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Gao J, Sun X, Ma Y, Qin W, Li J, Jin Z, Qiu J, Zhang H. Myotube formation on micropatterns guiding by centripetal cellular motility and crowding. Mater Today Bio 2024; 28:101195. [PMID: 39205872 PMCID: PMC11357802 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The physical microenvironment, including substrate rigidity and topology, impacts myoblast differentiation and myotube maturation. However, the interplay effect and physical mechanism of mechanical stimuli on myotube formation is poorly understood. In this study, we utilized elastic substrates, microcontact patterning technique, and particle image velocimetry to investigate the effect of substrate rigidity and topological constraints on myoblast behaviors. Our findings suggested the interplay of substrate stiffness and cellular confinement improved the myotube formation by inducing centripetal cellular motility. These results shed light on the impact of the topological substrate on myoblast differentiation and emphasize the critical role of asymmetrical cell motility during this process, which is highly correlated with cell movement and crowding. Our research provides insights into the intricate interplay between substrate properties, cell motility, and myotube formation during myogenesis. Understanding these mechanisms could trigger tissue engineering strategies and therapies to enhance muscle regeneration and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, 719000, China
| | - Yanning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Wen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zuolin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
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Sicherer ST, Haque N, Parikh Y, Grasman J. Current methodologies for inducing aligned myofibers in tissue constructs for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2024. [PMID: 39126403 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2024.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Volumetric muscle loss (VML) results in the loss of large amounts of tissue that inhibits muscle regeneration. Existing therapies, such as autologous muscle transfer and physical therapy, are incapable of returning full function and force production to injured muscle. RECENT ADVANCES Skeletal muscle tissue constructs may provide an alternative to existing therapies currently used to treat VML. Unlike autologous muscle transplants, muscle constructs can be cultured in vitro and are not reliant on intact muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle constructs can be generated from small muscle biopsies and could be used to generate skeletal muscle tissue constructs to replace injured tissues. CRITICAL ISSUES To serve as effective therapies, muscle constructs must be capable of generating contractile forces that can assist the function of host skeletal muscle. The contractile force of native muscle arises in part as a consequence of the highly aligned, bundled architecture of myofibers. Attempts to induce similar alignment include: applications of tension/strain across hydrogels, inducing aligned architectures within scaffolds, casting tissues in straited molds, and 3D printing. While all these methods have demonstrated efficacy towards inducing myofiber alignment, the extent of myofiber alignment, tissue formation, and force production varies. This manuscript critically reviews the advantages and limitations of these methods, and specifically discusses their ability to impart mechanical and architectural cues to induce alignment within constructs. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As tissue synthesizing techniques continue to improve, muscle constructs must include more cell types than simply myoblasts, such as the addition of neuronal and endothelial cells. Higher level tissue organization is critical to the success of these constructs. Many of these technologies have yet to be implanted into host tissue to understand engraftment and how they can contribute to traumatic injury, and as such continued collaboration between surgeons and tissue engineers is necessary to ultimately result in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydnee T Sicherer
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Biomedical Engineering, Newark, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Noor Haque
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Biomedical Engineering, Newark, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Yash Parikh
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Biomedical Engineering, Newark, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Jonathan Grasman
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Biomedical Engineering, 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, New Jersey, United States, 07102;
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3
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Li J, Zhou X, Chen J, Eliasson P, Kingham PJ, Backman LJ. Secretome from myoblasts statically loaded at low intensity promotes tenocyte proliferation via the IGF-1 receptor pathway. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23203. [PMID: 37732638 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301097r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is widely recognized as beneficial for tendon healing. Recently, it has been described that muscle-derived molecules secreted in response to static exercise influence tendon healing. In this study, the optimal static loading intensity for tendon healing and the composition of secretome released by myoblasts in response to different intensities of static strain were investigated. In an in vitro coculture model, myoblasts were mechanically loaded using a Flexcell Tension System. Tenocytes were seeded on transwell inserts that allowed communication between the tenocytes and myoblasts without direct contact. Proliferation and migration assays, together with RNA sequencing, were used to determine potential cellular signaling pathways. The secretome from myoblasts exposed to 2% static loading increased the proliferation and migration of the cocultured tenocytes. RNA-seq analysis revealed that this loading condition upregulated the expression of numerous genes encoding secretory proteins, including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Confirmation of IGF-1 expression and secretion was carried out using qPCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbt assay (ELISA), revealing a statistically significant upregulation in response to 2% static loading in comparison to both control conditions and higher loading intensities of 5% and 10%. Addition of an inhibitor of the IGF-1 receptor (PQ401) to the tenocytes significantly reduced myoblast secretome-induced tenocyte proliferation. In conclusion, IGF-1 may be an important molecule in the statically loaded myoblast secretome, which is responsible for influencing tenocytes during exercise-induced healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jialin Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pernilla Eliasson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul J Kingham
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ludvig J Backman
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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4
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Chan AHP, Jain I, Oropeza BP, Zhou T, Nelsen B, Geisse NA, Huang NF. Combinatorial extracellular matrix cues with mechanical strain induce differential effects on myogenesis in vitro. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:5893-5907. [PMID: 37477446 PMCID: PMC10443049 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration remains a clinical unmet need for volumetric muscle loss and atrophy where muscle function cannot be restored to prior capacity. Current experimental approaches do not account for the complex microenvironmental factors that modulate myogenesis. In this study we developed a biomimetic tissue chip platform to systematically study the combined effects of the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment and mechanical strain on myogenesis of murine myoblasts. Using stretchable tissue chips composed of collagen I (C), fibronectin (F) and laminin (L), as well as their combinations thereof, we tested the addition of mechanical strain regimens on myogenesis at the transcriptomic and translational levels. Our results show that ECMs have a significant effect on myotube formation in C2C12 murine myoblasts. Under static conditions, laminin substrates induced the longest myotubes, whereas fibronectin produced the widest myotubes. Combinatorial ECMs showed non-intuitive effects on myotube formation. Genome-wide analysis revealed the upregulation in actin cytoskeletal related genes that are suggestive of myogenesis. When mechanical strain was introduced to C + F + L combinatorial ECM substrates in the form of constant or intermittent uniaxial strain at low (5%) and high (15%) levels, we observed synergistic enhancements in myotube width, along with transcriptomic upregulation in myosin heavy chain genes. Together, these studies highlight the complex role of microenvironmental factors such as ECM interactions and strain on myotube formation and the underlying signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H P Chan
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ishita Jain
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Beu P Oropeza
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tony Zhou
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ngan F Huang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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5
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Pang KT, Loo LSW, Chia S, Ong FYT, Yu H, Walsh I. Insight into muscle stem cell regeneration and mechanobiology. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:129. [PMID: 37173707 PMCID: PMC10176686 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells possess the unique ability to differentiate into specialized cell types. These specialized cell types can be used for regenerative medicine purposes such as cell therapy. Myosatellite cells, also known as skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs), play important roles in the growth, repair, and regeneration of skeletal muscle tissues. However, despite its therapeutic potential, the successful differentiation, proliferation, and expansion processes of MuSCs remain a significant challenge due to a variety of factors. For example, the growth and differentiation of MuSCs can be greatly influenced by actively replicating the MuSCs microenvironment (known as the niche) using mechanical forces. However, the molecular role of mechanobiology in MuSC growth, proliferation, and differentiation for regenerative medicine is still poorly understood. In this present review, we comprehensively summarize, compare, and critically analyze how different mechanical cues shape stem cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and their potential role in disease development (Fig. 1). The insights developed from the mechanobiology of stem cells will also contribute to how these applications can be used for regenerative purposes using MuSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuin Tian Pang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technology University, 62 Nanyang Drive, N1.2-B3, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
| | - Larry Sai Weng Loo
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sean Chia
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesca Yi Teng Ong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- CAMP, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Interdisplinary Science and Engineering Program, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian Walsh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
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6
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Calabrese EJ, Agathokleous E, Dhawan G, Kapoor R, Dhawan V, Manes PK, Calabrese V. Nitric oxide and hormesis. Nitric Oxide 2023; 133:1-17. [PMID: 36764605 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
This present paper provides an assessment of the occurrence of nitric oxide (NO)-induced hormetic-biphasic dose/concentration relationships in biomedical research. A substantial reporting of such NO-induced hormetic effects was identified with particular focus on wound healing, tumor promotion, and sperm biology, including mechanistic assessment and potential for translational applications. Numerous other NO-induced hormetic effects have been reported, but require more development prior to translational applications. The extensive documentation of NO-induced biphasic responses, across numerous organs (e.g., bone, cardiovascular, immune, intestine, and neuronal) and cell types, suggests that NO-induced biological activities are substantially mediated via hormetic processes. These observations are particularly important because broad areas of NO biology are constrained by the quantitative features of the hormetic response. This determines the amplitude and width of the low dose stimulation, affecting numerous biomedical implications, study design features (e.g., number of doses, dose spacing, sample sizes, statistical power), and the potential success of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | | | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.
| | - Vikas Dhawan
- Department of Surgery, Indian Naval Ship Hospital, Mumbai, India.
| | | | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, Catania, 95123, Italy.
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7
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Xie N, Xiao C, Shu Q, Cheng B, Wang Z, Xue R, Wen Z, Wang J, Shi H, Fan D, Liu N, Xu F. Cell response to mechanical microenvironment cues via Rho signaling: From mechanobiology to mechanomedicine. Acta Biomater 2023; 159:1-20. [PMID: 36717048 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cues in the cell microenvironment such as those from extracellular matrix properties, stretching, compression and shear stress, play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis. Upon sensing mechanical stimuli, cells can translate these external forces into intracellular biochemical signals to regulate their cellular behaviors, but the specific mechanisms of mechanotransduction at the molecular level remain elusive. As a subfamily of the Ras superfamily, Rho GTPases have been recognized as key intracellular mechanotransduction mediators that can regulate multiple cell activities such as proliferation, migration and differentiation as well as biological processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics, metabolism, and organ development. However, the upstream mechanosensors for Rho proteins and downstream effectors that respond to Rho signal activation have not been well illustrated. Moreover, Rho-mediated mechanical signals in previous studies are highly context-dependent. In this review, we systematically summarize the types of mechanical cues in the cell microenvironment and provide recent advances on the roles of the Rho-based mechanotransduction in various cell activities, physiological processes and diseases. Comprehensive insights into the mechanical roles of Rho GTPase partners would open a new paradigm of mechanomedicine for a variety of diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we highlight the critical role of Rho GTPases as signal mediators to respond to physical cues in microenvironment. This article will add a distinct contribution to this set of knowledge by intensively addressing the relationship between Rho signaling and mechanobiology/mechanotransduction/mechanomedcine. This topic has not been discussed by the journal, nor has it yet been developed by the field. The comprehensive picture that will develop, from molecular mechanisms and engineering methods to disease treatment strategies, represents an important and distinct contribution to the field. We hope that this review would help researchers in various fields, especially clinicians, oncologists and bioengineers, who study Rho signal pathway and mechanobiology/mechanotransduction, understand the critical role of Rho GTPase in mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Cailan Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Qiuai Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Runxin Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhang Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jinhai Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
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8
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Phuyal S, Djaerff E, Le Roux A, Baker MJ, Fankhauser D, Mahdizadeh SJ, Reiterer V, Parizadeh A, Felder E, Kahlhofer JC, Teis D, Kazanietz MG, Geley S, Eriksson L, Roca‐Cusachs P, Farhan H. Mechanical strain stimulates COPII-dependent secretory trafficking via Rac1. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110596. [PMID: 35938214 PMCID: PMC9475550 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are constantly exposed to various chemical and physical stimuli. While much has been learned about the biochemical factors that regulate secretory trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), much less is known about whether and how this trafficking is subject to regulation by mechanical signals. Here, we show that subjecting cells to mechanical strain both induces the formation of ER exit sites (ERES) and accelerates ER-to-Golgi trafficking. We found that cells with impaired ERES function were less capable of expanding their surface area when placed under mechanical stress and were more prone to develop plasma membrane defects when subjected to stretching. Thus, coupling of ERES function to mechanotransduction appears to confer resistance of cells to mechanical stress. Furthermore, we show that the coupling of mechanotransduction to ERES formation was mediated via a previously unappreciated ER-localized pool of the small GTPase Rac1. Mechanistically, we show that Rac1 interacts with the small GTPase Sar1 to drive budding of COPII carriers and stimulates ER-to-Golgi transport. This interaction therefore represents an unprecedented link between mechanical strain and export from the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Phuyal
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Elena Djaerff
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Anabel‐Lise Le Roux
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Martin J Baker
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Daniela Fankhauser
- Institute of PathophysiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Veronika Reiterer
- Institute of PathophysiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Edward Felder
- Institute of General PhysiologyUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| | | | - David Teis
- Institute of Cell BiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Stephan Geley
- Institute of PathophysiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Leif Eriksson
- Department of chemistry and molecular biologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Pere Roca‐Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Institute of PathophysiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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9
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Customized bioreactor enables the production of 3D diaphragmatic constructs influencing matrix remodeling and fibroblast overgrowth. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:25. [PMID: 35468920 PMCID: PMC9038738 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of skeletal muscle constructs useful for replacing large defects in vivo, such as in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), is still considered a challenge. The standard application of prosthetic material presents major limitations, such as hernia recurrences in a remarkable number of CDH patients. With this work, we developed a tissue engineering approach based on decellularized diaphragmatic muscle and human cells for the in vitro generation of diaphragmatic-like tissues as a proof-of-concept of a new option for the surgical treatment of large diaphragm defects. A customized bioreactor for diaphragmatic muscle was designed to control mechanical stimulation and promote radial stretching during the construct engineering. In vitro tests demonstrated that both ECM remodeling and fibroblast overgrowth were positively influenced by the bioreactor culture. Mechanically stimulated constructs also increased tissue maturation, with the formation of new oriented and aligned muscle fibers. Moreover, after in vivo orthotopic implantation in a surgical CDH mouse model, mechanically stimulated muscles maintained the presence of human cells within myofibers and hernia recurrence did not occur, suggesting the value of this approach for treating diaphragm defects.
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10
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Calabrese EJ, Calabrese V. Enhancing health span: muscle stem cells and hormesis. Biogerontology 2022; 23:151-167. [PMID: 35254570 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a significant public health and medical concern confronting the elderly. Considerable research is being directed to identify ways in which the onset and severity of sarcopenia may be delayed/minimized. This paper provides a detailed identification and assessment of hormetic dose responses in animal model muscle stem cells, with particular emphasis on cell proliferation, differentiation, and enhancing resilience to inflammatory stresses and how this information may be useful in preventing sarcopenia. Hormetic dose responses were observed following administration of a broad range of agents, including dietary supplements (e.g., resveratrol), pharmaceuticals (e.g., dexamethasone), endogenous ligands (e.g., tumor necrosis factor α), environmental contaminants (e.g., cadmium) and physical agents (e.g., low level laser). The paper assesses both putative mechanisms of hormetic responses in muscle stem cells, and potential therapeutic implications and application(s) of hormetic frameworks for slowing muscle loss and reduced functionality during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Morrill I, N344, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical & Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97, 95125, Catania, Italy
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11
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Murach KA, Fry CS, Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Fusion and beyond: Satellite cell contributions to loading-induced skeletal muscle adaptation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21893. [PMID: 34480776 PMCID: PMC9293230 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101096r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells support adult skeletal muscle fiber adaptations to loading in numerous ways. The fusion of satellite cells, driven by cell-autonomous and/or extrinsic factors, contributes new myonuclei to muscle fibers, associates with load-induced hypertrophy, and may support focal membrane damage repair and long-term myonuclear transcriptional output. Recent studies have also revealed that satellite cells communicate within their niche to mediate muscle remodeling in response to resistance exercise, regulating the activity of numerous cell types through various mechanisms such as secretory signaling and cell-cell contact. Muscular adaptation to resistance and endurance activity can be initiated and sustained for a period of time in the absence of satellite cells, but satellite cell participation is ultimately required to achieve full adaptive potential, be it growth, function, or proprioceptive coordination. While significant progress has been made in understanding the roles of satellite cells in adult muscle over the last few decades, many conclusions have been extrapolated from regeneration studies. This review highlights our current understanding of satellite cell behavior and contributions to adaptation outside of regeneration in adult muscle, as well as the roles of satellite cells beyond fusion and myonuclear accretion, which are gaining broader recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Murach
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Molecular Muscle Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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12
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Moustogiannis A, Philippou A, Zevolis E, Taso O, Chatzigeorgiou A, Koutsilieris M. Characterization of Optimal Strain, Frequency and Duration of Mechanical Loading on Skeletal Myotubes' Biological Responses. In Vivo 2021; 34:1779-1788. [PMID: 32606147 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Mechanical loading of differentiated myoblasts in vitro may mimic loading patterns of skeletal muscle in vivo. However, it is still uncharacterized the loading conditions that can produce the most effective muscle cells' biological responses, in vitro. This study investigated the effects of different loading protocols on the expression of myogenic regulatory factors, anabolic, atrophy and pro-apoptotic factors in skeletal myotubes. MATERIALS AND METHODS C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated and underwent various stretching protocols by altering their elongation, frequency and duration, utilizing an in vitro cell tension system. The loading-induced expression changes of MyoD, Myogenin, MRF4, IGF-1 isoforms, Murf1, Atrogin, Myostatin, Foxo and Fuca were measured by Real Time-PCR. RESULTS Stretching by 2% elongation at 0.25 Hz for 12 h was overall the most effective in inducing beneficial responses. CONCLUSION A low strain, low frequency intermediate duration stretching can most effectively up-regulate myogenic/anabolic factors and down-regulate pro-apoptotic and atrophy genes in myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Moustogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Zevolis
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Orjona Taso
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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13
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Somers SM, Grayson WL. Protocol for the Use of a Novel Bioreactor System for Hydrated Mechanical Testing, Strained Sterile Culture, and Force of Contraction Measurement of Tissue Engineered Muscle Constructs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661036. [PMID: 33928087 PMCID: PMC8078104 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioreactor systems are built as controlled environments for biological processes and utilized in the field of tissue engineering to apply mechanical, spatial, and chemical cues to developing tissue grafts. Often the systems are applied to instruct differentiation and maturation of the cells grown inside. Perhaps the most obvious targets for strain and compression-based bioreactors are mechanically active tissues, as it is hypothesized that biomimetic mechanical environments instruct immature cells to form differentiated tissues. One such tissue, skeletal muscle, has been identified as a key candidate for strain application due to the close structure-function relationship of myofibers. Here we detail the multiple uses of a custom-built bioreactor system in combination with electrospun fibrin microfibers for muscle tissue engineering. Outlined below are the methods used in the system to test the mechanical properties of hydrogel-based scaffolds in an aqueous environment, including Young’s modulus and poroelasticity. Additionally, we demonstrate the application of tensile strain to sterile cell cultures grown on electrospun scaffolds and perform end-point testing of tissue contractility with the addition of an electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Somers
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Warren L Grayson
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular, Johns Hopkins University School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Institute for NanoBioTechnology (INBT), Johns Hopkins University School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, United States
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14
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Wang Y, Song J, Liu X, Liu J, Zhang Q, Yan X, Yuan X, Ren D. Multiple Effects of Mechanical Stretch on Myogenic Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:336-352. [PMID: 31950873 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wang
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Stomatology, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Stomatology, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinqiang Liu
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Stomatology, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Stomatology, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dapeng Ren
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Stomatology, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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15
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Rhim C, E. Kraus W, A. Truskey G. Biomechanical effects on microRNA expression in skeletal muscle differentiation. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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16
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Da Y, Mou Y, Wang M, Yuan X, Yan F, Lan W, Zhang F. Mechanical stress promotes biological functions of C2C12 myoblasts by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:470-477. [PMID: 31746379 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation and differentiation in multiple types of cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of mechanical stress on C2C12 cell proliferation and to explore the associated mechanisms. A cyclic mechanical stress model of C2C12 myoblasts was established. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting assay were used to examine the PI3K signaling pathways involved in the progress of cell differentiation. Cell counting kit‑8 (CCK‑8) assay was used to evaluate the proliferation of C2C12 cells. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate apoptosis following mechanical stress. The results demonstrated that mechanical stress activated the PI3K signaling pathway in C2C12 myoblasts. Mechanical stress significantly promoted phosphorylation (p‑) of AKT and expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) compared with the normal group. Mechanical stress significantly promoted 4E‑binding protein 1 (4EBP1) expression in C2C12 cells compared with the normal group. The PI3K specific inhibitor LY294002 significantly decreased 4EBP1 expression and reduced p‑AKT and p‑mTOR expression compared with the mechanical stress group. Mechanical stress promoted C2C12 cell proliferation. Apoptosis of C2C12 significantly decreased in the mechanical stress group compared with the normal group. Cyclin D levels significantly increased in the mechanical stress group compared with the normal group. In conclusion, mechanical stress promoted biological functions of C2C12 cells by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the effects of mechanical stress on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Da
- Department of Stomatology, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211102, P.R. China
| | - Yongbin Mou
- Department of Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Mengjia Wang
- Department of Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Lan
- Department of Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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17
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Somers SM, Zhang NY, Morrissette-McAlmon JB, Tran K, Mao HQ, Grayson WL. Myoblast maturity on aligned microfiber bundles at the onset of strain application impacts myogenic outcomes. Acta Biomater 2019; 94:232-242. [PMID: 31212110 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Engineered skeletal muscle grafts may be employed in various applications including the treatment of volumetric muscle loss (VML) and pharmacological drug screening. To recapitulate the well-defined structure of native muscle, tensile strains have been applied to the grafts. In this study, we cultured C2C12 murine myoblasts on electrospun fibrin microfiber bundles for 7 days in custom-built bioreactor units and investigated the impact of strain regimen and delayed onset of tensile straining on myogenic outcomes. The substrate topography induced uniaxial alignment of cells in all (strained and unstrained) groups. The engineered grafts in strained groups were subjected to 10% strain amplitude for 6 h per day. We found that both static and cyclic uniaxial strains resulted in similar morphological and gene expression outcomes. However, relative to 0% strain groups, there were stark increases in myotube diameter, myosin heavy chain (MHC) coverage, and expression of key myogenic genes (Pax 7, Troponin, MHC I, MHC IIb, MHC IIx) only if strain was applied at Days 5-7 rather than Days 3-7. This finding suggests that a critical indicator of myogenic improvement under strain in our system is the phenotype of the cells at the onset of strain and suggests that this is a key parameter that should be considered in studies where myoblasts are subjected to biophysical stimulation to promote tissue formation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first report on the impact of the timing of the initial application of mechanical strain for improving the myogenic outcomes of 3D engineered skeletal muscle grafts. In this work, immature skeletal myoblasts were grown on topographically aligned, electrospun fibrin microfiber bundles and we applied 10% uniaxial static or cyclic strain. We concluded that the maturity of myoblasts prior to strain application, rather than strain waveform, was the primary predictor of improved myogenic outcomes, including myogenic gene expression and myotube morphology. Elucidating the optimal conditions for strain application is a vital step in recapitulating physiological myogenic properties in tissue engineered skeletal muscle constructs, with applications for treating volumetric muscle loss, disease modeling, and drug testing.
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18
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Nakayama KH, Shayan M, Huang NF. Engineering Biomimetic Materials for Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801168. [PMID: 30725530 PMCID: PMC6589032 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although skeletal muscle is highly regenerative following injury or disease, endogenous self-regeneration is severely impaired in conditions of volume traumatic muscle loss. Consequently, tissue engineering approaches are a promising means to regenerate skeletal muscle. Biological scaffolds serve as not only structural support for the promotion of cellular ingrowth but also impart potent modulatory signaling cues that may be beneficial for tissue regeneration. In this work, the progress of tissue engineering approaches for skeletal muscle engineering and regeneration is overviewed, with a focus on the techniques to create biomimetic engineered tissue using extracellular cues. These factors include mechanical and electrical stimulation, geometric patterning, and delivery of growth factors or other bioactive molecules. The progress of evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of these approaches in preclinical models of muscle injury is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina H Nakayama
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mahdis Shayan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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19
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Prevedello L, Michielin F, Balcon M, Savio E, Pavan P, Elvassore N. A Novel Microfluidic Platform for Biomechano-Stimulations on a Chip. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:231-242. [PMID: 30218223 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress has been proven to be an important factor interfering with many biological functions through mechano-sensitive elements within the cells. Despite the current interest in mechano-transduction, the development of suitable experimental tools is still characterized by the strife to design a compact device that allows high-magnification real-time imaging of the stretched cells, thus enabling to follow the dynamics of cellular response to mechanical stimulations. Here we present a microfluidic multi-layered chip that allows mechanical deformation of adherent cells maintaining a fixed focal plane, while allowing independent control of the soluble microenvironment. The device was optimized with the aid of FEM simulation and fully characterized in terms of mechanical deformation. Different cell lines were exposed to tunable mechanical strain, which results in continuous area deformation up to 20%. Thanks to the coupling of chemical glass etching, 2-dimensional deformation of a thin elastomeric membrane and microfluidic cell culture, the developed device allows a unique combination of cell mechanical stimulation, in line imaging and accurate control of cell culture microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Prevedello
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Michielin
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Manuel Balcon
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Savio
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Piero Pavan
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padova, Padua, Italy. .,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy. .,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. .,Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Somers SM, Spector AA, DiGirolamo DJ, Grayson WL. Biophysical Stimulation for Engineering Functional Skeletal Muscle. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2018; 23:362-372. [PMID: 28401807 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising therapeutic strategy to regenerate skeletal muscle. However, ex vivo cultivation methods typically result in a low differentiation efficiency of stem cells as well as grafts that resemble the native tissues morphologically, but lack contractile function. The application of biomimetic tensile strain provides a potent stimulus for enhancing myogenic differentiation and engineering functional skeletal muscle grafts. We reviewed integrin-dependent mechanisms that potentially link mechanotransduction pathways to the upregulation of myogenic genes. Yet, gaps in our understanding make it challenging to use these pathways to theoretically determine optimal ex vivo strain regimens. A multitude of strain protocols have been applied to in vitro cultures for the cultivation of myogenic progenitors (adipose- and bone marrow-derived stem cells and satellite cells) and transformed murine myoblasts, C2C12s. Strain regimens are characterized by orientation, amplitude, and time-dependent factors (effective frequency, duration, and the rest period between successive strain cycles). Analysis of published data has identified possible minimum/maximum values for these parameters and suggests that uniaxial strains may be more potent than biaxial strains, possibly because they more closely mimic physiologic strain profiles. The application of these biophysical stimuli for engineering 3D skeletal muscle grafts is nontrivial and typically requires custom-designed bioreactors used in combination with biomaterial scaffolds. Consideration of the physical properties of these scaffolds is critical for effective transmission of the applied strains to encapsulated cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that biomimetic tensile strain generally results in improved myogenic outcomes in myogenic progenitors and differentiated myoblasts. However, for 3D systems, the optimization of the strain regimen may require the entire system including cells, biomaterials, and bioreactor, to be considered in tandem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Somers
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexander A Spector
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Institute for Nanobiotechnology (INBT), Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas J DiGirolamo
- 4 Department of Orthopedics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore Maryland
| | - Warren L Grayson
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Institute for Nanobiotechnology (INBT), Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering , Baltimore, Maryland.,5 Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Abstract
The focus of this paper is to describe the mechanism and behavior of two-dimensional in vitro cell stretch platforms, as well as discussing designs for the evaluation of mechanical properties of cells. It is extremely important to understand the cellular response to extrinsic mechanical forces as living biological system is constantly subjected to mechanical forces in vivo. In addition, this mechanistic understanding of cellular response will provide valuable information towards the design and fabrication of bioengineered tissues and organs, which are expected to replace and/or aid bodily functions. This paper will primarily focus on the development, advantages and limitations of two-dimensional cell stretch platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. GHAZIZADEH
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - S. ARAVAMUDHAN
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
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22
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Li EW, McKee-Muir OC, Gilbert PM. Cellular Biomechanics in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 126:125-176. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Cao J, Wang J, Jackman CP, Cox AH, Trembley MA, Balowski JJ, Cox BD, De Simone A, Dickson AL, Di Talia S, Small EM, Kiehart DP, Bursac N, Poss KD. Tension Creates an Endoreplication Wavefront that Leads Regeneration of Epicardial Tissue. Dev Cell 2017; 42:600-615.e4. [PMID: 28950101 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms that control cell-cycle dynamics during tissue regeneration require elucidation. Here we find in zebrafish that regeneration of the epicardium, the mesothelial covering of the heart, is mediated by two phenotypically distinct epicardial cell subpopulations. These include a front of large, multinucleate leader cells, trailed by follower cells that divide to produce small, mononucleate daughters. By using live imaging of cell-cycle dynamics, we show that leader cells form by spatiotemporally regulated endoreplication, caused primarily by cytokinesis failure. Leader cells display greater velocities and mechanical tension within the epicardial tissue sheet, and experimentally induced tension anisotropy stimulates ectopic endoreplication. Unbalancing epicardial cell-cycle dynamics with chemical modulators indicated autonomous regenerative capacity in both leader and follower cells, with leaders displaying an enhanced capacity for surface coverage. Our findings provide evidence that mechanical tension can regulate cell-cycle dynamics in regenerating tissue, stratifying the source cell features to improve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinhu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher P Jackman
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Amanda H Cox
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Michael A Trembley
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA
| | - Joseph J Balowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ben D Cox
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alessandro De Simone
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amy L Dickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eric M Small
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA
| | | | - Nenad Bursac
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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24
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Andersen JI, Pennisi CP, Fink T, Zachar V. Focal Adhesion Kinase Activation Is Necessary for Stretch-Induced Alignment and Enhanced Differentiation of Myogenic Precursor Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:631-640. [PMID: 28741418 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic precursors sense and dynamically respond to mechanical stimulation through complex integrin-mediated mechanotransduction, in which focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a fundamental intracellular signaling mediator. When skeletal myoblasts are exposed to uniaxial cyclic tensile strain (UCTS), they display uniform alignment and an enhanced rate of differentiation. In this work, we explored the role of FAK activation by using C2C12 myoblasts that were grown on flexible culture plates and exposed to UCTS during the early differentiation phase. After 24 h, the cells oriented perpendicularly to the direction of strain and exhibited an enhanced differentiation profile. Next, the cells were exposed to a strain field that was either kept in the same direction or rotated 90°, in the presence or not of an FAK phosphorylation inhibitor. On reorientation of the strain field by 90°, the cells reassembled their focal adhesions and actin cytoskeleton to regain the perpendicular position with respect to the engaging stress. After blocking the FAK, however, the cells failed to respond to the reoriented strain field and their differentiation was abrogated. Interestingly, when the strain field remained in the same direction, the FAK inhibitor compromised the differentiation, even though there was no evident change in cell orientation. Our data indicate that during exposure to UCTS, the activation of FAK is necessary for the myoblasts to undergo alignment and enhanced differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Isak Andersen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Cristian Pablo Pennisi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Trine Fink
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Zachar
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
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Ma Y, Fu S, Lu L, Wang X. Role of androgen receptor on cyclic mechanical stretch-regulated proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts and its upstream signals: IGF-1-mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPKs pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 450:83-93. [PMID: 28454723 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTS To detect the effects of androgen receptor (AR) on cyclic mechanical stretch-modulated proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts and its pathways: roles of IGF-1, PI3K and MAPK. METHODS C2C12 were randomly divided into five groups: un-stretched control, six or 8 h of fifteen percent stretch, and six or 8 h of twenty percent stretch. Cyclic mechanical stretch of C2C12 were completed using a computer-controlled FlexCell Strain Unit. Cell proliferation and IGF-1 concentration in medium were detected by CCK8 and ELISA, respectively. Expressions of AR and IGF-1R, and expressions and activities of PI3K, p38 and ERK1/2 in stretched C2C12 cells were determined by Western blot. RESULTS ①The proliferation of C2C12 cells, IGF-1 concentration in medium, expressions of AR and IGF-1R, and activities of PI3K, p38 and ERK1/2 were increased by 6 h of fifteen percent stretch, while decreased by twenty percent stretch for six or 8 h ②The fifteen percent stretch-increased proliferation of C2C12 cells was reversed by AR inhibitor, Flutamide. ③The increases of AR expression, activities of PI3K, p38 and ERK1/2 resulted from fifteen percent stretch were attenuated by IGF-1 neutralizing antibody, while twenty percent stretch-induced decreases of the above indicators were enhanced by recombinant IGF-1. ④Specific inhibitors of p38, ERK1/2 and PI3K all decreased the expression of AR in fifteen percent and twenty percent of stretched C2C12 cells. CONCLUSIONS Cyclic mechanical stretch modulated the proliferation of C2C12 cells, which may be attributed to the alterations of AR via IGF-1-PI3K/Akt and IGF-1-MAPK (p38, ERK1/2) pathways in C2C12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ma
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shaoting Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Lu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Kasper AM, Turner DC, Martin NRW, Sharples AP. Mimicking exercise in three-dimensional bioengineered skeletal muscle to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms of physiological adaptation. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1985-1998. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M. Kasper
- Stem Cells, Ageing, and Molecular Physiology (SCAMP) Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - Daniel C. Turner
- Stem Cells, Ageing, and Molecular Physiology (SCAMP) Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - Neil R. W. Martin
- Musculoskeletal Biology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
| | - Adam P. Sharples
- Stem Cells, Ageing, and Molecular Physiology (SCAMP) Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
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Yao Y, Mak AF. Strengthening of C2C12 mouse myoblasts against compression damage by mild cyclic compressive stimulation. J Biomech 2016; 49:3956-3961. [PMID: 27884430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deep tissue injury (DTI) is a severe kind of pressure ulcers formed by sustained deformation of muscle tissues over bony prominences. As a major clinical issue, DTI affects people with physical disabilities, and is obviously related to the load-bearing capacity of muscle cells in various in-vivo conditions. It is important to provide a preventive approach to help muscle cells from being damaged by compressive stress. In this study, we hypothesized that cyclic compressive stimulation could strengthen muscle cells against compressive damage and enhance the cell plasma membrane resealing capability. Monolayer of myoblasts was cultured in the cell culture dish covered by a cylinder 0.5% agarose gel. The platen indenter was applied with 20% strain on the agarose gel in the Mach-1 micromechanical system. The vibration was 1Hz sinusoidal function with amplitude 0.2% strain based on 20% gel strain. Cyclic compressive stimulation for 2h could enhance the compressive stress damage threshold of muscle cells, the muscle cell plasma membrane resealing ratio and viability of muscle cell under static loading as preventive approach. This approach might help to reduce the risk of DTI in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yao
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Arthur Ft Mak
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Hua W, Zhang M, Wang Y, Yu L, Zhao T, Qiu X, Wang L. Mechanical stretch regulates microRNA expression profile via NF-κB activation in C2C12 myoblasts. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5084-5092. [PMID: 27840929 PMCID: PMC5355701 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation are involved in mechanical stretch-induced skeletal muscle regeneration. However, there are a small number of miRNAs that have been reported to be associated with NF‑κB activation during mechanical stretch-induced myogenesis. In the present study, C2C12 myoblasts underwent cyclic mechanical stretch in vitro, to explore the relationship between miRNA expression and NF‑κB activation during stretch-mediated myoblast proliferation. The results revealed that 10% deformation, 0.125 Hz cyclic mechanical stretch could promote myoblast proliferation. The miRNA expression profile was subsequently altered; miR‑500, ‑1934, ‑31, ‑378, ‑331 and ‑5097 were downregulated, whereas miR‑1941 was upregulated. These miRNAs were all involved in stretch‑mediated myoblast proliferation. Notably, the expression of these miRNAs was reversed following treatment of 0.125 Hz mechanically stretched C2C12 cells with NF‑κB inhibitors, which was accompanied by C2C12 cell growth suppression. Therefore, the present study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to demonstrate that the NF‑κB‑dependent miRNA profile is associated with mechanical stretch-induced myoblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Hua
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Mahui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yongkui Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhong Qiu
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Leyu Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Jia H, Liu S, Wu J, Hou S, Xin T, Guo X, Yuan W, Gao X, Zhang G, Li M, Qu H, Zhu H. Recombinant TB9.8 of Mycobacterium bovis Triggers the Production of IL-12 p40 and IL-6 in RAW264.7 Macrophages via Activation of the p38, ERK, and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Inflammation 2016; 38:1337-46. [PMID: 25577342 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The TB9.8 of Mycobacterium bovis can induce strong antigen-specific T-cell responses in proliferation assays and IFN-γ assays. However, whether and how TB9.8 activates innate immune cells remain unclear. Therefore, recombinant protein TB9.8 (rTB9.8)-induced proinflammatory cytokine profile by RAW264.7 cells was investigated and the related signaling pathway was studied. Stimulation with rTB9.8 triggered RAW264.7 cells to produce IL-6 and IL-12 p40. In addition, rTB9.8 activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in RAW264.7 cells by inducing the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase (p38) and also promoted nuclear translocation of phosphorylated p38 and ERK1/2. Furthermore, rTB9.8 activated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway by inducing p65 translocation into the nucleus and the phosphorylation of IκBα in the cytosol. Blocking assays showed that specific inhibitors of ERK1/2, p38, and IκBα can significantly reduce the expression of IL-6 and IL-12 p40, which demonstrated that rTB9.8-mediated cytokine production is dependent on the activation of these kinases. Thus, this study demonstrates that rTB9.8 can activate RAW264.7 and trigger IL-6 and IL-12 p40 production via the ERK, p38, and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Yu HS, Kim JJ, Kim HW, Lewis MP, Wall I. Impact of mechanical stretch on the cell behaviors of bone and surrounding tissues. J Tissue Eng 2016; 7:2041731415618342. [PMID: 26977284 PMCID: PMC4765821 DOI: 10.1177/2041731415618342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading is recognized to play an important role in regulating the behaviors of cells in bone and surrounding tissues in vivo. Many in vitro studies have been conducted to determine the effects of mechanical loading on individual cell types of the tissues. In this review, we focus specifically on the use of the Flexercell system as a tool for studying cellular responses to mechanical stretch. We assess the literature describing the impact of mechanical stretch on different cell types from bone, muscle, tendon, ligament, and cartilage, describing individual cell phenotype responses. In addition, we review evidence regarding the mechanotransduction pathways that are activated to potentiate these phenotype responses in different cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sun Yu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University Graduate School, Cheonan, South Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ju Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University Graduate School, Cheonan, South Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University Graduate School, Cheonan, South Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Mark P Lewis
- Musculo-Skeletal Biology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Ivan Wall
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University Graduate School, Cheonan, South Korea
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Graham ZA, Gallagher PM, Cardozo CP. Focal adhesion kinase and its role in skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:305-15. [PMID: 26142360 PMCID: PMC4659753 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to respond to different physical stresses. Loading muscle through exercise, either anaerobic or aerobic, can lead to increases in muscle size and function while, conversely, the absence of muscle loading stimulates rapid decreases in size and function. A principal mediator of this load-induced change is focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a downstream non-receptor tyrosine kinase that translates the cytoskeletal stress and strain signals transmitted across the cytoplasmic membrane by integrins to activate multiple anti-apoptotic and cell growth pathways. Changes in FAK expression and phosphorylation have been found to correlate to specific developmental states in myoblast differentiation, muscle fiber formation and muscle size in response to loading and unloading. With the capability to regulate costamere formation, hypertrophy and glucose metabolism, FAK is a molecule with diverse functions that are important in regulating muscle cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Graham
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christopher P Cardozo
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Heher P, Maleiner B, Prüller J, Teuschl AH, Kollmitzer J, Monforte X, Wolbank S, Redl H, Rünzler D, Fuchs C. A novel bioreactor for the generation of highly aligned 3D skeletal muscle-like constructs through orientation of fibrin via application of static strain. Acta Biomater 2015; 24:251-65. [PMID: 26141153 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The generation of functional biomimetic skeletal muscle constructs is still one of the fundamental challenges in skeletal muscle tissue engineering. With the notion that structure strongly dictates functional capabilities, a myriad of cell types, scaffold materials and stimulation strategies have been combined. To further optimize muscle engineered constructs, we have developed a novel bioreactor system (MagneTissue) for rapid engineering of skeletal muscle-like constructs with the aim to resemble native muscle in terms of structure, gene expression profile and maturity. Myoblasts embedded in fibrin, a natural hydrogel that serves as extracellular matrix, are subjected to mechanical stimulation via magnetic force transmission. We identify static mechanical strain as a trigger for cellular alignment concomitant with the orientation of the scaffold into highly organized fibrin fibrils. This ultimately yields myotubes with a more mature phenotype in terms of sarcomeric patterning, diameter and length. On the molecular level, a faster progression of the myogenic gene expression program is evident as myogenic determination markers MyoD and Myogenin as well as the Ca(2+) dependent contractile structural marker TnnT1 are significantly upregulated when strain is applied. The major advantage of the MagneTissue bioreactor system is that the generated tension is not exclusively relying on the strain generated by the cells themselves in response to scaffold anchoring but its ability to subject the constructs to individually adjustable strain protocols. In future work, this will allow applying mechanical stimulation with different strain regimes in the maturation process of tissue engineered constructs and elucidating the role of mechanotransduction in myogenesis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Mechanical stimulation of tissue engineered skeletal muscle constructs is a promising approach to increase tissue functionality. We have developed a novel bioreactor-based 3D culture system, giving the user the possibility to apply different strain regimes like static, cyclic or ramp strain to myogenic precursor cells embedded in a fibrin scaffold. Application of static mechanical strain leads to alignment of fibrin fibrils along the axis of strain and concomitantly to highly aligned myotube formation. Additionally, the pattern of myogenic gene expression follows the temporal progression observed in vivo with a more thorough induction of the myogenic program when static strain is applied. Ultimately, the strain protocol used in this study results in a higher degree of muscle maturity demonstrated by enhanced sarcomeric patterning and increased myotube diameter and length. The introduced bioreactor system enables new possibilities in muscle tissue engineering as longer cultivation periods and different strain applications will yield tissue engineered muscle-like constructs with improved characteristics in regard to functionality and biomimicry.
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Mohamed JS, Hajira A, Lopez MA, Boriek AM. Genome-wide Mechanosensitive MicroRNA (MechanomiR) Screen Uncovers Dysregulation of Their Regulatory Networks in the mdm Mouse Model of Muscular Dystrophy. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24986-5011. [PMID: 26272747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.659375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a heterogeneous group of genetic and neuromuscular disorders, which result in severe loss of motor ability and skeletal muscle mass and function. Aberrant mechanotransduction and dysregulated-microRNA pathways are often associated with the progression of MD. Here, we hypothesized that dysregulation of mechanosensitive microRNAs (mechanomiRs) in dystrophic skeletal muscle plays a major role in the progression of MD. To test our hypothesis, we performed a genome-wide expression profile of anisotropically regulated mechanomiRs and bioinformatically analyzed their target gene networks. We assessed their functional roles in the advancement of MD using diaphragm muscles from mdm (MD with myositis) mice, an animal model of human tibial MD (titinopathy), and their wild-type littermates. We were able to show that ex vivo anisotropic mechanical stretch significantly alters the miRNA expression profile in diaphragm muscles from WT and mdm mice; as a result, some of the genes associated with MDs are dysregulated in mdm mice due to differential regulation of a distinct set of mechanomiRs. Interestingly, we found a contrasting expression pattern of the highly expressed let-7 family mechanomiRs, let-7e-5p and miR-98-5p, and their target genes associated with the extracellular matrix and TGF-β pathways, respectively, between WT and mdm mice. Gain- and loss-of-function analysis of let-7e-5p in myocytes isolated from the diaphragms of WT and mdm mice confirmed Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1, Col24a1, Col27a1, Itga1, Itga4, Scd1, and Thbs1 as target genes of let-7e-5p. Furthermore, we found that miR-98 negatively regulates myoblast differentiation. Our study therefore introduces additional biological players in the regulation of skeletal muscle structure and myogenesis that may contribute to unexplained disorders of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaith S Mohamed
- From the Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ameena Hajira
- From the Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michael A Lopez
- From the Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Aladin M Boriek
- From the Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Brouwer KM, Lundvig DMS, Middelkoop E, Wagener FADTG, Von den Hoff JW. Mechanical cues in orofacial tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 23:302-11. [PMID: 25787133 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate patients suffer from functional, aesthetical, and psychosocial problems due to suboptimal regeneration of skin, mucosa, and skeletal muscle after restorative cleft surgery. The field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TE/RM) aims to restore the normal physiology of tissues and organs in conditions such as birth defects or after injury. A crucial factor in cell differentiation, tissue formation, and tissue function is mechanical strain. Regardless of this, mechanical cues are not yet widely used in TE/RM. The effects of mechanical stimulation on cells are not straight-forward in vitro as cellular responses may differ with cell type and loading regime, complicating the translation to a therapeutic protocol. We here give an overview of the different types of mechanical strain that act on cells and tissues and discuss the effects on muscle, and skin and mucosa. We conclude that presently, sufficient knowledge is lacking to reproducibly implement external mechanical loading in TE/RM approaches. Mechanical cues can be applied in TE/RM by fine-tuning the stiffness and architecture of the constructs to guide the differentiation of the seeded cells or the invading surrounding cells. This may already improve the treatment of orofacial clefts and other disorders affecting soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien M Brouwer
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ditte M S Lundvig
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Middelkoop
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Association of Dutch Burn Centers, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A D T G Wagener
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W Von den Hoff
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Wang QS, Zhang XC, Li RX, Sun JG, Su WH, Guo Y, Li H, Zhang XZ. A comparative study of mechanical strain, icariin and combination stimulations on improving osteoinductive potential via NF-kappaB activation in osteoblast-like cells. Biomed Eng Online 2015; 14:46. [PMID: 25994935 PMCID: PMC4455701 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-015-0039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The combination of drugs and exercise was the effective treatment in bone injure and rebuilding in clinic. As mechanical strain has potential in inducing the differentiation of osteoblasts in our previous study, the further research to investigate the combination of mechanical strain and icariin stimulation on inducing osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and the possible mechanism in MC3T3-E1 cell line. Methods A whole cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that detects the bromodeoxyuridine incorporation during DNA synthesis was applied to evaluate the proliferation. The mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), type I collagen (Col I), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and BMP-4 was detected by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The activity of ALP was analyzed by ELISA and the protein expression of OCN, Col I and BMP-2 was assessed by western blot. Moreover, the activity of nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway was investigated with the expression of inhibitor of κB (IκB) α, phosphorylation of IκB-α (P-IκB-α), p65, P-p65 by western blot. Results We observed that compared to single mechanical strain or icariin stimulation, the mRNA and protein expressions of ALP (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), OCN (P < 0.01) and Col I (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) were increased significantly by the combination of mechanical strain and icariin stimulation. Moreover, the combination of mechanical strain and icariin stimulation could up-regulate the expression of BMP-2 (P < 0.01) and BMP-4 compared to single mechanical strain or icariin stimulation. The combination of mechanical strain and icariin stimulation could activate NF-κB signaling pathway by increasing the expression of IκB α, P-IκB-α, p65, P-p65 (P < 0.01). Conclusion The combination of mechanical strain and icariin stimulation could activate the NF-κB pathway to improve the proliferation, differentiation of osteoblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Song Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 106 Wandong Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin-Chang Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 106 Wandong Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rui-Xin Li
- Tianjin Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 106 Wandong Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing-Gong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 106 Wandong Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Hua Su
- Tianjin Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 106 Wandong Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Guo
- Tianjin Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 106 Wandong Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Li
- Tianjin Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 106 Wandong Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xi-Zheng Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 106 Wandong Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China.
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Morrissey JB, Cheng RY, Davoudi S, Gilbert PM. Biomechanical Origins of Muscle Stem Cell Signal Transduction. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:1441-54. [PMID: 26004541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, the most abundant and widespread tissue in the human body, contracts upon receiving electrochemical signals from the nervous system to support essential functions such as thermoregulation, limb movement, blinking, swallowing and breathing. Reconstruction of adult muscle tissue relies on a pool of mononucleate, resident muscle stem cells, known as "satellite cells", expressing the paired-box transcription factor Pax7 necessary for their specification during embryonic development and long-term maintenance during adult life. Satellite cells are located around the myofibres in a niche at the interface of the basal lamina and the host fibre plasma membrane (i.e., sarcolemma), at a very low frequency. Upon damage to the myofibres, quiescent satellite cells are activated and give rise to a population of transient amplifying myogenic progenitor cells, which eventually exit the cell cycle permanently and fuse to form new myofibres and regenerate the tissue. A subpopulation of satellite cells self-renew and repopulate the niche, poised to respond to future demands. Harnessing the potential of satellite cells relies on a complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms guiding their regulation in vivo. Over the past several decades, studies revealed many signal transduction pathways responsible for satellite cell fate decisions, but the niche cues driving the activation and silencing of these pathways are less clear. Here we explore the scintillating possibility that considering the dynamic changes in the biophysical properties of the skeletal muscle, namely stiffness, and the stretch and shear forces to which a myofibre can be subjected to may provide missing information necessary to gain a full understanding of satellite cell niche regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Morrissey
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S3G9; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S3E1
| | - Richard Y Cheng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S3G9; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S3E1
| | - Sadegh Davoudi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S3G9; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S3E1
| | - Penney M Gilbert
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S3G9; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S3E1.
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Handschin C, Mortezavi A, Plock J, Eberli D. External physical and biochemical stimulation to enhance skeletal muscle bioengineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:168-175. [PMID: 25453267 PMCID: PMC4444527 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cell based muscle tissue engineering carries the potential to revert the functional loss of muscle tissue caused by disease and trauma. Although muscle tissue can be bioengineered using various precursor cells, major limitations still remain. RECENT FINDINGS In the last decades several cellular pathways playing a crucial role in muscle tissue regeneration have been described. These pathways can be influenced by external stimuli and they not only orchestrate the regenerative process after physiologic wear and muscle trauma, but also play an important part in aging and maintaining the stem cell niche, which is required to maintain long-term muscle function. SUMMARY In this review article we will highlight possible new avenues using external physical and biochemical stimulation in order to optimize muscle bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Eberli
- corresponding author: Daniel Eberli MD PhD, Division of Urology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland, Phone: +41 44 255 11 11, Fax: +41 44 255 96 20,
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Michielin F, Serena E, Pavan P, Elvassore N. Microfluidic-assisted cyclic mechanical stimulation affects cellular membrane integrity in a human muscular dystrophy in vitro model. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16957g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a microfluidic-based cell stretching device allows to investigate membrane permeability during cyclic mechanical stimulation in a human Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy skeletal musclein vitromodel.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Michielin
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII)
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM)
| | - E. Serena
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII)
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM)
| | - P. Pavan
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII)
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials (CMBM)
| | - N. Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII)
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM)
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Ostrovidov S, Hosseini V, Ahadian S, Fujie T, Parthiban SP, Ramalingam M, Bae H, Kaji H, Khademhosseini A. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering: methods to form skeletal myotubes and their applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2014; 20:403-36. [PMID: 24320971 PMCID: PMC4193686 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) aims to repair or regenerate defective skeletal muscle tissue lost by traumatic injury, tumor ablation, or muscular disease. However, two decades after the introduction of SMTE, the engineering of functional skeletal muscle in the laboratory still remains a great challenge, and numerous techniques for growing functional muscle tissues are constantly being developed. This article reviews the recent findings regarding the methodology and various technical aspects of SMTE, including cell alignment and differentiation. We describe the structure and organization of muscle and discuss the methods for myoblast alignment cultured in vitro. To better understand muscle formation and to enhance the engineering of skeletal muscle, we also address the molecular basics of myogenesis and discuss different methods to induce myoblast differentiation into myotubes. We then provide an overview of different coculture systems involving skeletal muscle cells, and highlight major applications of engineered skeletal muscle tissues. Finally, potential challenges and future research directions for SMTE are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ostrovidov
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samad Ahadian
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Murugan Ramalingam
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, India
| | - Hojae Bae
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Rho protein GTPases and their interactions with NFκB: crossroads of inflammation and matrix biology. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:BSR20140021. [PMID: 24877606 PMCID: PMC4069681 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The RhoGTPases, with RhoA, Cdc42 and Rac being major members, are a group of key ubiquitous proteins present in all eukaryotic organisms that subserve such important functions as cell migration, adhesion and differentiation. The NFκB (nuclear factor κB) is a family of constitutive and inducible transcription factors that through their diverse target genes, play a major role in processes such as cytokine expression, stress regulation, cell division and transformation. Research over the past decade has uncovered new molecular links between the RhoGTPases and the NFκB pathway, with the RhoGTPases playing a positive or negative regulatory role on NFκB activation depending on the context. The RhoA–NFκB interaction has been shown to be important in cytokine-activated NFκB processes, such as those induced by TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α). On the other hand, Rac is important for activating the NFκB response downstream of integrin activation, such as after phagocytosis. Specific residues of Rac1 are important for triggering NFκB activation, and mutations do obliterate this response. Other upstream triggers of the RhoGTPase–NFκB interactions include the suppressive p120 catenin, with implications for skin inflammation. The networks described here are not only important areas for further research, but are also significant for discovery of targets for translational medicine.
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Cheng CS, Davis BNJ, Madden L, Bursac N, Truskey GA. Physiology and metabolism of tissue-engineered skeletal muscle. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1203-14. [PMID: 24912506 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214538589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a major target for tissue engineering, given its relative size in the body, fraction of cardiac output that passes through muscle beds, as well as its key role in energy metabolism and diabetes, and the need for therapies for muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophy and sarcopenia. To date, most studies with tissue-engineered skeletal muscle have utilized murine and rat cell sources. On the other hand, successful engineering of functional human muscle would enable different applications including improved methods for preclinical testing of drugs and therapies. Some of the requirements for engineering functional skeletal muscle include expression of adult forms of muscle proteins, comparable contractile forces to those produced by native muscle, and physiological force-length and force-frequency relations. This review discusses the various strategies and challenges associated with these requirements, specific applications with cultured human myoblasts, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Brittany N J Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lauran Madden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Dugan JM, Cartmell SH, Gough JE. Uniaxial cyclic strain of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and C2C12 myoblasts in coculture. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731414530138. [PMID: 24812580 PMCID: PMC4014078 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414530138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering skeletal muscle in vitro is of great importance for the production of tissue-like constructs for treating tissue loss due to traumatic injury or surgery. However, it is essential to find new sources of cells for muscle engineering as efficient in vitro expansion and culture of primary myoblasts are problematic. Mesenchymal stem cells may be a promising source of myogenic progenitor cells and may be harvested in large numbers from adipose tissue. As skeletal muscle is a mechanically dynamic tissue, we have investigated the effect of cyclic mechanical strain on the myogenic differentiation of a coculture system of murine C2C12 myoblasts and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Fusion of mesenchymal stem cells with nascent myotubes and expression of human sarcomeric proteins was observed, indicating the potential for myogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cyclic mechanical strain did not affect the fusion of mesenchymal stem cells, but maturation of myotubes was perturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Dugan
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ; Kroto Research Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julie E Gough
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Use of flow, electrical, and mechanical stimulation to promote engineering of striated muscles. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 42:1391-405. [PMID: 24366526 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering involves design of high-fidelity tissue substitutes for predictive experimental assays in vitro and cell-based regenerative therapies in vivo. Design of striated muscle tissues, such as cardiac and skeletal muscle, has been particularly challenging due to a high metabolic demand and complex cellular organization and electromechanical function of the native tissues. Successful engineering of highly functional striated muscles may thus require creation of biomimetic culture conditions involving medium perfusion, electrical and mechanical stimulation. When optimized, these external cues are expected to synergistically and dynamically activate important intracellular signaling pathways leading to accelerated muscle growth and development. This review will discuss the use of different types of tissue culture bioreactors aimed at providing conditions for enhanced structural and functional maturation of engineered striated muscles.
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Cell shape-dependent early responses of fibroblasts to cyclic strain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3415-3425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Adams GR, Bamman MM. Characterization and regulation of mechanical loading-induced compensatory muscle hypertrophy. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:2829-70. [PMID: 23720267 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian systems, skeletal muscle exists in a dynamic state that monitors and regulates the physiological investment in muscle size to meet the current level of functional demand. This review attempts to consolidate current knowledge concerning development of the compensatory hypertrophy that occurs in response to a sustained increase in the mechanical loading of skeletal muscle. Topics covered include: defining and measuring compensatory hypertrophy, experimental models, loading stimulus parameters, acute responses to increased loading, hyperplasia, myofiber-type adaptations, the involvement of satellite cells, mRNA translational control, mechanotransduction, and endocrinology. The authors conclude with their impressions of current knowledge gaps in the field that are ripe for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Adams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
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Qin L, Chen Y, Liu X, Ye S, Yu K, Huang Z, Yu J, Zhou X, Chen H, Mo D. Integrative analysis of porcine microRNAome during skeletal muscle development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72418. [PMID: 24039761 PMCID: PMC3770649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pig is an important agricultural animal for meat production and provides a valuable model for many human diseases. Functional studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in almost all aspects of skeletal muscle development and disease pathogenesis. To investigate the miRNAs involved in regulating different periods of skeletal muscle development, we herein performed a comprehensive research for porcine microRNAome (miRNAome) during 10 skeletal muscle developmental stages including 35, 49, 63, 77, 91 dpc (days post coitum) and 2, 28, 90, 120, 180 dpn (days postnatal) using Solexa sequencing technology. Our results extend the repertoire of pig miRNAome to 247 known miRNAs processed from 210 pre-miRNAs and 297 candidate novel miRNAs through comparison with known miRNAs in the miRBase. Expression analysis of the 15 most abundant miRNAs in every library indicated that functional miRNAome may be smaller and tend to be highly expressed. A series of muscle-related miRNAs summarized in our study present different patterns between myofibers formation phase and muscle maturation phase, providing valuable reference for investigation of functional miRNAs during skeletal muscle development. Analysis of temporal profiles of miRNA expression identifies 18 novel candidate myogenic miRNAs in pig, which might provide new insight into regulation mechanism mediated by miRNAs underlying muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sanxing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kaifan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Delin Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Passive repetitive stretching for a short duration within a week increases myogenic regulatory factors and myosin heavy chain mRNA in rats' skeletal muscles. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:493656. [PMID: 23766692 PMCID: PMC3676914 DOI: 10.1155/2013/493656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stretching is a stimulation of muscle growth. Stretching for hours or days has an effect on muscle hypertrophy. However, differences of continuous stretching and repetitive stretching to affect muscle growth are not well known. To clarify the difference of continuous and repetitive stretching within a short duration, we investigated the gene expression of muscle-related genes on stretched skeletal muscles. We used 8-week-old male Wistar rats (N = 28) for this study. Animals medial gastrocnemius muscle was stretched continuously or repetitively for 15 min daily and 4 times/week under anesthesia. After stretching, muscles were removed and total RNA was extracted. Then, reverse transcriptional quantitative real-time PCR was done to evaluate the mRNA expression of MyoD, myogenin, and embryonic myosin heavy chain (MyHC). Muscles, either stretched continuously or repetitively, increased mRNA expression of MyoD, myogenin, and embryonic MyHC more than unstretched muscles. Notably, repetitive stretching resulted in more substantial effects on embryonic MyHC gene expression than continuous stretching. In conclusion, passive stretching for a short duration within a week is effective in increasing myogenic factor expression, and repetitive stretching had more effects than continuous stretching for skeletal muscle on muscle growth. These findings are applicable in clinical muscle-strengthening therapy.
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Wan Q, Kim SJ, Yokota H, Na S. Differential activation and inhibition of RhoA by fluid flow induced shear stress in chondrocytes. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:568-76. [PMID: 23408748 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physical force environment is a major factor that influences cellular homeostasis and remodelling. It is not well understood, however, as a potential role of force intensities in the induction of cellular mechanotransduction. Using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based approach, we asked whether activities of GTPase RhoA in chondrocytes are dependent on intensities of flow-induced shear stress. We hypothesized that RhoA activities can be either elevated or reduced by selecting different levels of shear-stress intensities. The result indicates that C28/I2 chondrocytes have increased RhoA activities in response to high shear stress (10 or 20 dyn/cm(2) ), whereas a decrease in activity was seen with an intermediate shear stress of 5 dyn/cm(2) . No changes were seen under low shear stress (2 dyn/cm(2) ). The observed two-level switch of RhoA activities is closely linked to the shear-stress-induced alterations in actin cytoskeleton and traction forces. In the presence of constitutively active RhoA (RhoA-V14), intermediate shear stress suppressed RhoA activities, while high shear stress failed to activate them. In chondrocytes, expression of various metalloproteinases is, in part, regulated by shear and normal stresses through a network of GTPases. Collectively, the data suggest that intensities of shear stress are critical in differential activation and inhibition of RhoA activities in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Li D, Lu Z, Jia J, Zheng Z, Lin S. Curcumin Ameliorates Podocytic Adhesive Capacity Damage Under Mechanical Stress By Inhibiting miR-124 Expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 38:61-71. [DOI: 10.1159/000355755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hussain A, Steimle M, Hoppeler H, Baum O, Egginton S. The vascular-disrupting agent combretastatin impairs splitting and sprouting forms of physiological angiogenesis. Microcirculation 2012; 19:296-305. [PMID: 22236138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2012.00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular-disrupting agents like combretastatin (CA-4-P), used to attenuate tumor blood flow in vivo, exert anti-mitotic and anti-migratory effects on endothelial cells in vitro. We tested whether anti-vascular or anti-angiogenic effects of CA-4-P are evident with physiological angiogenesis in skeletal muscle (EDL) due to sustained hyperemia (intraluminal splitting) and chronic muscle overload (abluminal sprouting). METHODS CA-4-P was given i.v. (25 mg/kg on alternate days for 14 days) to mice subjected to angiogenic stimuli (prazosin or synergist extirpation). The responses of femoral artery blood flow as well as capillarity, capillary ultrastructure, and levels of Rho GTPase were measured. RESULTS Blood flow was unaffected in the sprouting angiotype, but decreased in the splitting angiotype, by CA-4-P. In contrast, CA-4-P attenuated the capillarity increase in both models, associated with reduced lamellipodia and filopodia formation. Muscle overload, but not hyperemia, was accompanied by an increase in Rho GTPase with CA-4-P. CONCLUSIONS CA-4-P impaired the angiogenic response in both experimental models. This inhibitory effect was associated with a lower increase in femoral blood flow in splitting, whereas sprouting angiogenesis was accompanied by higher Rho activity consistent with the interruption of actin polymerization. Thus, CA-4-P may exert context-dependent anti-vascular and anti-angiogenic effects in vivo under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Hussain
- Department of Physiology, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
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