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Wong RW, Balachandran A, Cheung PK, Cheng R, Pan Q, Stoilov P, Harrigan PR, Blencowe BJ, Branch DR, Cochrane A. An activator of G protein-coupled receptor and MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling inhibits HIV-1 replication by altering viral RNA processing. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008307. [PMID: 32069328 PMCID: PMC7048317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of HIV-1 to evolve resistance to combined antiretroviral therapies (cARTs) has stimulated research into alternative means of controlling this infection. We assayed >60 modulators of RNA alternative splicing (AS) to identify new inhibitors of HIV-1 RNA processing-a segment of the viral lifecycle not targeted by current drugs-and discovered compound N-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-amine (5342191) as a potent inhibitor of both wild-type (Ba-L, NL4-3, LAI, IIIB, and N54) and drug-resistant strains of HIV-1 (IC50: ~700 nM) with no significant effect on cell viability at doses tested. 5342191 blocks expression of four essential HIV-1 structural and regulatory proteins (Gag, Env, Tat, and Rev) without affecting total protein synthesis of the cell. This response is associated with altered unspliced (US) and singly-spliced (SS) HIV-1 RNA accumulation (~60% reduction) and transport to the cytoplasm (loss of Rev) whereas parallel analysis of cellular RNAs revealed less than a 0.7% of host alternative splicing (AS) events (0.25-0.67% by ≥ 10-20%), gene expression (0.01-0.46% by ≥ 2-5 fold), and protein abundance (0.02-0.34% by ≥ 1.5-2 fold) being affected. Decreased expression of Tat, but not Gag/Env, upon 5342191 treatment was reversed by a proteasome inhibitor, suggesting that this compound alters the synthesis/degradation of this key viral factor. Consistent with an affect on HIV-1 RNA processing, 5342191 treatment of cells altered the abundance and phosphorylation of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor (SRSF) 1, 3, and 4. Despite the activation of several intracellular signaling pathways by 5342191 (Ras, MEK1/2-ERK1/2, and JNK1/2/3), inhibition of HIV-1 gene expression by this compound could be reversed by pre-treatment with either a G-protein α-subunit inhibitor or two different MEK1/2 inhibitors. These observations demonstrate enhanced sensitivity of HIV-1 gene expression to small changes in host RNA processing and highlights the potential of modulating host intracellular signaling as an alternative approach for controlling HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W. Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahalya Balachandran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter K. Cheung
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qun Pan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Stoilov
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - P. Richard Harrigan
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin J. Blencowe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald R. Branch
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Infection and Immunity Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan Cochrane
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Ma Y, Zhang L, Qin C. The first genetically gene-edited babies: It's "irresponsible and too early". Animal Model Exp Med 2019; 2:1-4. [PMID: 31016280 PMCID: PMC6431114 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A scientist, Jiankui He of Southern University of Science and Technology of China, recently claimed at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong on 29 November that he has created the world's first genetically altered babies using CRISPR. This announcement sparked controversy and criticism. The newly developed CRISPR/Cas9 technique has been applied to genetic modification of many kinds of animals. However, the technique is still in its infancy and many questions remain to be answered before it can be used for clinical purposes, especially for reproductive purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative MedicineNational Health Commission of China (NHC)Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencePeking Union Medicine CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesInstitute of Laboratory Animal SciencePeking Union Medicine CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative MedicineNational Health Commission of China (NHC)Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencePeking Union Medicine CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious DiseasesBeijingChina
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3
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Sun C, Zhu L, Ma R, Ren J, Wang J, Gao S, Yang D, Ning K, Ling B, Lu B, Chen X, Xu J. Astrocytic miR-324-5p is essential for synaptic formation by suppressing the secretion of CCL5 from astrocytes. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:141. [PMID: 30760705 PMCID: PMC6374376 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that astrocytes play an important role in synaptic formation, plasticity, and pruning. Dicer and the fine-tuning of microRNA (miRNA) network are important for maintaining the normal functions of central nervous system and dysregulation of miRNAs is implicated in neurological disorders. However, little is known about the role of Dicer and miRNAs of astrocytes in the homeostasis of synapse as well as its plasticity. By selectively deleting Dicer in postnatal astrocytes, Dicer-deficient mice exhibited reactive astrogliosis and deficits in dendritic spine formation. Astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) collected from Dicer-null astrocytes caused synapse degeneration in cultured primary neurons. The expression of chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) elevated in Dicer-deleted astrocytes which led to the significant augmentation of secreted CCL5 in ACM. In neurons treated with Dicer KO-ACM, CCL5 supplementation inhibited MAPK/CREB signaling pathway and exacerbated the synaptic formation deficiency, while CCL5 knockdown partially rescued the synapse degeneration. Moreover, we validated CCL5 as miR-324-5p targeted gene. ACM collected from miR-324-5p antagomir-transfected astrocytes mimicked the effect of CCL5 treatment on inhibiting synapse formation and MAPK/CREB signaling in Dicer KO-ACM-cocultured neurons. Furthermore, decreased miR-324-5p expression and elevated CCL5 expression were observed in the brain of aging mice. Our work reveals the non-cell-autonomous roles of astroglial miRNAs in regulation of astrocytic secretory milieu and neuronal synaptogenesis, implicating the loss or misregulation of astroglial miRNA network may contribute to neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Sun
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongjie Ma
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ren
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shane Gao
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danjing Yang
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Ning
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Bin Ling
- The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.
| | - Bing Lu
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xu Chen
- Eighth People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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4
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ADAR1 and PACT contribute to efficient translation of transcripts containing HIV-1 trans-activating response (TAR) element. Biochem J 2017; 474:1241-1257. [PMID: 28167698 PMCID: PMC5363390 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has evolved various measures to counter the host cell's innate antiviral response during the course of infection. Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene products are produced following HIV-1 infection to limit viral replication, but viral proteins and RNAs counteract their effect. One such mechanism is specifically directed against the IFN-induced Protein Kinase PKR, which is centrally important to the cellular antiviral response. In the presence of viral RNAs, PKR is activated and phosphorylates the translation initiation factor eIF2α. This shuts down the synthesis of both host and viral proteins, allowing the cell to mount an effective antiviral response. PACT (protein activator of PKR) is a cellular protein activator of PKR, primarily functioning to activate PKR in response to cellular stress. Recent studies have indicated that during HIV-1 infection, PACT's normal cellular function is compromised and that PACT is unable to activate PKR. Using various reporter systems and in vitro kinase assays, we establish in this report that interactions between PACT, ADAR1 and HIV-1-encoded Tat protein diminish the activation of PKR in response to HIV-1 infection. Our results highlight an important pathway by which HIV-1 transcripts subvert the host cell's antiviral activities to enhance their translation.
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5
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Lipid interactions and angle of approach to the HIV-1 viral membrane of broadly neutralizing antibody 10E8: Insights for vaccine and therapeutic design. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006212. [PMID: 28225819 PMCID: PMC5338832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Among broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV, 10E8 exhibits greater neutralizing breadth than most. Consequently, this antibody is the focus of prophylactic/therapeutic development. The 10E8 epitope has been identified as the conserved membrane proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 subunit of the envelope (Env) viral glycoprotein and is a major vaccine target. However, the MPER is proximal to the viral membrane and may be laterally inserted into the membrane in the Env prefusion form. Nevertheless, 10E8 has not been reported to have significant lipid-binding reactivity. Here we report x-ray structures of lipid complexes with 10E8 and a scaffolded MPER construct and mutagenesis studies that provide evidence that the 10E8 epitope is composed of both MPER and lipid. 10E8 engages lipids through a specific lipid head group interaction site and a basic and polar surface on the light chain. In the model that we constructed, the MPER would then be essentially perpendicular to the virion membrane during 10E8 neutralization of HIV-1. As the viral membrane likely also plays a role in selecting for the germline antibody as well as size and residue composition of MPER antibody complementarity determining regions, the identification of lipid interaction sites and the MPER orientation with regard to the viral membrane surface during 10E8 engagement can be of great utility for immunogen and therapeutic design. The trimeric Env glycoprotein located on HIV surface is the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies and is the focus of vaccine and therapeutic approaches to prevent HIV infection. Structural studies with HIV Env trimers have shed light on the complete epitopes of several broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, structural determination of the complete epitopes of the highly cross-reactive MPER antibodies has been technically difficult due to the viral membrane component and that these epitopes are probably only exposed transiently after Env engages CD4. In this study, we structurally characterize the interaction of the broadest and most potent MPER-targeting antibody, 10E8, with viral membrane lipids and scaffolded MPER and propose how 10E8 approaches the MPER-viral membrane epitope during neutralization. Our results indicate that 10E8 interacts with the viral membrane via its light chain and engages MPER in an upright orientation with respect to the HIV-1 membrane. These findings are of interest for design of HIV-1 vaccines and therapeutics.
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6
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Zhou M, Greenhill S, Huang S, Silva TK, Sano Y, Wu S, Cai Y, Nagaoka Y, Sehgal M, Cai DJ, Lee YS, Fox K, Silva AJ. CCR5 is a suppressor for cortical plasticity and hippocampal learning and memory. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27996938 PMCID: PMC5213777 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of CCR5 in immunity and in HIV infection has been studied widely, its role in neuronal plasticity, learning and memory is not understood. Here, we report that decreasing the function of CCR5 increases MAPK/CREB signaling, long-term potentiation (LTP), and hippocampus-dependent memory in mice, while neuronal CCR5 overexpression caused memory deficits. Decreasing CCR5 function in mouse barrel cortex also resulted in enhanced spike timing dependent plasticity and consequently, dramatically accelerated experience-dependent plasticity. These results suggest that CCR5 is a powerful suppressor for plasticity and memory, and CCR5 over-activation by viral proteins may contribute to HIV-associated cognitive deficits. Consistent with this hypothesis, the HIV V3 peptide caused LTP, signaling and memory deficits that were prevented by Ccr5 knockout or knockdown. Overall, our results demonstrate that CCR5 plays an important role in neuroplasticity, learning and memory, and indicate that CCR5 has a role in the cognitive deficits caused by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miou Zhou
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Stuart Greenhill
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shan Huang
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Tawnie K Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shumin Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ying Cai
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yoshiko Nagaoka
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Megha Sehgal
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Denise J Cai
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kevin Fox
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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7
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Irimia A, Sarkar A, Stanfield RL, Wilson IA. Crystallographic Identification of Lipid as an Integral Component of the Epitope of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 4E10. Immunity 2016; 44:21-31. [PMID: 26777395 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies of the anti-HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 41 (gp41) broadly neutralizing antibody 4E10 suggest that 4E10 also interacts with membrane lipids, but the antibody regions contacting lipids and its orientation with respect to the viral membrane are unknown. Vaccine immunogens capable of re-eliciting these membrane proximal external region (MPER)-like antibodies may require a lipid component to be successful. We performed a systematic crystallographic study of lipid binding to 4E10 to identify lipids bound by the antibody and the lipid-interacting regions. We identified phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, and glycerol phosphate as specific ligands for 4E10 in the crystal structures. 4E10 used its CDRH1 loop to bind the lipid head groups, while its CDRH3 interacted with the hydrophobic lipid tails. Identification of the lipid binding sites on 4E10 may aid design of immunogens for vaccines that include a lipid component in addition to the MPER on gp41 for generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Irimia
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), and Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anita Sarkar
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), and Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robyn L Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), and Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), and Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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8
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Flanagan CA. Receptor Conformation and Constitutive Activity in CCR5 Chemokine Receptor Function and HIV Infection. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 70:215-63. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417197-8.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Borroni E, Cancellieri C, Locati M, Bonecchi R. Dissecting trafficking and signaling of atypical chemokine receptors. Methods Enzymol 2013; 521:151-68. [PMID: 23351738 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391862-8.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors are a distinct subset of chemokine receptors able to modulate immune responses by acting as chemokine decoy/scavengers or transporters. Intracellular trafficking properties sustained by Gαi-independent signaling have emerged as a major determinant of their biological properties, which support continuous uptake, transport, and/or concentration, of the ligands. Here, we are providing methods to study both trafficking and signaling of this class of chemokine receptors focusing on the atypical chemokine receptor D6 that degrades inflammatory CC chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borroni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
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10
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Go YY, Bailey E, Cook DG, Coleman SJ, MacLeod JN, Chen KC, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Genome-wide association study among four horse breeds identifies a common haplotype associated with in vitro CD3+ T cell susceptibility/resistance to equine arteritis virus infection. J Virol 2011; 85:13174-84. [PMID: 21994447 PMCID: PMC3233183 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06068-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that horses could be divided into susceptible and resistant groups based on an in vitro assay using dual-color flow cytometric analysis of CD3+ T cells infected with equine arteritis virus (EAV). Here, we demonstrate that the differences in in vitro susceptibility of equine CD3+ T lymphocytes to EAV infection have a genetic basis. To investigate the possible hereditary basis for this trait, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to compare susceptible and resistant phenotypes. Testing of 267 DNA samples from four horse breeds that had a susceptible or a resistant CD3+ T lymphocyte phenotype using both Illumina Equine SNP50 BeadChip and Sequenom's MassARRAY system identified a common, genetically dominant haplotype associated with the susceptible phenotype in a region of equine chromosome 11 (ECA11), positions 49572804 to 49643932. The presence of a common haplotype indicates that the trait occurred in a common ancestor of all four breeds, suggesting that it may be segregated among other modern horse breeds. Biological pathway analysis revealed several cellular genes within this region of ECA11 encoding proteins associated with virus attachment and entry, cytoskeletal organization, and NF-κB pathways that may be associated with the trait responsible for the in vitro susceptibility/resistance of CD3+ T lymphocytes to EAV infection. The data presented in this study demonstrated a strong association of genetic markers with the trait, representing de facto proof that the trait is under genetic control. To our knowledge, this is the first GWAS of an equine infectious disease and the first GWAS of equine viral arteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Young Go
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Ernest Bailey
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Deborah G. Cook
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Stephen J. Coleman
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science
| | - James N. MacLeod
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Kuey-Chu Chen
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099
| | - Peter J. Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science
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11
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Selvy PE, Lavieri RR, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Phospholipase D: enzymology, functionality, and chemical modulation. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6064-119. [PMID: 21936578 PMCID: PMC3233269 DOI: 10.1021/cr200296t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Selvy
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37064, USA
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12
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Patel S, Djerdjouri B, Raoul-Des-Essarts Y, Dang PMC, El-Benna J, Périanin A. Protein kinase B (AKT) mediates phospholipase D activation via ERK1/2 and promotes respiratory burst parameters in formylpeptide-stimulated neutrophil-like HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32055-63. [PMID: 20693286 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.171058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD), a major source of lipid second messengers (phosphatidic acid, diglycerides) in many cell types, is tightly regulated by protein kinases, but only a few of them have been identified. We show here that protein kinase B (AKT) is a novel major signaling effector of PLD activity induced by the formylpeptide f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) in human neutrophil-like HL-60 cells (dHL-60 cells). AKT inhibition with the selective antagonist AKTib1/2 almost completely prevented fMLP-mediated activity of PLD, its upstream effector ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK. Immunoprecipitation studies show that phosphorylated AKT, ERK, and PLD2 form a complex induced by fMLP, which can be prevented by AKTib1/2. In cell-free systems, AKT1 stimulated PLD activity via activation of ERK. AKT1 actually phosphorylated ERK2 as a substrate (K(m) 1 μm). Blocking AKT activation with AKTib1/2 also prevented fMLP- but not phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-mediated NADPH oxidase activation (respiratory burst, RB) of dHL-60 cells. Impaired RB was associated with defective membrane translocation of NADPH oxidase components p67(phox) and p47(phox), ERK, AKT1, AKT2, but not AKT3. Depletion of AKT1 or AKT2 with antisense oligonucleotides further indicates a partial contribution of both isoforms in fMLP-induced activation of ERK, PLD, and RB, with a predominant role of AKT1. Thus, formylpeptides induce sequential activation of AKT, ERK1/2, and PLD, which represents a novel signaling pathway. A major primarily role of this AKT signaling pathway also emerges in membrane recruitment of NOX2 components p47(phox), p67(phox), and ERK, which may contribute to assembly and activation of the RB motor system, NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyananda Patel
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
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