1
|
Chand U, Kushawaha PK. Nano-immunomodulators: prospective applications to combat drug resistant bacterial infections and related complications. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2023; 34:2577-2597. [PMID: 37938026 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2023.2265619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing problem in our healthcare sector, it can make infections more difficult and expensive to treat and lead to treatment failure and increased risk of death. Currently, at least 700,000 people worldwide die each year from AMR. Alternative methods for mitigating drug-resistant bacterial infections are desperately needed because of the unacceptably low rate of conventional antibiotic discovery. Therefore, the implementation of various therapeutic strategies is necessary to deal with drug-resistant bacteria and immunomodulation is one of them which is highly encouraged through various studies. Immunomodulators are different biological or synthetic substances that possess the capability of inducing, suppressing, or overall modulating the innate and adaptive immune system. Some phytochemicals, including flavonoids, glycosides, polysaccharides, terpenoids, essential oils, peptides, synthetic molecules, and synthetic biomaterials, can play a crucial role in the fight against bacterial infections directly or indirectly by enhancing the activity of existing antibiotics or by boosting immunity. Nanotechnology can be used to modulate immune responses through various fabrication methods and strategies of design and for drug formulation by encapsulating potential compounds/molecules in the form of nanoparticles and by surface modification or capping of nanomaterials. This approach can improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability, reduce toxicity, and help to increase the effectiveness of drugs against resistant microorganisms. This review aims to provide current developments in the field of immunomodulators of different origins that can be combined with nanotechnology and exploited as potential future drugs or adjuvants to fight drug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Chand
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Kushawaha
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Host Defence Peptides: A Potent Alternative to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040475. [PMID: 35453226 PMCID: PMC9032040 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges facing the medical community today is the ever-increasing trajectory of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is being compounded by the decrease in our antimicrobial armamentarium. From their initial discovery to the current day, antibiotics have seen an exponential increase in their usage, from medical to agricultural use. Benefits aside, this has led to an exponential increase in AMR, with the fear that over 10 million lives are predicted to be lost by 2050, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). As such, medical researchers are turning their focus to discovering novel alternatives to antimicrobials, one being Host Defence Peptides (HDPs). These small cationic peptides have shown great efficacy in being used as an antimicrobial therapy for currently resistant microbial variants. With the sudden emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variant and the subsequent global pandemic, the great versatility and potential use of HDPs as an alternative to conventional antibiotics in treating as well as preventing the spread of COVID-19 has been reviewed. Thus, to allow the reader to have a full understanding of the multifaceted therapeutic use of HDPs, this literature review shall cover the association between COVID-19 and AMR whilst discussing and evaluating the use of HDPs as an answer to antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
Collapse
|
3
|
Majhi RK, Mohanty S, Kamolvit W, White JK, Scheffschick A, Brauner H, Brauner A. Metformin strengthens uroepithelial immunity against E. coli infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19263. [PMID: 34584119 PMCID: PMC8479095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection frequently caused by E. coli is one of the most common bacterial infections. Increasing antibiotic resistance jeopardizes successful treatment and alternative treatment strategies are therefore mandatory. Metformin, an oral antidiabetic drug, has been shown to activate macrophages in the protection against certain infecting microorganisms. Since epithelial cells often form the first line of defense, we here investigated the effect on uroepithelial cells during E. coli infection. Metformin upregulated the human antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin LL-37 and RNase7 via modulation of the TRPA1 channel and AMPK pathway. Interestingly, metformin stimulation enriched both LL-37 and TRPA1 in lysosomes. In addition, metformin specifically increased nitric oxide and mitochondrial, but not cytosolic ROS. Moreover, metformin also triggered mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL1B, CXCL8 and growth factor GDF15 in human uroepithelial cells. The GDF15 peptide stimulated macrophages increased LL-37 expression, with increased bacterial killing. In conclusion, metformin stimulation strengthened the innate immunity of uroepithelial cells inducing enhanced extracellular and intracellular bacterial killing suggesting a favorable role of metformin in the host defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Majhi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soumitra Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Witchuda Kamolvit
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Kerr White
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hanna Brauner
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dermatology and Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Holani R, Babbar A, Blyth GAD, Lopes F, Jijon H, McKay DM, Hollenberg MD, Cobo ER. Cathelicidin-mediated lipopolysaccharide signaling via intracellular TLR4 in colonic epithelial cells evokes CXCL8 production. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1785802. [PMID: 32658599 PMCID: PMC7524372 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1785802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin has a physiological role in regulating gut inflammatory homeostasis. We determined that cathelicidin synergizes with LPS to facilitate its internalization and signaling via endosomic TLR4 in colonic epithelium, evoking synthesis of the human neutrophil chemoattractant, CXCL8 (or murine homolog, CXCL1). Interaction of cathelicidin with LPS in the control of CXCL8/CXCL1 synthesis was assessed in human colon epithelial cells, murine colonoids and cathelicidin-null mice (Camp-/- ). Mechanistically, human cathelicidin (LL-37), as an extracellular complex with LPS, interacted with lipid raft-associated GM1 gangliosides to internalize and activate intracellular TLR4. Two signaling pathways converged on CXCL8/CXCL1 production: (1) a p38MAPK-dependent pathway regulated by Src-EGFR kinases; and, (2) a p38MAPK-independent, NF-κB-dependent pathway, regulated by MEK1/2-MAPK. Increased cathelicidin-dependent CXCL8 secretion in the colonic mucosa activated human blood-derived neutrophils. These cathelicidin effects occurred in vitro at concentrations well below those needed for microbicidal function. The important immunomodulatory role of cathelicidins was evident in cathelicidin-null/Camp-/- mice, which had diminished colonic CXCL1 secretion, decreased neutrophil recruitment-activation and reduced bacterial clearance when challenged with the colitis-inducing murine pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. We conclude that in addition to its known microbicidal action, cathelicidin has a unique pathogen-sensing role, facilitating LPS-mediated intestinal responses, including the production of CXCL8/CXCL1 that would contribute to an integrated tissue response to recruit neutrophils during colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Holani
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anshu Babbar
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Graham A. D. Blyth
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Humberto Jijon
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Derek M. McKay
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Morley D. Hollenberg
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Eduardo R. Cobo
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada,CONTACT Eduardo R. Cobo Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, ABT2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Scheenstra MR, van Harten RM, Veldhuizen EJA, Haagsman HP, Coorens M. Cathelicidins Modulate TLR-Activation and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1137. [PMID: 32582207 PMCID: PMC7296178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins are short cationic peptides that are part of the innate immune system. At first, these peptides were studied mostly for their direct antimicrobial killing capacity, but nowadays they are more and more appreciated for their immunomodulatory functions. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the various effects cathelicidins have on the detection of damage- and microbe-associated molecular patterns, with a special focus on their effects on Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. We review the available literature based on TLR ligand types, which can roughly be divided into lipidic ligands, such as LPS and lipoproteins, and nucleic-acid ligands, such as RNA and DNA. For both ligand types, we describe how direct cathelicidin-ligand interactions influence TLR activation, by for instance altering ligand stability, cellular uptake and receptor interaction. In addition, we will review the more indirect mechanisms by which cathelicidins affect downstream TLR-signaling. To place all this information in a broader context, we discuss how these cathelicidin-mediated effects can have an impact on how the host responds to infectious organisms as well as how these effects play a role in the exacerbation of inflammation in auto-immune diseases. Finally, we discuss how these immunomodulatory activities can be exploited in vaccine development and cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maaike R Scheenstra
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roel M van Harten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Coorens
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burkes RM, Ceppe AS, Couper DJ, Comellas AP, Wells JM, Peters SP, Criner GJ, Kanner RE, Paine R, Christenson SA, Cooper CB, Barjaktarevic IZ, Krishnan JA, Labaki WW, Han MK, Curtis JL, Hansel NN, Wise RA, Drummond MB. Plasma Cathelicidin is Independently Associated with Reduced Lung Function in COPD: Analysis of the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study Cohort. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES-JOURNAL OF THE COPD FOUNDATION 2020; 7:370-381. [PMID: 33108110 DOI: 10.15326/jcopdf.7.4.2020.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ratrionale The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin, also known in humans as LL-37, is a defensin secreted by immune and airway epithelial cells. Deficiencies in this peptide may contribute to adverse pulmonary outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objectives Using clinical and biological samples from the SubPopulations and InteRmediate Outcome Measures In COPD Study (SPIROMICS), we assessed the associations of plasma cathelicidin levels with cross-sectional and longitudinal COPD outcomes. Methods A total of 1609 SPIROMICS participants with COPD and available plasma samples were analyzed. Cathelicidin was modeled dichotomously (lowest quartile [< 50 ng/ml] versus highest 75% [≥ 50 ng/ml]) and continuously per 10 ng/ml. Fixed-effect multilevel regression analyses were used to assess associations between cathelicidin and cross-sectional as well as longitudinal lung function. The associations between cathelicidin and participant-reported retrospective and prospective COPD exacerbations were assessed via logistic regression. Measurements and Main Results Cathelicidin < 50 ng/ml (N=383) was associated with female sex, black race, and lower body mass index (BMI).At baseline,cathelicidin < 50 ng/ml was independently associated with 3.55% lower % predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)(95% confidence interval [CI] -6.22% to -0.88% predicted; p=0.01), while every 10 ng/ml lower cathelicidin was independently associated with 0.65% lower % predicted FEV1 (95% CI -1.01% to -0.28% predicted; p< 0.001). No independent associations with longitudinal lung function decline or participant-reported COPD exacerbations were observed. Conclusions Reduced cathelicidin is associated with lower lung function at baseline. Plasma cathelicidin may potentially identify COPD patients at increased risk for more severe lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Burkes
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Agathe S Ceppe
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - David J Couper
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Alejandro P Comellas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - J Michael Wells
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham
| | - Stephen P Peters
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Disease, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Gerard J Criner
- Division of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard E Kanner
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Robert Paine
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Stephanie A Christenson
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Christopher B Cooper
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Igor Z Barjaktarevic
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jerry A Krishnan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago
| | - Wassim W Labaki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - MeiLan K Han
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nadia N Hansel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert A Wise
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland
| | - M Bradley Drummond
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.,Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zuo Y, Dang R, Peng H, Wu Z, Yang Y. LL-37 Exacerbates Local Inflammation in Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Preventing Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Degradation-Induced Autophagy. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:6193-9203. [PMID: 31422413 PMCID: PMC6711262 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have proved that autophagy dysfunction in proinflammatory cells is involved in tissue damage and an excessive inflammatory response in sepsis. In the present study, we identified that the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 facilitates resistance to DNase II-induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) degradation and subsequent autophagy. Material/Methods We found higher serum levels of LL-37 in patients with severe sepsis compared to that in patients with mild sepsis. Neutrophils isolated from mice with sepsis after treatment with Cramp-mtDNA produced an excess of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-8, and TNF-α. Cramp-mtDNA in the lung samples from model animals with sepsis was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Results Exogenous delivery of Cramp-mtDNA complex significantly exacerbated lung inflammation but the antibody against Cramp-mtDNA attenuated the excessive inflammatory response in LPS-induced acute lung injury. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines in lungs was upregulated and downregulated after treatment with the complex and antibody, respectively. LC-3 expression in 16HBE cells increased after LPS induction, irrespective of stimulation with LL-37. Conclusions These data show that LL-37 treatment worsens local inflammation in sepsis-induced acute lung injury by preventing mtDNA degradation-induced autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zuo
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Run Dang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Hongyan Peng
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yiyu Yang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Macleod T, Ward J, Alase AA, Bridgewood C, Wittmann M, Stonehouse NJ. Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Facilitates Intracellular Uptake of RNA Aptamer Apt 21-2 Without Inducing an Inflammatory or Interferon Response. Front Immunol 2019; 10:857. [PMID: 31068939 PMCID: PMC6491520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA aptamers are synthetic single stranded RNA oligonucleotides that function analogously to antibodies. Recently, they have shown promise for use in treating inflammatory skin disease as, unlike antibody-based biologics, they are able to enter the skin following topical administration. However, it is important to understand the inflammatory milieu into which aptamers are delivered, as numerous immune-modulating mediators will be present at abnormal levels. LL-37 is an important immune-modifying protein upregulated in several inflammatory skin conditions, including psoriasis, rosacea and eczema. This inflammatory antimicrobial peptide is known to complex nucleic acids and induce both inflammatory and interferon responses from keratinocytes. Given the attractive notion of using RNA aptamers in topical medication and the prevalence of LL-37 in these inflammatory skin conditions, we examined the effect of LL-37 on the efficacy and safety of the anti-IL-17A RNA aptamer, Apt 21-2. LL-37 was demonstrated to complex with the RNA aptamer by electrophoretic mobility shift and filter binding assays. In contrast to free Apt 21-2, LL-37-complexed Apt 21-2 was observed to efficiently enter both keratinocytes and fibroblasts by confocal microscopy. Despite internalization of LL-37-complexed aptamers, measurement of inflammatory mediators and interferon stimulated genes showed LL-37-complexed Apt 21-2 remained immunologically inert in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells including infiltrating dendritic cells and monocytes. The findings of this study suggest RNA aptamers delivered into an inflammatory milieu rich in LL-37 may become complexed and subsequently internalized by surrounding cells in the skin. Whilst the results of this study indicate delivery of RNA aptamers into tissue rich in LL-37 should not cause an unwarranted inflammatory of interferon response, these results have significant implications for the efficacy of aptamers with regards to extracellular vs. intracellular targets that should be taken into consideration when developing treatment strategies utilizing RNA aptamers in inflamed tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Macleod
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Ward
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Adewonuola A Alase
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Bridgewood
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hou S, Xu R, Zhu C, Shan S, Han L, Wang H. Chlamydial Plasmid-Encoded Protein pGP3 Inhibits Development of Psoriasis-Like Lesions in Mice. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:5159-5167. [PMID: 30043770 PMCID: PMC6071496 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The anti-microbial protein cathelicidin LL-37 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis by inducing inflammation. Our previous study showed that the chlamydial plasmid-encoded protein pGP3 forms a stable complex with LL-37 to neutralize its pro-inflammatory activity. Here, we explored whether pGP3 can inhibit the development of lesions in mice with imiquimod-induced psoriasis. Material/Methods The protein pGP3 was expressed in bacteria and purified using glutathione-conjugated agarose beads and a precision protease. The ability of the purified pGP3 to block chemotaxis mediated by LL-37 was tested in vitro using bone marrow-derived neutrophils. The ability of the protein to inhibit the development of psoriasis-like lesions was tested by topically or subcutaneously administering pGP3 in doses of 10 or 50 μg to mice previously treated with imiquimod. Mouse skin was evaluated using the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score and photography. Skin biopsies were taken on day 8 and analyzed histologically. Results Purified pGP3 inhibited LL-37-mediated chemotaxis. Mice treated with 50 μg pGP3 showed clinical improvement with less severe erythema, infiltration, and scales; these mice also showed thinner dermis and less hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration than mice treated with without 10 μg pGP3. Conclusions PGP3 can inhibit the development of psoriasis-like lesions in mice, possibly through its ability to bind LL-37. Future work should examine the mechanisms underlying this therapeutic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Hou
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Congzhong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Shijun Shan
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Long Han
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martínez-Castillo M, Santos-Argumedo L, Galván-Moroyoqui JM, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. Toll-like receptors participate in Naegleria fowleri recognition. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:75-87. [PMID: 29128927 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is a protozoan that invades the central nervous system and causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. It has been reported that N. fowleri induces an important inflammatory response during the infection. In the present study, we evaluated the roles of Toll-like receptors in the recognition of N. fowleri trophozoites by human mucoepithelial cells, analyzing the expression and production of innate immune response mediators. After amoebic interactions with NCI-H292 cells, the expression and production levels of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, and human beta defensin-2 were evaluated by RT-PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and dot blot assays, respectively. To determine whether the canonical signaling pathways were engaged, we used different inhibitors, namely, IMG-2005 for MyD88 and BAY 11-7085 for the nuclear factor NFkB. Our results showed that the expression and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and beta defensin-2 were induced by N. fowleri mainly through the canonical TLR4 pathway in a time-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Martínez-Castillo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Galván-Moroyoqui
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sonora, Boulevard Luis Donaldo Colosio and Francisco Q. Salazar S/N, 83000, Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Marin M, Holani R, Shah CB, Odeón A, Cobo ER. Cathelicidin modulates synthesis of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) 4 and 9 in colonic epithelium. Mol Immunol 2017; 91:249-258. [PMID: 28988039 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin are innate antimicrobial peptides with broad immunomodulatory functions; however, their role in regulating intestinal defenses is not well characterized. This study aimed to investigate the role of cathelicidin modulating expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 4 and 9 in colonic epithelium in response to bacterial patterns. We demonstrated herein that intestinal epithelial cells, when primed by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), responded to cathelicidin by increased transcription and protein synthesis of TLR4. This cathelicidin-induced response required the interaction of LPS-TLR4 and activation of MAPK signalling pathways. However, cathelicidin blocked TLR9 responses induced by TLR9 ligand CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) in these colonic epithelial cells. Modulations of TLRs triggered by cathelicidin in intestinal epithelium occurred mainly in the apical compartment of intestinal cells. Activation of TLR4 by ligands in combination with cathelicidin promoted CXCL8 chemokine secretion and epithelial antimicrobial defenses against Escherichia coli. We concluded that cathelicidin selectively modulated synthesis of TLR4 and 9 in intestinal epithelium, but only when cells were exposed to virulence factors, mostly from apical surfaces. Enhanced TLR4 expression promoted by cathelicidin in intestinal epithelium may be crucial for controlling enteric infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maia Marin
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ravi Holani
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Anselmo Odeón
- Animal Production, Balcarce Experimental Station, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Argentina
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kraaij MD, van Dijk A, Haagsman HP. CATH-2 and LL-37 increase mannose receptor expression, antigen presentation and the endocytic capacity of chicken mononuclear phagocytes. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:118-125. [PMID: 28715682 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins display in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activities and are part of the innate immune system. Previously, we found that in ovo treatment with chicken cathelicidin CATH-2 partially protects young broilers against respiratory E. coli infection. To determine the cellular aspects of this protection, we investigated immunomodulatory effects of CATH-2 and the human cathelicidin LL-37 on primary chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Treatment of chicken PBMCs with L-CATH-2, D-CATH-2 or LL-37 increased the percentage of mononuclear phagocytes, but decreased that of B cells. L-CATH-2, D-CATH-2 and LL-37 treatment of chicken PBMCs also enhanced the expression levels of mannose receptor MRC1 and antigen presentation markers MHCII, CD40 and CD86 on mononuclear phagocytes, indicating increased antigen presentation capacity. Concomitantly, L-CATH-2, D-CATH-2 and LL-37 neutralized LPS-induced cytokine production, while increasing the endocytic capacity. We conclude that L-CATH-2, D-CATH-2 and LL-37 can modulate the immune response of primary chicken immune cells by increasing mannose receptor expression, antigen presentation, endocytosis and neutralizing LPS-induced cytokine production and as a result augment activation of the adaptive immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina D Kraaij
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Verjans ET, Zels S, Luyten W, Landuyt B, Schoofs L. Molecular mechanisms of LL-37-induced receptor activation: An overview. Peptides 2016; 85:16-26. [PMID: 27609777 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 plays a crucial role in the immune system on many levels, from the first line of defense in epithelial cells to restoring the tissue after infection. On host cells, the majority of the LL-37-induced effects are mediated via the direct or indirect activation of several structurally unrelated cell surface receptors or intracellular targets. How LL-37 is able to affect multiple receptors is currently not well understood. So far, the mechanistic details underlying receptor activation are poorly investigated and evidence for a conventional ligand/receptor interaction is scarce. Over the past few decades, a large number of studies have reported on the activation of a receptor and/or components of the downstream signal transduction pathway induced by LL-37. This review summarizes the current knowledge on molecular mechanisms underlying LL-37-induced receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddy-Tim Verjans
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sven Zels
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Walter Luyten
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Landuyt
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The human cathelicidin LL-37 — A pore-forming antibacterial peptide and host-cell modulator. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:546-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
15
|
Coorens M, van Dijk A, Bikker F, Veldhuizen EJA, Haagsman HP. Importance of Endosomal Cathelicidin Degradation To Enhance DNA-Induced Chicken Macrophage Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3970-7. [PMID: 26378074 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are essential in the protection against invading pathogens through both their direct antimicrobial activity and their immunomodulatory functions. Although cathelicidins are known to modulate activation by several TLR ligands, little is known about their influence on DNA-induced macrophage activation. In this study, we explored the effects of cathelicidins on DNA-induced activation of chicken macrophages and elucidated the intracellular processes underlying these effects. Our results show that chicken cathelicidin (CATH)-2 strongly enhances DNA-induced activation of both chicken and mammalian macrophages because of enhanced endocytosis of DNA-CATH-2 complexes. After endocytosis, DNA is liberated from the complex because of proteolytic breakdown of CATH-2, after which TLR21 is activated. This leads to increased cytokine expression and NO production. Through the interaction with DNA, CATH-2 can play an important role in modulating the immune response at sites of infection. These observations underline the importance of cathelicidins in sensing bacterial products and regulating immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Coorens
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Floris Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cathelicidin impact on inflammatory cells. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:225-35. [PMID: 26557038 PMCID: PMC4637384 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.51359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins, like other antimicrobial peptides, exhibit direct antimicrobial activities against a broad spectrum of microbes, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, enveloped viruses, and fungi. These host-derived peptides kill the invaded pathogens by perturbing their cell membranes and can neutralize biological activities of endotoxin. Nowadays, more and more data indicate that these peptides, in addition to their antimicrobial properties, possess various immunomodulatory activities. Cathelicidins have the potential to influence and modulate, both directly and indirectly, the activity of various cell populations involved in inflammatory processes and in host defense against invading pathogens. They induce migration of neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, and mast cells and prolong the lifespan of neutrophils. These peptides directly activate inflammatory cells to production and release of different pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines, however cathelicidins might mediate the generation of anti-inflammatory cytokines as well. Cathelicidins also modulate epithelial cell/keratinocyte responses to infecting pathogens. What is more, they affect activity of monocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, or epithelial cells acting in synergy with cytokines or β-defensins. In addition, these peptides indirectly balance TLR-mediated responses of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and keratinocytes. This review discusses the role and significance of cathelicidins in inflammation and innate immunity against pathogens.
Collapse
|
17
|
Host defense peptides: front-line immunomodulators. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:443-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
18
|
Desbenoit N, Saussereau E, Bich C, Bourderioux M, Fritsch J, Edelman A, Brunelle A, Ollero M. Localized lipidomics in cystic fibrosis: TOF-SIMS imaging of lungs from Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 52:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
19
|
Sender V, Stamme C. Lung cell-specific modulation of LPS-induced TLR4 receptor and adaptor localization. Commun Integr Biol 2014; 7:e29053. [PMID: 25136402 PMCID: PMC4134348 DOI: 10.4161/cib.29053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung infection by Gram-negative bacteria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), located in the outer membrane of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall, is a highly potent stimulus of immune and structural cells via the TLR4/MD2 complex whose function is sequentially regulated by defined subsets of adaptor proteins. Regulatory mechanisms of lung-specific defense pathways point at the crucial role of resident alveolar macrophages, alveolar epithelial cells, the TLR4 receptor pathway, and lung surfactant in shaping the innate immune response to Gram-negative bacteria and LPS. During the past decade intracellular spatiotemporal localization of TLR4 emerged as a key feature of TLR4 function. Here, we briefly review lung cell type- and compartment-specific mechanisms of LPS-induced TLR4 regulation with a focus on primary resident hematopoietic and structural cells as well as modifying microenvironmental factors involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Sender
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cordula Stamme
- Division of Cellular Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences; Borstel, Germany ; Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
SPINK9 stimulates metalloprotease/EGFR-dependent keratinocyte migration via purinergic receptor activation. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1645-1654. [PMID: 24441102 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors of the Kazal-type 9 (SPINK9) is a keratinocyte-derived cationic peptide that is found most abundantly in the upper layers of the palmar-plantar epidermis. In vitro, the peptide displays the capacity to inhibit specifically kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5). Here, we report that cells expressing SPINK9 secrete the peptide constitutively. Recombinant SPINK9 (rSPINK9) provoked transactivation of the EGFR in human keratinocytes, resulting in efficient downstream triggering of cell migration. Transactivation occurred via functional upregulation of a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs), as evidenced by suppression with a metalloproteinase inhibitor and an EGFR-blocking antibody. SPINK9 preparations isolated from human skin also displayed EGFR-transactivating capacity. The classical purinergic receptor antagonists oxidized ATP and pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4',-disulfonic acid effectively suppressed EGFR transactivation by rSPINK9, indicating that in analogy to what has recently been reported for the cationic antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin LL-37 and bee venom melittin, purinergic receptors have an essential bridging role in promoting the upregulation of ADAM function by the cationic peptide. SPINK9 could represent an example of how a cationic peptide may subserve multiple and interrelated functions that contribute to the maintenance of the physical and immunological barrier of the skin.
Collapse
|
21
|
Importance of lipopolysaccharide aggregate disruption for the anti-endotoxic effects of heparin cofactor II peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2709-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Cuperus T, Coorens M, van Dijk A, Haagsman HP. Avian host defense peptides. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:352-369. [PMID: 23644014 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are important effector molecules of the innate immune system of vertebrates. These antimicrobial peptides are also present in invertebrates, plants and fungi. HDPs display broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and fulfill an important role in the first line of defense of many organisms. It is becoming increasingly clear that in the animal kingdom the functions of HDPs are not confined to direct antimicrobial actions. Research in mammals has indicated that HDPs have many immunomodulatory functions and are also involved in other physiological processes ranging from development to wound healing. During the past five years our knowledge about avian HDPs has increased considerably. This review addresses our current knowledge on the evolution, regulation and biological functions of HDPs of birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tryntsje Cuperus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
A comprehensive summary of LL-37, the factotum human cathelicidin peptide. Cell Immunol 2012; 280:22-35. [PMID: 23246832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a group of antimicrobial peptides. Since their discovery, it has become clear that they are an exceptional class of peptides, with some members having pleiotropic effects. Not only do they possess an antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral function, they also show a chemotactic and immunostimulatory/-modulatory effect. Moreover, they are capable of inducing wound healing, angiogenesis and modulating apoptosis. Recent insights even indicate for a role of these peptides in cancer. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent and relevant insights concerning the human cathelicidin LL-37.
Collapse
|
25
|
Byfield FJ, Kowalski M, Cruz K, Leszczyńska K, Namiot A, Savage PB, Bucki R, Janmey PA. Cathelicidin LL-37 Increases Lung Epithelial Cell Stiffness, Decreases Transepithelial Permeability, and Prevents Epithelial Invasion byPseudomonas aeruginosa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6402-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
26
|
Yuan K, Huang C, Fox J, Gaid M, Weaver A, Li G, Singh BB, Gao H, Wu M. Elevated inflammatory response in caveolin-1-deficient mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is mediated by STAT3 protein and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21814-25. [PMID: 21515682 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.237628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), an important composition protein within the flask-shaped membrane invaginations termed caveolae, may play a role in host defense against infections. However, the phenotype in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected cav1 knock-out (KO) mice is still unresolved, and the mechanism involved is almost entirely unknown. Using a respiratory infection model, we confirmed a crucial role played by Cav-1 in host defense against this pathogen because Cav-1 KO mice showed increased mortality, severe lung injury, and systemic dissemination as compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. In addition, cav1 KO mice exhibited elevated inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12a), decreased phagocytic ability of macrophages, and increased superoxide release in the lung, liver, and kidney. We further studied relevant cellular signaling processes and found that STAT3 and NF-κB are markedly activated. Our data revealed that the Cav-1/STAT3/NF-κB axis is responsible for a dysregulated cytokine response, which contributes to increased mortality and disease progression. Moreover, down-regulating Cav-1 in cell culture with a dominant negative strategy demonstrated that STAT3 activation was essential for the translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus, confirming the observations from cav1 KO mice. Collectively, our studies indicate that Cav-1 is critical for inflammatory responses regulating the STAT3/NF-κB pathway and thereby impacting P. aeruginosa infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kefei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|