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Ramarapu R, Wulcan JM, Chang H, Moore PF, Vernau W, Keller SM. Single cell RNA-sequencing of feline peripheral immune cells with V(D)J repertoire and cross species analysis of T lymphocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595010. [PMID: 38826195 PMCID: PMC11142102 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The domestic cat (Felis catus) is a valued companion animal and a model for virally induced cancers and immunodeficiencies. However, species-specific limitations such as a scarcity of immune cell markers constrain our ability to resolve immune cell subsets at sufficient detail. The goal of this study was to characterize circulating feline T cells and other leukocytes based on their transcriptomic landscape and T-cell receptor repertoire using single cell RNA-sequencing. Methods Peripheral blood from 4 healthy cats was enriched for T cells by flow cytometry cell sorting using a mouse anti-feline CD5 monoclonal antibody. Libraries for whole transcriptome, alpha/beta T cell receptor transcripts and gamma/delta T cell receptor transcripts were constructed using the 10x Genomics Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 5' reagent kit and the Chromium Single Cell V(D)J Enrichment Kit with custom reverse primers for the feline orthologs. Results Unsupervised clustering of whole transcriptome data revealed 7 major cell populations - T cells, neutrophils, monocytic cells, B cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, mast cells and platelets. Sub cluster analysis of T cells resolved naive (CD4+ and CD8+), CD4+ effector T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and gamma/delta T cells. Cross species analysis revealed a high conservation of T cell subsets along an effector gradient with equitable representation of veterinary species (horse, dog, pig) and humans with the cat. Our V(D)J repertoire analysis demonstrated a skewed T-cell receptor alpha gene usage and a restricted T-cell receptor gamma junctional length in CD8+ cytotoxic T cells compared to other alpha/beta T cell subsets. Among myeloid cells, we resolved three clusters of classical monocytes with polarization into pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes in addition to a cluster of conventional dendritic cells. Lastly, our neutrophil sub clustering revealed a larger mature neutrophil cluster and a smaller exhausted/activated cluster. Discussion Our study is the first to characterize subsets of circulating T cells utilizing an integrative approach of single cell RNA-sequencing, V(D)J repertoire analysis and cross species analysis. In addition, we characterize the transcriptome of several myeloid cell subsets and demonstrate immune cell relatedness across different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raneesh Ramarapu
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Judit M Wulcan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Haiyang Chang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Peter F Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - William Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Stefan M Keller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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Bitting K, Hedgespeth B, Ehrhardt-Humbert LC, Arthur GK, Schubert AG, Bradding P, Tilley SL, Cruse G. Identification of redundancy between human FcεRIβ and MS4A6A proteins points toward additional complex mechanisms for FcεRI trafficking and signaling. Allergy 2023; 78:1204-1217. [PMID: 36424895 PMCID: PMC10159887 DOI: 10.1111/all.15595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic diseases are triggered by signaling through the high-affinity IgE receptor, FcεRI. In both mast cells (MCs) and basophils, FcεRI is a tetrameric receptor complex comprising a ligand-binding α subunit (FcεRIα), a tetraspan β subunit (FcεRIβ, MS4A2) responsible for trafficking and signal amplification, and a signal transducing dimer of single transmembrane γ subunits (FcεRIγ). However, FcεRI also exists as presumed trimeric complexes that lack FcεRIβ and are expressed on several cell types outside the MC and basophil lineages. Despite known differences between humans and mice in the presence of the trimeric FcεRI complex, questions remain as to how it traffics and whether it signals in the absence of FcεRIβ. We have previously reported that targeting FcεRIβ with exon-skipping oligonucleotides eliminates IgE-mediated degranulation in mouse MCs, but equivalent targeting in human MCs was not effective at reducing degranulation. RESULTS Here, we report that the FcεRIβ-like protein MS4A6A exists in human MCs and compensates for FcεRIβ in FcεRI trafficking and signaling. Human MS4A6A promotes surface expression of FcεRI complexes and facilitates degranulation. MS4A6A and FcεRIβ are encoded by highly related genes within the MS4A gene family that cluster within the human gene loci 11q12-q13, a region linked to allergy and asthma susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest the presence of either FcεRIβ or MS4A6A is sufficient for degranulation, indicating that MS4A6A could be an elusive FcεRIβ-like protein in human MCs that performs compensatory functions in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Bitting
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Barry Hedgespeth
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Lauren C. Ehrhardt-Humbert
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Greer K. Arthur
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Alicia G. Schubert
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Stephen L. Tilley
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Glenn Cruse
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Li QL, Mao J, Meng XY. Comprehensive Characterization of Immune Landscape Based on Tumor Microenvironment for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Prognosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091521. [PMID: 36146599 PMCID: PMC9505673 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to identify an immune-related signature to predict clinical outcomes of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Methods: Gene transcriptome data of both tumor and normal tissues from OSCC and the corresponding clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Tumor Immune Estimation Resource algorithm (ESTIMATE) was used to calculate the immune/stromal-related scores. The immune/stromal scores and associated clinical characteristics of OSCC patients were evaluated. Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, least absolute shrinkage, and selection operator (LASSO) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed to assess the prognostic prediction capacity. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Gene Ontology (GO) function annotation were used to analysis the functions of TME-related genes. Results: Eleven predictor genes were identified in the immune-related signature and overall survival (OS) in the high-risk group was significantly shorter than in the low-risk group. An ROC analysis showed the TME-related signature could predict the total OS of OSCC patients. Moreover, GSEA and GO function annotation proved that immunity and immune-related pathways were mainly enriched in the high-risk group. Conclusions: We identified an immune-related signature that was closely correlated with the prognosis and immune response of OSCC patients. This signature may have important implications for improving the clinical survival rate of OSCC patients and provide a potential strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Lin Li
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Mao
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin-Yao Meng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence:
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MS4A15 drives ferroptosis resistance through calcium-restricted lipid remodeling. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:670-686. [PMID: 34663908 PMCID: PMC8901757 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death driven by biochemical processes that promote oxidation within the lipid compartment. Calcium (Ca2+) is a signaling molecule in diverse cellular processes such as migration, neurotransmission, and cell death. Here, we uncover a crucial link between ferroptosis and Ca2+ through the identification of the novel tetraspanin MS4A15. MS4A15 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it blocks ferroptosis by depleting luminal Ca2+ stores and reprogramming membrane phospholipids to ferroptosis-resistant species. Specifically, prolonged Ca2+ depletion inhibits lipid elongation and desaturation, driving lipid droplet dispersion and formation of shorter, more saturated ether lipids that protect phospholipids from ferroptotic reactive species. We further demonstrate that increasing luminal Ca2+ levels can preferentially sensitize refractory cancer cell lines. In summary, MS4A15 regulation of anti-ferroptotic lipid reservoirs provides a key resistance mechanism that is distinct from antioxidant and lipid detoxification pathways. Manipulating Ca2+ homeostasis offers a compelling strategy to balance cellular lipids and cell survival in ferroptosis-associated diseases.
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Arthur GK, Cruse G. Regulation of Trafficking and Signaling of the High Affinity IgE Receptor by FcεRIβ and the Potential Impact of FcεRIβ Splicing in Allergic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020788. [PMID: 35054974 PMCID: PMC8776166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident immune cells that function in both innate and adaptive immunity through the release of both preformed granule-stored mediators, and newly generated proinflammatory mediators that contribute to the generation of both the early and late phases of the allergic inflammatory response. Although mast cells can be activated by a vast array of mediators to contribute to homeostasis and pathophysiology in diverse settings and contexts, in this review, we will focus on the canonical setting of IgE-mediated activation and allergic inflammation. IgE-dependent activation of mast cells occurs through the high affinity IgE receptor, FcεRI, which is a multimeric receptor complex that, once crosslinked by antigen, triggers a cascade of signaling to generate a robust response in mast cells. Here, we discuss FcεRI structure and function, and describe established and emerging roles of the β subunit of FcεRI (FcεRIβ) in regulating mast cell function and FcεRI trafficking and signaling. We discuss current approaches to target IgE and FcεRI signaling and emerging approaches that could target FcεRIβ specifically. We examine how alternative splicing of FcεRIβ alters protein function and how manipulation of splicing could be employed as a therapeutic approach. Targeting FcεRI directly and/or IgE binding to FcεRI are promising approaches to therapeutics for allergic inflammation. The characteristic role of FcεRIβ in both trafficking and signaling of the FcεRI receptor complex, the specificity to IgE-mediated activation pathways, and the preferential expression in mast cells and basophils, makes FcεRIβ an excellent, but challenging, candidate for therapeutic strategies in allergy and asthma, if targeting can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer K. Arthur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| | - Glenn Cruse
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-515-8865
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Larson EM, Babasyan S, Wagner B. IgE-Binding Monocytes Have an Enhanced Ability to Produce IL-8 (CXCL8) in Animals with Naturally Occurring Allergy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2312-2321. [PMID: 33952617 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IL-8 is a potent chemokine that recruits neutrophils and basophils to promote inflammation in many species. IL-8 is produced by many cell types, including monocytes. In this study, we report a novel role for IgE-binding monocytes, a rare peripheral immune cell type, to promote allergic inflammation through IL-8 production in a horse model of natural IgE-mediated allergy. We developed a mAb with confirmed specificity for both recombinant and native equine IL-8 for flow cytometric analysis. Equine IL-8 was produced by CD14+/MHC class II+/CD16- monocytes, including a subpopulation of IgE-binding monocytes, following stimulation with LPS. In addition, IgE cross-linking induced IL-8 production by both peripheral blood basophils and IgE-binding monocytes. IL-8 production was compared between healthy horses and those with a naturally occurring IgE-mediated skin allergy, Culicoides hypersensitivity. Allergic horses had significantly higher percentages of IL-8+ IgE-binding monocytes after IgE cross-linking. In contrast, frequencies of IL-8+ basophils after IgE cross-linking were similar in all horses, regardless of allergic disease, highlighting IgE-binding monocytes as a novel source of IL-8 during allergy. We concluded that IgE-binding monocytes from allergic individuals have an increased capacity for IL-8 production and likely contribute to the recruitment of innate immune cells during IgE-mediated allergy and promotion of inflammation during repeated allergen contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Larson
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Susanna Babasyan
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Arthur GK, Ehrhardt-Humbert LC, Snider DB, Jania C, Tilley SL, Metcalfe DD, Cruse G. The FcεRIβ homologue, MS4A4A, promotes FcεRI signal transduction and store-operated Ca 2+ entry in human mast cells. Cell Signal 2020; 71:109617. [PMID: 32240745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Members of the membrane spanning 4A (MS4A) gene family are clustered around 11q12-13, a region linked to allergy and asthma susceptibility. Other than the known functions of FcεRIβ (MS4A2) and CD20 (MS4A1) in mast cell and B cell signaling, respectively, functional studies for the remaining MS4A proteins are lacking. We thus explored whether MS4A4A, a mast cell expressed homologue of FcεRIβ, has related functions to FcεRIβ in FcεRI signaling. We establish in this study that MS4A4A promotes phosphorylation of PLCγ1, calcium flux and degranulation in response to IgE-mediated crosslinking of FcεRI. We previously demonstrated that MS4A4A promotes recruitment of KIT into caveolin-1-enriched microdomains and signaling through PLCγ1. Caveolin-1 itself is an important regulator of IgE-dependent store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and promotes expression of the store-operated Ca2+ channel pore-forming unit, Orai1. We thus further report that MS4A4A functions through interaction with caveolin-1 and recruitment of FcεRI and KIT into lipid rafts. In addition to proximal FcεRI signaling, we similarly show that MS4A4A regulates Orai1-mediated calcium entry downstream of calcium release from stores. Both MS4A4A and Orai1 had limited effects with compound 48/80 stimulation, demonstrating some degree of selectivity of both proteins to FcεRI receptor signaling over Mas-related G Protein coupled receptor X2 signaling. Overall, our data are consistent with the conclusion that MS4A4A performs a related function to the homologous FcεRIβ to promote PLCγ1 signaling, SOCE, and degranulation through FcεRI in human mast cells and thus represents a new target in the regulation of IgE-mediated mast cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer K Arthur
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Lauren C Ehrhardt-Humbert
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Douglas B Snider
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Corey Jania
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephen L Tilley
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Glenn Cruse
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Scott MA, Woolums AR, Swiderski CE, Perkins AD, Nanduri B, Smith DR, Karisch BB, Epperson WB, Blanton JR. Whole blood transcriptomic analysis of beef cattle at arrival identifies potential predictive molecules and mechanisms that indicate animals that naturally resist bovine respiratory disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227507. [PMID: 31929561 PMCID: PMC6957175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial disease complex and the leading infectious disease in post-weaned beef cattle. Clinical manifestations of BRD are recognized in beef calves within a high-risk setting, commonly associated with weaning, shipping, and novel feeding and housing environments. However, the understanding of complex host immune interactions and genomic mechanisms involved in BRD susceptibility remain elusive. Utilizing high-throughput RNA-sequencing, we contrasted the at-arrival blood transcriptomes of 6 beef cattle that ultimately developed BRD against 5 beef cattle that remained healthy within the same herd, differentiating BRD diagnosis from production metadata and treatment records. We identified 135 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the differential gene expression tools edgeR and DESeq2. Thirty-six of the DEGs shared between these two analysis platforms were prioritized for investigation of their relevance to infectious disease resistance using WebGestalt, STRING, and Reactome. Biological processes related to inflammatory response, immunological defense, lipoxin metabolism, and macrophage function were identified. Production of specialized pro-resolvin mediators (SPMs) and endogenous metabolism of angiotensinogen were increased in animals that resisted BRD. Protein-protein interaction modeling of gene products with significantly higher expression in cattle that naturally acquire BRD identified molecular processes involving microbial killing. Accordingly, identification of DEGs in whole blood at arrival revealed a clear distinction between calves that went on to develop BRD and those that resisted BRD. These results provide novel insight into host immune factors that are present at the time of arrival that confer protection from BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Scott
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amelia R. Woolums
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Cyprianna E. Swiderski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Andy D. Perkins
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - David R. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Brandi B. Karisch
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - William B. Epperson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - John R. Blanton
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
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Abstract
Mast cells and basophils play a crucial role during type I hypersensitivity reactions. However, despite efforts to elucidate their role in the pathogenesis of allergy and inflammation, our understanding of MC and basophil biology is still relatively scarce. The practical difficulty in obtaining a sufficient number of purified primary cells from biological samples has slowed down the process of reaching a full understanding of the physiological role of these functionally similar cell types. The establishment of several immortalized cell lines has been a useful tool to establish and perform sophisticated laboratory protocols that are impractical using primary cells. Continuous cell lines have been extensively used to investigate allergen/IgE-mediated cell activation, to elucidate the degranulation dynamics, to investigate structural and functional properties of the high-affinity receptor (FcεRI), and to test cell-stabilizing compounds. In this chapter, we review the most widely used and better-characterized MC and basophil cell lines, highlighting their advantages and drawbacks. It must be pointed out, however, that while cell lines represent a useful in vitro tool due to their easy manipulability and reduced culture costs, they often show aberrant characteristics which are not fully representative of primary cell physiology; results obtained with such cells therefore must be interpreted with due care.
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Abstract
Mast cells are key effector cells in allergic inflammation and consequently are ideal targets for new therapeutics. The high-affinity IgE receptor complex, FcεRI, plays a critical role in mast cell and basophil activation by allergens to drive the immediate allergic inflammatory response. The β subunit of FcεRI is critical for trafficking the FcεRI complex to the cell membrane and amplifies the FcεRI signaling cascade. We have utilized splice switching antisense oligonucleotides to force expression of a truncated isoform of FcεRIβ, which we have shown does not associate with the FcεRI complex. This approach eliminates surface FcεRI expression in mast cells by targeting protein-protein interactions. Exon skipping has several therapeutic applications, and our findings demonstrate a novel application to alter receptor trafficking and dampen allergic inflammation. Here, we describe the methods of exon skipping in mast cells and the assays used to examine the responses of mast cells in vitro and in vivo.
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An Overview of Recent Advances and Clinical Applications of Exon Skipping and Splice Modulation for Muscular Dystrophy and Various Genetic Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1828:31-55. [PMID: 30171533 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8651-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exon skipping is a therapeutic approach that is feasible for various genetic diseases and has been studied and developed for over two decades. This approach uses antisense oligonucleotides (AON) to modify the splicing of pre-mRNA to correct the mutation responsible for a disease, or to suppress a particular gene expression, as in allergic diseases. Antisense-mediated exon skipping is most extensively studied in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and has developed from in vitro proof-of-concept studies to clinical trials targeting various single exons such as exon 45 (casimersen), exon 53 (NS-065/NCNP-01, golodirsen), and exon 51 (eteplirsen). Eteplirsen (brand name Exondys 51), is the first approved antisense therapy for DMD in the USA, and provides a treatment option for ~14% of all DMD patients, who are amenable to exon 51 skipping. Eteplirsen is granted accelerated approval and marketing authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), on the condition that additional postapproval trials show clinical benefit. Permanent exon skipping achieved at the DNA level using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology holds promise in current preclinical trials for DMD. In hopes of achieving clinical success parallel to DMD, exon skipping and splice modulation are also being studied in other muscular dystrophies, such as Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), dysferlinopathy including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B), Miyoshi myopathy (MM), and distal anterior compartment myopathy (DMAT), myotonic dystrophy, and merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A). This chapter also summarizes the development of antisense-mediated exon skipping therapy in diseases such as Usher syndrome, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), and allergic diseases.
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Kaneko T, Toshimori K, Iida H. Subcellular localization of MS4A13 isoform 2 in mouse spermatozoa. Reproduction 2017; 154:843-857. [PMID: 28971897 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To identify upregulated genes during the development of spermatozoa, we performed PCR-selected subtraction analysis of testes RNA samples from 10-day-old and 12-week-old shrews. A transcript, highly homologous to two mouse transcripts, Ms4a13-1 and Ms4a13-2, was differentially regulated. Ms4a13-2, but not Ms4a13-1, was shown to be primarily expressed in mouse testes in an age-dependent manner. Ms4a13-2 cDNA contains an open-reading frame of 522 nucleotides, encoding a protein of 174 amino acids, with predicted molecular mass, 19,345 Da. MS4A13-2 protein was expressed along the periphery of nuclei of round and elongated spermatids (steps 3-16) in adult mouse testes, and in the equatorial region of the heads of fresh mature mouse spermatozoa. In addition, MS4A13-2 was found to localize to the outer acrosomal membrane in the equatorial region of heads in fresh spermatozoa. In acrosome-reacted spermatozoa, the MS4A13-2 expression extended to the entire sperm head including the postacrosomal region and acrosomal cap. MS4A family proteins are known to facilitate intracellular protein-protein interactions as ion channel/adaptor proteins by oligomerization, and have important regulatory roles in cellular growth, survival and activation. We report that the MS4A family member, MS4A13-2, may form oligomers in sperm membranes, which may be involved in an interaction with the zona pellucida or cumulus during fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takane Kaneko
- Laboratory of ZoologyGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Toshimori
- Future Medicine Research Center and Department of Reproductive Biology and MedicineGraduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iida
- Laboratory of ZoologyGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Cildir G, Pant H, Lopez AF, Tergaonkar V. The transcriptional program, functional heterogeneity, and clinical targeting of mast cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2491-2506. [PMID: 28811324 PMCID: PMC5584128 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cildir et al. discuss the recent findings in transcriptional regulation of mast cell development and activation and provide insights into the plasticity and clinical targeting of mast cell functions. Mast cells are unique tissue-resident immune cells that express an array of receptors that can be activated by several extracellular cues, including antigen–immunoglobulin E (IgE) complexes, bacteria, viruses, cytokines, hormones, peptides, and drugs. Mast cells constitute a small population in tissues, but their extraordinary ability to respond rapidly by releasing granule-stored and newly made mediators underpins their importance in health and disease. In this review, we document the biology of mast cells and introduce new concepts and opinions regarding their role in human diseases beyond IgE-mediated allergic responses and antiparasitic functions. We bring to light recent discoveries and developments in mast cell research, including regulation of mast cell functions, differentiation, survival, and novel mouse models. Finally, we highlight the current and future opportunities for therapeutic intervention of mast cell functions in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Cildir
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Harshita Pant
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angel F Lopez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia .,Laboratory of NF-κB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Nath AP, Ritchie SC, Byars SG, Fearnley LG, Havulinna AS, Joensuu A, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Wennerström A, Milani L, Metspalu A, Männistö S, Würtz P, Kettunen J, Raitoharju E, Kähönen M, Juonala M, Palotie A, Ala-Korpela M, Ripatti S, Lehtimäki T, Abraham G, Raitakari O, Salomaa V, Perola M, Inouye M. An interaction map of circulating metabolites, immune gene networks, and their genetic regulation. Genome Biol 2017; 18:146. [PMID: 28764798 PMCID: PMC5540552 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunometabolism plays a central role in many cardiometabolic diseases. However, a robust map of immune-related gene networks in circulating human cells, their interactions with metabolites, and their genetic control is still lacking. Here, we integrate blood transcriptomic, metabolomic, and genomic profiles from two population-based cohorts (total N = 2168), including a subset of individuals with matched multi-omic data at 7-year follow-up. RESULTS We identify topologically replicable gene networks enriched for diverse immune functions including cytotoxicity, viral response, B cell, platelet, neutrophil, and mast cell/basophil activity. These immune gene modules show complex patterns of association with 158 circulating metabolites, including lipoprotein subclasses, lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, small molecules, and CRP. Genome-wide scans for module expression quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) reveal five modules with mQTLs that have both cis and trans effects. The strongest mQTL is in ARHGEF3 (rs1354034) and affects a module enriched for platelet function, independent of platelet counts. Modules of mast cell/basophil and neutrophil function show temporally stable metabolite associations over 7-year follow-up, providing evidence that these modules and their constituent gene products may play central roles in metabolic inflammation. Furthermore, the strongest mQTL in ARHGEF3 also displays clear temporal stability, supporting widespread trans effects at this locus. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a detailed map of natural variation at the blood immunometabolic interface and its genetic basis, and may facilitate subsequent studies to explain inter-individual variation in cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artika P Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,Systems Genomics Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott C Ritchie
- Systems Genomics Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean G Byars
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liam G Fearnley
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Anni Joensuu
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | | | - Lili Milani
- University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33521, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gad Abraham
- Systems Genomics Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Michael Inouye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia. .,Systems Genomics Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia. .,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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15
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Shih BB, Nirmal AJ, Headon DJ, Akbar AN, Mabbott NA, Freeman TC. Derivation of marker gene signatures from human skin and their use in the interpretation of the transcriptional changes associated with dermatological disorders. J Pathol 2017; 241:600-613. [PMID: 28008606 PMCID: PMC5363360 DOI: 10.1002/path.4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the altered transcriptional landscape associated with skin diseases to understand the nature of these disorders. However, data interpretation represents a significant challenge due to a lack of good maker sets for many of the specialized cell types that make up this tissue, whose composition may fundamentally alter during disease. Here we have sought to derive expression signatures that define the various cell types and structures that make up human skin, and demonstrate how they can be used to aid the interpretation of transcriptomic data derived from this organ. Two large normal skin transcriptomic datasets were identified, one RNA-seq (n = 578), the other microarray (n = 165), quality controlled and subjected separately to network-based analyses to identify clusters of robustly co-expressed genes. The biological significance of these clusters was then assigned using a combination of bioinformatics analyses, literature, and expert review. After cross comparison between analyses, 20 gene signatures were defined. These included expression signatures for hair follicles, glands (sebaceous, sweat, apocrine), keratinocytes, melanocytes, endothelia, muscle, adipocytes, immune cells, and a number of pathway systems. Collectively, we have named this resource SkinSig. SkinSig was then used in the analysis of transcriptomic datasets for 18 skin conditions, providing in-context interpretation of these data. For instance, conventional analysis has shown there to be a decrease in keratinization and fatty metabolism with age; we more accurately define these changes to be due to loss of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. SkinSig also highlighted the over-/under-representation of various cell types in skin diseases, reflecting an influx in immune cells in inflammatory disorders and a relative reduction in other cell types. Overall, our analyses demonstrate the value of this new resource in defining the functional profile of skin cell types and appendages, and in improving the interpretation of disease data. © 2016 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Shih
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter BushMidlothianEdinburghEH25 9RGUK
| | - Ajit J Nirmal
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter BushMidlothianEdinburghEH25 9RGUK
| | - Denis J Headon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter BushMidlothianEdinburghEH25 9RGUK
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College London90 Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter BushMidlothianEdinburghEH25 9RGUK
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter BushMidlothianEdinburghEH25 9RGUK
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16
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Exon skipping of FcεRIβ eliminates expression of the high-affinity IgE receptor in mast cells with therapeutic potential for allergy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14115-14120. [PMID: 27872312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608520113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are driven by activation of mast cells and release of mediators in response to IgE-directed antigens. However, there are no drugs currently available that can specifically down-regulate mast cell function in vivo when chronically administered. Here, we describe an innovative approach for targeting mast cells in vitro and in vivo using antisense oligonucleotide-mediated exon skipping of the β-subunit of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRIβ) to eliminate surface high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) expression and function, rendering mast cells unresponsive to IgE-mediated activation. As FcεRIβ expression is restricted to mast cells and basophils, this approach would selectively target these cell types. Given the success of exon skipping in clinical trials to treat genetic diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, we propose that exon skipping of FcεRIβ is a potential approach for mast cell-specific treatment of allergic diseases.
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17
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play a central role in tissue homoeostasis, sensing the local environment through numerous innate cell surface receptors. This enables them to respond rapidly to perceived tissue insults with a view to initiating a co-ordinated programme of inflammation and repair. However, when the tissue insult is chronic, the ongoing release of multiple pro-inflammatory mediators, proteases, cytokines and chemokines leads to tissue damage and remodelling. In asthma, there is strong evidence of ongoing MC activation, and their mediators and cell-cell signals are capable of regulating many facets of asthma pathophysiology. This article reviews the evidence behind this.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - G Arthur
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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18
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Virk H, Arthur G, Bradding P. Mast cells and their activation in lung disease. Transl Res 2016; 174:60-76. [PMID: 26845625 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and their activation contribute to lung health via innate and adaptive immune responses to respiratory pathogens. They are also involved in the normal response to tissue injury. However, mast cells are involved in disease processes characterized by inflammation and remodeling of tissue structure. In these diseases mast cells are often inappropriately and chronically activated. There is evidence for activation of mast cells contributing to the pathophysiology of asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension. They may also play a role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and lung cancer. The diverse mechanisms through which mast cells sense and interact with the external and internal microenvironment account for their role in these diseases. Newly discovered mechanisms of redistribution and interaction between mast cells, airway structural cells, and other inflammatory cells may offer novel therapeutic targets in these disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Virk
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Greer Arthur
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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19
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Mast cells in airway diseases and interstitial lung disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:125-38. [PMID: 25959386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are major effector cells of inflammation and there is strong evidence that mast cells play a significant role in asthma pathophysiology. There is also a growing body of evidence that mast cells contribute to other inflammatory and fibrotic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This review discusses the role that mast cells play in airway diseases and highlights how mast cell microlocalisation within specific lung compartments and their cellular interactions are likely to be critical for their effector function in disease.
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20
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The MS4A family: counting past 1, 2 and 3. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:11-23. [PMID: 25835430 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The MS4A (membrane-spanning 4-domain family, subfamily A) family of proteins contains some well-known members including MS4A1 (CD20), MS4A2 (FcɛRIβ) and MS4A3 (HTm4). These three MS4A family members are expressed on the cell surface of specific leukocyte subsets and have been well characterized as having key roles in regulating cell activation, growth and development. However, beyond MS4A1-3 there are a large number of related molecules (18 to date in humans) where our understanding of their biological roles is at a relatively nascent stage. This review examines the larger MS4A family focusing on their structure, expression, regulation and characterized and/or emerging biological roles. Our own work on one family member MS4A8B, and its possible role in epithelial cell regulation, is also highlighted.
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21
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Cruse G, Beaven MA, Music SC, Bradding P, Gilfillan AM, Metcalfe DD. The CD20 homologue MS4A4 directs trafficking of KIT toward clathrin-independent endocytosis pathways and thus regulates receptor signaling and recycling. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1711-27. [PMID: 25717186 PMCID: PMC4436782 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MS4A4 traffics through endocytic recycling pathways and stabilizes surface KIT expression by regulating endocytosis and recycling. Silencing MS4A4 reduces KIT recruitment to lipid raft microdomains and PLCg1 signaling while promoting AKT signaling, cell migration, and proliferation. This study is the first to describe functions for human MS4A4. MS4A family members differentially regulate the cell cycle, and aberrant, or loss of, expression of MS4A family proteins has been observed in colon and lung cancer. However, the precise functions of MS4A family proteins and their mechanistic interactions remain unsolved. Here we report that MS4A4 facilitates trafficking of the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT through endocytic recycling rather than degradation pathways by a mechanism that involves recruitment of KIT to caveolin-1–enriched microdomains. Silencing of MS4A4 in human mast cells altered ligand-induced KIT endocytosis pathways and reduced receptor recycling to the cell surface, thus promoting KIT signaling in the endosomes while reducing that in the plasma membrane, as exemplified by Akt and PLCγ1 phosphorylation, respectively. The altered endocytic trafficking of KIT also resulted in an increase in SCF-induced mast cell proliferation and migration, which may reflect altered signaling in these cells. Our data reveal a novel function for MS4A family proteins in regulating trafficking and signaling, which could have implications in both proliferative and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Cruse
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael A Beaven
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephen C Music
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair M Gilfillan
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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22
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Proitsi P, Lee SH, Lunnon K, Keohane A, Powell J, Troakes C, Al-Sarraj S, Furney S, Soininen H, Kłoszewska I, Mecocci P, Tsolaki M, Vellas B, Lovestone S, Hodges A. Alzheimer's disease susceptibility variants in the MS4A6A gene are associated with altered levels of MS4A6A expression in blood. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:279-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Ryan JJ. Too much of a good thing: beta-chain overexpression blocks FcεRI signalling by capturing Lyn in the cytosol. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:154-6. [PMID: 24447079 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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24
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Okayama Y, Matsuda A, Kashiwakura JI, Sasaki-Sakamoto T, Nunomura S, Shimokawa T, Yamaguchi K, Takahashi S, Ra C. Highly expressed cytoplasmic FcεRIβ in human mast cells functions as a negative regulator of the FcRγ-mediated cell activation signal. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:238-49. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Okayama
- Allergy and Immunology Group; Research Institute of Medical Science; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - A. Matsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology; Juntendo University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - J.-I. Kashiwakura
- Allergy and Immunology Group; Research Institute of Medical Science; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Sasaki-Sakamoto
- Allergy and Immunology Group; Research Institute of Medical Science; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - S. Nunomura
- Allergy and Immunology Group; Research Institute of Medical Science; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Shimokawa
- Allergy and Immunology Group; Research Institute of Medical Science; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Yamaguchi
- Department of Urology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - S. Takahashi
- Department of Urology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - C. Ra
- Department of Microbiology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
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25
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Cruse G, Beaven MA, Ashmole I, Bradding P, Gilfillan AM, Metcalfe DD. A truncated splice-variant of the FcεRIβ receptor subunit is critical for microtubule formation and degranulation in mast cells. Immunity 2013; 38:906-17. [PMID: 23643722 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human linkage analyses have implicated the MS4A2-containing gene locus (encoding FcεRIβ) as a candidate for allergy susceptibility. We have identified a truncation of FcεRIβ (t-FcεRIβ) in humans that contains a putative calmodulin-binding domain and thus, we sought to identify the role of this variant in mast cell function. We determined that t-FcεRIβ is critical for microtubule formation and degranulation and that it may perform this function by trafficking adaptor molecules and kinases to the pericentrosomal and Golgi region in response to Ca2+ signals. Mutagenesis studies suggest that calmodulin binding to t-FcεRIβ in the presence of Ca2+ could be critical for t-FcεRIβ function. In addition, gene targeting of t-FcεRIβ attenuated microtubule formation, degranulation, and IL-8 production downstream of Ca2+ signals. Therefore, t-FcεRIβ mediates Ca2+ -dependent microtubule formation, which promotes degranulation and cytokine release. Because t-FcεRIβ has this critical function, it represents a therapeutic target for the downregulation of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Cruse
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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26
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CADM1 is expressed as multiple alternatively spliced functional and dysfunctional isoforms in human mast cells. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:345-54. [PMID: 23063768 PMCID: PMC3550521 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases and is responsible for adhesion and survival of mast cells (MCs). Differential expression of CADM1 isoforms was found in different species. We previously cloned SP4, SP1, SP6 and a dysfunctional isoform from human lung MCs (HLMCs) and the MC line HMC-1. The aim of this study was to identify all isoforms expressed in human MCs. The functional isoforms SP4, SP1, SP6 and SP3, with alternative splicing between exons 7/11, were detected in human MCs by RT-PCR. Two dysfunctional isoforms with alternative splicing of cryptic exons A and B between exons 1/2, leading to premature termination of translation, were found in ∼40% of MC specimens. Sequencing of genomic DNA showed that splicing of cryptic exon B did not result from specific SNPs within this exon or its putative splice branch point. Highly glycosylated CADM1 (∼105 kDa) was detected by western blotting, but an extracellular domain (∼95 kDa) was found only in the culture medium from HLMCs, but not HMC-1 cells, indicating differential protein expression. Transfection of SP1 and SP6, but not SP4, reduced adhesion of HMC-1 cells to human lung fibroblasts but not airway smooth muscle cells. Hence, dysfunctional and functional CADM1 isoforms are found in human MCs. The longer SP1 and SP6 were most evident in differentiated HLMCs and displayed differential adhesion compared to SP4. These multiple isoforms are likely to contribute to MC function in both health and disease.
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27
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Ra C, Nunomura S, Okayama Y. Fine-Tuning of Mast Cell Activation by FcεRIβ Chain. Front Immunol 2012; 3:112. [PMID: 22623922 PMCID: PMC3353146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play a key role in allergic reaction and disorders through the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) which is primarily activated by IgE and antigen complex. In humans, mast cells express two types of FcεRI on the cell surface, tetrameric αβγ2 and trimeric αγ2, whereas in mice, the tetrameric αβγ2 type is exclusively expressed. In human allergic inflammation lesions, mast cells increase in number and preferentially express the αβγ2 type FcεRI. By contrast, in the lesion of non-allergic inflammation, mast cells mainly express the αγ2type. Since the β chain amplifies the expression and signaling of FcεRI, mast cell effector functions and allergic reaction in vivo are enhanced in the presence of the β chain. In contrast, a truncated β chain-isoform (βT) inhibits FcεRI surface expression. The human FcεRIβ gene contains seven exons and a repressor element located in the forth intron, through which FcεRIβ transcription is repressed in the presence of GM-CSF. Regarding the additional signal regulatory function of the β chain, the β chain ITAM has dual (positive and negative) functions in the regulation of the mast cell activation. Namely, the FcεRIβ chain ITAM enhances the mast cell activation signal triggered by a low-intensity (weak) stimulation whereas it suppresses the signal triggered by high-intensity (strong) stimulation. In an oxazolone-induced mouse CHS model, IgE-mediated mast cell activation is required and the β chain ITAM is crucially involved. Adenosine receptor, one of the GPCRs, triggers a synergistic degranulation response with FcεRI in mast cells, for which the β chain ITAM critically plays positive role, possibly reflecting the in vivo allergic response. These regulatory functions of the FcεRIβ ITAM finely tune FcεRI-induced mast cell activation depending on the stimulation strength, enabling the FcεRIβ chain to become a potential molecular target for the development of new strategies for therapeutic interventions for allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisei Ra
- Division of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
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Spector MS, Iossifov I, Kritharis A, He C, Kolitz JE, Lowe SW, Allen SL. Mast-cell leukemia exome sequencing reveals a mutation in the IgE mast-cell receptor β chain and KIT V654A. Leukemia 2011; 26:1422-5. [PMID: 22173243 PMCID: PMC3368985 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Human mast cell line-1 (HMC-1) cells transfected with FcεRIα are sensitive to IgE/antigen-mediated stimulation demonstrating selectivity towards cytokine production. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1002-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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