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Kologrivova IV, Naryzhnaya NV, Suslova TE. Thymus in Cardiometabolic Impairments and Atherosclerosis: Not a Silent Player? Biomedicines 2024; 12:1408. [PMID: 39061983 PMCID: PMC11273826 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The thymus represents a primary organ of the immune system, harboring the generation and maturation of T lymphocytes. Starting from childhood, the thymus undergoes involution, being replaced with adipose tissue, and by an advanced age nearly all the thymus parenchyma is represented by adipocytes. This decline of thymic function is associated with compromised maturation and selection of T lymphocytes, which may directly impact the development of inflammation and induce various autoinflammatory disorders, including atherosclerosis. For a long time, thymus health in adults has been ignored. The process of adipogenesis in thymus and impact of thymic fat on cardiometabolism remains a mysterious process, with many issues being still unresolved. Meanwhile, thymus functional activity has a potential to be regulated, since islets of thymopoeisis remain in adults even at an advanced age. The present review describes the intricate process of thymic adipose involution, focusing on the issues of the thymus' role in the development of atherosclerosis and metabolic health, tightly interconnected with the state of vessels. We also review the recent information on the key molecular pathways and biologically active substances that may be targeted to manipulate both thymic function and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Kologrivova
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 111A Kievskaya, Tomsk 634012, Russia; (N.V.N.); (T.E.S.)
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Wixler V, Boergeling Y, Leite Dantas R, Varga G, Ludwig S. Conversion of dendritic cells into tolerogenic or inflammatory cells depends on the activation threshold and kinetics of the mTOR signaling pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:281. [PMID: 38773618 PMCID: PMC11106905 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restoring impaired peripheral immune tolerance is the primary challenge in treating autoimmune diseases. Our previous research demonstrated the effectiveness of small spleen peptides (SSPs), a fraction of low molecular weight proteins, in inhibiting the progression of psoriatic arthritis, even in the presence of high levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα in the bloodstream. When specifically targeting dendritic cells (DCs), SSPs transform them into tolerogenic cells, which efficiently induce the development of regulatory Foxp3+ Treg cells. In this study, we provide further insights into the mechanism of action of SSPs. RESULTS We found that SSPs stimulate the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in dendritic cells, albeit in a different manner than the classical immunogenic stimulus LPS. While LPS-induced activation is rapid, strong, and sustained, the activity induced by SSPs is delayed, less intense, yet still significant. These distinct patterns of activation, as measured by phosphorylation of key components of the pathway are also observed in response to other immunogenic and tolerogenic stimuli such as GM-CSF + IL-4 or IL-10 and TGFβ. The disparity in mTOR activation between immunogenic and tolerogenic stimuli is quantitative rather than qualitative. In both cases, mTOR activation primarily occurs through the PI3K/Akt signaling axis and involves ERK and GSK3β kinases, with minimal involvement of AMPK or NF-kB pathways. Furthermore, in the case of SSPs, mTOR activation seems to involve adenosine receptors. Additionally, we observed that DCs treated with SSPs exhibit an energy metabolism with high plasticity, which is typical of tolerogenic cells rather than immunogenic cells. CONCLUSION Hence, the decision whether dendritic cells enter an inflammatory or tolerogenic state seems to rely on varying activation thresholds and kinetics of the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Wixler
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms- University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms- University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Rafael Leite Dantas
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms- University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Mental Health, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Varga
- Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms- University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Muenster, Germany
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Wixler V, Leite Dantas R, Varga G, Boergeling Y, Ludwig S. Small Spleen Peptides (SSPs) Shape Dendritic Cell Differentiation through Modulation of Extracellular ATP Synthesis Profile. Biomolecules 2024; 14:469. [PMID: 38672485 PMCID: PMC11047987 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Restoring peripheral immune tolerance is crucial for addressing autoimmune diseases. An ancient mechanism in maintaining the balance between inflammation and tolerance is the ratio of extracellular ATP (exATP) and adenosine. Our previous research demonstrated the effectiveness of small spleen peptides (SSPs) in inhibiting psoriatic arthritis progression, even in the presence of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα, by transforming dendritic cells (DCs) into tolerogenic cells and fostering regulatory Foxp3+ Treg cells. Here, we identified thymosins as the primary constituents of SSPs, but recombinant thymosin peptides were less efficient in inhibiting arthritis than SSPs. Since Tβ4 is an ecto-ATPase-binding protein, we hypothesized that SSPs regulate exATP profiles. Real-time investigation of exATP levels in DCs revealed that tolerogenic stimulation led to robust de novo exATP synthesis followed by significant degradation, while immunogenic stimulation resulted in a less pronounced increase in exATP and less effective degradation. These contrasting exATP profiles were crucial in determining whether DCs entered an inflammatory or tolerogenic state, highlighting the significance of SSPs as natural regulators of peripheral immunological tolerance, with potential therapeutic benefits for autoimmune diseases. Finally, we demonstrated that the tolerogenic phenotype of SSPs is mainly influenced by adenosine receptors, and in vivo administration of SSPs inhibits psoriatic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Wixler
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Rafael Leite Dantas
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Georg Varga
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
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Zhang GH, Chin KL, Yan SY, Pare R. Antioxioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of Thymosin β4 in Aβ-induced SH-SY5Y cells via the 5-HTR1A/ERK axis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287817. [PMID: 37788276 PMCID: PMC10547165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common amnestic cognitive impairment characterised by β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques deposit in the brain of the elderly. AD is a yet incurable disease due to its unknown exact pathogenesis and unavailability of effective remedies in clinical application. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a housekeeping protein that plays important role in cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. It has the ability to protect and repair neurons however it is still unclear involvement in AD. Therefore, the aim of this study is to elucidate the role and mechanism of Tβ4 in mediating the improvement of AD. AD-like cell model was constructed in neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y treated with Aβ. Overexpression of Tβ4 were done using lentivirus infection and downregulation through siRNA transfection. We performed western blot and flow cytometry to study the apoptosis and standard kits to measure the oxidative stress-associated biomarkers. There is significant increased in viability and decreased apoptosis in Tβ4 overexpression group compared to control. Furthermore, overexpression of Tβ4 suppressed the expression of pro-apoptotic markers such as Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Bax meanwhile upregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2. Tβ4 alleviated oxidative damage by reducing MDA, LDH and ROS and increasing SOD and GSH-PX in Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells. We found that Tβ4 inhibit ERK/p38 MAPK pathway and intensify the expression of 5-HTR1A. Additionally, we showed that upregulation of 5-HTR1A dampened the Tβ4 to activate ERK signalling. In conclusion, our study revealed the neuroprotective role of Tβ4 in AD which may open up new therapeutic applications in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Kai Ling Chin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Shi-Yan Yan
- International Innovation Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Hebei, China
| | - Rahmawati Pare
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Sosne G, Berger EA. Thymosin beta 4: A potential novel adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109953. [PMID: 37018981 PMCID: PMC10403815 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial keratitis is a rapidly progressing, visually debilitating infection of the cornea that can lead to corneal scarring, endophthalmitis, and perforation. Corneal opacification or scarring, a complication of keratitis, is among the leading causes of legal blindness worldwide, second to cataracts.Pseudomonas aeruginosaandStaphylococcus aureusare the two bacteria most commonly associated with this type of infection. Risk factors include patients who are immunocompromised, those who have undergone refractive corneal surgery, and those with prior penetrating keratoplasty, as well as extended wear contact lens users. Current treatment of microbial keratitis primarily addresses the pathogen using antibiotics. Bacterial clearance is of utmost importance yet does not guarantee good visual outcome. Clinicians are often left to rely upon the eye's innate ability to heal itself, as there are limited options beyond antibiotics and corticosteroids for treating patients with corneal infection. Beyond antibiotics, agents in use, such as lubricating ointments, artificial tears, and anti-inflammatory drops, do not fully accommodate clinical needs and have many potential harmful complications. To this end, treatments are needed that both regulate the inflammatory response and promote corneal wound healing to resolve visual disturbances and improve quality of life. Thymosin beta 4 is a small, naturally occurring 43-amino-acid protein that promotes wound healing and reduces corneal inflammation and is currently in Phase 3 human clinical trials for dry eye disease. Our previous work has shown that topical Tβ4 as an adjunct to ciprofloxacin treatment reduces inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cell infiltrates (neutrophils/PMN and macrophages) while enhancing bacterial killing and wound healing pathway activation in an experimental model ofP. aeruginosa-induced keratitis. Adjunctive thymosin beta 4 treatment holds novel therapeutic potential to regulate and, optimally, resolve disease pathogenesis in the cornea and perhaps other infectious and immune-based inflammatory disease. We plan to establish the importance of thymosin beta 4 as a therapeutic agent in conjunction with antibiotics with high impact for immediate clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sosne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Prothymosin α Plays Role as a Brain Guardian through Ecto-F 1 ATPase-P2Y 12 Complex and TLR4/MD2. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030496. [PMID: 36766838 PMCID: PMC9914670 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) was discovered to be a necrosis inhibitor from the conditioned medium of a primary culture of rat cortical neurons under starved conditions. This protein carries out a neuronal cell-death-mode switch from necrosis to apoptosis, which is, in turn, suppressed by a variety of neurotrophic factors (NTFs). This type of NTF-assisted survival action of ProTα is reproduced in cerebral and retinal ischemia-reperfusion models. Further studies that used a retinal ischemia-reperfusion model revealed that ProTα protects retinal cells via ecto-F1 ATPase coupled with the Gi-coupled P2Y12 receptor and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MD2 coupled with a Toll-IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF). In cerebral ischemia-reperfusion models, ProTα has additional survival mechanisms via an inhibition of matrix metalloproteases in microglia and vascular endothelial cells. Heterozygous or conditional ProTα knockout mice show phenotypes of anxiety, memory learning impairment, and a loss of neurogenesis. There are many reports that ProTα has multiple intracellular functions for cell survival and proliferation through a variety of protein-protein interactions. Overall, it is suggested that ProTα plays a key role as a brain guardian against ischemia stress through a cell-death-mode switch assisted by NTFs and a role of neurogenesis.
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Ueda H. Prothymosin α-derived hexapeptide prevents the brain damage and sequelae due to ischemia-hemorrhage. Peptides 2023; 160:170922. [PMID: 36496010 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ProTα discovered as a necrosis-inhibitor from the conditioned medium of cortical culture also shows a potent survival action in brain and retinal ischemia/reperfusion models. The proposed mechanisms are the initial cell death mode switch from necrosis to apoptosis, which is subsequently inhibited by neurotrophic factors in vivo. It should be noted that ProTα and its derived hexapeptide P6Q completely suppress the cerebral hemorrhage induced by late tPA treatment (4.5 h) after the brain ischemia/reperfusion. Mechanisms underlying their beneficial actions may be related to the fact that ProTα inhibits the production of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in microglia and vascular endothelial cells. However, as P6Q inhibits MMPs in vascular endothelial cells, but not in microglia, the suppression of MMP production in endothelial cells seems to play major roles in the late tPA-induced hemorrhage. Although the tPA-treatments could enable the survival of patients with stroke, the post-stroke sequelae are the next clinical issues to be solved. The use of small peptide P6Q revealed the blockade of post-stroke pain, depression and memory-learning deficits in animal models. Furthermore, recent studies also showed that P6Q supplementation increased the viability of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium cell suspensions during the storage and P6Q attenuated the cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation of Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, 114201 Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang GH, Pare RB, Chin KL, Qian YH. Tβ4 ameliorates oxidative damage and apoptosis through ERK/MAPK and 5-HT1A signaling pathway in Aβ insulted SH-SY5Y cells. Life Sci 2021:120178. [PMID: 34838849 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder seriously endangering the physical and mental health of the elderly, while no effective treatments and drugs in clinical practice are available. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a multifunctional polypeptide involved in many physiological and pathological processes including AD. This study aims to understand the function and molecular mechanism of Tβ4 in the development of AD. MAIN METHODS Neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y was treated with β-amyloid (Aβ) to induce AD-like pathological changes, which serves as Alzheimer's disease model. Tβ4 was overexpressed in SH-SY5Y cells by lentivirus infection, and downregulated by siRNA transfection. Apoptosis of transfected SH-SY5Y cells after Aβ-treatment was examined by western blot and flow cytometry. Apoptotic proteins and Tβ4-related signaling pathways were also investigated by western blot. KEY FINDINGS We found that Tβ4 overexpression increased viability and suppressed apoptosis of Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Tβ4 ameliorated oxidative damage and suppressed reactive oxygen species production in Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Consistently, Tβ4 overexpression down-regulated the expression levels of pro-apoptotic markers such as Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Bax, while up-regulated the expression level of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 in Aβ-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Tβ4 dampened ERK/p38 MAPK signaling and enhanced 5-HTR1A expression in Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, we revealed that Tβ4 inhibited the activation of ERK pathway through up-regulating 5-HTR1A in Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our findings provide evidences to support the neuroprotective role of Tβ4 and might open up new therapeutic applications of Tβ4 in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, Shaanxi, China; Department of Biomedical Science and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Rahmawati Binti Pare
- Department of Biomedical Science and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Kai Ling Chin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Yi-Hua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center.
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Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Stocks B, Borg ML, Kuefner M, Dalbram E, Nielsen TS, Agrawal A, Pankratova S, Chibalin AV, Karlsson HKR, Gheibi S, Björnholm M, Jørgensen NR, Clemmensen C, Hostrup M, Treebak JT, Krook A, Zierath JR, Deshmukh AS. Discovery of thymosin β4 as a human exerkine and growth factor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C770-C778. [PMID: 34495765 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00263.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ secreting exercise-induced factors (exerkines), which play a pivotal role in interorgan cross talk. Using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, we characterized the secretome and identified thymosin β4 (TMSB4X) as the most upregulated secreted protein in the media of contracting C2C12 myotubes. TMSB4X was also acutely increased in the plasma of exercising humans irrespective of the insulin resistance condition or exercise mode. Treatment of mice with TMSB4X did not ameliorate the metabolic disruptions associated with diet induced-obesity, nor did it enhance muscle regeneration in vivo. However, TMSB4X increased osteoblast proliferation and neurite outgrowth, consistent with its WADA classification as a prohibited growth factor. Therefore, we report TMSB4X as a human exerkine with a potential role in cellular cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Gonzalez-Franquesa
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melissa L Borg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Kuefner
- Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilie Dalbram
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas S Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ankita Agrawal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Håkan K R Karlsson
- Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sevda Gheibi
- Diabetes - Molecular Metabolism Group, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marie Björnholm
- Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Atul S Deshmukh
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Proteomics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tsuge M. Are Humanized Mouse Models Useful for Basic Research of Hepatocarcinogenesis through Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection? Viruses 2021; 13:v13101920. [PMID: 34696350 PMCID: PMC8541657 DOI: 10.3390/v13101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem that can lead to liver dysfunction, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current antiviral therapies can control viral replication in patients with chronic HBV infection; however, there is a risk of HCC development. HBV-related proteins may be produced in hepatocytes regardless of antiviral therapies and influence intracellular metabolism and signaling pathways, resulting in liver carcinogenesis. To understand the mechanisms of liver carcinogenesis, the effect of HBV infection in human hepatocytes should be analyzed. HBV infects human hepatocytes through transfer to the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP). Although the NTCP is expressed on the hepatocyte surface in several animals, including mice, HBV infection is limited to human primates. Due to this species-specific liver tropism, suitable animal models for analyzing HBV replication and developing antivirals have been lacking since the discovery of the virus. Recently, a humanized mouse model carrying human hepatocytes in the liver was developed based on several immunodeficient mice; this is useful for analyzing the HBV life cycle, antiviral effects of existing/novel antivirals, and intracellular signaling pathways under HBV infection. Herein, the usefulness of human hepatocyte chimeric mouse models in the analysis of HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Tsuge
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Department of Biomedical Science, Research and Development Division, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-82-257-1510
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Palinski W, Monti M, Camerlingo R, Iacobucci I, Bocella S, Pinto F, Iannuzzi C, Mansueto G, Pignatiello S, Fazioli F, Gallo M, Marra L, Cozzolino F, De Chiara A, Pucci P, Bilancio A, de Nigris F. Lysosome purinergic receptor P2X4 regulates neoangiogenesis induced by microvesicles from sarcoma patients. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:797. [PMID: 34404763 PMCID: PMC8371002 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04069-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment modulates cancer growth. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as key mediators of intercellular communication, but their role in tumor growth is largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that EVs from sarcoma patients promote neoangiogenesis via a purinergic X receptor 4 (P2XR4) -dependent mechanism in vitro and in vivo. Using a proteomic approach, we analyzed the protein content of plasma EVs and identified critical activated pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human progenitor hematopoietic cells (CD34+). We then showed that vessel formation was due to rapid mitochondrial activation, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, increased extracellular ATP, and trafficking of the lysosomal P2XR4 to the cell membrane, which is required for cell motility and formation of stable branching vascular networks. Cell membrane translocation of P2XR4 was induced by proteins and chemokines contained in EVs (e.g. Del-1 and SDF-1). Del-1 was found expressed in many EVs from sarcoma tumors and several tumor types. P2XR4 blockade reduced EVs-induced vessels in angioreactors, as well as intratumor vascularization in mouse xenografts. Together, these findings identify P2XR4 as a key mediator of EVs-induced tumor angiogenesis via a signaling mediated by mitochondria-lysosome-sensing response in endothelial cells, and indicate a novel target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulf Palinski
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II and CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Camerlingo
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotherapy Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II and CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Bocella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "LuigiVanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Pinto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "LuigiVanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Clara Iannuzzi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "LuigiVanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gelsomina Mansueto
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Pignatiello
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavio Fazioli
- Division of Skeletal Muscle Oncology Surgery, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Gallo
- Division of Skeletal Muscle Oncology Surgery, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Marra
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotherapy Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II and CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Annarosaria De Chiara
- Division of Anatomy, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Piero Pucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II and CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bilancio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "LuigiVanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena de Nigris
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "LuigiVanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
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12
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Bruschi M, Petretto A, Cama A, Pavanello M, Bartolucci M, Morana G, Ramenghi LA, Garré ML, Ghiggeri GM, Panfoli I, Candiano G. Potential biomarkers of childhood brain tumor identified by proteomics of cerebrospinal fluid from extraventricular drainage (EVD). Sci Rep 2021; 11:1818. [PMID: 33469081 PMCID: PMC7815722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in childhood. There is the need for biomarkers of residual disease, therapy response and recurrence. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a source of brain tumor biomarkers. We analyzed the proteome of waste CSF from extraventricular drainage (EVD) from 29 children bearing different brain tumors and 17 controls needing EVD insertion for unrelated causes. 1598 and 1526 proteins were identified by liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry proteomics in CSF control and brain tumor patients, respectively, 263 and 191 proteins being exclusive of either condition. Bioinformatic analysis revealed promising protein biomarkers for the discrimination between control and tumor (TATA-binding protein-associated factor 15 and S100 protein B). Moreover, Thymosin beta-4 (TMSB4X) and CD109, and 14.3.3 and HSP90 alpha could discriminate among other brain tumors and low-grade gliomas plus glyoneuronal tumors/pilocytic astrocytoma, or embryonal tumors/medulloblastoma. Biomarkers were validated by ELISA assay. Our method was able to distinguish among brain tumor vs non-tumor/hemorrhagic conditions (controls) and to differentiate two large classes of brain tumors. Further prospective studies may assess whether the biomarkers proposed by our discovery approach can be identified in other bodily fluids, therefore less invasively, and are useful to guide therapy and predict recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Core Facilities-Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Armando Cama
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Pavanello
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolucci
- Core Facilities-Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Morana
- Unit of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Luisa Garré
- Department of Neuroncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- UO of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia (DIFAR), Università di Genova, V.le Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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13
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Carion TW, Ebrahim AS, Alluri S, Ebrahim T, Parker T, Burns J, Sosne G, Berger EA. Antimicrobial Effects of Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Keratitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6840. [PMID: 32961846 PMCID: PMC7555736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior work has indicated that thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) administered with ciprofloxacin markedly improves disease outcome for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA)-induced keratitis. As a result, the goal of the current study was to elucidate mechanisms by which Tβ4 mitigates the corneal response; specifically, regarding its bactericidal influence and potential synergy with ciprofloxacin. An in vitro approach was carried out using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays to assess bactericidal activity against PA. In addition, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production was evaluated at the mRNA levels using human corneal epithelial cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. The results of the MIC assays did not show direct bactericidal activity with Tβ4 alone, although ciprofloxacin exhibited significant killing at concentrations far lower than clinically dosed. Tβ4, however, displayed an indirect effect on bacterial killing, as shown by an upregulation of AMPs and related molecules. The cumulative data from this study indicate an indirect bactericidal role of Tβ4, as well as a synergistic relationship with ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, ciprofloxacin alone was found to influence cellular functions that otherwise have yet to be reported. These results highlight a mechanism of intracellular communication for Tβ4 and further strengthen its development as an adjunct therapy with antibiotics for corneal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth A. Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.W.C.); (A.S.E.); (S.A.); (T.E.); (T.P.); (J.B.); (G.S.)
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14
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Ghalali A, Ye ZW, Högberg J, Stenius U. PTEN and PHLPP crosstalk in cancer cells and in TGFβ-activated stem cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110112. [PMID: 32294598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt kinase regulates several cellular processes, among them growth, proliferation and survival, and has been correlated to neoplastic disease. We report here crosstalk between several Akt regulatory phosphatases that controls the level of the activated form (phosphorylated) of Akt and affects tumor cell aggressiveness. In prostate cancer cell lines, we observed that transient transfection of PTEN decreased the endogenous level of PHLPPs and in contrast, the transient transfection of PHLPPs decreased the endogenous level of PTEN. Furthermore, silencing of PTEN by siRNA resulted in increased PHLPP levels. This phenomenon was not seen in non-transformed cells or in prostate stem cells. This crosstalk promoted cancer cell invasion and was controlled by epigenetically regulated processes where activation of miRs (miR-190 and miR214), the polycomb group of proteins and DNA methylation were involved. The purinergic P2X4 receptor, which has been shown to have a role in wound healing, was identified to be the mediator of this crosstalk. We also studied prostate stem cells and found this crosstalk in the TGFβ1-activated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The crosstalk seemed to be a natural part of EMT. In summary, we identify a crosstalk between Akt phosphatases which is not present in non-transformed prostate cells but occurs in cancer cells and stem cells transformed by TGFβ-1. This crosstalk is important for cellular invasion. BACKGROUND Phosphatases regulate the Akt oncogene. RESULTS Crosstalk between Akt phosphatases in prostate cancer cells and in TGF-β1 activated stem cells but not in non-transformed cells. CONCLUSION This back-up mechanism facilitates invasive migration of prostate stem and cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE Characterization of Akt regulation may lead to a better understanding of tumor development and to novel strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Ghalali
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Johan Högberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Yang HM, Kang SW, Sung J, Kim K, Kleinman H. Purinergic Signaling Involvement in Thymosin β4-mediated Corneal Epithelial Cell Migration. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1352-1358. [PMID: 32223337 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1748891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) on human corneal epithelial cell migration and the downstream signaling pathways. Tβ4 has a role in tissue development, cell migration, inflammation, and wound healing. A previous study showed that Tβ4 directly binds to F0-F1 ATP synthase. Other studies reported the role of extracellular ATP and purinergic receptors in cell migration with several cell types. Despite advancing to the clinical stage for treatment of eye disorders, the effect of Tβ4 on human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) migration and proliferation and the precise downstream signaling pathway(s) have not been identified. Methods: Various concentrations of Tβ4 were tested in vitro on human corneal epithelial cell proliferation using the CCK-8 Kit and on cell migration using the gap closure migration assay. Additionally, ATP levels at various time points were determined using the ATP Lite One-Step Kit. The Fluo 8 NO Wash Calcium Assay Kit was used to measure the intracellular Ca2+ concentration after treatment with various concentrations of Tβ4. P2X7 inhibitors were tested on ATP signaling and migration. Total- and phospho-ERK1/2 levels were determined in western blot. Results: Tβ4 enhanced HCEC proliferation and migration in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, these functions were related to increased extracellular ATP levels, intracellular Ca2+ influx, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Tβ4-mediated HCEC migration was inhibited by specific P2X7 purinergic receptor antagonists suggesting the role of this receptor in Tβ4-mediated human corneal epithelial cell migration. Conclusions: These results suggest that Tβ4-mediated HCEC proliferation and migration are associated with increased ATP levels, P2X7 R-mediated Ca2+ influx, and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. This study begins to describe the mechanisms for Tβ4-mediated corneal healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Mo Yang
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jihye Sung
- GtreeBNT Co., Ltd ., Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Kim
- GtreeBNT Co., Ltd ., Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University , Gimhae-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hynda Kleinman
- The Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIH, NIDCR , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Zhang Y, Takahashi Y, Hong SP, Liu F, Bednarska J, Goff PS, Novak P, Shevchuk A, Gopal S, Barozzi I, Magnani L, Sakai H, Suguru Y, Fujii T, Erofeev A, Gorelkin P, Majouga A, Weiss DJ, Edwards C, Ivanov AP, Klenerman D, Sviderskaya EV, Edel JB, Korchev Y. High-resolution label-free 3D mapping of extracellular pH of single living cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5610. [PMID: 31811139 PMCID: PMC6898398 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic mapping of extracellular pH (pHe) at the single-cell level is critical for understanding the role of H+ in cellular and subcellular processes, with particular importance in cancer. While several pHe sensing techniques have been developed, accessing this information at the single-cell level requires improvement in sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution. We report on a zwitterionic label-free pH nanoprobe that addresses these long-standing challenges. The probe has a sensitivity > 0.01 units, 2 ms response time, and 50 nm spatial resolution. The platform was integrated into a double-barrel nanoprobe combining pH sensing with feedback-controlled distance dependance via Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. This allows for the simultaneous 3D topographical imaging and pHe monitoring of living cancer cells. These classes of nanoprobes were used for real-time high spatiotemporal resolution pHe mapping at the subcellular level and revealed tumour heterogeneity of the peri-cellular environments of melanoma and breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Sung Pil Hong
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Fengjie Liu
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Joanna Bednarska
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Philip S Goff
- Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Pavel Novak
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninskiy prospect 4, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrew Shevchuk
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sahana Gopal
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Iros Barozzi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Luca Magnani
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshimoto Suguru
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takuto Fujii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninskiy prospect 4, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-3, GSP-1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Peter Gorelkin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninskiy prospect 4, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-3, GSP-1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dominik J Weiss
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Aleksandar P Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Science Research Hub, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, London, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Elena V Sviderskaya
- Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Joshua B Edel
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Science Research Hub, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Yuri Korchev
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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17
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Shomali N, Baradaran B, Deljavanghodrati M, Akbari M, Hemmatzadeh M, Mohammadi H, Jang Y, Xu H, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S. A new insight into thymosin β4, a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3270-3279. [PMID: 31612500 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a G-actin-sequestering secreted peptide, improves neurovascular remodeling and central nervous system plasticity, which leads to neurological recovery in many neurological diseases. Inflammatory response adjustment and tissue inflammation consequences from neurological injury are vital for neurological recovery. The innate or nonspecific immune system is made of different components. The Toll-like receptor pro-inflammatory signaling pathway, which is one of these components, regulates tissue injury. The main component of the Toll-like/IL-1 receptor signaling pathway, which is known as IRAK1, can be regulated by miR-146a and regulates NF-κB expression. Due to the significant role of Tβ4 in oligodendrocytes, neurons, and microglial cells in neurological recovery, it is suggested that Tβ4 regulates the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pro-inflammatory signaling pathway by upregulating miR-146a in neurological disorders. However, further investigations on the role of Tβ4 in regulating the expression of miR146a and TLR signaling pathway in the immune response adjustment in neurological disorders provides an insight into mechanisms of action and the possibility of Tβ4 therapeutic effect enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yue Jang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Siamak Sandoghchian Shotorbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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18
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Lachowicz JI, Jaremko M, Jaremko L, Pichiri G, Coni P, Piludu M. Metal coordination of thymosin β4: Chemistry and possible implications. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Pardon MC. Anti-inflammatory potential of thymosin β4 in the central nervous system: implications for progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:165-169. [PMID: 30063850 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1486817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The actin-sequestering thymosin beta4 (Tβ4) is the most abundant member of the β-thymosins, and is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), but its functions in the healthy and diseased brain are poorly understood. The expression of Tβ4 in neurons and microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, suggests that it can play a role in modulating behavioral processes and immunological mechanisms in the brain. The purpose of this review is to shed lights on the role of Tβ4 in CNS function and diseases without antecedent autoimmune inflammation or injury, and to question its therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. AREAS COVERED This review presents the evidence supporting a role for Tβ4 in behaviors that are affected in CNS disorders, as well as studies linking Tβ4 upregulation in microglia to neuroinflammatory processes associated with these disorders. Finally, the implication of Tβ4 in the process of microglial activation and the mechanisms underlying its ability to suppress pro-inflammatory signaling in microglia are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Tβ4 has the potential to control inflammatory processes in the brain, opening avenues for new therapeutic applications to a range of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Pardon
- a School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Queens Medical Centre , The University of Nottingham Medical School , Nottingham , UK
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20
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Choi BD, Lim HJ, Lee SY, Lee MH, Kil KS, Lim DS, Jeong SJ, Jeong MJ. Thymosin β4 is associated with bone sialoprotein expression via ERK and Smad3 signaling pathways in MDPC-23 odontoblastic cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2881-2890. [PMID: 30226623 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) regulates the expression of molecules associated with dentinogenesis, including bone sialoprotein (BSP). BSP regulates the initiation of mineralization and the direction of dentin growth. However, the association between Tβ4 signaling and BSP expression in odontoblasts remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate Tβ4 mRNA expression in odontoblasts during dentinogenesis and the association between the Tβ4 signaling pathway and BSP expression in MDPC‑23 odontoblastic cells. Expression and localization of Tβ4 mRNA was determined by in situ hybridization during mouse tooth development. The effect of Tβ4 signaling on BSP expression was investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, immunofluorescence and a luciferase reporter assay in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (PD98059) and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3; SIS3) in MDPC‑23 cells. The expression of Tβ4 mRNA in the odontoblast layer was highest at postnatal day 5, known as the advanced bell stage, when odontoblasts actively secrete dentin matrix proteins. Tβ4 increased BSP mRNA and protein levels in MDPC‑23 cells, but this was inhibited by PD98059 or SIS3 treatment. Tβ4 increased levels of phosphorylated (p) extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, pSmad3, pβ‑catenin, and runt‑related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) protein, but these effects were inhibited by PD98059 or SIS3. Tβ4 induced the nuclear translocation of Runx2 and pSmad3, while nuclear translocation of β‑catenin was decreased. Tβ4 significantly increased BSP promoter activity, which was decreased by PD98059 or SIS3 treatment. Tβ4 induced BSP expression in MDPC‑23 cells via ERK and Smad3 signaling pathways, suggesting its role as a signaling molecule in odontoblasts for regulating BSP secretion during dentinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baik-Dong Choi
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Lim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi‑do 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeon Lee
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sung Kil
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Seon Lim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi‑do 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jeong Jeong
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50510, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Jin Jeong
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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Ueda H, Matsunaga H, Matsushita Y, Maeda S, Iwamoto R, Yokoyama S, Shirouzu M. Ecto-F 0/F 1 ATPase as a novel candidate of prothymosin α receptor. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:89-94. [PMID: 30063859 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1454427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prothymosin α (ProTα) was reported to inhibit the neuronal necrosis by facilitating the plasma membrane localization of endocytosed glucose transporter 1/4 through an activation of putative Gi-coupled receptor. The present study aims to identify a novel ProTα target, which may lead to an activation of Gi-coupled receptor. METHODS We used Gi-rich lipid rafts fraction of retinal cell line N18-RE-105 cells for affinity cross-linking. The biological confirmation that F0/F1 ATPase is a target protein complex was performed by cell-free experiments using ELISA-based binding assay, surface plasmon resonance assay and quartz crystal microbalance assay, and cell-based experiments to measure extracellular ATP level in the HUVECs culture. RESULTS From the cross-linking study and above-mentioned protein-protein interaction assays, ATP5A1 and ATP5B, F1 ATPase subunits were found to ProTα binding target proteins. In the culture of HUVEC cells, furthermore, ProTα increased the extracellular ATP levels in a reversible manner by anti-ATP5A1- and ATP5B-antibodies. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that ProTα may activate ecto-F0/F1 ATPase and produced ATP. This study leads to next subjects whether produced ATP and its metabolites, ADP or adenosine may activate corresponding Gi-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueda
- a Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation , Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Hayato Matsunaga
- a Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation , Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- a Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation , Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Shiori Maeda
- a Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation , Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Ryusei Iwamoto
- a Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation , Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- b RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center , Yokohama , Japan.,c RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- b RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center , Yokohama , Japan.,d RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies , Yokohama , Japan
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Dubé KN, Smart N. Thymosin β4 and the vasculature: multiple roles in development, repair and protection against disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:131-139. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1459558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina N. Dubé
- BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Smart
- BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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El-Zayat SR, Sibaii H, Mahfouz NN, Sallam SF, Fahmy RF, Abd El-Shaheed A. Effect of vitamin A deficiency on thymosin-β4 and CD4 concentrations. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:57-61. [PMID: 30647705 PMCID: PMC6296595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vitamins are evaluated for their role in immunity. Recently, vitamin A received a particular attention as a critical micronutrient for regulating immune system. Therefore, the present study aimed to search for new about vitamin A. Forty-eight Egyptian adults aged from 18 to 42 years old from both sexes were subjected to clinical examination and nutrition questionnaire and were screened for vitamin A by using ELISA method. Forty subjects were selected and subdivided into two groups. Group 1 with vitamin A at level >200 µg/dl consists of 10 healthy subjects. Group 2 with vitamin A deficiency at level <50 µg/dl consists of 30 subjects. Tβ4 and CD4 levels were also determined by a commercial ELISA kit. Results showed a significant decrease in serum levels of Tβ4 and CD4 in group 2 than group 1 at P < .003 and P < .019 respectively. Both of Tβ4 and CD4 had positive correlation with vitamin A level at P < .000 and P < .003 respectively as well as with each other at p < .000. We concluded that vitamin A deficiency may be influence the levels of Tβ4 and CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Refat El-Zayat
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Centre, Medical Division, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki POB:12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hiba Sibaii
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Centre, Medical Division, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki POB:12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermine N. Mahfouz
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Medical Division, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, POB:12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara F. Sallam
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Medical Division, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, POB:12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham F. Fahmy
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Medical Division, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, POB:12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza Abd El-Shaheed
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Medical Division, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, POB:12311, Cairo, Egypt
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Inhibition of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice by exogenous thymosinβ4 treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:20-28. [PMID: 29793165 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of exogenous thymosinβ4 (Tβ4) treatment in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS Liver injury was induced in mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of APAP (500 mg/kg). Exogenous Tβ4 was intraperitoneally administrated at 0 h, 2 h and 4 h after APAP injection. Chloroquine (CQ) (60 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected 2 h before APAP administration to inhibit autophagy. Six hours after APAP injection liver injury was evaluated by histological examinations, biochemical measurements and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs). Western blots were performed to detect proteins expression. RESULTS Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were significantly increased 6 h after APAP administration, but were significantly reduced by co-administration of Tβ4. Histological examinations demonstrated that Tβ4 reduced necrosis and inflammation induced by APAP. Immunofluorescence showed that Tβ4 suppressed APAP-induced translocation of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) from the nucleus to cytosol and intercellular space. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) depletion, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities induced by APAP were all attenuated by Tβ4. APAP-induced increases in hepatic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 protein expression and inflammatory cytokines production including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were reduced by Tβ4 treatment. Increased LC3 and p62 proteins in the liver tissues of APAP-treated mice were decreased by Tβ4 treatment, which indicated the enhancement of autophagy flux by Tβ4. Furthermore, inhibiting autophagy by CQ abrogated the protective effects of Tβ4 against APAP hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSION Exogenous Tβ4 treatment exerts protective effects against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. The underneath molecular mechanisms may involve autophagy enhancement and inhibition of oxidative stress by Tβ4.
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Burger LL, Vanacker C, Phumsatitpong C, Wagenmaker ER, Wang L, Olson DP, Moenter SM. Identification of Genes Enriched in GnRH Neurons by Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification and RNAseq in Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159. [PMID: 29522155 PMCID: PMC6287592 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are a nexus of fertility regulation. We used translating ribosome affinity purification coupled with RNA sequencing to examine messenger RNAs of GnRH neurons in adult intact and gonadectomized (GDX) male and female mice. GnRH neuron ribosomes were tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and GFP-labeled polysomes isolated by immunoprecipitation, producing one RNA fraction enhanced for GnRH neuron transcripts and one RNA fraction depleted. Complementary DNA libraries were created from each fraction and 50-base, paired-end sequencing done and differential expression (enhanced fraction/depleted fraction) determined with a threshold of >1.5- or <0.66-fold (false discovery rate P ≤ 0.05). A core of ∼840 genes was differentially expressed in GnRH neurons in all treatments, including enrichment for Gnrh1 (∼40-fold), and genes critical for GnRH neuron and/or gonadotrope development. In contrast, non-neuronal transcripts were not enriched or were de-enriched. Several epithelial markers were also enriched, consistent with the olfactory epithelial origins of GnRH neurons. Interestingly, many synaptic transmission pathways were de-enriched, in accordance with relatively low innervation of GnRH neurons. The most striking difference between intact and GDX mice of both sexes was a marked downregulation of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation and upregulation of glucose transporters in GnRH neurons from GDX mice. This may suggest that GnRH neurons switch to an alternate fuel to increase adenosine triphosphate production in the absence of negative feedback when GnRH release is elevated. Knowledge of the GnRH neuron translatome and its regulation can guide functional studies and can be extended to disease states, such as polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Burger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
| | - Charlotte Vanacker
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Elizabeth R Wagenmaker
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
| | - Luhong Wang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
| | - David P Olson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Suzanne M Moenter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan
- Correspondence: Laura L. Burger, PhD, University of Michigan, 7725 Med Sci II, 1137 E. Catherine
Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622. E-mail:
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Morita T, Hayashi K. Tumor Progression Is Mediated by Thymosin-β4 through a TGFβ/MRTF Signaling Axis. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:880-893. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sibaii H, El-Zayat SR, El-Shaheed AA, Mahfouz NN, Sallam SF, El Azma MH. The Hidden Function of Vitamin D. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2016; 4:591-595. [PMID: 28028396 PMCID: PMC5175504 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2016.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: There are no reports regarding the influence of vitamin D on thymosin ß4 and the cluster of differentiation CD4 levels which are important for maintaining a healthy immune system. Consequently, we aimed to explore this relationship through a study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 35 subjects, screened for 25-hydroxy vitamin D[25 (OH) D] using ELISA method and they were divided into two groups: Group 1 consists of 10 healthy subjects with sufficient vit. D level > 24.8 ng/ml. Group 2 consists of 25 subjects suffering, severely, from vitamin D deficiency at level < 11.325 ng/ml. Also, Thymosin ß4, CD4 and zinc levels were performed. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the two groups in the concentration levels of thymosin β4, as the group 1 has shown higher levels (P = 0.005). Whereas, CD4 and zinc levels didn’t show any significant difference between the two groups. At the same time, a significant positive correlation has been observed between vitamin D, thymosin β4, and CD4 at (r = 0.719; P = 0.001), and (r = 0.559, P = 0.001) respectively. CONCLUSION: We concluded that vitamin D may be an essential factor that influence or determine the level of thymosin β4. This study is the first that focused on demonstrating that sufficient level of vitamin D may have the ability to influence the thymic hormone thymosin β4 levels. Further studies on large scale of subjects are needed to explore the positive correlation we had found between vitamin D and thymosin β4 and CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Sibaii
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Centre, Medical Division, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, POB:12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salwa Refat El-Zayat
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Centre, Medical Division, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, POB:12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza Abd El-Shaheed
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Medical Division, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, POB:12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermine N Mahfouz
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Medical Division, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, POB:12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara F Sallam
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Medical Division, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, POB:12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa H El Azma
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Centre, Medical Division, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, POB:12311, Cairo, Egypt
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Marks ED, Kumar A. Thymosin β4: Roles in Development, Repair, and Engineering of the Cardiovascular System. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 102:227-49. [PMID: 27450737 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The burden of cardiovascular disease is a growing worldwide issue that demands attention. While many clinical trials are ongoing to test therapies for treating the heart after myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure, there are few options doctors able to currently give patients to repair the heart. This eventually leads to decreased ventricular contractility and increased systemic disease, including vascular disorders that could result in stroke. Small peptides such as thymosin β4 (Tβ4) are upregulated in the cardiovascular niche during fetal development and after injuries such as MI, providing increased neovasculogenesis and paracrine signals for endogenous stem cell recruitment to aid in wound repair. New research is looking into the effects of in vivo administration of Tβ4 through injections and coatings on implants, as well as its effect on cell differentiation. Results so far demonstrate Tβ4 administration leads to robust increases in angiogenesis and wound healing in the heart after MI and the brain after stroke, and can differentiate adult stem cells toward the cardiac lineage for implantation to the heart to increase contractility and survival. Future work, some of which is currently in clinical trials, will demonstrate the in vivo effect of these therapies on human patients, with the goal of helping the millions of people worldwide affected by cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Marks
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - A Kumar
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
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Abstract
Treatment with thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) reduces infarct volume and preserves cardiac function in preclinical models of cardiac ischemic injury. These effects stem in part from decreased infarct size, but additional benefits are likely due to specific antifibrotic and proangiogenic activities. Injected or transgenic Tβ4 increase blood vessel growth in large and small animal models, consistent with Tβ4 converting hibernating myocardium to an actively contractile state following ischemia. Tβ4 and its degradation products have antifibrotic effects in in vitro assays and in animal models of fibrosis not related to cardiac injury. This large number of pleiotropic effects results from Tβ4's many interactions with cellular signaling pathways, particularly indirect regulation of cellular motility and movement via the SRF-MRTF-G-actin transcriptional pathway. Variation in effects and effect sizes in animal models may potentially be due to variable distribution of Tβ4. Preclinical studies of PK/PD relationships and a reliable pharmacodynamic biomarker would facilitate clinical development of Tβ4.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Pipes
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Discovery Biology Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, United States.
| | - J Yang
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Discovery Biology Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, United States
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Abstract
No agent has been identified that significantly accelerates the repair of chronic dermal wounds in humans. Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a small, abundant, naturally occurring regenerative protein that is found in body fluids and inside cells. It was found to have angiogenic and antiinflammatory activity and to be high in platelets that aggregate at the wound site. Thus we used Tβ4 initially in dermal healing. It has since been shown to have many activities important in tissue protection, repair, and regeneration. Tβ4 increases the rate of dermal healing in various preclinical animal models, including diabetic and aged animals, and is active for burns as well. Tβ4 also accelerated the rate of repair in phase 2 trials with patients having pressure ulcers, stasis ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa wounds. It is safe and well tolerated and will likely have additional uses in the skin and in injured organs for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Kleinman
- George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - G Sosne
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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Stark CKJ, Tarkia M, Kentala R, Malmberg M, Vähäsilta T, Savo M, Hynninen VV, Helenius M, Ruohonen S, Jalkanen J, Taimen P, Alastalo TP, Saraste A, Knuuti J, Savunen T, Koskenvuo J. Systemic Dosing of Thymosin Beta 4 before and after Ischemia Does Not Attenuate Global Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Pigs. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:115. [PMID: 27199757 PMCID: PMC4853610 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and aortic cross-clamping causes myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (I-RI) and can lead to reduced postoperative cardiac function. We investigated whether this injury could be attenuated by thymosin beta 4 (TB4), a peptide which has showed cardioprotective effects. Pigs received either TB4 or vehicle and underwent CPB and aortic cross-clamping for 60 min with cold intermittent blood-cardioplegia and were then followed for 30 h. Myocardial function and blood flow was studied by cardiac magnetic resonance and PET imaging. Tissue and plasma samples were analyzed to determine the amount of cardiomyocyte necrosis and apoptosis as well as pharmacokinetics of the peptide. In vitro studies were performed to assess its influence on blood coagulation and vasomotor tone. Serum levels of the peptide were increased after administration compared to control samples. TB4 did not decrease the amount of cell death. Cardiac function and global myocardial blood flow was similar between the study groups. At high doses a vasoconstrictor effect on mesentery arteries and a vasodilator effect on coronary arteries was observed and blood clot firmness was reduced when tested in the presence of an antiplatelet agent. Despite promising results in previous trials the cardioprotective effect of TB4 was not demonstrated in this model for global myocardial I-RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer K-J Stark
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of TurkuTurku, Finland; Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Miikka Tarkia
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Rasmus Kentala
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Malmberg
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Tommi Vähäsilta
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of TurkuTurku, Finland; Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Matti Savo
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Ville-Veikko Hynninen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Helenius
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saku Ruohonen
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Juho Jalkanen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Tero-Pekka Alastalo
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Saraste
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Savunen
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Koskenvuo
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku Turku, Finland
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Sosne G, Rimmer D, Kleinman H, Ousler G. Thymosin Beta 4. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 102:277-306. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ma S, Kang Z, Lü P, Yang Y, Yao Q, Xia H, Chen K. Molecular and Physiological Characterization of Two Novel Multirepeat β-Thymosins from Silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140182. [PMID: 26474303 PMCID: PMC4608725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
β-thymosin plays important roles in the development of the lymphatic system and the central nervous system in vertebrates. However, its role and function in invertebrates remain much less explored. Here, we firstly isolated a gene encoding β-thymosin in silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). Interestingly, this gene encodes two polypeptides, named as BmTHY1 and BmTHY2, via two different modes of RNA splicing. The recombinant proteins fused with an N-term GST tag were over-expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and further purified to near homogenity to prepare mouse antibodies. The Western blot analysis showed that these proteins were expressed in various tissues and organs, as well as in different developmental stages. Amazingly, the expression of BmTHY2 was hugely increased during the pupae stage, indicating a specialized role in this period. The expression of these proteins was gradually decreased in BmN cells infected by BmNPV, suggesting they may play different roles in the virus infection. In addition, both BmTHY1 and BmTHY2 can interact with 14-3-3 of silkworm and Ubiquitin of BmNPV as shown by GST pull down and Co-IP assays, consistent with their roles in the regulation of the development of nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangshang Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiong Kang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lü
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hengchuan Xia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (KPC); (HCX)
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (KPC); (HCX)
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Knop J, App C, Huff T, Iavarone F, Castagnola M, Hannappel E. Identification of PDGF-BB binding to thymosin β4 by chemical cross-linking. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15 Suppl 1:S147-54. [PMID: 26096218 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1014793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of our work was to identify unknown interaction partners of thymosin β4 (Tβ4). It was suggested that Tβ4 could be an antifibrotic drug for treatment of liver fibrogenesis, because Tβ4 prevents the platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Very little information is available how Tβ4 counteracts the PDGF-BB-induced activation of HSCs. We propose the hypothesis that Tβ4 could bind directly to PDGF-BB and thereby reduce the concentration of free PDGF-BB available for binding to the PDGF-β receptor. METHODS To prove our suggestion of a direct interaction between Tβ4 and PDGF-BB, we carried out chemical as well as photochemical cross-linking experiments between the two pure proteins in vitro. RESULTS We identified an interaction between Tβ4 and PDGF-BB by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) cross-linking as well as through biotin label transfer using a bifunctional photoactivatable derivative of Tβ4. In an in vitro system, PDGF-BB was identified as the first extracellular partner interacting with Tβ4. This interaction could influence PDGF-BB binding to its receptor and abolish PDGF-BB-related effects. CONCLUSION Direct interaction of Tβ4 with extracellular factors should be considered as a potential mechanism to explain the pleiotropic effects of β-thymosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Knop
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute of Biochemistry , Fahrstr. 17, 91054 Erlangen , Germany +49 9131 85 24187 ;
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Huang L, Niu C, Willard B, Zhao W, Liu L, He W, Wu T, Yang S, Feng S, Mu Y, Zheng L, Li K. Proteomic analysis of porcine mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and umbilical cord: implication of the proteins involved in the higher migration capability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:77. [PMID: 25889491 PMCID: PMC4425931 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to proliferate in vivo with a large variety of differentiation potentials and therefore are widely used as an ideal material for cell therapy. MSCs derived from pig and human sources are similar in many aspects, such as cell immunophenotype and functional characteristics. However, differences in proteomics and the molecular mechanisms of cell functions between porcine bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) and umbilical cord MSCs (UC-MSCs) are largely unknown. To the best of our knowledge, MSCs collected from different tissue have specific phenotype and differentiation ability in response to microenvironment, known as a niche. METHODS Porcine BM-MSCs and UC-MSCs were evaluated with flow cytometric and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation analyses. We used isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between these two types of MSCs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway and phenotype analyses were used to understand the links between cell migration ability and DEPs. RESULTS Two separate iTRAQ experiments were conducted, identifying 95 DEPs (95% confidence interval). Five of these proteins were verified by Western blotting. These 95 DEPs were classified in terms of biological regulation, metabolic process, developmental process, immune system process, reproduction, death, growth, signaling, localization, response to stimulus, biological adhesion, and cellular component organization. Our study is the first to show results indicating that porcine BM-MSCs have a higher migration capability than UC-MSCs. Finally, one of the DEPs, Vimentin, was verified to have a positive role in MSC migration. CONCLUSIONS These results represent the first attempt to use proteomics specifically targeted to porcine MSCs of different tissues. The identified components should help reveal a variety of tissue-specific functions in tissue-derived MSC populations and could serve as important tools for the regeneration of particular tissues in future stem cell-based tissue engineering studies using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Chenguang Niu
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Belinda Willard
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute Mass Spectrometry Laboratory for Protein Sequencing, Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Weimin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Lan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Tianwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Shulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Shutang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Yulian Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Lemin Zheng
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District 100193, Beijing, China.
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Shevtsov MA, Smagina LV, Kudriavtceva TA, Petlenko SV, Voronkina IV. Glu-Trp-ONa or its acylated analogue (R-Glu-Trp-ONa) administration enhances the wound healing in the model of chronic skin wounds in rabbits. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:1717-27. [PMID: 25848208 PMCID: PMC4374713 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s79665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The management of chronic skin wounds represents a major therapeutic challenge. The synthesized dipeptide (Glu-Trp-ONa) and its acylated analogue (R-Glu-Trp-ONa) were assessed in the model of nonhealing dermal wounds in rabbits in relation to their healing properties in wound closure. Following wound modeling, the rabbits received a course of intraperitoneal injections of Glu-Trp-ONa or R-Glu-Trp-ONa. Phosphate-buffered saline and Solcoseryl® were applied as negative and positive control agents, respectively. An injection of Glu-Trp-ONa and R-Glu-Trp-ONa decreased the period of wound healing in animals in comparison to the control and Solcoseryl-treated groups. Acylation of Glu-Trp-ONa proved to be beneficial as related to the healing properties of the dipeptide. Subsequent zymography analyses showed that the applied peptides decreased the proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-9, MMP-8, and MMP-2 in the early inflammatory phase and reversely increased the activity of MMP-9, MMP-8, and MMP-1 in the remodeling phase. Histological analyses of the wound sections (hematoxylin-eosin, Mallory's staining) confirmed the enhanced formation of granulation tissue and re-epithelialization in the experimental groups. By administering the peptides, wound closures increased significantly through the modulation of the MMPs' activity, indicating their role in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Shevtsov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St Petersburg, Russia ; IP Pavlov State Medical University of St Petersburg, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larisa V Smagina
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Kudriavtceva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the North-West Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (IEM NWB RAMS), St Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Irina V Voronkina
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St Petersburg, Russia
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Angiogenic growth factors interactome and drug discovery: The contribution of surface plasmon resonance. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:293-310. [PMID: 25465594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is implicated in several pathological conditions, including cancer, and in regenerative processes, including the formation of collateral blood vessels after stroke. Physiological angiogenesis is the outcome of a fine balance between the action of angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) and anti-angiogenic molecules, while pathological angiogenesis occurs when this balance is pushed toward AGFs. AGFs interact with multiple endothelial cell (EC) surface receptors inducing cell proliferation, migration and proteases upregulation. On the contrary, free or extracellular matrix-associated molecules inhibit angiogenesis by sequestering AGFs (thus hampering EC stimulation) or by interacting with specific EC receptors inducing apoptosis or decreasing responsiveness to AGFs. Thus, angiogenesis results from an intricate network of interactions among pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules, EC receptors and various modulators. All these interactions represent targets for the development of pro- or anti-angiogenic therapies. These aims call for suitable technologies to study the countless interactions occurring during neovascularization. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a label-free optical technique to study biomolecular interactions in real time. It has become the golden standard technology for interaction analysis in biomedical research, including angiogenesis. From a survey of the literature it emerges that SPR has already contributed substantially to the better understanding of the neovascularization process, laying the basis for the decoding of the angiogenesis "interactome" and the identification of "hub molecules" that may represent preferential targets for an efficacious modulation of angiogenesis. Here, the still unexploited full potential of SPR is enlightened, pointing to improvements in its use for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of neovascularization and the identification of novel anti-angiogenic drugs.
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Ghalali A, Ye ZW, Högberg J, Stenius U. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and PH domain and leucine-rich repeat phosphatase cross-talk (PHLPP) in cancer cells and in transforming growth factor β-activated stem cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11601-11616. [PMID: 24599953 PMCID: PMC4002071 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.537241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt kinase controls cell survival, proliferation, and invasive growth and is a critical factor for cancer development. Here we describe a cross-talk between phosphatases that may preserve levels of activated/phosphorylated Akt and confer aggressive growth of cancer cells. In prostatic cancer cells, but not in non-transformed cells or in prostate stem cells, we found that the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) overexpression down-regulated PH domain and leucine-rich repeat phosphatase (PHLPP) and that PHLPP overexpression down-regulated PTEN. We also show that silencing PTEN by siRNA increased the levels of PHLPPs. This cross-talk facilitated invasive migration and was mediated by epigenetic alterations, including activation of miR-190, miR-214, polycomb group of proteins, as well as DNA methylation. A role for the purinergic receptor P2X4, previously associated with wound healing, was indicated. We also show that TGF-β1 induced cross-talk concomitant with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in stem cells. The cross-talk emerged as an integrated part of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We conclude that cross-talk between PTEN and PHLPPs is silenced in normal prostate cells but activated in TGF-β1 transformed prostate stem and cancer cells and facilitates invasive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Ghalali
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Högberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Burnstock G, Ralevic V. Purinergic signaling and blood vessels in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:102-92. [PMID: 24335194 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves to cause vasoconstriction via P2X1 receptors, whereas ATP released from endothelial cells in response to changes in blood flow (producing shear stress) or hypoxia acts on P2X and P2Y receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which dilates vessels. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. In this review, we stress the differences in neural and endothelial factors in purinergic control of different blood vessels. The long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides in promoting migration and proliferation of both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis and vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty are described. The pathophysiology of blood vessels and therapeutic potential of purinergic agents in diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia, thrombosis and stroke, diabetes, and migraine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; and Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Xu TJ, Wang Q, Ma XW, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Xue XC, Zhang C, Hao Q, Li WN, Zhang YQ, Li M. A novel dimeric thymosin beta 4 with enhanced activities accelerates the rate of wound healing. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:1075-88. [PMID: 24109178 PMCID: PMC3792846 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s50183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a peptide with 43 amino acids that is critical for repair and remodeling tissues on the skin, eye, heart, and neural system following injury. To fully realize its utility as a treatment for disease caused by injury, the authors constructed a cost-effective novel Tβ4 dimer and demonstrated that it was better able to accelerate tissue repair than native Tβ4. METHODS A prokaryotic vector harboring two complete Tβ4 genes with a short linker was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. A pilot-scale fermentation (10 L) was performed to produce engineered bacteria and the Tβ4 dimer was purified by one-step hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The activities of the Tβ4 dimer to promote endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and sprouting were assessed by tetramethylbenzidine (methylthiazol tetrazolium), trans-well, scratch, and tube formation assays. The ability to accelerate dermal healing was assessed on rats. RESULTS After fermentation, the Tβ4 dimer accounted for about 30% of all the bacteria proteins. The purity of the Tβ4 dimer reached 98% after hydrophobic interaction chromatography purification. An average of 562.4 mg/L Tβ4 dimer was acquired using a 10 L fermenter. In each assay, the dimeric Tβ4 exhibited enhanced activities compared with native Tβ4. Notably, the ability of the dimeric Tβ4 to promote cell migration was almost two times higher than that of Tβ4. The rate of dermal healing in the dimeric Tβ4-treated rats was approximately 1 day faster than with native Tβ4-treated rats. CONCLUSION The dimeric Tβ4 exhibited enhanced activity on wound healing than native Tβ4, and the purification process was simple and cost-effective. This data could be of significant benefit for the high pain and morbidity associated with chronic wounds disease. A better strategy to develop Tβ4 as a treatment for other diseases caused by injuries such as heart attack, neurotrophic keratitis, and multiple sclerosis was also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China ; The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, People's Republic of China
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Kozaczuk A, Selmi A, Bednarek R. Bacterial expression, purification and angiogenesis-promoting activity of human thymosin β4. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 90:142-52. [PMID: 23769831 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is an actin-binding peptide involved in tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. This 43-amino acid peptide is chemically synthesized for research or clinical trials. To overcome the high costs of solid phase synthesis, we developed a genetic engineering procedure of Tβ4 expression in a protease-deficient host strain, Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), transformed with different expression vectors (pRSETA, pET-15b and pEcoli-Cterm6 × HN). The recombinant, non-glycosylated peptide was overexpressed in soluble form and purified by two-step immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. Use of the pET vector expression system allowed for easy removal of the polyhistidine tag by thrombin. Functional studies revealed that recombinant Tβ4 stimulated angiogenesis via activation of the endothelial proteolytic systems, inhibition of endothelial cell adhesion, promotion of migration and capillary tube formation in Matrigel, and that its activity was similar to that observed for the synthetic peptide. The presented study comprises the first evidence that recombinant Tβ4 promotes angiogenesis in an in vitro endothelial cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kozaczuk
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Lodz, Poland
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Saelee N, Noonin C, Nupan B, Junkunlo K, Phongdara A, Lin X, Söderhäll K, Söderhäll I. β-thymosins and hemocyte homeostasis in a crustacean. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60974. [PMID: 23565293 PMCID: PMC3614969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymosin proteins are well known for their actin-binding activity. Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) has been associated with biological activities in tissue repair and cell migration via interaction with ATP-synthase in vertebrates, while the information of similar thymosin functions in invertebrates is limited. We have shown previously that ATP-synthase is present on the surface of crayfish hematopoietic tissue (HPT) cells, and that astakine 1 (Ast1, an invertebrate cytokine) was found to interact with this β-subunit of ATP synthase. Here, we identified five different β-thymosins from Pacifastacus leniusculus, designated Pl-β-thymosin1-5. The two dominant isoforms in brain, HPT and hemocytes, Pl-β-thymosin1 and 2, were chosen for functional studies. Both isoforms could bind to the β-subunit of ATP-synthase, and Pl-β-thymosin1, but not Pl-β-thymosin2, significantly increased extracellular ATP formation. Moreover, Pl-β-thymosin1 stimulated HPT cell migration in vitro and Ast1 blocked this effect. Pl-β-thymosin2 increased the circulating hemocyte number at an early stage after injection. Additionally, in vivo injection of Pl-β-thymosin1 resulted in significant reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in crayfish HPT whereas Pl-β-thymosin2 had a similar but transient effect. Both Pl-β-thymosins induced the expression of Ast1 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) transcripts, while silencing of endogenous Pl-β-thymosin 1 and 2 by RNAi resulted in significant reduction of the Ast1 and SOD transcripts. The diverse effects exhibited by Pl-β-thymosin1 and Pl-β-thymosin2 indicates that these proteins are involved in a complex interaction that regulates the hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netnapa Saelee
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chadanat Noonin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benjamas Nupan
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kingkamon Junkunlo
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amornrat Phongdara
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Xionghui Lin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Sribenja S, Wongkham S, Wongkham C, Yao Q, Chen C. Roles and Mechanisms of β-Thymosins in Cell Migration and Cancer Metastasis: An Update. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:103-10. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.756111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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44
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Hinkel R, Trenkwalder T, Kupatt C. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of thymosin β4-mediated cardioprotection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1269:102-9. [PMID: 23045977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease is still the leading cause of death in industrialized nations. Reduction of infarct size after acute myocardial infarction and, in addition, improvement of myocardial function and perfusion in acute and chronic myocardial ischemia would enhance cardiac survival. Thymosin β4, a 43-amino acid water-soluble peptide with pleiotropic abilities seems to be a promising candidate for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. During cardiac development, thymosin β4 is essential for vascularization of the myocardium, by targeting all three parts of vessel development, that is, vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis. In the adult, thymosin β4 is capable of inducing angiogenesis via activation of survival kinases in an actin-dependent and -independent manner. In addition, thymosin β4 has anti-inflammatory properties by reducing NF-κB p65 activation. These protective effects are further enhanced through increased myocyte and endothelial cell survival accompanied by differentiation of epicardial progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Hinkel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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Cierniewski CS, Sobierajska K, Selmi A, Kryczka J, Bednarek R. Thymosin β4 is rapidly internalized by cells and does not induce intracellular Ca2+ elevation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1269:44-52. [PMID: 23045969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a multifunctional protein that has pleiotropic activities both intracellularly and extracellularly. The mechanisms by which it influences cellular processes such as adhesion, migration, differentiation, or apoptosis are not yet understood. Calcium is a ubiquitous signal molecule that is involved in the regulation of almost all cellular functions. Our data indicate that the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores following stimulation of cells with Tβ4 does not occur. Interestingly, Tβ4 becomes rapidly internalized, supporting the concept that it may express its activities via intracellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Czeslaw S Cierniewski
- Department of Molecular and Medical Biophysics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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App C, Knop J, Mannherz HG, Hannappel E. Identification of interaction partners of β-thymosins: application of thymosin β4 labeled by transglutaminase. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1270:98-104. [PMID: 23050824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we identify potential interaction partners of the β-thymosin family. The proteins of this family are highly conserved peptides in mammals and yet only one intracellular (G-actin) and one cell-surface protein (β subunit of F(1) -F(0) ATP synthase) were identified as interaction partners of thymosin β4. Cross-linking experiments may be a possible approach to discover additional proteins that interact with the β-thymosin family. It has previously been shown that thymosin β4 can be labeled at its glutaminyl residues with various cadaverines using tissue transglutaminase. Here, we illuminate recent results and give an outlook on upcoming work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine App
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany.
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Stark C, Taimen P, Tarkia M, Pärkkä J, Saraste A, Alastalo TP, Savunen T, Koskenvuo J. Therapeutic potential of thymosin β4 in myocardial infarct and heart failure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1269:117-24. [PMID: 23045979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a peptide known for its abilities to protect and facilitate regeneration in a number of tissues following injury. Its cardioprotective effects have been evaluated in different animal models and, currently, a clinical trial is being planned in patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction. This paper focuses on the effects of Tβ4 on cardiac function in animal studies utilizing different imaging modalities for outcome measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Stark
- Department of Surgery, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Treadwell T, Kleinman HK, Crockford D, Hardy MA, Guarnera GT, Goldstein AL. The regenerative peptide thymosin β4 accelerates the rate of dermal healing in preclinical animal models and in patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1270:37-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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49
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Chiu LLY, Reis LA, Radisic M. Controlled delivery of thymosin β4 for tissue engineering and cardiac regenerative medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1269:16-25. [PMID: 23045966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a peptide with multiple biological functions. Here, we focus on the role of Tβ4 in vascularization, and review our studies of the controlled delivery of Tβ4 through its incorporation in biomaterials. Tβ4 promotes vascularization through VEGF induction and AcSDKP-induced migration and differentiation of endothelial cells. We developed a collagen-chitosan hydrogel for the controlled release of Tβ4 over 28 days. In vitro, the Tβ4-encapsulated hydrogel increased migration of endothelial cells and tube formation from epicardial explants that were cultivated on top of the hydrogel, compared to Tβ4-free hydrogel and soluble Tβ4 in the culture medium. In vivo, subcutaneously injected Tβ4-containing collagen-chitosan hydrogel in rats led to enhanced vascularization compared to Tβ4-free hydrogel and collagen hydrogel with Tβ4. Furthermore, the injection of the Tβ4-encapsulated hydrogel in the infarct region improved angiogenesis, reduced tissue loss, and retained left ventricular wall thickness after myocardial infarction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loraine L Y Chiu
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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50
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Corriden R, Insel PA. New insights regarding the regulation of chemotaxis by nucleotides, adenosine, and their receptors. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:587-98. [PMID: 22528684 PMCID: PMC3360098 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The directional movement of cells can be regulated by ATP, certain other nucleotides (e.g., ADP, UTP), and adenosine. Such regulation occurs for cells that are "professional phagocytes" (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages, certain lymphocytes, and microglia) and that undergo directional migration and subsequent phagocytosis. Numerous other cell types (e.g., fibroblasts, endothelial cells, neurons, and keratinocytes) also change motility and migration in response to ATP, other nucleotides, and adenosine. In this article, we review how nucleotides and adenosine modulate chemotaxis and motility and highlight the importance of nucleotide- and adenosine-regulated cell migration in several cell types: neutrophils, microglia, endothelial cells, and cancer cells. We also discuss difficulties in conducting experiments and drawing conclusions regarding the ability of nucleotides and adenosine to modulate the migration of professional and non-professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Corriden
- Institute of Cell Signalling, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul A. Insel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail code 0636, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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