1
|
Kim D, Memili A, Chen HH, Highland HM, Polikowsky HG, Anwar MY, Laing ST, Lee M, McCormick JB, Fisher-Hoch SP, Below JE, North KE, Gutierrez AD. Sex-specific associations between adipokine profiles and carotid-intima media thickness in the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC). Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:231. [PMID: 37653519 PMCID: PMC10472619 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01968-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipokines are hormones secreted from adipose tissue and are associated with cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). Functional differences between adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, and resistin) are known, but inconsistently reported associations with CMD and lack of studies in Hispanic populations are research gaps. We investigated the relationship between subclinical atherosclerosis and multiple adipokine measures. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (N = 624; mean age = 50; Female = 70.8%) were utilized to assess associations between adipokines [continuous measures of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (LAR), and adiponectin-resistin index (ARI)] and early atherosclerosis [carotid-intima media thickness (cIMT)]. We adjusted for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, cytokines, fasting blood glucose levels, blood pressure, lipid levels, and medication usage in the fully adjusted linear regression model. We conducted sexes-combined and sex-stratified analyses to account for sex-specificity and additionally tested whether stratification of participants by their metabolic status (metabolically elevated risk for CMD as defined by having two or more of the following conditions: hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation vs. not) influenced the relationship between adipokines and cIMT. RESULTS In the fully adjusted analyses, adiponectin, leptin, and LAR displayed significant interaction by sex (p < 0.1). Male-specific associations were between cIMT and LAR [β(SE) = 0.060 (0.016), p = 2.52 × 10-4], and female-specific associations were between cIMT and adiponectin [β(SE) = 0.010 (0.005), p = 0.043] and ARI [β(SE) = - 0.011 (0.005), p = 0.036]. When stratified by metabolic health status, the male-specific positive association between LAR and cIMT was more evident among the metabolically healthy group [β(SE) = 0.127 (0.015), p = 4.70 × 10-10] (p for interaction by metabolic health < 0.1). However, the female-specific associations between adiponectin and cIMT and ARI and cIMT were observed only among the metabolically elevated risk group [β(SE) = 0.014 (0.005), p = 0.012 for adiponectin; β(SE) = - 0.015 (0.006), p = 0.013 for ARI; p for interaction by metabolic health < 0.1]. CONCLUSION Associations between adipokines and cIMT were sex-specific, and metabolic health status influenced the relationships between adipokines and cIMT. These heterogeneities by sex and metabolic health affirm the complex relationships between adipokines and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daeeun Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aylin Memili
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Hung-Hsin Chen
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heather M Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hannah G Polikowsky
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mohammad Yaser Anwar
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susan T Laing
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Miryoung Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Joseph B McCormick
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Susan P Fisher-Hoch
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer E Below
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Absalon D Gutierrez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh P, Lanman NA, Kendall HLR, Wilson L, Long R, Franco OE, Buskin A, Miles CG, Hayward SW, Heer R, Robson CN. Human prostate organoid generation and the identification of prostate development drivers using inductive rodent tissues. Development 2023; 150:dev201328. [PMID: 37376888 PMCID: PMC10357030 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The reactivation of developmental genes and pathways during adulthood may contribute to pathogenesis of diseases such as prostate cancer. Analysis of the mechanistic links between development and disease could be exploited to identify signalling pathways leading to disease in the prostate. However, the mechanisms underpinning prostate development require further characterisation to interrogate fully the link between development and disease. Previously, our group developed methods to produce prostate organoids using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we show that human iPSCs can be differentiated into prostate organoids using neonatal rat seminal vesicle mesenchyme in vitro. The organoids can be used to study prostate development or modified to study prostate cancer. We also elucidated molecular drivers of prostate induction through RNA-sequencing analyses of the rat urogenital sinus and neonatal seminal vesicles. We identified candidate drivers of prostate development evident in the inductive mesenchyme and epithelium involved with prostate specification. Our top candidates included Spx, Trib3, Snai1, Snai2, Nrg2 and Lrp4. This work lays the foundations for further interrogation of the reactivation of developmental genes in adulthood, leading to prostate disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parmveer Singh
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Nadia A. Lanman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hannah L. R. Kendall
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Laura Wilson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Ryan Long
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Omar E. Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Adriana Buskin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Colin G. Miles
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AD, UK
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Craig N. Robson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Breedy S, Ratnayake W, Lajmi L, Hill R, Acevedo-Duncan M. 14-3-3 and Smad2/3 are crucial mediators of atypical-PKCs: Implications for neuroblastoma progression. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1051516. [PMID: 36776326 PMCID: PMC9910080 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1051516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a cancer that develops in the neuroblasts. It is the most common cancer in children under the age of 1 year, accounting for approximately 6% of all cancers. The prognosis of NB is linked to both age and degree of cell differentiation. This results in a range of survival rates for patients, with outcomes ranging from recurrence and mortality to high survival rates and tumor regression. Our previous work indicated that PKC-ι promotes cell proliferation in NB cells through the PKC-ι/Cdk7/Cdk2 cascade. We report on two atypical protein kinase inhibitors as potential therapeutic candidates against BE(2)-C and BE(2)-M17 cells: a PKC-ι-specific 5-amino-1-2,3-dihydroxy-4-(methylcyclopentyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide and a PKC-ζ specific 8-hydroxy-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid. Both compounds induced apoptosis and retarded the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of NB cells. Proteins 14-3-3 and Smad2/3 acted as central regulators of aPKC-driven progression in BE(2)-C and BE(2)-M17 cells in relation to the Akt1/NF-κB and TGF-β pathways. Data indicates that aPKCs upregulate Akt1/NF-κB and TGF-β pathways in NB cells through an association with 14-3-3 and Smad2/3 that can be diminished by aPKC inhibitors. In summary, both inhibitors appear to be promising potential neuroblastoma therapeutics and merit further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Breedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - W.S. Ratnayake
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - L. Lajmi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - R. Hill
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - M. Acevedo-Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peng Y, Liu J, Wang Z, Cui C, Zhang T, Zhang S, Gao P, Hou Z, Liu H, Guo J, Zhang J, Wen Y, Wei W, Zhang L, Liu J, Long J. Prostate-specific oncogene OTUD6A promotes prostatic tumorigenesis via deubiquitinating and stabilizing c-Myc. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1730-1743. [PMID: 35217790 PMCID: PMC9433443 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC drives the tumorigenesis of human cancers, including prostate cancer (PrCa), thus deubiquitinase (DUB) that maintains high level of c-Myc oncoprotein is a rational therapeutic target. Several ubiquitin-specific protease (USP) family members of DUB have been reported to deubiquitinate c-Myc, but none of them is the physiological DUB for c-Myc in PrCa. By screening all the DUBs, here we reveal that OTUD6A is exclusively amplified and overexpressed in PrCa but not in other cancers, eliciting a prostatic-specific oncogenic role through deubiquitinating and stabilizing c-Myc oncoprotein. Moreover, genetic ablation of OTUD6A efficiently represses prostatic tumorigenesis of both human PrCa cells and the Hi-Myc transgenic PrCa mice, via reversing the metabolic remodeling caused by c-Myc overexpression in PrCa. These results indicate that OTUD6A is a physiological DUB for c-Myc in PrCa setting and specifically promotes prostatic tumorigenesis through stabilizing c-Myc oncoprotein, suggesting that OTUD6A could be a unique therapeutic target for Myc-driven PrCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Peng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Chunping Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shuangxi Zhang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Peipei Gao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhanwu Hou
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Huadong Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yurong Wen
- Department of Talent Highland, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
- University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pletcher A, Shibata M. Prostate organogenesis. Development 2022; 149:275758. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Prostate organogenesis begins during embryonic development and continues through puberty when the prostate becomes an important exocrine gland of the male reproductive system. The specification and growth of the prostate is regulated by androgens and is largely a result of cell-cell communication between the epithelium and mesenchyme. The fields of developmental and cancer biology have long been interested in prostate organogenesis because of its relevance for understanding prostate diseases, and research has expanded in recent years with the advent of novel technologies, including genetic-lineage tracing, single-cell RNA sequencing and organoid culture methods, that have provided important insights into androgen regulation, epithelial cell origins and cellular heterogeneity. We discuss these findings, putting them into context with what is currently known about prostate organogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pletcher
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , , Washington, DC 20052, USA
- The George Washington University Cancer Center, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences 2 , Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Maho Shibata
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , , Washington, DC 20052, USA
- The George Washington University Cancer Center, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences 2 , Washington, DC 20052, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Buskin A, Singh P, Lorenz O, Robson C, Strand DW, Heer R. A Review of Prostate Organogenesis and a Role for iPSC-Derived Prostate Organoids to Study Prostate Development and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313097. [PMID: 34884905 PMCID: PMC8658468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostate is vulnerable to two major age-associated diseases, cancer and benign enlargement, which account for significant morbidity and mortality for men across the globe. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer reported in men, with over 1.2 million new cases diagnosed and 350,000 deaths recorded annually worldwide. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), characterised by the continuous enlargement of the adult prostate, symptomatically afflicts around 50% of men worldwide. A better understanding of the biological processes underpinning these diseases is needed to generate new treatment approaches. Developmental studies of the prostate have shed some light on the processes essential for prostate organogenesis, with many of these up- or downregulated genes expressions also observed in prostate cancer and/or BPH progression. These insights into human disease have been inferred through comparative biological studies relying primarily on rodent models. However, directly observing mechanisms of human prostate development has been more challenging due to limitations in accessing human foetal material. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could provide a suitable alternative as they can mimic embryonic cells, and iPSC-derived prostate organoids present a significant opportunity to study early human prostate developmental processes. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of prostate development and its relevance to prostate-associated diseases. Additionally, we detail the potential of iPSC-derived prostate organoids for studying human prostate development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Buskin
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.S.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (R.H.)
| | - Parmveer Singh
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Oliver Lorenz
- Newcastle University School of Computing, Digital Institute, Urban Sciences Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK;
| | - Craig Robson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Douglas W. Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.S.); (C.R.)
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (R.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Activation of nuclear factor-kappa B by TNF promotes nucleus pulposus mineralization through inhibition of ANKH and ENPP1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8271. [PMID: 33859255 PMCID: PMC8050288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous mineralization of the nucleus pulposus (NP) has been observed in cases of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in mineralization of multiple tissues through their modulation of expression of factors that enable or inhibit mineralization, including TNAP, ANKH or ENPP1. This study examines the underlying factors leading to NP mineralization, focusing on the contribution of the inflammatory cytokine, TNF, to this pathologic event. We show that human and bovine primary NP cells express high levels of ANKH and ENPP1, and low or undetectable levels of TNAP. Bovine NPs transduced to express TNAP were capable of matrix mineralization, which was further enhanced by ANKH knockdown. TNF treatment or overexpression promoted a greater increase in mineralization of TNAP-expressing cells by downregulating the expression of ANKH and ENPP1 via NF-κB activation. The increased mineralization was accompanied by phenotypic changes that resemble chondrocyte hypertrophy, including increased RUNX2 and COL10A1 mRNA; mirroring the cellular alterations typical of samples from IDD patients. Disc organ explants injected with TNAP/TNF- or TNAP/shANKH-overexpressing cells showed increased mineral content inside the NP. Together, our results confirm interactions between TNF and downstream regulators of matrix mineralization in NP cells, providing evidence to suggest their participation in NP calcification during IDD.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ratnayake WS, Apostolatos CA, Breedy S, Dennison CL, Hill R, Acevedo-Duncan M. Atypical PKCs activate Vimentin to facilitate prostate cancer cell motility and invasion. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 15:37-57. [PMID: 33525953 PMCID: PMC7889213 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2021.1882782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) are involved in progression of many human cancers. Vimentin is expressed during epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Molecular dynamics of Vimentin intermediate filaments (VIFs) play a key role in metastasis. This article is an effort to provide thorough understanding of the relationship between Vimentin and aPKCs . We demonstrate that diminution of aPKCs lead to attenuate prostate cellular metastasis through the downregulation of Vimentin expression. siRNA knocked-down SNAIL1 and PRRX1 reduce aPKC activity along with Vimentin. Results suggest that aPKCs target multiple activation sites (Ser33/39/56) on Vimentin and therefore is essential for VIF dynamics regulation during the metastasis of prostate cancer cells. Understanding the aPKC related molecular mechanisms may provide a novel therapeutic path for prostate carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sloan Breedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Clare L Dennison
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert Hill
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luo Z, Rhie SK, Farnham PJ. The Enigmatic HOX Genes: Can We Crack Their Code? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030323. [PMID: 30866492 PMCID: PMC6468460 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes (HOX) are a large family of transcription factors that direct the formation of many body structures during early embryonic development. There are 39 genes in the subgroup of homeobox genes that constitute the human HOX gene family. Correct embryonic development of flies and vertebrates is, in part, mediated by the unique and highly regulated expression pattern of the HOX genes. Disruptions in these fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms can lead to developmental problems and to human diseases such as cancer. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms of action of the HOX family of transcription factors are severely under-studied, likely due to idiosyncratic details of their structure, expression, and function. We suggest that a concerted and collaborative effort to identify interacting protein partners, produce genome-wide binding profiles, and develop HOX network inhibitors in a variety of human cell types will lead to a deeper understanding of human development and disease. Within, we review the technological challenges and possible approaches needed to achieve this goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Suhn K Rhie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Peggy J Farnham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Long Z, Li Y, Gan Y, Zhao D, Wang G, Xie N, Lovnicki JM, Fazli L, Cao Q, Chen K, Dong X. Roles of the HOXA10 gene during castrate-resistant prostate cancer progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:279-292. [PMID: 30667363 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Homeobox A10 (HOXA10) is an important transcription factor that regulates the development of the prostate gland. However, it remains unknown whether it modulates prostate cancer (PCa) progression into castrate-resistant stages. In this study, we have applied RNA in situ hybridization assays to demonstrate that downregulation of HOXA10 expression is associated with castrate-resistant PCa. These findings are supported by public RNA-seq data showing that reduced HOXA10 expression is correlated with poor patient survival. We show that HOXA10 suppresses PCa cell proliferation, anchorage colony formation and xenograft growth independent to androgens. Using AmpliSeq transcriptome sequencing, we have found that gene groups associated with lipid metabolism and androgen receptor (AR) signaling are enriched in the HOXA10 transcriptome. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HOXA10 suppresses the transcription of the fatty acid synthase (FASN) gene by forming a protein complex with AR and prevents AR recruitment to the FASN gene promoter. These results lead us to conclude that downregulation of HOXA10 gene expression may enhance lipogenesis to promote PCa cell growth and tumor progression to castrate-resistant stage.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Progression
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/genetics
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Homeobox A10 Proteins/genetics
- Homeobox A10 Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/mortality
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/physiopathology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Survival Analysis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Long
- Department of Urology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Prostate Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yinan Li
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Urology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongyu Zhao
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgeries, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guangyu Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgeries, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ning Xie
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica M Lovnicki
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Urology and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Cancer, Northwestern University Reinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgeries, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Roberto D, Klotz LH, Venkateswaran V. Cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth in prostate cancer in a cannabinoid-receptor 2 dependent manner. Prostate 2019; 79:151-159. [PMID: 30242861 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoids have demonstrated anticarcinogenic properties in a variety of malignancies, including in prostate cancer. In the present study, we explored the anti-cancer effects of the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) in prostate cancer. METHODS Established prostate cancer cells (PC3, DU145, LNCaP) were treated with varying concentrations of WIN. Cell proliferation was determined by the MTS assay. The anti-migration and anti-invasive potential of WIN was examined by the wound healing assay and the matrigel invasion assay. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry, and mechanistic studies were performed by Western blot. Athymic mice (n = 10) were inoculated with human PC3 cells. Once tumors reached 100 mm3 , animals were randomized into two groups: saline control and WIN (5 mg/kg), delivered by intraperitoneal injection three times per week for 3 weeks. RESULTS WIN significantly reduced prostate cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, induced apoptosis, and arrested cells in Go/G1 phase in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies revealed these effects were mediated through a pathway involving cell cycle regulators p27, Cdk4, and pRb. Pre-treatment with a CB2 antagonist, AM630, followed by treatment with WIN resulted in a reversal of the anti-proliferation and cell cycle arrest previously seen with WIN alone. In vivo, administration of WIN resulted in a reduction in the tumor growth rate compared to control (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The following study provides evidence supporting the use of WIN as a novel therapeutic for prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Roberto
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurence H Klotz
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vasundara Venkateswaran
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Chávez-Blanco A, Domínguez-Gómez G, Taja-Chayeb L, Morales-Barcenas R, Trejo-Becerril C, Perez-Cardenas E, Gonzalez-Fierro A, Dueñas-González A. Orlistat as a FASN inhibitor and multitargeted agent for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:475-489. [PMID: 29723075 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1471132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer cells have increased glycolysis and glutaminolysis. Their third feature is increased de novo lipogenesis. As such, fatty acid (FA) synthesis enzymes are over-expressed in cancer and their depletion causes antitumor effects. As fatty acid synthase (FASN) plays a pivotal role in this process, it is an attractive target for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED This is a review of the lipogenic phenotype of cancer and how this phenomenon can be exploited for cancer therapy using inhibitors of FASN, with particular emphasis on orlistat as a repurposing drug. EXPERT OPINION Disease stabilization only has been observed with a highly selective FASN inhibitor used as a single agent in clinical trials. It is too early to say whether the absence of tumor responses other than stabilization results because even full inhibition of FASN is not enough to elicit antitumor responses. The FASN inhibitor orlistat is a 'dirty' drug with target-off actions upon at least seven targets with a proven role in tumor biology. The development of orlistat formulations suited for its intravenous administration is a step ahead to shed light on the concept that drug promiscuity can or not be a virtue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alma Chávez-Blanco
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia , Mexico City , Mexico
| | | | - Lucia Taja-Chayeb
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Rocio Morales-Barcenas
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia , Mexico City , Mexico
| | | | - Enrique Perez-Cardenas
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Aurora Gonzalez-Fierro
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Alfonso Dueñas-González
- b Unit of Biomedical Research in Cancer , Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia , Mexico City , Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dual tumor suppressing and promoting function of Notch1 signaling in human prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48011-48026. [PMID: 27384993 PMCID: PMC5216996 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenocarcinomas of the prostate arise as multifocal heterogeneous lesions as the likely result of genetic and epigenetic alterations and deranged cell-cell communication. Notch signaling is an important form of intercellular communication with a role in growth/differentiation control and tumorigenesis. Contrasting reports exist in the literature on the role of this pathway in prostate cancer (PCa) development. We show here that i) compared to normal prostate tissue, Notch1 expression is significantly reduced in a substantial fraction of human PCas while it is unaffected or even increased in others; ii) acute Notch activation both inhibits and induces process networks associated with prostatic neoplasms; iii) down-modulation of Notch1 expression and activity in immortalized normal prostate epithelial cells increases their proliferation potential, while increased Notch1 activity in PCa cells suppresses growth and tumorigenicity through a Smad3-dependent mechanism involving p21WAF1/CIP1; iv) prostate cancer cells resistant to Notch growth inhibitory effects retain Notch1-induced upregulation of pro-oncogenic genes, like EPAS1 and CXCL6, also overexpressed in human PCas with high Notch1 levels. Taken together, these results reconcile conflicting data on the role of Notch1 in prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Aberrations in telomere biology are among the earliest events in prostate cancer tumorigenesis and continue during tumour progression. Substantial telomere shortening occurs in prostate cancer cells and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Not all mechanisms of telomere shortening are understood, but oxidative stress from local inflammation might accelerate prostatic telomere loss. Critically short telomeres can drive the accumulation of tumour-promoting genomic alterations; however, continued telomere erosion is unsustainable and must be mitigated to ensure cancer cell survival and unlimited replication potential. Prostate cancers predominantly maintain telomeres by activating telomerase, but alternative mechanisms of telomere extension can occur in metastatic disease. Telomerase activity and telomere length assessment might be useful in prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Telomere shortening in normal stromal cells has been associated with prostate cancer, whereas variable telomere lengths in prostate cancer cells and telomere shortening in cancer-associated stromal cells correlated with lethal disease. Single-agent telomerase-targeted treatments for solid cancers were ineffective in clinical trials but have not been investigated in prostate cancer and might be useful in combination with established regimens. Telomere-directed strategies have not been explored as extensively. Telomere deprotection strategies have the advantage of being effective in both telomerase-dependent and telomerase-independent cancers. Disruption of androgen receptor function in prostate cancer cells results in telomere dysfunction, indicating telomeres and telomerase as potential therapeutic targets in prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
15
|
Giannico GA, Arnold SA, Gellert LL, Hameed O. New and Emerging Diagnostic and Prognostic Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Prostate Pathology. Adv Anat Pathol 2017; 24:35-44. [PMID: 27941540 PMCID: PMC10182893 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of minimal prostatic adenocarcinoma can be challenging on prostate needle biopsy, and immunohistochemistry may be used to support the diagnosis of cancer. The International Society of Urologic Pathology currently recommends the use of the basal cell markers high-molecular-weight cytokeraratin and p63, and α-methylacyl-coenzyme-A racemase. However, there are caveats associated with the interpretation of these markers, particularly with benign mimickers. Another issue is that of early detection of presence and progression of disease and prediction of recurrence after clinical intervention. There remains a lack of reliable biomarkers to accurately predict low-risk cancer and avoid over treatment. As such, aggressive forms of prostate cancer may be missed and indolent disease may be subjected to unnecessary radical therapy. New biomarker discovery promises to improve early detection and prognosis and to provide targets for therapeutic interventions. In this review, we present the emerging immunohistochemical biomarkers of prostate cancer PTEN, ERG, FASN, MAGI-2, and SPINK1, and address their diagnostic and prognostic advantages and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna A. Giannico
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Shanna A. Arnold
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN
| | - Lan L. Gellert
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Omar Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tanimoto R, Lu KG, Xu SQ, Buraschi S, Belfiore A, Iozzo RV, Morrione A. Mechanisms of Progranulin Action and Regulation in Genitourinary Cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:100. [PMID: 27512385 PMCID: PMC4961702 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth factor progranulin has emerged in recent years as a critical regulator of transformation in several cancer models, including breast cancer, glioblastomas, leukemias, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Several laboratories, including ours, have also demonstrated an important role of progranulin in several genitourinary cancers, including ovarian, endometrial, cervical, prostate, and bladder tumors, where progranulin acts as an autocrine growth factor thereby modulating motility and invasion of transformed cells. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms of action and regulation of progranulin signaling in genitourinary cancers with a special emphasis on prostate and bladder tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Tanimoto
- Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Department of Urology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kuojung G. Lu
- Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Department of Urology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shi-Qiong Xu
- Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Department of Urology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Department of Health Sciences, Endocrinology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Department of Urology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- *Correspondence: Andrea Morrione,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Garg R, Benedetti LG, Abera MB, Wang H, Abba M, Kazanietz MG. Protein kinase C and cancer: what we know and what we do not. Oncogene 2014; 33:5225-37. [PMID: 24336328 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the late 1970s, protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes represent one of the most extensively studied signaling kinases. PKCs signal through multiple pathways and control the expression of genes relevant for cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis and metastatic dissemination. Despite the vast amount of information concerning the mechanisms that control PKC activation and function in cellular models, the relevance of individual PKC isozymes in the progression of human cancer is still a matter of controversy. Although the expression of PKC isozymes is altered in multiple cancer types, the causal relationship between such changes and the initiation and progression of the disease remains poorly defined. Animal models developed in the last years helped to better understand the involvement of individual PKCs in various cancer types and in the context of specific oncogenic alterations. Unraveling the enormous complexity in the mechanisms by which PKC isozymes have an impact on tumorigenesis and metastasis is key for reassessing their potential as pharmacological targets for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L G Benedetti
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M B Abera
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas (CINIBA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M G Kazanietz
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao H, Logothetis CJ, Gorlov IP, Zeng J, Dai J. Modified logistic regression models using gene coexpression and clinical features to predict prostate cancer progression. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2013; 2013:917502. [PMID: 24367394 PMCID: PMC3866878 DOI: 10.1155/2013/917502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Predicting disease progression is one of the most challenging problems in prostate cancer research. Adding gene expression data to prediction models that are based on clinical features has been proposed to improve accuracy. In the current study, we applied a logistic regression (LR) model combining clinical features and gene co-expression data to improve the accuracy of the prediction of prostate cancer progression. The top-scoring pair (TSP) method was used to select genes for the model. The proposed models not only preserved the basic properties of the TSP algorithm but also incorporated the clinical features into the prognostic models. Based on the statistical inference with the iterative cross validation, we demonstrated that prediction LR models that included genes selected by the TSP method provided better predictions of prostate cancer progression than those using clinical variables only and/or those that included genes selected by the one-gene-at-a-time approach. Thus, we conclude that TSP selection is a useful tool for feature (and/or gene) selection to use in prognostic models and our model also provides an alternative for predicting prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Zhao
- Industrial Center, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Unit 1374, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Unit 1374, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Ivan P. Gorlov
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Unit 1374, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Jia Zeng
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jianguo Dai
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Verone AR, Duncan K, Godoy A, Yadav N, Bakin A, Koochekpour S, Jin JP, Heemers HV. Androgen-responsive serum response factor target genes regulate prostate cancer cell migration. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1737-46. [PMID: 23576568 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of prostate cancer (CaP) relies on androgen receptor (AR) signaling, but AR-dependent events that underlie the lethal phenotype remain unknown. Recently, an indirect mechanism of androgen action in which effects of AR on CaP cells are mediated by Serum Response Factor (SRF) has been identified. This is the first mode of androgen action to be associated with aggressive CaP and disease recurrence. The manner in which androgen-responsive SRF activity controls aggressive CaP cell behavior is unknown. Here, the contribution of two representative SRF effector genes that are underexpressed, calponin 2 (CNN2), or overexpressed, sidekick-homolog 1 (SDK1), in clinical CaP specimens is studied. AR- and SRF- dependency of CNN2 and SDK1 expression was verified using synthetic and natural androgens, antiandrogens, and small interfering RNAs targeting AR or SRF, and evaluating the kinetics of androgen induction and SRF binding to endogenously and exogenously expressed regulatory gene regions in AR-positive CaP model systems that mimic the transition from androgen-stimulated to castration-recurrent disease. Small interfering RNA-mediated deregulation of CNN2 or SDK1 expression did not affect CaP cell proliferation or apoptosis but had marked effects on CaP cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization. Loss of CNN2 induced cellular protrusions and increased CaP cell migration, whereas silencing of SDK1 led to cell rounding and blunted CaP cell migration. Changes in cell migration did not involve epithelial-mesenchymal transition but correlated with altered β1-integrin expression. Taken together, individual androgen-responsive SRF target genes affect CaP cell behavior by modulating cell migration, which may have implications for therapeutic intervention downstream of AR and SRF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alissa R Verone
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Luque-Ramirez M, Martinez-Garcia MA, Montes-Nieto R, Fernandez-Duran E, Insenser M, Alpanes M, Escobar-Morreale HF. Sexual dimorphism in adipose tissue function as evidenced by circulating adipokine concentrations in the fasting state and after an oral glucose challenge. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:1908-18. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
21
|
Powers GL, Marker PC. Recent advances in prostate development and links to prostatic diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 5:243-56. [PMID: 23335485 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prostate is a branched ductal-acinar gland that is part of the male reproductive tract. Prostate development depends upon the integration of steroid hormone signals, paracrine interactions between the stromal and epithelial tissue layers, and the actions of cell autonomous factors. Several genes and signaling pathways are known to be required for one or more steps of prostate development including epithelial budding, duct elongation, branching morphogenesis, and/or cellular differentiation. Recent progress in the field of prostate development has included the application of genome-wide technologies including serial analysis of gene expression, expression profiling microarrays, and other large-scale approaches to identify new genes and pathways that are essential for prostate development. The aggregation of experimental results into online databases by organized multilab projects including the Genitourinary Developmental Molecular Atlas Project has also accelerated the understanding of molecular pathways that function during prostate development and identified links between prostate anatomy and molecular signaling. Rapid progress has also recently been made in understanding the nature and role of candidate stem cells in the developing and adult prostate. This has included the identification of putative prostate stem cell markers, lineage tracing, and organ reconstitution studies. However, several issues regarding their origin, precise nature, and possible role(s) in disease remain unresolved. Nevertheless, several links between prostatic developmental mechanisms and the pathogenesis of prostatic diseases including benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer have led to recent progress on targeting developmental pathways as therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginny L Powers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Illig R, Fritsch H, Schwarzer C. Spatio-temporal expression ofHOXgenes in human hindgut development. Dev Dyn 2012; 242:53-66. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
23
|
Martinez HD, Hsiao JJ, Jasavala RJ, Hinkson IV, Eng JK, Wright ME. Androgen-sensitive microsomal signaling networks coupled to the proliferation and differentiation of human prostate cancer cells. Genes Cancer 2012; 2:956-78. [PMID: 22701762 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912436422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the disruption of androgen-mediated cellular processes, such as cell proliferation and cell differentiation, contributes to the development of early-stage androgen-dependent prostate cancers. Large-scale mRNA profiling experiments have paved the way in identifying androgen-regulated gene networks that control the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of prostate cancer cells. Despite these extensive research efforts, it remains to be determined whether all androgen-mediated mRNA changes faithfully translate into changes in protein abundance that influence prostate tumorigenesis. Here, we report on a mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics analysis that identified known androgen signaling pathways and also novel, androgen-sensitive microsome-associated proteins and protein networks that had not been discovered by gene network studies in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Androgen-sensitive microsome-associated proteins encoded components of the insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Further bioinformatic analyses showed most of the androgen-sensitive microsome-associated protein networks play roles in cell proliferation and differentiation. Functional validation experiments showed that the androgen-sensitive microsome-associated proteins Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and I-kappa B kinase complex-associated protein (IKAP) modulated the expression of prostate epithelial and neuronal markers, attenuated proliferation through an androgen receptor-dependent mechanism, and co-regulated androgen receptor-mediated transcription in LNCaP cells. Further biochemical analyses showed that the increased proliferation in JAK2 knockdown cells was mediated by activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as determined by increased phosphorylation of several downstream targets (p70 S6 kinase, translational repressor 4E-BP1, and 40S ribosomal S6 protein). We conclude that the expression of microsome-associated proteins that were previously implicated in the tumorigenesis of prostate epithelial cells is strongly influenced by androgens. These findings provide a molecular framework for exploring the mechanisms underlying prostate tumorigenesis and how these protein networks might be attenuated or potentiated in disrupting the growth and survival of human prostate cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harryl D Martinez
- University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Natarajan L, Pu M, Messer K. Exact statistical tests for the intersection of independent lists of genes. Ann Appl Stat 2012; 6:521-541. [PMID: 23335952 DOI: 10.1214/11-aoas510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Public data repositories have enabled researchers to compare results across multiple genomic studies in order to replicate findings. A common approach is to first rank genes according to an hypothesis of interest within each study. Then, lists of the top-ranked genes within each study are compared across studies. Genes recaptured as highly ranked (usually above some threshold) in multiple studies are considered to be significant. However, this comparison strategy often remains informal, in that Type I error and false discovery rate are usually uncontrolled. In this paper, we formalize an inferential strategy for this kind of list-intersection discovery test. We show how to compute a p-value associated with a `recaptured' set of genes, using a closed-form Poisson approximation to the distribution of the size of the recaptured set. The distribution of the test statistic depends on the rank threshold and the number of studies within which a gene must be recaptured. We use a Poisson approximation to investigate operating characteristics of the test. We give practical guidance on how to design a bioinformatic list-intersection study with prespecified control of Type I error (at the set level) and false discovery rate (at the gene level). We show how choice of test parameters will affect the expected proportion of significant genes identified. We present a strategy for identifying optimal choice of parameters, depending on the particular alternative hypothesis which might hold. We illustrate our methods using prostate cancer gene-expression datasets from the curated Oncomine database.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loki Natarajan
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics UCSD School of Medicine Moores UCSD Cancer Center # 0901 University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dyson JM, Fedele CG, Davies EM, Becanovic J, Mitchell CA. Phosphoinositide phosphatases: just as important as the kinases. Subcell Biochem 2012; 58:215-279. [PMID: 22403078 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-3012-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide phosphatases comprise several large enzyme families with over 35 mammalian enzymes identified to date that degrade many phosphoinositide signals. Growth factor or insulin stimulation activates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase that phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)] to form phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)], which is rapidly dephosphorylated either by PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) to PtdIns(4,5)P(2), or by the 5-phosphatases (inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases), generating PtdIns(3,4)P(2). 5-phosphatases also hydrolyze PtdIns(4,5)P(2) forming PtdIns(4)P. Ten mammalian 5-phosphatases have been identified, which regulate hematopoietic cell proliferation, synaptic vesicle recycling, insulin signaling, and embryonic development. Two 5-phosphatase genes, OCRL and INPP5E are mutated in Lowe and Joubert syndrome respectively. SHIP [SH2 (Src homology 2)-domain inositol phosphatase] 2, and SKIP (skeletal muscle- and kidney-enriched inositol phosphatase) negatively regulate insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. SHIP2 polymorphisms are associated with a predisposition to insulin resistance. SHIP1 controls hematopoietic cell proliferation and is mutated in some leukemias. The inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatases, INPP4A and INPP4B degrade PtdIns(3,4)P(2) to PtdIns(3)P and regulate neuroexcitatory cell death, or act as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer respectively. The Sac phosphatases degrade multiple phosphoinositides, such as PtdIns(3)P, PtdIns(4)P, PtdIns(5)P and PtdIns(3,5)P(2) to form PtdIns. Mutation in the Sac phosphatase gene, FIG4, leads to a degenerative neuropathy. Therefore the phosphatases, like the lipid kinases, play major roles in regulating cellular functions and their mutation or altered expression leads to many human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Dyson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Rd, 3800, Clayton, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Koh CM, Bieberich CJ, Dang CV, Nelson WG, Yegnasubramanian S, De Marzo AM. MYC and Prostate Cancer. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:617-28. [PMID: 21779461 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910379132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer, the majority of which is adenocarcinoma, is the most common epithelial cancer affecting a majority of elderly men in Western nations. Its manifestation, however, varies from clinically asymptomatic insidious neoplasms that progress slowly and do not threaten life to one that is highly aggressive with a propensity for metastatic spread and lethality if not treated in time. A number of somatic genetic and epigenetic alterations occur in prostate cancer cells. Some of these changes, such as loss of the tumor suppressors PTEN and p53, are linked to disease progression. Others, such as ETS gene fusions, appear to be linked more with early phases of the disease, such as invasion. Alterations in chromosome 8q24 in the region of MYC have also been linked to disease aggressiveness for many years. However, a number of recent studies in human tissues have indicated that MYC appears to be activated at the earliest phases of prostate cancer (e.g., in tumor-initiating cells) in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, a key precursor lesion to invasive prostatic adenocarcinoma. The initiation and early progression of prostate cancer can be recapitulated in genetically engineered mouse models, permitting a richer understanding of the cause and effects of loss of tumor suppressors and activation of MYC. The combination of studies using human tissues and mouse models paints an emerging molecular picture of prostate cancer development and early progression. This picture reveals that MYC contributes to disease initiation and progression by stimulating an embryonic stem cell-like signature characterized by an enrichment of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and by repressing differentiation. These insights pave the way to potential novel therapeutic concepts based on MYC biology.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Cannabinoids, their receptors and their metabolizing enzymes are emerging as a new regulatory system, which is involved in multiple physiological functions. Normal prostate tissue expresses several constituents of the endocannabinoid system including the CB(1) receptor, receptors belonging to the transient receptor potential family and fatty acid amide hydrolase, a hydrolyzing enzyme, all of which have been localized in the glandular epithelia. Accumulating evidence indicate that the endocannabinoid system is dysregulated in prostate cancer, suggesting that it has a role in prostate homeostasis. Overexpression of several components of the endocannabinoid system correlate with prostate cancer grade and progression, potentially providing a new therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Moreover, several cannabinoids exert antitumoral properties against prostate cancer, reducing xenograft prostate tumor growth, prostate cancer cell proliferation and cell migration. Although the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids against prostate cancer is very promising, future research using animal models is needed to evaluate the influence of systemic networks in their antitumoral action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Díaz-Laviada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lawrence MG, Margaryan NV, Loessner D, Collins A, Kerr KM, Turner M, Seftor EA, Stephens CR, Lai J, BioResource APC, Postovit LM, Clements JA, Hendrix MJ. Reactivation of embryonic nodal signaling is associated with tumor progression and promotes the growth of prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2011; 71:1198-209. [PMID: 21656830 PMCID: PMC3234312 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodal is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily that directs embryonic patterning and promotes the plasticity and tumorigenicity of tumor cells, but its role in the prostate is unknown. The goal of this study was to characterize the expression and function of Nodal in prostate cancer and determine whether, like other TGFβ ligands, it modulates androgen receptor (AR) activity. METHODS Nodal expression was investigated using immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays and Western blots of prostate cell lines. The functional role of Nodal was examined using Matrigel and soft agar growth assays. Cross-talk between Nodal and AR signaling was assessed with luciferase reporter assays and expression of endogenous androgen regulated genes. RESULTS Significantly increased Nodal expression was observed in cancer compared with benign prostate specimens. Nodal was only expressed by DU145 and PC3 cells. All cell lines expressed Nodal's co-receptor, Cripto-1, but lacked Lefty, a critical negative regulator of Nodal signaling. Recombinant human Nodal triggered downstream Smad2 phosphorylation in DU145 and LNCaP cells, and stable transfection of pre-pro-Nodal enhanced the growth of LNCaP cells in Matrigel and soft agar. Finally, Nodal attenuated AR signaling, reducing the activity of a PSA promoter construct in luciferase assays and down-regulating the endogenous expression of androgen regulated genes. CONCLUSIONS An aberrant Nodal signaling pathway is re-expressed and functionally active in prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G. Lawrence
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4059
| | - Naira V. Margaryan
- Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 60614
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4059
| | - Angus Collins
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4068
| | - Kris M. Kerr
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4068
| | - Megan Turner
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4068
| | - Elisabeth A. Seftor
- Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 60614
| | - Carson R. Stephens
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4059
| | - John Lai
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4059
| | | | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Judith A. Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4059
- Correspondence: Mary J.C. Hendrix, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 2300 Children’s Plaza, Box 222, Chicago, IL 60614-3394, and Judith A. Clements, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059,
| | - Mary J.C. Hendrix
- Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 60614
- Correspondence: Mary J.C. Hendrix, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 2300 Children’s Plaza, Box 222, Chicago, IL 60614-3394, and Judith A. Clements, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu X, Zayzafoon M, Zhang X, Hameed O. Is there a role for fatty acid synthase in the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma?: A comparison with AMACR. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 136:239-46. [PMID: 21757596 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp0y5qwwydkcje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to compare the usefulness of fatty acid synthase (FASn) with that of α-methylacyl coenzyme-A racemase (AMACR) in the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The expression of these 2 markers was compared in a tissue microarray containing 62 foci of benign glands and 36 foci of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Similar to AMACR, there was significantly higher FASn expression in adenocarcinoma compared with that in benign glands. The optimal accuracy rate and area under curve (AUC) by receiver operating characteristic analysis for FASn were not significantly different from those for AMACR (accuracy, 80% vs 87%; AUC, 0.942 vs 0.956; P for both, > .05). Moreover, in cases with coexistent malignant and benign glands on the same core, FASn could selectively distinguish a proportion of cases (17/21 [81%]) similar to using AMACR. We conclude that FASn may aid in the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma, at least to supplement AMACR as another positive marker of carcinoma and potentially increase diagnostic accuracy.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The Ron receptor tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in many cancers, including prostate cancer. In order to examine the significance of Ron in prostate cancer in vivo, we utilized a genetically engineered mouse model, referred to as TRAMP mice, that is predisposed to develop prostate tumors. In this model, we demonstrate that prostate tumors from 30-week-old TRAMP mice have increased Ron expression compared to age-matched wild-type prostates. Based on the upregulation of Ron in human prostate cancers and in this murine model of prostate tumorigenesis, we hypothesized that this receptor plays a functional role in the development of prostate tumors. To test this hypothesis, we crossed TRAMP mice with mice that are deficient in Ron signaling (TK−/−). Interestingly, TK−/− TRAMP+ mice show a significant decrease in prostate tumor mass relative to TRAMP mice containing functional Ron. Moreover, TK−/− TRAMP+ prostate tumors exhibited decreased tumor vascularization relative to TK+/+ TRAMP+ prostate tumors, which correlated with reduced levels of the angiogenic molecules VEGF and CXCL2. While Ron loss did not alter tumor cell proliferation, a significant decrease in cell survival was observed. Similarly, murine prostate cancer cell lines containing a Ron deficiency exhibited decreased levels of active NF-kappaB suggesting that Ron may be important in regulating prostate cell survival at least partly through this pathway. In total, our data show for the first time that Ron promotes prostate tumor growth, prostate tumor angiogenesis, and prostate cancer cell survival in vivo.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang J, Place RF, Huang V, Wang X, Noonan EJ, Magyar CE, Huang J, Li LC. Prognostic value and function of KLF4 in prostate cancer: RNAa and vector-mediated overexpression identify KLF4 as an inhibitor of tumor cell growth and migration. Cancer Res 2011; 70:10182-91. [PMID: 21159640 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
KLF4/GLKF4 is a transcription factor that can have divergent functions in different malignancies. The role of KLF4 in prostate cancer etiology remains unclear. We have recently reported that small double-stranded RNA can induce gene expression by targeting promoter sequence in a phenomenon referred to as RNA activation (RNAa). In this study, we examine KLF4 levels in prostate cancer tissue and utilize RNAa as a tool for gene overexpression to investigate its function. Expression analysis indicated that KLF4 is significantly downregulated in prostate cancer cell lines compared with nontumorigenic prostate cells. Meta-analysis of existing cDNA microarray data also revealed that KLF4 is frequently depleted in prostate cancer tissue with more pronounced reduction in metastases. In support, tissue microarray analysis of tumors and patient-matched controls indicated downregulation of KLF4 in metastatic tumor samples. Logistic regression analysis found that tumors with a KLF4 staining score less than 5 had a 15-fold higher risk for developing metastatic prostate cancer (P = 0.001; 95% confidence interval, 3.0-79.0). In vitro analysis indicated that RNAa-mediated overexpression of KLF4 inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival and altered the expression of several downstream cell-cycle-related genes. Ectopic expression of KLF4 via viral transduction recapitulated the RNAa results, validating its inhibitory effects on cancer growth. Reactivation of KLF4 also suppressed migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. These results suggest that KLF4 functions as an inhibitor of tumor cell growth and migration in prostate cancer and decreased expression has prognostic value for predicting prostate cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gallardo-Arrieta F, Doll A, Rigau M, Mogas T, Juanpere N, García F, Morote J, Nuñez F, Abal M, Lloreta J, Reventós J. A transcriptional signature associated with the onset of benign prostate hyperplasia in a canine model. Prostate 2010; 70:1402-12. [PMID: 20687213 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) represents the most frequent proliferative abnormality of the human prostate. In spite of the well-characterized architectural development of BPH, little is known about the cellular and molecular events that contribute to it. METHODS We have developed an animal model to evaluate the follow-up of hormone-induced BPH and the analysis of the gene expression associated with BPH. Immunohistochemistry on human patient samples validated the BPH-related molecular alterations. RESULTS Canine specific Affymetrix microarray analysis performed on sequential biopsies obtained from a beagle dog dynamic model characterized a number of genes altered during the onset of BPH. In addition to the genes involved in calcification, matrix remodeling, detoxification, cell movement, and mucosa protection (MGP, MMP2, TIMP2, ITIH3, GST, MT2A, SULT1A1, FKBP1B, MUC1, STRBP, TFF3), the up-regulation of TGFB3 and CLU indicated a complete adjustment of the transdifferentiation, senescence and apoptosis programs. The up-regulation of Clusterin was validated by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, both in the dog dynamic model and in human samples, further confirming the suitability of the animal model for the study of the molecular alterations associated with BPH. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptome analysis performed on a dynamic animal model that accurately mimicked the human clinic, allowed us to characterize a gene expression pattern associated with the onset of BPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Gallardo-Arrieta
- Veterinary Faculty, Departament of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Descazeaud A, Weinbreck N, Robert G, Vacherot F, Abbou CC, Labrousse F, Allory Y, Rubin MA, de la Taille A. Transforming growth factor β-receptor II protein expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia is associated with prostate volume and inflammation. BJU Int 2010; 108:E23-8. [PMID: 20840324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess transforming growth factor β-receptor II (TGFBRII) protein expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using immunohistochemistry analysis, and to compare the analysis with phenotypic properties. METHODS TGFBRII protein expression was profiled using three clinical outcome tissue microarrays (TMAs), sampled from 231 patients who underwent surgery for BPH. Using these TMAs, five inflammatory cell markers were also assessed, including CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, and CD163. The surgical procedure was open prostatectomy in 95 patients and transurethral resection of the prostate in 136 patients. RESULTS TGFBRII protein expression was found in BPH epithelium cells for both basal and secretory cells, as well as in fibromuscular stromal cells. TGFBRII staining was also strong in most of the lymphocytes infiltrating the prostate. TGFBRII stromal staining was found to be significantly associated with prostate volume (P = 0.04), whereas TGFBRII epithelial staining was found to be significantly associated with 5-α-reductase-inhibitor medical therapy received by patients before surgery (P = 0.004). Both stromal and epithelial TGFBRII staining were found to be associated with CD4 T-lymphocyte infiltrate, independently of prostate volume (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS TGFBRII protein expression in BPH is associated with prostate gland volume and with CD4 T-lymphocyte prostatitis. TGFBRII might be a promising therapeutic target to prevent prostate enlargement or even to decrease prostate volume.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Hox genes, a highly conserved subgroup of the homeobox superfamily, have crucial roles in development, regulating numerous processes including apoptosis, receptor signalling, differentiation, motility and angiogenesis. Aberrations in Hox gene expression have been reported in abnormal development and malignancy, indicating that altered expression of Hox genes could be important for both oncogenesis and tumour suppression, depending on context. Therefore, Hox gene expression could be important in diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Shah
- Nilay Shah and Saraswati Sukumar are at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhao H, Logothetis CJ, Gorlov IP. Usefulness of the top-scoring pairs of genes for prediction of prostate cancer progression. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2010; 13:252-9. [PMID: 20386565 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2010.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of cancer progression after radical prostatectomy is one of the most challenging problems in the management of prostate cancer. Gene-expression profiling is widely used to identify genes associated with such progression. Usually candidate genes are identified according to a gene-by-gene comparison of expression. Recent reports suggested that relative expression of a gene pair more efficiently predicts cancer progression than single-gene analysis does. The top-scoring pair (TSP) algorithm classifies phenotypes according to the relative expression of a pair of genes. We applied the TSP approach to predict, which patients would experience systemic tumor progression after radical prostatectomy. Relative expression of TPD52L2/SQLE and CEACAM1/BRCA1 gene pairs identified those patients with more than 99% specificity but relatively low sensitivity (approximately 10%). These two gene pairs were validated in three independent data sets. In addition, combining two pairs of genes improved sensitivity without compromising specificity. Functional annotation of the TSP genes showed that they cluster by a limited number of biological functions and pathways, suggesting that relatively lower expression of genes from specific pathways can predict cancer progression. In conclusion, comparative analysis of the expression of two genes may be a simple and effective classifier for prediction of prostate cancer progression. In summary, the TSP approach can be used to identify patients whose prostate cancer will progress after they undergo radical prostatectomy. Two gene pairs can predict which men would experience progression to the metastatic form of the disease. However, because our analysis was based on a relatively small number of genes, a larger study will be needed to identify the best predictors of disease outcome overall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Zhao
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD, Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jiang X, Chen S, Asara JM, Balk SP. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway activation in phosphate and tensin homolog (PTEN)-deficient prostate cancer cells is independent of receptor tyrosine kinases and mediated by the p110beta and p110delta catalytic subunits. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:14980-14989. [PMID: 20231295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.085696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p110 catalytic subunits are activated upon Src homology 2 domain-mediated binding of their p85 regulatory subunits to tyrosine-phosphorylated pYXXM motifs in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) or adaptor proteins. The PI3K pathway is activated by phosphate and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss in most prostate cancers (PCa), but the contribution of upstream RTKs that may be targeted therapeutically has not been assessed. Immunoblotting of p85-associated proteins in serum-starved PTEN-deficient LNCaP and C4-2 PCa cells showed a small set of discrete tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, but these proteins were not recognized by an anti-pYXXM motif antibody and were not found in PTEN-deficient PC3 PCa cells. LC/MS/MS using label-free proteomics and immunoblotting showed that p85 was associated primarily with p110beta and p110delta. An interaction with ErbB3 was also detected but was independent of ErbB3 tyrosine phosphorylation and was not required for basal PI3K activity. Basal tyrosine phosphorylation of p110beta and p110delta could be blocked by c-Src inhibitors, but this did not suppress PI3K activity, which was similarly independent of Ras. Basal PI3K activity was mediated by p110beta in PC3 cells and by both p110beta and p110delta in LNCaP cells, whereas p110alpha was required for PI3K activation in response to RTK stimulation by heregulin-beta1. These findings show that basal PI3K activity in PTEN-deficient PCa cells is RTK-independent and can be mediated by p110beta and p110delta. Increased p110beta expression in PCa may be required for RTK-independent PI3K pathway activation in adult prostate epithelium with genetic or epigenetic PTEN down-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinnong Jiang
- Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Sen Chen
- Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - John M Asara
- Signal Transduction Divisions, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Consolidation of the cancer genome into domains of repressive chromatin by long-range epigenetic silencing (LRES) reduces transcriptional plasticity. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:235-46. [PMID: 20173741 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Silencing of individual genes can occur by genetic and epigenetic processes during carcinogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. By creating an integrated prostate cancer epigenome map using tiling arrays, we show that contiguous regions of gene suppression commonly occur through long-range epigenetic silencing (LRES). We identified 47 LRES regions in prostate cancer, typically spanning about 2 Mb and harbouring approximately 12 genes, with a prevalence of tumour suppressor and miRNA genes. Our data reveal that LRES is associated with regional histone deacetylation combined with subdomains of different epigenetic remodelling patterns, which include re-enforcement, gain or exchange of repressive histone, and DNA methylation marks. The transcriptional and epigenetic state of genes in normal prostate epithelial and human embryonic stem cells can play a critical part in defining the mode of cancer-associated epigenetic remodelling. We propose that consolidation or effective reduction of the cancer genome commonly occurs in domains through a combination of LRES and LOH or genomic deletion, resulting in reduced transcriptional plasticity within these regions.
Collapse
|
38
|
RHAMM (CD168) is overexpressed at the protein level and may constitute an immunogenic antigen in advanced prostate cancer disease. Neoplasia 2009; 11:956-63. [PMID: 19724689 DOI: 10.1593/neo.09694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized prostate cancer (CaP) can be cured using several strategies. However, the need to identify active substances in advanced tumor stages is tremendous, as the outcome in such cases is still disappointing. One approach is to deliver human tumor antigen-targeted therapy, which is recognized by T cells or antibodies. We used data mining of the Cancer Immunome Database (CID), which comprises potential immunologic targets identified by serological screening of expression libraries. Candidate antigens were screened by DNA microarrays. Genes were then validated at the protein level by tissue microarrays, representing various stages of CaP disease. Of 43 targets identified by CID, 10 showed an overexpression on the complementary DNA array in CaP metastases. The RHAMM (CD168) gene, earlier identified by our group as an immunogenic antigen in acute and chronic leukemia, also showed highly significant overexpression in CaP metastases compared with localized disease and benign prostatic hyperplasia. At the protein level, RHAMM was highest in metastatic tissue samples and significantly higher in neoplastic localized disease compared with benign tissue. High RHAMM expression was associated with clinical parameters known to be linked to better clinical outcome. Patients with high RHAMM expression in the primaries had a significantly lower risk of biochemical failure. The number of viable cells in cell cultures was reduced in blocking experiments using hormone-sensitive and hormone-insensitive metastatic CaP cell lines. Acknowledging the proven immunogenic effects of RHAMM in leukemia, this antigen is intriguing as a therapeutic target in far-advanced CaP.
Collapse
|
39
|
He M, Vanaja DK, Karnes RJ, Young CYF. Epigenetic regulation of Myc on retinoic acid receptor beta and PDLIM4 in RWPE1 cells. Prostate 2009; 69:1643-50. [PMID: 19623543 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypermethylation of CpG islands is a common epigenetic alteration associated with cancer. Tumor suppressor genes retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) and PDLIM4 are hypermethylated and silenced in prostate cancer (PCa) tissues and PCa cell lines compared to normal prostate cells. METHODS In this study, a benign prostate epithelial cell line RWPE1 was used as a model to study the epigenetic regulation of Myc on the RARbeta and PDLIM4 promoters. Forced Myc overexpression inhibited the RARbeta and PDLIM4 expression. RESULTS Pyrosequencing study showed that Myc overexpression increased methylation in several CpG sites of both promoters. A DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine reversed the epigenetic alteration effect of Myc on both RARbeta and PDLIM4. CONCLUSION The epigenetic regulation of Myc may be related to its up-regulation of the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3a and DNMT3b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meilan He
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Thobe MN, Gurusamy D, Pathrose P, Waltz SE. The Ron receptor tyrosine kinase positively regulates angiogenic chemokine production in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2009; 29:214-26. [PMID: 19838218 PMCID: PMC2806938 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the Ron receptor tyrosine kinase has recently been shown in a wide variety of human cancers. However, no studies have examined Ron receptor expression or function during prostate tumorigenesis. We report here that Ron is highly expressed in human prostate adenocarcinoma and metastatic lymph nodes compared to normal prostate or benign prostate hyperplasia. Furthermore, we show that Ron is overexpressed in PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines, and that levels of angiogenic chemokines produced by prostate cancer cells positively correlates with Ron expression. Knockdown of Ron in PC-3 or DU145 cells results in a significant decrease in angiogenic chemokine production and is associated with decreased activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Moreover, exogenous overexpression of Ron in LNCaP cells is sufficient to induce a significant increase in angiogenic chemokines that can be abrogated by inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling. Given that the function of angiogenic chemokines is important in the development of new blood vessels, we also examined the ability of Ron to modulate endothelial cell migration. Our data show that knockdown of Ron in prostate cancer cells results both in significantly less endothelial cell chemotaxis compared to Ron-expressing cells in vitro as well as in reduced tumor growth and decreased microvessel density following orthotopic transplantation into the prostate in vivo. In total, our data suggest that the Ron receptor is important in modulating prostate tumor growth by modulating angiogenic chemokine production and subsequent endothelial cell recruitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M N Thobe
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Moscat J, Diaz-Meco MT, Wooten MW. Of the atypical PKCs, Par-4 and p62: recent understandings of the biology and pathology of a PB1-dominated complex. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:1426-37. [PMID: 19713972 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of a novel protein-protein interaction module, termed PB1, in critical signaling molecules such as p62 (also known as sequestosome1), the atypical PKCs, and Par-6, has unveiled the existence of a new set of signaling complexes, which can be central to several biological processes from development to cancer. In this review, we will discuss the most recent advances on the role that the different components of these complexes have in vivo and that are relevant to human disease. In particular, we will review what we are learning from new data from knockout mice, and the indications from human mutations on the real role of these proteins in the physiology and biology of human diseases. The role that PKCzeta, PKClambda/iota, and Par-4 have in lung and prostate cancer in vivo and in humans will be extensively covered in this article, as will the multifunctional role of p62 as a novel hub in cell signaling during cancer and inflammation, and the mechanistic details and controversial data published on its potential role in aggregate formation and signaling. All this published information is shedding new light on the proposed pathological implications of these PB1-regulators in disease and shows their important role in cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Moscat
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pires de Camargo V, van de Rijn M, de Alava E, Madoz-Gúrpide J, Pilotti S, von Mehren M, Pedeutour F, Maki RG, Rutkowski P, Thomas DM. Other Targetable Sarcomas. Semin Oncol 2009; 36:358-71. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
43
|
Xia XQ, McClelland M, Porwollik S, Song W, Cong X, Wang Y. WebArrayDB: cross-platform microarray data analysis and public data repository. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 25:2425-9. [PMID: 19602526 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Cross-platform microarray analysis is an increasingly important research tool, but researchers still lack open source tools for storing, integrating and analyzing large amounts of microarray data obtained from different array platforms. RESULTS An open source integrated microarray database and analysis suite, WebArrayDB (http://www.webarraydb.org), has been developed that features convenient uploading of data for storage in a MIAME (Minimal Information about a Microarray Experiment) compliant fashion, and allows data to be mined with a large variety of R-based tools, including data analysis across multiple platforms. Different methods for probe alignment, normalization and statistical analysis are included to account for systematic bias. Student's t-test, moderated t-tests, non-parametric tests and analysis of variance or covariance (ANOVA/ANCOVA) are among the choices of algorithms for differential analysis of data. Users also have the flexibility to define new factors and create new analysis models to fit complex experimental designs. All data can be queried or browsed through a web browser. The computations can be performed in parallel on symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems or Linux clusters. AVAILABILITY The software package is available for the use on a public web server (http://www.webarraydb.org) or can be downloaded. are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Xia
- Vaccine Research Institute San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yi M, Mudunuri U, Che A, Stephens RM. Seeking unique and common biological themes in multiple gene lists or datasets: pathway pattern extraction pipeline for pathway-level comparative analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10:200. [PMID: 19563622 PMCID: PMC2709625 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the challenges in the analysis of microarray data is to integrate and compare the selected (e.g., differential) gene lists from multiple experiments for common or unique underlying biological themes. A common way to approach this problem is to extract common genes from these gene lists and then subject these genes to enrichment analysis to reveal the underlying biology. However, the capacity of this approach is largely restricted by the limited number of common genes shared by datasets from multiple experiments, which could be caused by the complexity of the biological system itself. RESULTS We now introduce a new Pathway Pattern Extraction Pipeline (PPEP), which extends the existing WPS application by providing a new pathway-level comparative analysis scheme. To facilitate comparing and correlating results from different studies and sources, PPEP contains new interfaces that allow evaluation of the pathway-level enrichment patterns across multiple gene lists. As an exploratory tool, this analysis pipeline may help reveal the underlying biological themes at both the pathway and gene levels. The analysis scheme provided by PPEP begins with multiple gene lists, which may be derived from different studies in terms of the biological contexts, applied technologies, or methodologies. These lists are then subjected to pathway-level comparative analysis for extraction of pathway-level patterns. This analysis pipeline helps to explore the commonality or uniqueness of these lists at the level of pathways or biological processes from different but relevant biological systems using a combination of statistical enrichment measurements, pathway-level pattern extraction, and graphical display of the relationships of genes and their associated pathways as Gene-Term Association Networks (GTANs) within the WPS platform. As a proof of concept, we have used the new method to analyze many datasets from our collaborators as well as some public microarray datasets. CONCLUSION This tool provides a new pathway-level analysis scheme for integrative and comparative analysis of data derived from different but relevant systems. The tool is freely available as a Pathway Pattern Extraction Pipeline implemented in our existing software package WPS, which can be obtained at http://www.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/wps/wps_index.php.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Uma Mudunuri
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anney Che
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robert M Stephens
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Watson SK, Woolcock BW, Fee JN, Bainbridge TC, Webber D, Kinahan TJ, Lam WL, Vielkind JR. Minimum altered regions in early prostate cancer progression identified by high resolution whole genome tiling path BAC array comparative hybridization. Prostate 2009; 69:961-75. [PMID: 19267368 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) is a serious health problem. The altered molecular mechanisms that lead to this disease are poorly understood. METHODS Specimens from radical prostatectomies and blood were collected from 18 CaP surgery patients. For CGH studies, 20 CaP-related samples (16 Gleason grade 3, 3 higher grades, 1 BPH sample) and 18 samples of patient-matched normal epithelial cells were obtained by laser-assisted microdissection from frozen sections of the 18 prostatectomy specimens. High resolution SMRT aCGH was used to compare genomic profiles of prostatic samples to patient-matched blood and pooled female DNA. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcript analysis was performed by RT-PCR in relation to alterations detected at the TMPRSS2 locus. RESULTS Our comprehensive aCGH approach allowed us to define 35 regions of recurrent alterations while excluding germline copy number polymorphisms. Novel regions identified include 2q14.2, containing INHBB, and 17q21.31. The TMPRSS2 locus at 21q22.3 may be a hotspot for rearrangements with 75% of the alterations resulting in the expression of a TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcript. Differences in fusion expression in different areas in an individual tumor focus and expression in adjacent normal epithelium supported intrafocal heterogeneity and field cancerization, respectively. Both features challenge our efforts to develop more objective markers for diagnosis and prediction of the severity of CaP. CONCLUSION The high-density array enabled precise mapping of genomic alterations and consequently definition of minimum altered regions smaller than previously reported thus facilitating identification of those genes that contribute to the cancer transformation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer K Watson
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Developmental Biology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Carey JPW, Asirvatham AJ, Galm O, Ghogomu TA, Chaudhary J. Inhibitor of differentiation 4 (Id4) is a potential tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:173. [PMID: 19500415 PMCID: PMC2700118 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibitor of differentiation 4 (Id4), a member of the Id gene family is also a dominant negative regulator of basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factors. Some of the functions of Id4 appear to be unique as compared to its other family members Id1, Id2 and Id3. Loss of Id4 gene expression in many cancers in association with promoter hypermethylation has led to the proposal that Id4 may act as a tumor suppressor. In this study we provide functional evidence that Id4 indeed acts as a tumor suppressor and is part of a cancer associated epigenetic re-programming. Methods Data mining was used to demonstrate Id4 expression in prostate cancer. Methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) analysis was performed to understand molecular mechanisms associated with Id4 expression in prostate cancer cell lines. The effect of ectopic Id4 expression in DU145 cells was determined by cell cycle analysis (3H thymidine incorporation and FACS), expression of androgen receptor, p53 and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p27 and p21 by a combination of RT-PCR, real time-PCR, western blot and immuno-cytochemical analysis. Results Id4 expression was down-regulated in prostate cancer. Id4 expression was also down-regulated in prostate cancer line DU145 due to promoter hyper-methylation. Ectopic Id4 expression in DU145 prostate cancer cell line led to increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation due in part by an S-phase arrest. In addition to S-phase arrest, ectopic Id4 expression in PC3 cells also resulted in prolonged G2/M phase. At the molecular level these changes were associated with increased androgen receptor (AR), p21, p27 and p53 expression in DU145 cells. Conclusion The results suggest that Id4 acts directly as a tumor suppressor by influencing a hierarchy of cellular processes at multiple levels that leads to a decreased cell proliferation and change in morphology that is possibly mediated through induction of previously silenced tumor suppressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P W Carey
- Department of Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutics Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bethel CR, Chaudhary J, Anway MD, Brown TR. Gene expression changes are age-dependent and lobe-specific in the brown Norway rat model of prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 2009; 69:838-50. [PMID: 19204916 PMCID: PMC2732361 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related enlargement of the prostate, characterized by increased proliferation of stromal and epithelial cells. Despite its prevalence, the etiology of BPH is unknown. METHODS The Brown Norway rat is a model for age-dependent, lobe-specific hyperplasia of the prostate. Histological analyses of the dorsal and lateral lobes from aged rats reveal focal areas characterized by increased numbers of luminal epithelial cells, whereas the ventral lobe is unaffected. This study examined differential gene expression by lobe and age in the Brown Norway rat prostate. The objective was to identify genes with different levels of expression in the prostate lobes from 4-month (young) and 24-month (old) animals, and to subsequently link changes in gene expression to mechanisms of prostate aging. RESULTS The number of age-dependent differentially expressed genes was greatest in the dorsal compared to the ventral and lateral lobes. Minimal redundancy was observed among the differentially expressed genes in the three lobes. Age-related changes in the expression levels of 14 candidate genes in the dorsal, lateral and ventral lobes were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Genes that exhibited age-related differences in their expression were associated with proliferation, oxidative stress, and prostate cancer progression, including topoisomerase II alpha (Topo2a), aurora kinase B (Aurkb), stathmin 1 (Stmn1), and glutathione S-transferase pi. Immunohistochemistry for Topo2a, Aurkb, and Stmn1 confirmed age-related changes in protein localization in the lateral lobe of young and aged prostates. CONCLUSION These findings provide clues to the molecular events associated with aging in the prostate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlise R. Bethel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jaideep Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutics Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314
| | - Matthew D. Anway
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
| | - Terry R. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hansel DE, Nakayama M, Luo J, Abukhdeir AM, Park BH, Bieberich CJ, Hicks JL, Eisenberger M, Nelson WG, Mostwin JL, De Marzo AM. Shared TP53 gene mutation in morphologically and phenotypically distinct concurrent primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Prostate 2009; 69:603-9. [PMID: 19125417 PMCID: PMC3170854 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell carcinoma of the prostate is an uncommon neoplasm, the origin of which has been controversial. To address this, we performed transcriptome profiling and TP53 sequencing of concurrent small cell and prostatic adenocarcinoma to determine the relationship between these entities. METHODS We identified an unusual case of primary prostate cancer that contained adjacent acinar adenocarcinoma (Gleason score 4 + 3 = 7) and small cell carcinoma. We performed laser capture microdissection to isolate tumor components and performed gene expression and TP53 gene sequence analysis on each component, with results validated by immunohistochemistry for PSA, PSAP, PSMA, androgen receptor, NKX 3.1 and neuroendocrine markers. RESULTS Transcriptome profiling of the carcinoma components identified 99 genes with a greater than 10-fold differential expression between prostatic adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma, many of which have not been previously reported in prostate cancer. The small cell carcinoma component demonstrated upregulation of proliferative and neuroendocrine markers and tyrosine kinase receptors, and downregulation of cell adhesion molecules, supporting the aggressive nature of this form of carcinoma. Sequencing of the TP53 gene suggested a common clonal origin for both components. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a primary small cell carcinoma of the prostate subjected to extensive molecular analysis and the first to show a clonal relation between two morphologically distinct prostate cancer types. The evidence of progression to small cell carcinoma may yield important insights into the pathogenesis of this entity and provide a novel spectrum of molecular markers to further dissect cellular pathways important in tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna E. Hansel
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute and the Taussig Cancer Institute, The Cleveland Clinic
| | | | - Jun Luo
- Brady Urological Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | | | - Ben H. Park
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | | | - Jessica L. Hicks
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Mario Eisenberger
- Brady Urological Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | - William G. Nelson
- Brady Urological Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | - Jasek L. Mostwin
- Brady Urological Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Brady Urological Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lucas N, Day ML. The role of the disintegrin metalloproteinase ADAM15 in prostate cancer progression. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:967-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
50
|
Qian DZ, Huang CY, O'Brien CA, Coleman IM, Garzotto M, True LD, Higano CS, Vessella R, Lange PH, Nelson PS, Beer TM. Prostate cancer-associated gene expression alterations determined from needle biopsies. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3135-42. [PMID: 19366833 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To accurately identify gene expression alterations that differentiate neoplastic from normal prostate epithelium using an approach that avoids contamination by unwanted cellular components and is not compromised by acute gene expression changes associated with tumor devascularization and resulting ischemia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Approximately 3,000 neoplastic and benign prostate epithelial cells were isolated using laser capture microdissection from snap-frozen prostate biopsy specimens provided by 31 patients who subsequently participated in a clinical trial of preoperative chemotherapy. cDNA synthesized from amplified total RNA was hybridized to custom-made microarrays composed of 6,200 clones derived from the Prostate Expression Database. Expression differences for selected genes were verified using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS Comparative analyses identified 954 transcript alterations associated with cancer (q < 0.01%), including 149 differentially expressed genes with no known functional roles. Gene expression changes associated with ischemia and surgical removal of the prostate gland were absent. Genes up-regulated in prostate cancer were statistically enriched in categories related to cellular metabolism, energy use, signal transduction, and molecular transport. Genes down-regulated in prostate cancers were enriched in categories related to immune response, cellular responses to pathogens, and apoptosis. A heterogeneous pattern of androgen receptor expression changes was noted. In exploratory analyses, androgen receptor down-regulation was associated with a lower probability of cancer relapse after neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical prostatectomy. CONCLUSIONS Assessments of tumor phenotypes based on gene expression for treatment stratification and drug targeting of oncogenic alterations may best be ascertained using biopsy-based analyses where the effects of ischemia do not complicate interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Z Qian
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|