by 47 and 78%, respectively. In an orthotopic liver cancer model, increasing SAMe levels by overexpressing methionine adenosyltransferase 1A also reduced total β-catenin levels by 68%. In both cases, lower cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression correlated with lower β-catenin levels. In liver (HepG2) and colon (SW480, HCT116) cancer cells with constitutively active β-catenin signaling, SAMe and MTA treatment inhibited β-catenin activity by excluding it from the nuclear compartment. However, in liver (Huh-7) and colon (RKO) cancer cells expressing wild-type Wnt/β-catenin, SAMe and MTA accelerated β-catenin degradation by a glycogen synthase kinase 3-β-dependent mechanism. Both agents lowered protein kinase B activity, but this was not mediated by inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Instead, both agents increased the activity of protein phosphatase 2A, which inactivates protein kinase B. The effect of MTA on lowering β-catenin is direct and not mediated by its conversion to SAMe, as blocking this conversion had no influence. In conclusion, SAMe and MTA inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling in colon and liver cancer cells regardless of whether this pathway is aberrantly induced, making them ideal candidates for chemoprevention and/or chemotherapy in these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W H Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - Hui Peng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - Heping Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - Steven Kurniawidjaja
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - Parizad Panthaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - Yuhua Zheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - José M Mato
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.C.L.); University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (T.W.H.L., H.P., H.Y., S.K., P.P., S.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Y.Z.); and CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Bizkaia, Spain (J.M.M.)
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18
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Quantitative proteomic analysis of hepatocyte-secreted extracellular vesicles reveals candidate markers for liver toxicity. J Proteomics 2014; 103:227-40. [PMID: 24747303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Extracellular vesicles have created great interest as possible source of biomarkers for different biological processes and diseases. Although the biological function of these vesicles is not fully understood, it is clear that they participate in the removal of unnecessary cellular material and act as carriers of various macromolecules and signals between the cells. In this report, we analyzed the proteome of extracellular vesicles secreted by primary hepatocytes. We used one- and two-dimensional liquid chromatography combined with data-independent mass spectrometry. Employing label-free quantitative proteomics, we detected significant changes in vesicle protein expression levels in this in vitro model after exposure to well-known liver toxins (galactosamine and Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide). The results allowed us to identify candidate markers for liver injury. We validated a number of these markers in vivo, providing the basis for the development of novel methods to evaluate drug toxicity. This report strongly supports the application of proteomics in the study of extracellular vesicles released by well-controlled in vitro cellular systems. Analysis of such systems should help to identify specific markers for various biological processes and pathological conditions. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Identification of low invasive candidate marker for hepatotoxicity. Support to apply proteomics in the study of extracellular vesicles released by well-controlled in vitro cellular systems to identify low invasive markers for diseases.
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19
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Obata F, Kuranaga E, Tomioka K, Ming M, Takeishi A, Chen CH, Soga T, Miura M. Necrosis-driven systemic immune response alters SAM metabolism through the FOXO-GNMT axis. Cell Rep 2014; 7:821-33. [PMID: 24746817 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation triggered by endogenous factors is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we demonstrate that apoptosis-deficient mutants spontaneously develop a necrosis-driven systemic immune response in Drosophila and provide an in vivo model for studying the organismal response to sterile inflammation. Metabolomic analysis of hemolymph from apoptosis-deficient mutants revealed increased sarcosine and reduced S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) levels due to glycine N-methyltransferase (Gnmt) upregulation. We showed that Gnmt was elevated in response to Toll activation induced by the local necrosis of wing epidermal cells. Necrosis-driven inflammatory conditions induced dFoxO hyperactivation, leading to an energy-wasting phenotype. Gnmt was cell-autonomously upregulated by dFoxO in the fat body as a possible rheostat for controlling energy loss, which functioned during fasting as well as inflammatory conditions. We propose that the dFoxO-Gnmt axis is essential for the maintenance of organismal SAM metabolism and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Obata
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, RIKEN CDB, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Katsura Tomioka
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ming Ming
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Asuka Takeishi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan.
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20
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Elucidating the metabolic regulation of liver regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:309-21. [PMID: 24139945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative capability of liver is well known, and the mechanisms that regulate liver regeneration are extensively studied. Such analyses have defined general principles that govern the hepatic regenerative response and implicated specific extracellular and intracellular signals as regulated during and essential for normal liver regeneration. Nevertheless, the most proximal events that stimulate liver regeneration and the distal signals that terminate this process remain incompletely understood. Recent data suggest that the metabolic response to hepatic insufficiency might be the proximal signal that initiates regenerative hepatocellular proliferation. This review provides an overview of the data in support of a metabolic model of liver regeneration and reflects on the clinical implications and areas for further study suggested by these findings.
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21
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Miyaoka Y, Miyajima A. To divide or not to divide: revisiting liver regeneration. Cell Div 2013; 8:8. [PMID: 23786799 PMCID: PMC3695844 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver has a remarkable capacity to regenerate. Even with surgical removal (partial hepatectomy) of 70% of liver mass, the remnant tissue grows to recover the original mass and functions. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy has been studied extensively since the 19th century, establishing the long-standing model that hepatocytes, which account for most of the liver weight, proliferate to recover the original mass of the liver. The basis of this model is the fact that almost all hepatocytes undergo S phase, as shown by the incorporation of radioactive nucleotides during liver regeneration. However, DNA replication does not necessarily indicate the execution of cell division, and a possible change in hepatocyte size is not considered in the model. In addition, as 15-30% of hepatocytes in adult liver are binuclear, the difference in nuclear number may affect the mode of cell division during regeneration. Thus, the traditional model seems to be oversimplified. Recently, we developed new techniques to investigate the process of liver regeneration, and revealed interesting features of hepatocytes. In this review, we first provide a historical overview of how the widely accepted model of liver regeneration was established and then discuss some overlooked observations together with our recent findings. Finally, we describe the revised model and perspectives on liver regeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Miyaoka
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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Samino S, Revuelta-Cervantes J, Vinaixa M, Rodríguez MÁ, Valverde AM, Correig X. A (1)H NMR metabolic profiling to the assessment of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B role in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Biochimie 2012; 95:808-16. [PMID: 23246914 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a negative regulator of the tyrosine kinase growth factor signaling pathway, which is involved in major physiological mechanisms such as liver regeneration. We investigate early hepatic metabolic events produced by partial hepatectomy (PHx) for PTP1B deficient (PTP1B KO) and wild type (WT) mice using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Metabolic response of the two genotypes produced 24 h upon PHx is compared using magic angle spinning high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-HR-MAS-NMR) on intact liver tissues. In addition, genotype-associated metabolic profile changes were monitored during the first 48 h after PHx using high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-HR-NMR) on liver extracts. A marked increase of lipid-related signals in regenerating livers was observed after 24 h PHx in either intact tissues or liver extracts studies. In spite of this common initial metabolic response, results obtained 48 h after PHx on liver extracts indicate a genotype-differential metabolic pattern. This metabolic pattern resulted in line with well known regenerative features such as more sustained cell proliferation, a better management of lipids as energy fuel and lessened liver injury for PTP1B KO mice as compared to WT. Taken together, these findings suggest the metabolic basis to the pivotal role of PTP1B in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Samino
- Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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23
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Anstee QM, Day CP. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) therapy in liver disease: a review of current evidence and clinical utility. J Hepatol 2012; 57:1097-109. [PMID: 22659519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe; AdoMet) is an important, metabolically pleiotropic molecule that participates in multiple cellular reactions as the precursor for the synthesis of glutathione and principle methyl donor required for methylation of nucleic acids, phospholipids, histones, biogenic amines, and proteins. SAMe synthesis is depressed in chronic liver disease and so there has been considerable interest in the utility of SAMe to ameliorate disease severity. Despite encouraging pre-clinical data confirming that SAMe depletion can exacerbate liver injury and supporting a hepatoprotective role for SAMe therapy, to date no large, high-quality randomised clinical trials have been performed that establish clinical utility in specific disease states. Here, we offer an in-depth review of the published scientific literature relating to the physiological and pathophysiological roles of SAMe and its therapeutic use in liver disease, critically assessing implications for clinical practice and offering recommendations for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Anstee
- Liver Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet, also known as SAM and SAMe) is the principal biological methyl donor synthesized in all mammalian cells but most abundantly in the liver. Biosynthesis of AdoMet requires the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT). In mammals, two genes, MAT1A that is largely expressed by normal liver and MAT2A that is expressed by all extrahepatic tissues, encode MAT. Patients with chronic liver disease have reduced MAT activity and AdoMet levels. Mice lacking Mat1a have reduced hepatic AdoMet levels and develop oxidative stress, steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In these mice, several signaling pathways are abnormal that can contribute to HCC formation. However, injury and HCC also occur if hepatic AdoMet level is excessive chronically. This can result from inactive mutation of the enzyme glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT). Children with GNMT mutation have elevated liver transaminases, and Gnmt knockout mice develop liver injury, fibrosis, and HCC. Thus a normal hepatic AdoMet level is necessary to maintain liver health and prevent injury and HCC. AdoMet is effective in cholestasis of pregnancy, and its role in other human liver diseases remains to be better defined. In experimental models, it is effective as a chemopreventive agent in HCC and perhaps other forms of cancer as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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25
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Cho KI, Searle K, Webb M, Yi H, Ferreira PA. Ranbp2 haploinsufficiency mediates distinct cellular and biochemical phenotypes in brain and retinal dopaminergic and glia cells elicited by the Parkinsonian neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3511-27. [PMID: 22821000 PMCID: PMC3445802 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many components and pathways transducing multifaceted and deleterious effects of stress stimuli remain ill-defined. The Ran-binding protein 2 (RanBP2) interactome modulates the expression of a range of clinical and cell-context-dependent manifestations upon a variety of stressors. We examined the role of Ranbp2 haploinsufficiency on cellular and metabolic manifestations linked to tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH+) dopaminergic neurons and glial cells of the brain and retina upon acute challenge to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a parkinsonian neurotoxin, which models facets of Parkinson disease. MPTP led to stronger akinetic parkinsonism and slower recovery in Ranbp2+/− than wild-type mice without viability changes of brain TH+-neurons of either genotype, with the exception of transient nuclear atypia via changes in chromatin condensation of Ranbp2+/− TH+-neurons. Conversely, the number of wild-type retinal TH+-amacrine neurons compared to Ranbp2+/− underwent milder declines without apoptosis followed by stronger recoveries without neurogenesis. These phenotypes were accompanied by a stronger rise of EdU+-proliferative cells and non-proliferative gliosis of GFAP+-Müller cells in wild-type than Ranbp2+/− that outlasted the MPTP-insult. Finally, MPTP-treated wild-type and Ranbp2+/− mice present distinct metabolic footprints in the brain or selective regions thereof, such as striatum, that are supportive of RanBP2-mediated regulation of interdependent metabolic pathways of lysine, cholesterol, free-fatty acids, or their β-oxidation. These studies demonstrate contrasting gene-environment phenodeviances and roles of Ranbp2 between dopaminergic and glial cells of the brain and retina upon oxidative stress-elicited signaling and factors triggering a continuum of metabolic and cellular manifestations and proxies linked to oxidative stress, and chorioretinal and neurological disorders such as Parkinson.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-in Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Kelly Searle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, 21205 MD
| | - Mason Webb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Haiqing Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Paulo A. Ferreira
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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26
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Nagarajan P, Mahesh Kumar MJ, Venkatesan R, Majundar SS, Juyal RC. Genetically modified mouse models for the study of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1141-53. [PMID: 22468076 PMCID: PMC3309902 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i11.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. NAFLD represents a large spectrum of diseases ranging from (1) fatty liver (hepatic steatosis); (2) steatosis with inflammation and necrosis; to (3) cirrhosis. The animal models to study NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are extremely useful, as there are still many events to be elucidated in the pathology of NASH. The study of the established animal models has provided many clues in the pathogenesis of steatosis and steatohepatitis, but these remain incompletely understood. The different mouse models can be classified in two large groups. The first one includes genetically modified (transgenic or knockout) mice that spontaneously develop liver disease, and the second one includes mice that acquire the disease after dietary or pharmacological manipulation. Although the molecular mechanism leading to the development of hepatic steatosis in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex, genetically modified animal models may be a key for the treatment of NAFLD. Ideal animal models for NASH should closely resemble the pathological characteristics observed in humans. To date, no single animal model has encompassed the full spectrum of human disease progression, but they can imitate particular characteristics of human disease. Therefore, it is important that the researchers choose the appropriate animal model. This review discusses various genetically modified animal models developed and used in research on NAFLD.
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Rolo AP, Teodoro JS, Palmeira CM. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:59-69. [PMID: 22064361 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide rising prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance is associated with a parallel increase in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is characterized by excess accumulation of triglyceride in the hepatocyte due to increased inflow of free fatty acids and/or de novo lipogenesis caused by various drugs and multiple defects in energy metabolism. Accumulation of lipids in the hepatocyte impairs the oxidative capacity of the mitochondria, increasing the reduced state of the electron transport chain (ETC) complexes and stimulating peroxisomal and microsomal pathways of fat oxidation. The consequent increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive aldehydic derivatives causes oxidative stress and cell death, via ATP, NAD, and glutathione depletion and DNA, lipid, and protein damage. Oxidative stress also triggers production of inflammatory cytokines, causing inflammation and a fibrogenic response. This ultimately results in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can result in end-stage liver disease. The current therapeutic strategies for NASH treatment are mostly directed toward correction of the risk factors. Stimulation of mitochondrial function may also prevent NASH development, protecting the cell against the increased flux of reduced substrates to the ETC and ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela P Rolo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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28
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Li TWH, Yang H, Peng H, Xia M, Mato JM, Lu SC. Effects of S-adenosylmethionine and methylthioadenosine on inflammation-induced colon cancer in mice. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:427-35. [PMID: 22159228 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is an underlying risk factor for colon cancer. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the development of inflammation-induced colon cancer in a mouse model. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and its metabolite methylthioadenosine (MTA) can inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α expression in macrophages. The aim of this work was to examine whether SAMe and MTA are effective in preventing inflammation-induced colon cancer and if so identify signaling pathways affected. Balb/c mice were treated with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium to induce colon cancer. Two days after AOM treatment, mice were divided into three groups: vehicle control, SAMe or MTA. Tumor load, histology, immunohistochemistry, gene and protein expression were determined. SAMe and MTA treatment reduced tumor load by ∼40%. Both treatments raised SAMe and MTA levels but MTA also raised S-adenosylhomocysteine levels. MTA treatment prevented the induction of many genes known to play pathogenetic roles in this model except for TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). SAMe also had no effect on TNF-α or iNOS and was less inhibitory than MTA on the other genes. In vivo, both treatments induced apoptosis but inhibited proliferation, β-catenin, nuclear factor kappa B activation and interleukin (IL) 6 signaling. Effect of SAMe and MTA on IL-6 signaling was examined using Colo 205 colon cancer cells. In these cells, SAMe and MTA inhibited IL-6-induced IL-10 expression. MTA also inhibited IL-10 transcription and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation. In conclusion, SAMe and MTA reduced inflammation-induced colon cancer and inhibited several pathways important in colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W H Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California-University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Raschzok N, Werner W, Sallmon H, Billecke N, Dame C, Neuhaus P, Sauer IM. Temporal expression profiles indicate a primary function for microRNA during the peak of DNA replication after rat partial hepatectomy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R1363-72. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00632.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The liver has the unique capacity to regenerate after surgical resection. However, the regulation of liver regeneration is not completely understood. Recent reports indicate an essential role for small noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of hepatic development, carcinogenesis, and early regeneration. We hypothesized that miRNAs are critically involved in all phases of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. We performed miRNA microarray analyses after 70% partial hepatectomy in rats under isoflurane anesthesia at different time points (0 h to 5 days) and after sham laparotomy. Putative targets of differentially expressed miRNAs were determined using a bioinformatic approach. Two-dimensional (2D)-PAGE proteomic analyses and protein identification were performed on specimens at 0 and 24 h after resection. The temporal dynamics of liver regeneration were characterized by 5-bromo- 2-deoxyuridine, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, IL-6, and hepatocyte growth factor. We demonstrate that miRNA expression patterns changed during liver regeneration and that these changes were most evident during the peak of DNA replication at 24 h after resection. Expression of 13 miRNAs was significantly reduced 12–48 h after resection (>25% change), out of which downreguation was confirmed in isolated hepatocytes for 6 miRNAs at 24 h, whereas three miRNAs were significantly upregulated. Proteomic analysis revealed 65 upregulated proteins; among them, 23 represent putative targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs. We provide a temporal miRNA expression and proteomic dataset of the regenerating rat liver, which indicates a primary function for miRNA during the peak of DNA replication. These data will assist further functional studies on the role of miRNAs during liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael Raschzok
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow; and
| | - Wiebke Werner
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow; and
| | - Hannes Sallmon
- Department of Neonatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Billecke
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow; and
| | - Christof Dame
- Department of Neonatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Neuhaus
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow; and
| | - Igor M. Sauer
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow; and
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Varela-Rey M, Beraza N, Lu SC, Mato JM, Martínez-Chantar ML. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in the control of hepatocyte priming and proliferation during liver regeneration. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:402-8. [PMID: 21427236 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the main energy sensor in cells and is responsible for controlling the balance of anabolic/catabolic processes under metabolic stress conditions. This metabolic control exerted by AMPK is critical for energy-demanding situations, such as liver regeneration. Immediately after partial hepatectomy (PH), the liver undergoes the priming phase, mediated by the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6, which promote responsiveness of hepatocytes to growth factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and epidermal growth factor, which lead to proliferation. In addition to its metabolic function, AMPK is likely to be a key mediator in both hepatocyte priming and the proliferative phases, induced by TNF-α and HGF, respectively. TNF-α-induced AMPK activation has been shown to be necessary for nuclear factor κappa B (NF-κB)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and for blocking TNF-α-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, HGF-induced LKB1/AMPK activation has been found to play a critical role in controlling Hu antigen R cytosolic localization and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation, and consequently Cyclin D1 and Cyclin A expressions, and nitric oxide generation, respectively. During PH, levels of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), the principal methyl donor in the liver, have to decrease to allow liver proliferation. Our studies also show that SAMe inhibits hepatocyte proliferation by controlling the hepatocyte's responsiveness to mitogenic signals such as HGF through the inhibition of AMPK activity. In summary, these data highlight the essential role of AMPK in controlling the balance between hepatocyte metabolic adaptations, cell cycle progression and apoptosis during liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Varela-Rey
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
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31
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Guo ZY, Hao XH, Tan FF, Pei X, Shang LM, Jiang XL, Yang F. The elements of human cyclin D1 promoter and regulation involved. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:63-76. [PMID: 22704330 PMCID: PMC3365593 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-010-0018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D1 is a cell cycle machine, a sensor of extracellular signals and plays an important role in G1-S phase progression. The human cyclin D1 promoter contains multiple transcription factor binding sites such as AP-1, NF-қB, E2F, Oct-1, and so on. The extracellular signals functions through the signal transduction pathways converging at the binding sites to active or inhibit the promoter activity and regulate the cell cycle progression. Different signal transduction pathways regulate the promoter at different time to get the correct cell cycle switch. Disorder regulation or special extracellular stimuli can result in cell cycle out of control through the promoter activity regulation. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation may involved in cyclin D1 transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yi Guo
- Experimental and Research Center, Hebei United University, № 57 JianShe South Road, TangShan, Hebei 063000 People's Republic of China
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32
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Ko KS, Tomasi ML, Iglesias-Ara A, French BA, French SW, Ramani K, Lozano JJ, Oh P, He L, Stiles BL, Li TWH, Yang H, Martínez-Chantar ML, Mato JM, Lu SC. Liver-specific deletion of prohibitin 1 results in spontaneous liver injury, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. Hepatology 2010; 52:2096-108. [PMID: 20890892 PMCID: PMC3005187 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prohibitin 1 (PHB1) is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed protein that participates in diverse processes including mitochondrial chaperone, growth and apoptosis. The role of PHB1 in vivo is unclear and whether it is a tumor suppressor is controversial. Mice lacking methionine adenosyltransferase 1A (MAT1A) have reduced PHB1 expression, impaired mitochondrial function, and spontaneously develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To see if reduced PHB1 expression contributes to the Mat1a knockout (KO) phenotype, we generated liver-specific Phb1 KO mice. Expression was determined at the messenger RNA and protein levels. PHB1 expression in cells was varied by small interfering RNA or overexpression. At 3 weeks, KO mice exhibit biochemical and histologic liver injury. Immunohistochemistry revealed apoptosis, proliferation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, bile duct epithelial metaplasia, hepatocyte dysplasia, and increased staining for stem cell and preneoplastic markers. Mitochondria are swollen and many have no discernible cristae. Differential gene expression revealed that genes associated with proliferation, malignant transformation, and liver fibrosis are highly up-regulated. From 20 weeks on, KO mice have multiple liver nodules and from 35 to 46 weeks, 38% have multifocal HCC. PHB1 protein levels were higher in normal human hepatocytes compared to human HCC cell lines Huh-7 and HepG2. Knockdown of PHB1 in murine nontransformed AML12 cells (normal mouse hepatocyte cell line) raised cyclin D1 expression, increased E2F transcription factor binding to cyclin D1 promoter, and proliferation. The opposite occurred with PHB1 overexpression. Knockdown or overexpression of PHB1 in Huh-7 cells did not affect proliferation significantly or sensitize cells to sorafenib-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Hepatocyte-specific PHB1 deficiency results in marked liver injury, oxidative stress, and fibrosis with development of HCC by 8 months. These results support PHB1 as a tumor suppressor in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Suk Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Maria Lauda Tomasi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Ainhoa Iglesias-Ara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Barbara A French
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033
,Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
| | - Samuel W. French
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033
,Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
| | - Komal Ramani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033
,Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Juan José Lozano
- Plataforma de Bioinformatica, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilsoo Oh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Lina He
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Bangyan L. Stiles
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Tony W. H. Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Heping Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - M Luz Martínez-Chantar
- CIC Biogune, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIBERehd, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia
| | - José M. Mato
- CIC Biogune, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIBERehd, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia
| | - Shelly C. Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033
,Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033
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Liu WH, Zhao YS, Gao SY, Li SD, Cao J, Zhang KQ, Zou CG. Hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration is impaired in mice with methionine diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2357-65. [PMID: 20864682 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated homocysteine levels are defined as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), a disorder that is associated with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases as well as with hepatic fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that HHcy promotes hepatic injury by increasing oxidative stress. Although homocysteine induces cell cycle arrest in a variety of different cell types, it is not known whether HHcy has a definitive role in hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration. In this report, we investigated the effect of homocysteine on liver regeneration. Our results demonstrated that mice with HHcy exhibited an impairment in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, as measured by immunohistochemical staining of proliferation cell nuclear antigen and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Impaired proliferation was also correlated with reduced cyclin D1 induction and elevated expression levels of both p53 and p21Cip1. In addition, the phosphorylation of Akt, which plays an essential role in normal regeneration responses, was attenuated during the early phases of liver regeneration in HHcy mice. Our results also indicated that the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway mediated the inhibitory effect of homocysteine on liver regeneration. These findings provide evidence that impairment of liver regeneration by HHcy may result in delayed recovery from liver injury induced by homocysteine itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, and the Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
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34
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Brown JM, Ball JG, Hogsett A, Williams T, Valentovic M. Temporal study of acetaminophen (APAP) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) effects on subcellular hepatic SAMe levels and methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) expression and activity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 247:1-9. [PMID: 20450926 PMCID: PMC2906679 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is the leading cause of drug induced liver failure in the United States. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) is protective for APAP hepatic toxicity. SAMe is critical for glutathione synthesis and transmethylation of nucleic acids, proteins and phospholipids which would facilitate recovery from APAP toxicity. SAMe is synthesized in cells through the action of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT). This study tested the hypothesis that total hepatic and subcellular SAMe levels are decreased by APAP toxicity. Studies further examined MAT expression and activity in response to APAP toxicity. Male C57BL/6 mice (16-22 g) were treated with vehicle (Veh; water 15 ml/kg ip injections), 250 mg/kg APAP (15 ml/kg, ip), SAMe (1.25 mmol/kg) or SAMe administered 1h after APAP injection (SAMe and SAMe+APAP). Hepatic tissue was collected 2, 4, and 6h after APAP administration. Levels of SAMe and its metabolite S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) were determined by HPLC analysis. MAT expression was examined by Western blot. MAT activity was determined by fluorescence assay. Total liver SAMe levels were depressed at 4h by APAP overdose, but not at 2 or 6h. APAP depressed mitochondrial SAMe levels at 4 and 6h relative to the Veh group. In the nucleus, levels of SAMe were depressed below detectable limits 4h following APAP administration. SAMe administration following APAP (SAMe+APAP) prevented APAP associated decline in mitochondrial and nuclear SAMe levels. In conclusion, the maintenance of SAMe may provide benefit in preventing damage associated with APAP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University Huntington, WV 25755
| | - John G. Ball
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University Huntington, WV 25755
| | - Amy Hogsett
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University Huntington, WV 25755
| | - Tierra Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University Huntington, WV 25755
| | - Monica Valentovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University Huntington, WV 25755
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35
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Tomasi ML, Ramani K, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Rodríguez MS, Li TWH, Ko K, Yang H, Bardag-Gorce F, Iglesias-Ara A, Feo F, Pascale MR, Mato JM, Lu SC. S-adenosylmethionine regulates dual-specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase expression in mouse and human hepatocytes. Hepatology 2010; 51:2152-61. [PMID: 20196119 PMCID: PMC2905543 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity correlates with a more malignant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) phenotype. There is a reciprocal regulation between p44/42 MAPK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK]1/2) and the dual-specificity MAPK phosphatase MKP-1/DUSP1. ERK phosphorylates DUSP1, facilitating its proteasomal degradation, whereas DUSP1 inhibits ERK activity. Methionine adenosyltransferase 1a (Mat1a) knockout (KO) mice express hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) deficiency and increased ERK activity and develop HCC. The aim of this study was to examine whether DUSP1 expression is regulated by SAM and if so, elucidate the molecular mechanisms. Studies were conducted using Mat1a KO mice livers, cultured mouse and human hepatocytes, and 20S and 26S proteasomes. DUSP1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were reduced markedly in livers of Mat1a KO mice and in cultured mouse and human hepatocytes with protein falling to lower levels than mRNA. SAM treatment protected against the fall in DUSP1 mRNA and protein levels in mouse and human hepatocytes. SAM increased DUSP1 transcription, p53 binding to DUSP1 promoter, and stability of its mRNA and protein. Proteasomal chymotrypsin-like and caspase-like activities were increased in Mat1a KO livers and cultured hepatocytes, which was blocked by SAM treatment. SAM inhibited chymotrypsin-like and caspase-like activities by 40% and 70%, respectively, in 20S proteasomes and caused rapid degradation of some of the 26S proteasomal subunits, which was blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. SAM treatment in Mat1a KO mice for 7 days raised SAM, DUSP1, mRNA and protein levels and lowered proteosomal and ERK activities. CONCLUSION DUSP1 mRNA and protein levels are lower in Mat1a KO livers and fall rapidly in cultured hepatocytes. SAM treatment increases DUSP1 expression through multiple mechanisms, and this may suppress ERK activity and malignant degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lauda Tomasi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic and Pancreatic Diseases & Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Komal Ramani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic and Pancreatic Diseases & Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Fernando Lopitz-Otsoa
- Cooperative Research Center in Biosciences, CIBERehd, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Manuel S. Rodríguez
- Cooperative Research Center in Biosciences, CIBERehd, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain,Biochemistry Department, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Tony W. H. Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic and Pancreatic Diseases & Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kwangsuk Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic and Pancreatic Diseases & Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Heping Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic and Pancreatic Diseases & Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Ainhoa Iglesias-Ara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic and Pancreatic Diseases & Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Francesco Feo
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Pascale
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - José M. Mato
- Cooperative Research Center in Biosciences, CIBERehd, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Shelly C. Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic and Pancreatic Diseases & Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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36
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Li J, Ramani K, Sun Z, Zee C, Grant EG, Yang H, Xia M, Oh P, Ko K, Mato JM, Lu SC. Forced expression of methionine adenosyltransferase 1A in human hepatoma cells suppresses in vivo tumorigenicity in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2456-66. [PMID: 20363925 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, the principal methyl donor, and is encoded by MAT1A and MAT2A in mammals. Normal liver expresses MAT1A, which is silenced in hepatocellular carcinoma. We have shown that hepatoma cells overexpressing MAT1A grew slower, but whether this is also true in vivo remains unknown. To investigate the effect of overexpressing MAT1A on in vivo tumorigenesis, we generated stable transfectants of Huh7 cells overexpressing either MAT1A or empty vector. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to measure expression, and BALB/c nude mice were injected subcutaneously with untransfected or Huh7 cells transfected with empty or MAT1A expression vector to establish tumors. Tumor properties such as proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis were compared, and microarray analysis was performed. Huh7 cells overexpressing MAT1A had higher S-adenosylmethionine levels but lower bromodeoxyuridine incorporation than control cells. Tumor growth rates and weights were lower in MAT1A transfected tumors. In addition, microvessel density and CD31 and Ki-67 staining were lower in MAT1A transfected tumors than control tumors, whereas the apoptosis index was higher in MAT1A-transfected tumors. Forced expression of MAT1A induced genes related to apoptosis and tumor suppression and lowered expression of cell growth and angiogenesis proteins. Our data demonstrate in vivo overexpression of MAT1A in liver cancer cells can suppress tumor growth. They also suggest inducing MAT1A expression might be a strategy to treat hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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37
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Bollard ME, Contel NR, Ebbels TMD, Smith L, Beckonert O, Cantor GH, Lehman-McKeeman L, Holmes EC, Lindon JC, Nicholson JK, Keun HC. NMR-based metabolic profiling identifies biomarkers of liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy in the rat. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:59-69. [PMID: 19445528 DOI: 10.1021/pr900200v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury and repair are often overlapping consequences of disease or toxic exposure, but are not often considered as distinct processes in molecular studies. To establish the systemic metabolic response to liver regeneration, the partial hepatectomy (PH) model has been studied in the rat by an integrated metabonomics strategy, utilizing (1)H NMR spectroscopy of urine, liver and serum. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either surgical removal of approximately two-thirds of the liver, sham operated (SO) surgery, or no treatment (n = 10/group) and samples collected over a 7 day period. A number of urinary metabolic perturbations were observed in PH rats compared with SO and control animals, including elevated levels of taurine, hypotaurine, creatine, guanidinoacetic acid, betaine, dimethylglycine and bile acids. Serum betaine and creatine were also elevated after PH, while levels of triglyceride were reduced. In the liver, triglycerides, cholesterol, alanine and betaine were elevated after PH, while choline and its derivatives were reduced. Upon examining the dynamic pattern of urinary response (the 'metabolic trajectory'), several metabolites could be categorized into groups likely to reflect perturbations to different processes such as dietary intake or hepatic 1-carbon metabolism. Several of the urinary perturbations observed during the regenerative phase of the PH model have also been observed after exposure to liver toxins, indicating that hepatic regeneration may make a contribution to the systemic alterations in metabolism associated with hepatotoxicity. The observed changes in 1-carbon and lipid metabolism are consistent with the proposed role of these pathways in the activation of a regenerative response and provide further evidence regarding the utility of urinary NMR profiles in the detection of liver-specific pathology. Biofluid (1)H NMR-based metabolic profiling provides new insight into the role of metabolism of liver regeneration, and suggests putative biomarkers for the noninvasive monitoring of the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Bollard
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology & Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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38
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Kirpich IA, Gobejishvili LN, Bon Homme M, Waigel S, Cave M, Arteel G, Barve SS, McClain CJ, Deaciuc IV. Integrated hepatic transcriptome and proteome analysis of mice with high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 22:38-45. [PMID: 20303728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease in the US and refers to a wide spectrum of liver damage, including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. The goal of the present study was to achieve a more detailed understanding of the molecular changes in response to high fat-induced liver steatosis through the identification of a differentially expressed liver transcriptome and proteome. Male C57/BL6 mice fed a high-fat lard diet for 8 weeks developed visceral obesity and hepatic steatosis characterized by significantly increased liver and plasma free fatty acid and triglyceride levels and plasma alanine aminotransferase activities. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that, compared to the control diet (CD), high-fat diet changed the expression of 309 genes (132 up- and 177 down-regulated; by a twofold change and more, P<.05). Multiple genes encoding proteins involved in lipogenesis were down-regulated, whereas genes involved in fatty acid oxidation were up-regulated. Proteomic analysis revealed 12 proteins which were differentially expressed. Of these, glutathione S-transferases mu1 and pi1 and selenium-binding protein 2 were decreased at both the gene and protein levels. This is the first study to perform a parallel transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Several key pathways involving xenobiotic and lipid metabolism, the inflammatory response and cell-cycle control were identified. These pathways provide targets for future mechanistic and therapeutic studies as related to the development and prevention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kirpich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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39
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Pooranaperundevi M, Sumiyabanu MS, Viswanathan P, Sundarapandiyan R, Anuradha CV. Insulin resistance induced by high-fructose diet potentiates carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 26:89-104. [PMID: 20103580 DOI: 10.1177/0748233709359273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is recognized as a contributory factor for a variety of liver diseases. The present study investigates the susceptibility of liver to the toxic actions of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in a rat model of IR, induced by feeding a high-fructose diet (60 g/100 g) for 30 days. A sub-lethal dose of CCl(4) (2 mL/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.], in corn oil) was administered and the outcome of hepatotoxicity was assessed at 0 hour and at 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours after CCl(4) administration. After 30 days of fructose feeding, the rats showed IR, decline in liver antioxidant status and rise in lipid peroxidation. Liver dysfunction in fructose-fed rats was evident from a rise in transaminases, total bilirubin and a decrease in albumin/globulin ratio in plasma and decreases in nitrite, arginase and increase in protein carbonyl and nitrosothiol content in liver. Increased staining for 3-nitro tyrosine (3-NT) antibody was observed in fructose-fed rat liver as compared to control. CCl(4) (2 mL/kg) caused 100% mortality in fructose-fed rats within 48 hours, while no death of animals occurred in control. CCl(4) caused liver damage in both control and fructose-fed rats. Time-based studies showed that progressive liver injury occurred only in fructose-fed rats from 0, 6, 12, 24 hours, with a peak at 36 hours. In control diet-fed rats, the extent of damage was maximum at 24 hours, which declined at 36 hours. Thus, the toxic effects of CCl(4) are potentiated due to compromised liver function in the setting of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pooranaperundevi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
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40
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Zhang F, Shu R, Wu X, Zhao X, Feng D, Wang L, Lu S, Liu Q, Xiang Y, Fei J, Huang L, Wang Z. Delayed liver injury and impaired hepatocyte proliferation after carbon tetrachloride exposure in BPOZ2-deficient mice. Toxicol Lett 2009; 188:201-7. [PMID: 19393728 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BPOZ2 is a tumor suppressive mediator in PTEN signaling pathway and plays an important role in cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the physiology functions of BPOZ2 in CCl(4)-induced liver injury and hepatocyte proliferation afterwards. After acute CCl(4) administration, BPOZ2 null mice exhibited delayed liver injury and impaired hepatocyte proliferation, which was accompanied by altered kinetics of CYP2E1 protein expression, compromised cyclin D1 expression and shortened duration of ERK activation. These results for the first time define that BPOZ2 is an important regulator involved in the injury and repair process induced by acute CC1(4) administration in mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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41
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Varela-Rey M, Fernández-Ramos D, Martínez-López N, Embade N, Gómez-Santos L, Beraza N, Vázquez-Chantada M, Rodríguez J, Luka Z, Wagner C, Lu SC, Martínez-Chantar ML, Mato JM. Impaired liver regeneration in mice lacking glycine N-methyltransferase. Hepatology 2009; 50:443-52. [PMID: 19582817 PMCID: PMC2805126 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is maintained constant by the action of methionine adenosyltransferase I/III (MATI/III), which converts methionine into SAMe and glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), which eliminates excess SAMe to avoid aberrant methylation reactions. During liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) MATI/III activity is inhibited leading to a decrease in SAMe. This injury-related reduction in SAMe promotes hepatocyte proliferation because SAMe inhibits hepatocyte DNA synthesis. In MATI/III-deficient mice, hepatic SAMe is reduced, resulting in uncontrolled hepatocyte growth and impaired liver regeneration. These observations suggest that a reduction in SAMe is crucial for successful liver regeneration. In support of this hypothesis we report that liver regeneration is impaired in GNMT knockout (GNMT-KO) mice. Liver SAMe is 50-fold higher in GNMT-KO mice than in control animals and is maintained constant following PH. Mortality after PH was higher in GNMT-KO mice than in control animals. In GNMT-KO mice, nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclin D1, cyclin A, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase were activated at baseline. PH in GNMT-KO mice was followed by the inactivation of STAT3 phosphorylation and iNOS expression. NFkappaB, cyclin D1 and cyclin A were not further activated after PH. The LKB1/AMP-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase cascade was inhibited, and cytoplasmic HuR translocation was blocked despite preserved induction of DNA synthesis in GNMT-KO after PH. Furthermore, a previously unexpected relationship between AMPK phosphorylation and NFkappaB activation was uncovered. CONCLUSION These results indicate that multiple signaling pathways are impaired during the liver regenerative response in GNMT-KO mice, suggesting that GNMT plays a critical role during liver regeneration, promoting hepatocyte viability and normal proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Varela-Rey
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberedh), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Ramos
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberedh), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nuria Martínez-López
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberedh), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nieves Embade
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberedh), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Laura Gómez-Santos
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberedh), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Naiara Beraza
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberedh), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Vázquez-Chantada
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberedh), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Juan Rodríguez
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberedh), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Zigmund Luka
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146
| | - Conrad Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146.,Tennessee Valley Department of Medical Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - M Luz Martínez-Chantar
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberedh), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberedh), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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42
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Lu SC, Ramani K, Ou X, Lin M, Yu V, Ko K, Park R, Bottiglieri T, Tsukamoto H, Kanel G, French SW, Mato JM, Moats R, Grant E. S-adenosylmethionine in the chemoprevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in a rat model. Hepatology 2009; 50:462-71. [PMID: 19444874 PMCID: PMC2754739 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a common cancer worldwide that lacks effective chemoprevention or treatment. Chronic liver disease often leads to impaired hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) biosynthesis, and mice with SAMe deficiency develop HCC spontaneously. SAMe is antiapoptotic in normal hepatocytes but proapoptotic in cancerous hepatocytes. The present study investigated SAMe's effectiveness in prevention and treatment of HCC. Two weeks after injecting 2.5 million H4IIE cells into the liver parenchyma of ACI rats, they typically form a 1-cm tumor. When SAMe (150 mg/kg/day) was delivered through continuous intravenous infusion, hepatic SAMe levels reached 0.7 mM (over 10-fold) 24 hours later. This regimen, started 1 day after injecting H4IIE cells and continued for 10 days, was able to reduce tumor establishment and growth. However, if intravenous SAMe was started after HCC had already developed, it was ineffective in reducing tumor growth for 24 days. Although plasma SAMe levels remained elevated, hepatic SAMe levels were minimally increased (30% higher). Chronic SAMe administration led to induction of hepatic methyltransferases, which prevented SAMe accumulation. To see if SAMe's preventive effect on tumor establishment involves angiogenesis, the effect of SAMe on angiogenesis genes was studied. SAMe treatment of H4IIE cells altered the expression of several genes with the net effect of inhibiting angiogenesis. These changes were confirmed at the protein level and functionally in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. CONCLUSION SAMe is effective in preventing HCC establishment but ineffective in treating established HCC because of induction of hepatic methyltransferases, which prevents SAMe level to reach high enough to kill liver cancer cells. SAMe's chemopreventive effect may be related to its proapoptotic action and its ability to inhibit angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly C. Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033,Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Komal Ramani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033,Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Xiaopeng Ou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Mark Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Victor Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Kwangsuk Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Ryan Park
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas Texas
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033 and Department of Veteran sAffairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles
| | - Gary Kanel
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033 and Department of Veteran sAffairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles
| | - Samuel W. French
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033,Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
| | - José M. Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Ciberehd, Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rex Moats
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Edward Grant
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, California 90033
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Carr DF, Whiteley G, Alfirevic A, Pirmohamed M. Investigation of inter-individual variability of the one-carbon folate pathway: a bioinformatic and genetic review. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2009; 9:291-305. [PMID: 19581920 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2009.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms in the one-carbon folate pathway have been widely studied in association with a number of conditions. Most of the research has focused on the 677C>T polymorphism in the coding region of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene. However, there are a total of 25 genes in this pathway coding for enzymes, transporters and receptors, which can be investigated using 267 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); using SNP database (dbSNP), 38 non-synonymous SNPs with a minor allele frequency of >5% are present in these genes. Most of these variants have not been investigated in relation to disease or drug response phenotypes. In addition, their functional consequences are largely unknown. Prediction of the functional effect using six publicly available programs (PolyPhen, SIFT BLink, PMut, SNPs3D, I-Mutant2.0 and LS-SNP) was limited to functionally well-characterized SNPs such as MTHFR c.677C>T and c.1298A>C ranking low. Epigenetic modifications may also be important with some of these genes. In summary, to date, investigation of the one-carbon folate pathway genes has been limited. Future studies should aim for a more comprehensive assessment of this pathway, while further research is also required in determining the functional effects of these genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Carr
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 3GE, UK
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44
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Li TWH, Zhang Q, Oh P, Xia M, Chen H, Bemanian S, Lastra N, Circ M, Moyer MP, Mato JM, Aw TY, Lu SC. S-Adenosylmethionine and methylthioadenosine inhibit cellular FLICE inhibitory protein expression and induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:192-200. [PMID: 19372210 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.054411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and its metabolite 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) inhibit mitogen-induced proliferative response in liver and colon cancer cells. SAMe and MTA are also proapoptotic in liver cancer cells by selectively inducing Bcl-x(S) expression. The aims of this work were to assess whether these agents are proapoptotic in colon cancer cells, and if so, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms. We found that both SAMe and MTA are proapoptotic in HT-29 and RKO cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Gene microarray uncovered down-regulation of cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (cFLIP). SAMe and MTA treatment led to a decrease in the mRNA and protein levels of both the long and short cFLIP isoforms. This required de novo RNA synthesis and was associated with activation of procaspase-8, Bid cleavage, and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Inhibiting caspase 8 activity or overexpression of cFLIP protected against apoptosis, whereas supplementing with polyamines did not. SAMe and MTA treatment sensitized RKO cells to tumor necrosis factor alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis. Although SAMe and MTA are proapoptotic in colon cancer cells, they have no toxic effects in NCM460 cells, a normal colon epithelial cell line. In contrast to liver cancer cells, SAMe and MTA had no effect on Bcl-x(S) expression in colon cancer cells. In conclusion, SAMe and MTA are proapoptotic in colon cancer cells but not normal colon epithelial cells. One molecular mechanism identified is the inhibition of cFLIP expression. SAMe and MTA may be attractive agents in the chemoprevention and treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W H Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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45
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Vázquez M, Ariz U, Varela-Rey M, Embade N, Martínez N, Fernández D, Gómez L, Lamas S, Lu SC, Martínez-Chantar ML, Mato JM. Evidence for LKB1/AMP-activated protein kinase/ endothelial nitric oxide synthase cascade regulated by hepatocyte growth factor, S-adenosylmethionine, and nitric oxide in hepatocyte proliferation. Hepatology 2009; 49:608-17. [PMID: 19177591 PMCID: PMC2635424 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is involved in numerous complex hepatic processes such as hepatocyte proliferation, death, inflammatory responses, and antioxidant defense. One of the most relevant actions of SAMe is the inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration. In hepatocytes, SAMe regulates the levels of cytoplasmic HuR, an RNA-binding protein that increases the half-life of target messenger RNAs such as cyclin D1 and A2 via inhibition of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-mediated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Because AMPK is activated by the tumor suppressor kinase LKB1, and AMPK activates endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), and NO synthesis is of great importance for hepatocyte proliferation, we hypothesized that in hepatocytes HGF may induce the phosphorylation of LKB1, AMPK, and eNOS through a process regulated by SAMe, and that this cascade might be crucial for hepatocyte growth. We demonstrate that the proliferative response of hepatocytes involves eNOS phosphorylation via HGF-mediated LKB1 and AMPK phosphorylation, and that this process is regulated by SAMe and NO. We also show that knockdown of LKB1, AMPK, or eNOS with specific interference RNA (iRNA) inhibits HGF-mediated hepatocyte proliferation. Finally, we found that the LKB1/AMPK/eNOS cascade is activated during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and that this process is impaired in mice treated with SAMe before hepatectomy, in knockout mice deficient in hepatic SAMe, and in eNOS knockout mice. CONCLUSION We have identified an LKB1/AMPK/eNOS cascade regulated by HGF, SAMe, and NO that functions as a critical determinant of hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Vázquez
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain,Contributed equally to this paper. MLMC and JMM share senior authorship
| | - Usue Ariz
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain,Contributed equally to this paper. MLMC and JMM share senior authorship
| | - Marta Varela-Rey
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nieves Embade
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nuria Martínez
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Fernández
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Laura Gómez
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Santiago Lamas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - M Luz Martínez-Chantar
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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Abstract
SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine) is the main methyl donor group in the cell. MAT (methionine adenosyltransferase) is the unique enzyme responsible for the synthesis of SAMe from methionine and ATP, and SAMe is the common point between the three principal metabolic pathways: polyamines, transmethylation and transsulfuration that converge into the methionine cycle. SAMe is now also considered a key regulator of metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and cell death. Recent results show a new signalling pathway implicated in the proliferation of the hepatocyte, where AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and HuR, modulated by SAMe, take place in HGF (hepatocyte growth factor)-mediated cell growth. Abnormalities in methionine metabolism occur in several animal models of alcoholic liver injury, and it is also altered in patients with liver disease. Both high and low levels of SAMe predispose to liver injury. In this regard, knockout mouse models have been developed for the enzymes responsible for SAMe synthesis and catabolism, MAT1A and GNMT (glycine N-methyltransferase) respectively. These knockout mice develop steatosis and HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma), and both models closely replicate the pathologies of human disease, which makes them extremely useful to elucidate the mechanism underlying liver disease. These new findings open a wide range of possibilities to discover novel targets for clinical applications.
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47
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Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and animal models: understanding the human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:969-76. [PMID: 19027869 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease includes a broad spectrum of liver abnormalities ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients with primary NASH have the metabolic (or insulin resistance) syndrome, condition typically associated with obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. To understand the mechanisms implicated in development of NASH, animal models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease have been generated. These have greatly improved our understanding of some of the aspects of this disease. The challenge now is to identify the common mechanisms between the animal models and humans, which could eventually lead to a better prognosis and development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Wang Q, Liu QY, Liu ZS, Qian Q, Sun Q, Pan DY. Lentivirus mediated shRNA interference targeting MAT2B induces growth-inhibition and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:4633-42. [PMID: 18698677 PMCID: PMC2738787 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of lentivirus vector mediated short hairpin RNA interference targeting methionine adenosyltransferase 2β gene (LV-shMAT2B) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.
METHODS: We constructed four plasmids of RNA interference targeting the MAT2B gene. After LV-shMAT2B was transfected with L-02 cells and two kinds of HCC cells, cell viability and proliferation were measured with MTT and [3H]thymidine assays respectively. Flow cytometry was used to assess cell apoptosis. The level of S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) in HepG2 cells was evaluated. The expressions of cyclin D1, cyclin D2, bcl-xL and bcl-xS were detected with western blot.
RESULTS: We constructed LV-shMAT2B successfully. LV-shMAT2B was safe for human normal liver cells. LV-shMAT2B caused dramatic reduction in proliferation compared with controls in HCC cells Bel-7402 (P = 0.054) and HepG2 (P = 0.031). Flow cytometry analysis showed that cell apoptosis caused by LV-shMAT2B was greater in HCC cells Bel-7402 and HepG2 than in control induced by scrambled siRNA (P = 0.047), but apoptosis rates in L-02 induced by LV-shMAT2B and scrambled siRNA respectively had no significant difference. Moreover, LV-shMAT2B significantly suppressed expression of MAT2B leading to growth-inhibition effect on HCC cells by down-regulating cyclin D1. Apoptosis induced by LV-shMAT2B was involved in down-regulating bcl-xL and up- regulating bcl-xS.
CONCLUSION: LV-shMAT2B can induce cell apoptosis and growth-inhibition in HCC cells. MAT2B may be a therapy target in HCC in the future.
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49
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Wagner EJ, Krugner-Higby L, Heath TD. Liposome dependent delivery of S-adenosyl methionine to cells by liposomes: a potential treatment for liver disease. J Pharm Sci 2008; 98:573-82. [PMID: 18642386 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that the nutritional supplement S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe), the primary methyl donor in mammalian cells, is delivered selectively to cells by anionic liposomes, and is, therefore, a liposome dependent drug. Contrary to our expectations, free SAMe chloride was growth inhibitory in cultured cells. The growth inhibitory potency of SAMe chloride in anionic liposomes composed of distearoylphosphatidylglycerol/cholesterol 2:1 was fivefold greater than that of free SAMe. Neutral liposomes composed of distearoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol did not increase the potency of the drug. An improved anionic liposome SAMe formulation was produced by use of the 1,4-butanedisulfonate salt (SD4), adding a metal chelator (EDTA), and lowering the buffer pH from pH 7.0 to pH 4.0. This formulation was 15-fold more potent than free SD4, and was active after more than 28 days at 4 degrees C. SAMe and its potential degradation products were screened for toxicity. Formaldehyde was determined to have potency similar to that of free SAMe chloride in CV1-P cells, suggesting that the growth inhibitory effects of SAMe may partly arise from the formation of formaldehyde. The cytotoxic effects of formaldehyde and the less stable forms of SAMe, (SAMe chloride and SAMe tosylate) were decreased in the presence of 3 mM GSH (IC(50) approximately 0.44 mM). The cytotoxic effects of SD4 were not reduced by GSH, suggesting that this more stable form of SAMe is not toxic through the production of formaldehyde. SD4 in anionic DSPG liposomes stimulated murine IL-6 production in RAW 264 cells at concentrations 25- to 30-fold lower than free drug. This increase in potency for IL-6 production was in keeping with the increase in potency observed in our growth inhibition experiments. These results suggest that SD4 in liposomes may be a potential treatment for acute or chronic liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Wagner
- Schools of Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-222, USA
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50
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Bart Rountree C, Senadheera S, Mato JM, Crooks GM, Lu SC. Expansion of liver cancer stem cells during aging in methionine adenosyltransferase 1A-deficient mice. Hepatology 2008; 47:1288-97. [PMID: 18167064 PMCID: PMC2408692 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) is an essential enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of S-adenosylmethionine. Hepatic MAT activity falls in chronic liver diseases, and mice lacking Mat1a are predisposed to liver injury and develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) spontaneously by 18 months. The current work examined the hypothesis that liver cancer stem cells contribute to HCC in this model. Livers from 6- and 18-month-old Mat1a-knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were fractionated and isolated by flow cytometry. CD45- nonparenchymal (NP) cells were cultured using liver stem cell conditions. Cells were analyzed by real-time PCR and fluorescent immunohistochemistry (FIHC). Tumor formation was assessed by injecting 1 x 10(6) CD133+CD49f+ cells intraperitoneally into immune-deficient mice. The proportion of CD49f+ and CD133+ cells in the CD45-NP fraction increased 4.5- to 5.5-fold from 6 to 18 months in KO mice but not in their WT littermates. Compared to CD49f- cells from old KO mice, CD49f+ cells from the same animals had a markedly increased expression of several oncogenes. CD133+ cells with CD49f coexpression were selected in vitro and exhibited rapid growth, with the expression of biliary cytokeratins, alpha-fetoprotein, and c-Met by FIHC. Clonal expansion of single CD133+CD49f+ cells revealed maintenance of bipotency. After CD133+CD49f+ cells were injected into immune-deficient mice, 3 of the 8 mice developed tumors of liver epithelial cells after 6-8 weeks. CONCLUSION Mat1a(-/-) mice have expansion of liver stem cells as they age. These cells have increased expression of several oncogenes and are tumorigenic in vivo. This is the first demonstration of adult liver stem cells possessing tumorigenic potential without the use of a carcinogen or manipulation of tumor-suppressor or oncogene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Bart Rountree
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Gene, Immunology, and Stem Cell Program, Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Penn State Children’s Hospital, Hershey, PA,Address reprints to: C. Bart Rountree, M.D., Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Penn State Children’s Hospital, H0850, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033-0850. E-mail: ; fax: 717-531-0653; Shelly C. Lu, M.D., Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, USC, HMR 415, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033. E-mail: ; fax: 323-442-3234
| | - Shantha Senadheera
- Gene, Immunology, and Stem Cell Program, Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jose M. Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gay M. Crooks
- Gene, Immunology, and Stem Cell Program, Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shelly C. Lu
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, USC-UCLA Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA,Address reprints to: C. Bart Rountree, M.D., Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Penn State Children’s Hospital, H0850, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033-0850. E-mail: ; fax: 717-531-0653; Shelly C. Lu, M.D., Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, USC, HMR 415, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033. E-mail: ; fax: 323-442-3234
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