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Yang HZ, Liu HY, Li SH, Wang DW, Xi Z. Understanding the Effects of Ligand Configuration on Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase with Rationally Designed 3-( N-Phenyluracil)but-2-enoates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8401-8414. [PMID: 38587493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4) is a promising target for green herbicide discovery. However, the ligand configuration effects on PPO activity were still poorly understood. Herein, we designed 3-(N-phenyluracil)but-2-enoates using our previously developed active fragments exchange and link (AFEL) approach and synthesized a series of novel compounds with nanomolar ranges of Nicotiana tabacum PPO (NtPPO) inhibitory potency and promising herbicidal potency. Our systematic structure-activity relationship investigations showed that the E isomers of 3-(N-phenyluracil)but-2-enoates displayed improved bioactivity than their corresponding Z isomers. Using molecular simulation studies, we found that the E isomers showed a relatively lower entropy change and could sample more stable binding conformation to the receptor than the Z isomers. Our density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the E isomers showed higher chemical reactivity and lower electronic chemical potential than their corresponding Z isomers. Compound E-Ic emerged as the optimal compound with a Ki value of 3.0 nM against NtPPO, exhibiting a broader spectrum of weed control than saflufenacil at 37.5-75 g ai/ha and also safe to maize at 75 g ai/ha, which could be considered as a promising lead herbicide for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Ze Yang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yun Liu
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Sang-Hong Li
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Da-Wei Wang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xi
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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2
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Wang B, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Wen X, Xi Z. Insight into the Role of an α-Helix Cluster in Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase. Biochemistry 2024. [PMID: 38285491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) is the last common enzyme in chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis pathways. In humans, point mutations on PPO are responsible for the dominantly inherited disorder disease variegate porphyria (VP). It is found that several VP-causing mutation sites are located on an α-helix cluster (consisting of α-5, α-6, and α-7 helix, named the G169 helix cluster) of human PPO, although these mutation sites are outside the active site of the human PPO. In this work, we investigated the role of the G169 helix cluster via site-directed mutagenesis, enzymatic kinetics, and computational studies. Kinetic studies showed that mutations on the G169 helix cluster affect the activity of PPO. The MD simulation showed that mutations on the G169 helix cluster reduced the activity of PPO by affecting the proper orientation of substrate protoporphyrinogen within the active site of PPO and possibly the dipole moment of the G169 helix cluster. Moreover, the mutation abolished the interaction between the mutated site and other residues, thus affecting the secondary structure and hydrogen bond interactions within the G169 helix cluster. These results indicated that the integrity of the G169 helix cluster is important for the stabilization of protoporphyrinogen within the active site of PPO to facilitate the interaction between protoporphyrinogen and cofactor FAD and provide a proper electrostatic environment for the activity of PPO. Our result provides new insight into understanding the relationship between the structure and function of PPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yiban Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Zámocký M, Hofbauer S, Gabler T, Furtmüller PG. The Molecular Evolution, Structure, and Function of Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase and Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase in Prokaryotes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1527. [PMID: 38132353 PMCID: PMC10740692 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CgoX) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PgoX) catalyze the oxidation of the flexible cyclic tetrapyrrole of porphyrinogen compounds into fully conjugated, planar macrocyclic porphyrin compounds during heme biosynthesis. These enzymes are activated via different pathways. CgoX oxidizes coproporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrin III in the coproporphyrin-dependent pathway, whereas PgoX oxidizes protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX in the penultimate step of the protoporphyrin-dependent pathway. The phylogenetic analysis presented herein demonstrates a clear differentiation between the two enzyme classes, as evidenced by the clustering of sequences in distinct clades, and it shows that, at the origin of porphyrinogen-type oxidase evolution, PgoXs from cyanobacteria were found, which were noticeably separated from descendant PgoX representatives of Deltaproteobacteria and all later PgoX variants, leading to many eukaryotic clades. CgoX sequences originating from the monoderm Actinomycetota and Bacillota were well separated from the predecessor clades containing PgoX types and represent a peculiar type of gene speciation. The structural similarities and differences between these two oxidases are discussed based on their protein sequence alignment and a structural comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Zámocký
- Laboratory of Phylogenomic Ecology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, SK-84551 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (S.H.); (T.G.)
| | - Thomas Gabler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (S.H.); (T.G.)
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; (S.H.); (T.G.)
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4
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Hedtke B, Strätker SM, Pulido ACC, Grimm B. Two isoforms of Arabidopsis protoporphyrinogen oxidase localize in different plastidal membranes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:871-885. [PMID: 36806676 PMCID: PMC10231370 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
All land plants encode 2 isoforms of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). While PPO1 is predominantly expressed in green tissues and its loss is seedling-lethal in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the effects of PPO2 deficiency have not been investigated in detail. We identified 2 ppo2 T-DNA insertion mutants from publicly available collections, one of which (ppo2-2) is a knock-out mutant. While the loss of PPO2 did not result in any obvious phenotype, substantial changes in PPO activity were measured in etiolated and root tissues. However, ppo1 ppo2 double mutants were embryo-lethal. To shed light on possible functional differences between the 2 isoforms, PPO2 was overexpressed in the ppo1 background. Although the ppo1 phenotype was partially complemented, even strong overexpression of PPO2 was unable to fully compensate for the loss of PPO1. Analysis of subcellular localization revealed that PPO2 is found exclusively in chloroplast envelopes, while PPO1 accumulates in thylakoid membranes. Mitochondrial localization of PPO2 in Arabidopsis was ruled out. Since Arabidopsis PPO2 does not encode a cleavable transit peptide, integration of the protein into the chloroplast envelope must make use of a noncanonical import route. However, when a chloroplast transit peptide was fused to the N-terminus of PPO2, the enzyme was detected predominantly in thylakoid membranes and was able to fully complement ppo1. Thus, the 2 PPO isoforms in Arabidopsis are functionally equivalent but spatially separated. Their distinctive localizations within plastids thus enable the synthesis of discrete subpools of the PPO product protoporphyrin IX, which may serve different cellular needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hedtke
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Sarah Melissa Strätker
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Andrea C Chiappe Pulido
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), Berlin 10115, Germany
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Zhao SS, Wang YJ, Tang L, Guo B, Wang L, Zhang JQ, Yang SG. Identifying novel selective PPO inhibitors through structure-based virtual screening and bio-evaluation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:10873-10883. [PMID: 37033434 PMCID: PMC10075065 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is a key enzyme in chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis, and the development of its inhibitors is of great importance both in the pharmaceutical and pesticide industries. However, the currently developed PPO inhibitors have insignificant bio-selectivity and have a serious impact on non-target organisms. In this study, a docking-based virtual screening approach combined with bio-activity testing was used to obtain novel selective inhibitors of PPO. The results of the bio-activity test showed that thirteen compounds showed 10-fold selectivity over human PPO. And the best selective compound, ZINC70338, has a K i value of 2.21 μM for Nicotiana tabacum PPO and >113-fold selectivity for human PPO. The selectivity mechanism of ZINC70338 in different species of PPO was then analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations to provide a design basis and theoretical guidance for the design of novel selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yu-Jie Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Lei Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 China
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Bing Guo
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Ji-Quan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 China
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Sheng-Gang Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 China
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D Guiyang 550025 China
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Abstract
Heme (protoheme IX) is an essential cofactor for a large variety of proteins whose functions vary from one electron reactions to binding gases. While not ubiquitous, heme is found in the great majority of known life forms. Unlike most cofactors that are acquired from dietary sources, the vast majority of organisms that utilize heme possess a complete pathway to synthesize the compound. Indeed, dietary heme is most frequently utilized as an iron source and not as a source of heme. In Nature there are now known to exist three pathways to synthesize heme. These are the siroheme dependent (SHD) pathway which is the most ancient, but least common of the three; the coproporphyrin dependent (CPD) pathway which with one known exception is found only in gram positive bacteria; and the protoporphyrin dependent (PPD) pathway which is found in gram negative bacteria and all eukaryotes. All three pathways share a core set of enzymes to convert the first committed intermediate, 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) into uroporphyrinogen III. In the current review all three pathways are reviewed as well as the two known pathways to synthesize ALA. In addition, interesting features of some heme biosynthesis enzymes are discussed as are the regulation and disorders of heme biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Dailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-1111, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-1111, USA
| | - Amy E Medlock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-1111, USA
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Yien YY, Perfetto M. Regulation of Heme Synthesis by Mitochondrial Homeostasis Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895521. [PMID: 35832791 PMCID: PMC9272004 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme plays a central role in diverse, life-essential processes that range from ubiquitous, housekeeping pathways such as respiration, to highly cell-specific ones such as oxygen transport by hemoglobin. The regulation of heme synthesis and its utilization is highly regulated and cell-specific. In this review, we have attempted to describe how the heme synthesis machinery is regulated by mitochondrial homeostasis as a means of coupling heme synthesis to its utilization and to the metabolic requirements of the cell. We have focused on discussing the regulation of mitochondrial heme synthesis enzymes by housekeeping proteins, transport of heme intermediates, and regulation of heme synthesis by macromolecular complex formation and mitochondrial metabolism. Recently discovered mechanisms are discussed in the context of the model organisms in which they were identified, while more established work is discussed in light of technological advancements.
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Novakova Z, Mikesova J, Ondrakova M, Kutil Z, Vesela K, Martasek P, Barinka C. Molecular characterization of a novel His333Arg variant of human protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 588:182-186. [PMID: 34968794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Variegate porphyria is caused by mutations in the protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX (PPOX, EC 1.3.3.4) gene, resulting in reduced overall enzymatic activity of PPOX in human tissues. Recently, we have identified the His333Arg mutation in the PPOX protein (PPOX(H333R)) as a putative founder mutation in the Moroccan Jewish population. Herein we report the molecular characterization of PPOX(H333R) in vitro and in cells. Purified recombinant PPOX(H333R) did not show any appreciable enzymatic activity in vitro, corroborating the clinical findings. Biophysical experiments and molecular modeling revealed that PPOX(H333R) is not folded properly and fails to adopt its native functional three-dimensional conformation due to steric clashes in the vicinity of the active site of the enzyme. On the other hand, PPOX(H333R) subcellular distribution, as evaluated by live-cell confocal microscopy, is unimpaired suggesting that the functional three-dimensional fold is not required for efficient transport of the polypeptide chain into mitochondria. Overall, the data presented here provide molecular underpinnings of the pathogenicity of PPOX(H333R) and might serve as a blueprint for deciphering whether a given PPOX variant represents a disease-causing mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Novakova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Mikesova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Marketa Ondrakova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Zsofia Kutil
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Vesela
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Martasek
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
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Wang DW, Zhang H, Yu SY, Zhang RB, Liang L, Wang X, Yang HZ, Xi Z. Discovery of a Potent Thieno[2,3- d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione-Based Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Inhibitor through an In Silico Structure-Guided Optimization Approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14115-14125. [PMID: 34797973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A key objective for herbicide research is to develop new compounds with improved bioactivity. Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) is an essential target for herbicide discovery. Here, we report using an in silico structure-guided optimization approach of our previous lead compound 1 and designed and synthesized a new series of compounds 2-6. Systematic bioassays led to the discovery of a highly potent compound 6g, 1-methyl-3-(2,2,7-trifluoro-3-oxo-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, which exhibited an excellent and wide spectrum of weed control at the rates of 30-75 g ai/ha by the postemergence application and is relatively safe on maize at 75 g ai/ha. Additionally, the Ki value of 6g to Nicotiana tabacum PPO (NtPPO) was found to be 2.5 nM, showing 3-, 12-, and 18-fold higher potency relative to compound 1 (Ki = 7.4 nM), trifludimoxazin (Ki = 31 nM), and flumioxazin (Ki = 46 nM), respectively. Furthermore, molecular simulations further suggested that the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione moiety of 6g could form a more favorable π-π stacking interaction with the Phe392 of NtPPO than the heterocyclic moiety of compound 1. This study provides an effective strategy to obtain enzyme inhibitors with improved performance through molecular simulation and structure-guided optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Wang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Yi Yu
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Bo Zhang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xia Wang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Huang-Ze Yang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xi
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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10
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Novakova Z, Khuntsaria D, Gresova M, Mikesova J, Havlinova B, Shukla S, Kolarova L, Vesela K, Martasek P, Barinka C. Heterologous expression and purification of recombinant human protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX: A comparative study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259837. [PMID: 34793488 PMCID: PMC8601502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX (hPPO) is an oxygen-dependent enzyme catalyzing the penultimate step in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Mutations in the enzyme are linked to variegate porphyria, an autosomal dominant metabolic disease. Here we investigated eukaryotic cells as alternative systems for heterologous expression of hPPO, as the use of a traditional bacterial-based system failed to produce several clinically relevant hPPO variants. Using bacterially-produced hPPO, we first analyzed the impact of N-terminal tags and various detergent on hPPO yield, and specific activity. Next, the established protocol was used to compare hPPO constructs heterologously expressed in mammalian HEK293T17 and insect Hi5 cells with prokaryotic overexpression. By attaching various fusion partners at the N- and C-termini of hPPO we also evaluated the influence of the size and positioning of fusion partners on expression levels, specific activity, and intracellular targeting of hPPO fusions in mammalian cells. Overall, our results suggest that while enzymatically active hPPO can be heterologously produced in eukaryotic systems, the limited availability of the intracellular FAD co-factor likely negatively influences yields of a correctly folded protein making thus the E.coli a system of choice for recombinant hPPO overproduction. At the same time, PPO overexpression in eukaryotic cells might be preferrable in cases when the effects of post-translational modifications (absent in bacteria) on target protein functions are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Novakova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Daria Khuntsaria
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Gresova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Mikesova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Havlinova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Shivam Shukla
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kolarova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Vesela
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Martasek
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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11
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Liang L, Yu S, Li Q, Wang X, Wang D, Xi Z. Design, synthesis, and molecular simulation studies of N-phenyltetrahydroquinazolinones as protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 39:116165. [PMID: 33915477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Discovering new protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4) inhibitors is a promising direction for agrochemical research. Herein, we reported the discovery and in silico structure-guided optimization of N-phenyltetrahydroquinazolinones 1 and 2 as new PPO inhibitors. Most of the obtained compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significantly enhanced Nicotiana tabacum PPO (NtPPO) inhibitory potency than that of flumioxazin. Promisingly, 1-(tert-butoxy)-1-oxopropan-2-yl 2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(4-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)benzoate, 2o, with a Ki value of 4 nM, showed ten folds more enhanced NtPPO-inhibiting potency than flumioxazin. Additionally, compounds 2b and 2i showed a broad spectrum of broadleaf weeds control at 37.5-150 g ai/ha, and selective for wheat at 150 g ai/ha in the post-emergent application. The molecular simulation studies revealed the vital basis between N-phenyltetrahydroquinazolinones and NtPPO. The present work indicated that the N-phenyltetrahydroquinazolinone motif might be a potential scaffold for herbicide discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, and Department of Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Shuyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, and Department of Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, and Department of Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, and Department of Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Dawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, and Department of Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, and Department of Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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12
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Wang B, Zhang Z, Zhu H, Niu C, Wen X, Xi Z. The hydrogen bonding network involved Arg59 in human protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase is essential for enzyme activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 557:20-25. [PMID: 33857841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) is the last common enzyme in chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis pathways. In human, point mutations on PPO are responsible for the dominantly inherited disorder disease, Variegate Porphyria (VP). Of the VP-causing mutation site, the Arg59 is by far the most prevalent VP mutation residue identified. Multiple sequences alignment of PPOs shows that the Arg59 of human PPO (hPPO) is not conserved, and experiments have shown that the equivalent residues in PPO from various species are essential for enzymatic activity. In this work, it was proposed that the Arg59 performs its function by forming a hydrogen-bonding (HB) network around it in hPPO, and we investigated the role of the HB network via site-directed mutagenesis, enzymatic kinetics and computational studies. We found the integrity of the HB network around Arg59 is important for enzyme activity. The HB network maintains the substrate binding chamber by holding the side chain of Arg59, while it stabilizes the micro-environment of the isoalloxazine ring of FAD, which is favorable for the substrate-FAD interaction. Our result provides a new insight to understanding the relationship between the structure and function for hPPO that non-conserved residues can form a conserved element to maintain the function of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Congwei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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PPO-Inhibiting Herbicides and Structurally Relevant Schiff Bases: Evaluation of Inhibitory Activities against Human Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human protoporphyrinogen oxidase (hPPO) inhibition can contribute significantly to a better understanding of some pathogeneses (e.g., porphyria, herbicide exposure) and the development of anticancer agents. Therefore, we prepared new potential inhibitors with Schiff base structural motifs (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde-based Schiff bases 9–13 and chromanone derivatives 17–19) as structurally relevant to PPO herbicides. The inhibitory activities (represented by the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values) and enzymatic interactions (represented by the hPPO melting temperatures) of these synthetic compounds and commercial PPO herbicides used against hPPO were studied by a protoporphyrin IX fluorescence assay. In the case of PPO herbicides, significant hPPO inhibition and changes in melting temperature were observed for oxyfluorten, oxadiazon, lactofen, butafenacil, saflufenacil, oxadiargyl, chlornitrofen, and especially fomesafen. Nevertheless, the prepared compounds did not display significant inhibitory activity or changes in the hPPO melting temperature. However, a designed model of hPPO inhibitors based on the determined IC50 values and a docking study (by using AutoDock) found important parts of the herbicide structural motif for hPPO inhibition. This model could be used to better predict PPO herbicidal toxicity and improve the design of synthetic inhibitors.
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14
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Conformation of the Intermediates in the Reaction Catalyzed by Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase: An In Silico Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249495. [PMID: 33327448 PMCID: PMC7764921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is a critical enzyme across life as the last common step in the synthesis of many metalloporphyrins. The reaction mechanism of PPO was assessed in silico and the unstructured loop near the binding pocket was investigated. The substrate, intermediates, and product were docked in the catalytic domain of PPO using a modified Autodock method, introducing flexibility in the macrocycles. Sixteen PPO protein sequences across phyla were aligned and analyzed with Phyre2 and ProteinPredict to study the unstructured loop from residue 204–210 in the H. sapiens structure. Docking of the substrate, intermediates, and product all resulted in negative binding energies, though the substrate had a lower energy than the others by 40%. The α-H of C10 was found to be 1.4 angstroms closer to FAD than the β-H, explaining previous reports of the reaction occurring on the meso face of the substrate. A lack of homology in sequence or length in the unstructured loop indicates a lack of function for the protein reaction. This docking study supports a reaction mechanism proposed previously whereby all hydride abstractions occur on the C10 of the tetrapyrrole followed by tautomeric rearrangement to prepare the intermediate for the next reaction.
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15
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Li X, Yang X, Zheng X, Bai M, Hu D. Review on Structures of Pesticide Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7144. [PMID: 32998191 PMCID: PMC7582455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular targets play important roles in agrochemical discovery. Numerous pesticides target the key proteins in pathogens, insect, or plants. Investigating ligand-binding pockets and/or active sites in the proteins' structures is usually the first step in designing new green pesticides. Thus, molecular target structures are extremely important for the discovery and development of such pesticides. In this manuscript, we present a review of the molecular target structures, including those of antiviral, fungicidal, bactericidal, insecticidal, herbicidal, and plant growth-regulator targets, currently used in agrochemical research. The data will be helpful in pesticide design and the discovery of new green pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Xueqing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Miao Bai
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
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Tararina MA, Allen KN. Bioinformatic Analysis of the Flavin-Dependent Amine Oxidase Superfamily: Adaptations for Substrate Specificity and Catalytic Diversity. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3269-3288. [PMID: 32198115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The flavin-dependent amine oxidase (FAO) superfamily consists of over 9000 nonredundant sequences represented in all domains of life. Of the thousands of members identified, only 214 have been functionally annotated to date, and 40 unique structures are represented in the Protein Data Bank. The few functionally characterized members share a catalytic mechanism involving the oxidation of an amine substrate through transfer of a hydride to the FAD cofactor, with differences observed in substrate specificities. Previous studies have focused on comparing a subset of superfamily members. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the FAO superfamily based on reaction mechanism and substrate recognition. Using a dataset of 9192 sequences, a sequence similarity network, and subsequently, a genome neighborhood network were constructed, organizing the superfamily into eight subgroups that accord with substrate type. Likewise, through phylogenetic analysis, the evolutionary relationship of subgroups was determined, delineating the divergence between enzymes based on organism, substrate, and mechanism. In addition, using sequences and atomic coordinates of 22 structures from the Protein Data Bank to perform sequence and structural alignments, active-site elements were identified, showing divergence from the canonical aromatic-cage residues to accommodate large substrates. These specificity determinants are held in a structural framework comprising a core domain catalyzing the oxidation of amines with an auxiliary domain for substrate recognition. Overall, analysis of the FAO superfamily reveals a modular fold with cofactor and substrate-binding domains allowing for diversity of recognition via insertion/deletions. This flexibility allows facile evolution of new activities, as shown by reinvention of function between subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita A Tararina
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Karen N Allen
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Zeb A, Park C, Son M, Baek A, Cho Y, Kim D, Rampogu S, Lee G, Kwak YS, Park SJ, Lee KW. Integration of virtual screening and computational simulation identifies photodynamic therapeutics against human Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase IX (hPPO). ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Chi MH, Shen MH, Kuo TT. New heterozygous mutation of protoporphyrinogen oxidase gene in a case of variegate porphyria in Taiwan. DERMATOL SIN 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ds.ds_11_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Yoon J, Han Y, Ahn YO, Hong MK, Sung SK. Characterization of HemY-type protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase genes from cyanobacteria and their functioning in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:561-574. [PMID: 31621006 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the functions of two cyanobacterial HemY protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) genes with in vitro and in vivo assays and evaluated their applicability as resistance traits to PPO-inhibiting herbicides. We isolated HemY-type protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) genes from cyanobacteria, OnPPO gene from Oscillatoria nigro-viridis PCC7112 and HaPPO gene from Halothece sp. PCC7418. The alignment of amino acid sequences as well as phylogenetic analyses conducted showed that OnPPO and HaPPO are classified as HemY-type PPO and are more closely related to plastidic PPOs than to mitochondrial PPOs. The PPO-deficient Escherichia coli BT3 strain, which requires heme supplementation, could obtain normal growth in the absence of heme supplementation when complemented with OnPPO and HaPPO. The enzyme assays of OnPPO, HaPPO, and Arabidopsis thaliana PPO1 (AtPPO1) proteins each revealed different kinetic properties in terms of catalytic efficiency, substrate affinity, and the degree of inhibition by PPO inhibitors. In particular, the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) of OnPPO and HaPPO were approximately twofold higher than that of AtPPO1. The elution profiles of all three PPOs, acquired by size-exclusion chromatography, showed only a single peak with a molecular weight of approximately 52-54 kDa, which corresponds to a monomeric form. Moreover, functional complementation with OnPPO and HaPPO in AtPPO1-silenced Arabidopsis resulted in restored growth, whereas AtPPO1-silenced wild type Arabidopsis suffered necrotic death. In addition, we observed that overexpression of OnPPO and HaPPO in Arabidopsis conferred resistance to the PPO-inhibiting herbicides tiafenacil and saflufenacil. These results suggest that two HemY-type PPOs of cyanobacteria can functionally substitute for plastidic PPO activity in Arabidopsis and can enhance resistance to tiafenacil and saflufenacil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonseon Yoon
- FarmHannong Co., Ltd., Yeoui-daero 24, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, 07320, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Han
- FarmHannong Co., Ltd., Yeoui-daero 24, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, 07320, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ock Ahn
- FarmHannong Co., Ltd., Yeoui-daero 24, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, 07320, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Ki Hong
- FarmHannong Co., Ltd., Yeoui-daero 24, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, 07320, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Kee Sung
- FarmHannong Co., Ltd., Yeoui-daero 24, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, 07320, Republic of Korea.
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Wang DW, Zhang RB, Yu SY, Liang L, Ismail I, Li YH, Xu H, Wen X, Xi Z. Discovery of Novel N-Isoxazolinylphenyltriazinones as Promising Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12382-12392. [PMID: 31635461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4) is a promising target for herbicide discovery. Search for new compounds with novel chemotypes is a key objective for agrochemists. Here, we describe the discovery and systematic SAR-based structure optimization of novel N-isoxazolinylphenyltriazinones 5-9 as PPO inhibitors. The in vivo herbicidal activity and in vitro Nicotiana tabacum PPO (NtPPO) inhibitory activity were explored in detail. A number of the new synthetic compounds displayed strong PPO inhibitory activity with Ki values in the nanomolar range. Some compounds exhibited excellent and broad-spectrum weed control at the rate of 9.375-37.5 g ai/ha by postemergence application and showed improved monocotyledonous weed control compared to saflufenacil. Most promisingly, ethyl 3-(2-chloro-5-(3,5-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-4-thioxo-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl)-4-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-carboxylate, 5a, with a Ki value of 4.9 nM, displayed over 2- and 6-fold higher potency than saflufenacil (Ki = 10 nM) and trifludimoxazin (Ki = 31 nM), respectively. Moreover, 5a showed excellent and broad-spectrum weed control against 32 kinds of weeds at 37.5-75 g ai/ha. Rice exhibited relative tolerance to 5a at 150 g ai/ha by postemergence application, indicating that 5a could be a potential herbicide candidate for weed control in paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Rui-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Shu-Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Lu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Ismail Ismail
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Yong-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Han Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
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21
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Orrego LM, Cabello-Donayre M, Vargas P, Martínez-García M, Sánchez C, Pineda-Molina E, Jiménez M, Molina R, Pérez-Victoria JM. Heme synthesis through the life cycle of the heme auxotrophic parasite Leishmania major. FASEB J 2019; 33:13367-13385. [PMID: 31553893 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901274rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heme is an essential molecule synthetized through a broadly conserved 8-step route that has been lost in trypanosomatid parasites. Interestingly, Leishmania reacquired by horizontal gene transfer from γ-proteobacteria the genes coding for the last 3 enzymes of the pathway. Here we show that intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania major can scavenge heme precursors from the host cell to fulfill their heme requirements, demonstrating the functionality of this partial pathway. To dissect its role throughout the L. major life cycle, the significance of L. major ferrochelatase (LmFeCH), the terminal enzyme of the route, was evaluated. LmFeCH expression in a heterologous system demonstrated its activity. Knockout promastigotes lacking lmfech were not able to use the ferrochelatase substrate protoporphyrin IX as a source of heme. In vivo infection of Phlebotomus perniciosus with knockout promastigotes shows that LmFeCH is not required for their development in the sandfly. In contrast, the replication of intracellular amastigotes was hampered in vitro by the deletion of lmfech. However, LmFeCH-/- parasites produced disease in a cutaneous leishmaniasis murine model in a similar way as control parasites. Therefore, although L. major can synthesize de novo heme from macrophage precursors, this activity is dispensable being an unsuited target for leishmaniasis treatment.-Orrego, L. M., Cabello-Donayre, M., Vargas, P., Martínez-García, M., Sánchez, C., Pineda-Molina, E., Jiménez, M., Molina, R., Pérez-Victoria, J. M. Heme synthesis through the life cycle of the heme auxotrophic parasite Leishmania major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Orrego
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS) Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Cabello-Donayre
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS) Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paola Vargas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS) Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-García
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS) Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Clara Sánchez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS) Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Estela Pineda-Molina
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS) Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maribel Jiménez
- Unidad de Entomología Médica, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Molina
- Unidad de Entomología Médica, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Pérez-Victoria
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS) Granada, Granada, Spain
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Tabaro I, Reimondo G, Osella G, Aurizi C, Caraci P, Barbieri L, Giachino DF, Sirchia F, Terzolo M. Novel mutation of PPOX gene in a patient with abdominal pain and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. Endocrine 2018. [PMID: 29516370 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute porphyrias are metabolic disorders of heme biosynthesis characterized by acute life-threatening attacks. The diagnosis is often missed since clinical presentation is aspecific mimicking other medical and surgical conditions. Variegate porphyria (VP) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease with incomplete penetrance due to decreased activity of the Protoporphyrinogen Oxydase (PPOX) gene; most VP mutations are family specific. We report the case of a 40 year-old woman who presented many times to the emergency department complaining of unexplained abdominal pain and laboratory investigations showed repeatedly hyponatremia. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) was confirmed and measurement of urine porphobilinogen and delta-aminolevulinic acid disclosed the diagnosis of acute porphyria. The genetic analysis of PPOX gene was performed. METHODS The entire coding sequence and exon/intron boundaries of PPOX gene were amplified in 5 different Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) fragments. In silico prediction of the pathogenicity of the mutation was determined by using different tools, Polyphen2, SNPs&GO, SNPs3D. RESULTS The genetic analysis of PPOX gene revealed a novel missense variant c.1376 G > A (p.Cys459Tyr) in heterozygous state. The same variant was later found in one of her cousins with skin lesions and other three younger asymptomatic relatives. We provided evidence that this novel mutation is likely to be pathogenetic. CONCLUSIONS Our case highlights the importance of considering VP in the differential diagnosis of SIAD and underlines the role of genetic screening in the management of such patients. The finding of a novel mutation of PPOX gene in our index case has allowed to recognize an affected family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Tabaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Internal Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Reimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Internal Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
| | - Giangiacomo Osella
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Internal Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Aurizi
- Porphyria Centre San Gallicano Institute IRCCS IFO, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Caraci
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Internal Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Barbieri
- Porphyria Centre San Gallicano Institute IRCCS IFO, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Francesca Giachino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Sirchia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, AOU Città della Scienza e della Salute, Turin, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Internal Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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Bacterial Production, Characterization and Protein Modeling of a Novel Monofuctional Isoform of FAD Synthase in Humans: An Emergency Protein? Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010116. [PMID: 29316637 PMCID: PMC6017331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FAD synthase (FADS, EC 2.7.7.2) is the last essential enzyme involved in the pathway of biosynthesis of Flavin cofactors starting from Riboflavin (Rf). Alternative splicing of the human FLAD1 gene generates different isoforms of the enzyme FAD synthase. Besides the well characterized isoform 1 and 2, other FADS isoforms with different catalytic domains have been detected, which are splice variants. We report the characterization of one of these novel isoforms, a 320 amino acid protein, consisting of the sole C-terminal 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) reductase domain (named FADS6). This isoform has been previously detected in Riboflavin-Responsive (RR-MADD) and Non-responsive Multiple Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MADD) patients with frameshift mutations of FLAD1 gene. To functionally characterize the hFADS6, it has been over-expressed in Escherichia coli and purified with a yield of 25 mg·L−1 of cell culture. The protein has a monomeric form, it binds FAD and is able to catalyze FAD synthesis (kcat about 2.8 min−1), as well as FAD pyrophosphorolysis in a strictly Mg2+-dependent manner. The synthesis of FAD is inhibited by HgCl2. The enzyme lacks the ability to hydrolyze FAD. It behaves similarly to PAPS. Combining threading and ab-initio strategy a 3D structural model for such isoform has been built. The relevance to human physio-pathology of this FADS isoform is discussed.
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25
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Hao GF, Zuo Y, Yang SG, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Yin CY, Niu CW, Xi Z, Yang GF. Computational Discovery of Potent and Bioselective Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Inhibitor via Fragment Deconstruction Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5581-5588. [PMID: 28654285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the binding selectivity through appropriate ways is a primary goal in the design and optimization of a lead toward agrochemical discovery. However, how to achieve rational design of selectivity is still a big challenge. Herein, we developed a novel computational fragment generation and coupling (CFGC) strategy that led to a series of highly potent and bioselective inhibitors targeting protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase. This enzyme plays a vital role in heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis, which has been proven to be associated with many drugs and agrochemicals. However, existing agrochemicals are nonbioselective, resulting in a great threat to nontargeted organisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first bioselective inhibitor targeting the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. In addition, the candidate showed excellent in vivo bioactivity and much better safety toward humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Gang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Wei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjing 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjing 300072, People's Republic of China
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Wang B, Wen X, Xi Z. Molecular Simulations Bring New Insights into Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase/Protoporphyrinogen IX Interaction Modes. Mol Inform 2016; 35:476-482. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, Nankai University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, Nankai University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, Nankai University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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Cha HJ, Jang DS, Jeong JH, Hong BH, Yun YS, Shin EJ, Choi KY. Role of conserved Met112 residue in the catalytic activity and stability of ketosteroid isomerase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1322-7. [PMID: 27375051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ketosteroid isomerase (3-oxosteroid Δ(5)-Δ(4)-isomerase, KSI) from Pseudomonas putida catalyzes allylic rearrangement of the 5,6-double bond of Δ(5)-3-ketosteroid to 4,5-position by stereospecific intramolecular transfer of a proton. The active site of KSI is formed by several hydrophobic residues and three catalytic residues (Tyr14, Asp38, and Asp99). In this study, we investigated the role of a hydrophobic Met112 residue near the active site in the catalysis, steroid binding, and stability of KSI. Replacing Met112 with alanine (yields M112A) or leucine (M112L) decreased the kcat by 20- and 4-fold, respectively. Compared with the wild type (WT), M112A and M112L KSIs showed increased KD values for equilenin, an intermediate analogue; these changes suggest that loss of packing at position 112 might lead to unfavorable steroid binding, thereby resulting in decreased catalytic activity. Furthermore, M112A and M112L mutations reduced melting temperature (Tm) by 6.4°C and 2.5°C, respectively. These changes suggest that favorable packing in the core is important for the maintenance of stability in KSI. The M112K mutation decreased kcat by 2000-fold, compared with the WT. In M112K KSI structure, a new salt bridge was formed between Asp38 and Lys112. This bridge could change the electrostatic potential of Asp38, and thereby contribute to the decreased catalytic activity. The M112K mutation also decreased the stability by reducing Tm by 4.1°C. Our data suggest that the Met112 residue may contribute to the catalytic activity and stability of KSI by providing favorable hydrophobic environments and compact packing in the catalytic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Cha
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Soo Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Jeong
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bee Hak Hong
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sung Yun
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Shin
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Yong Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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Susa S, Sato-Monma F, Ishii K, Hada Y, Takase K, Tada K, Wada K, Kameda W, Watanabe K, Oizumi T, Suzuki T, Daimon M, Kato T. Transient Worsening of Photosensitivity due to Cholelithiasis in a Variegate Porphyria Patient. Intern Med 2016; 55:2965-2969. [PMID: 27746433 PMCID: PMC5109563 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.7108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Variegate porphyria (VP) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX) gene. This porphyria has unique characteristics which can induce acute neurovisceral attacks and cutaneous lesions that may occur separately or together. We herin report a 58-years-old VP patient complicated with cholelithiasis. A sequencing analysis indicated a novel c.40G>C mutation (p.G14R) in the PPOX gene. His cutaneous photosensitivity had been worsening for 3 years before the emergence of cholecystitis and it then gradually improved after cholecystectomy and ursodeoxycholic acid treatment with a slight decline in the porphyrin levels in his blood, urine and stool. In VP patients, a worsening of photosensitivity can thus be induced due to complications associated with some other disease, thereby affecting their porphyrin-heme biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Susa
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Boateng MO, Corrigall AV, Sturrock E, Meissner PN. Characterisation of the flavin adenine dinucleotide binding region of Myxococcus xanthus protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 4:306-311. [PMID: 29124218 PMCID: PMC5669401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX), the penultimate enzyme in the haem biosynthetic pathway catalysers the six electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen-IX to protoporphyrin-IX, in the presence of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and oxygen. In humans, partial defects in PPOX result in variegate porphyria. In this study, the FAD binding region in Myxococcus xanthus PPOX was analysed by engineering and characterising a selection of mutant proteins. Amino acid residues which interact with FAD via their side chains were selected for study. Mutants were characterised and compared with wild type protein. Characterisation included FAD quantitation, analysis of FAD spectra and kinetic assay. Results revealed that Serine 20 mutants could still bind FAD, but polarity in this position is favourable, yet not essential for the integrity of FAD binding. Study of Glutamate 39 mutants suggest that a negative charge at position 39 is clearly favoured for interaction with the ribose ring of FAD, as all non-conservative replacements could not bind sufficient FAD. Asparagine 441 appears not to be directly involved in FAD binding but rather in stabilizing the FAD, and polarity in this position appears important. Tryptophan 408 may play a role in orientating or stabilizing the bound substrate during catalysis, and a non-polar (or slightly polar) residue is favoured at this position; however, aromaticity in this position appears not to be critical. Overall this study sheds further light on how M. xanthus PPOX interacts with FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavis O Boateng
- Lennox Eales Porphyria Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, K-floor, Old GSH Main Building, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Anne V Corrigall
- Lennox Eales Porphyria Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, K-floor, Old GSH Main Building, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Edward Sturrock
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Structural Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Peter N Meissner
- Lennox Eales Porphyria Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, K-floor, Old GSH Main Building, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Structural Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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Dark chemical matter as a promising starting point for drug lead discovery. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:958-66. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Medlock AE, Shiferaw MT, Marcero JR, Vashisht AA, Wohlschlegel JA, Phillips JD, Dailey HA. Identification of the Mitochondrial Heme Metabolism Complex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135896. [PMID: 26287972 PMCID: PMC4545792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an essential cofactor for most organisms and all metazoans. While the individual enzymes involved in synthesis and utilization of heme are fairly well known, less is known about the intracellular trafficking of porphyrins and heme, or regulation of heme biosynthesis via protein complexes. To better understand this process we have undertaken a study of macromolecular assemblies associated with heme synthesis. Herein we have utilized mass spectrometry with coimmunoprecipitation of tagged enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway in a developing erythroid cell culture model to identify putative protein partners. The validity of these data obtained in the tagged protein system is confirmed by normal porphyrin/heme production by the engineered cells. Data obtained are consistent with the presence of a mitochondrial heme metabolism complex which minimally consists of ferrochelatase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase and aminolevulinic acid synthase-2. Additional proteins involved in iron and intermediary metabolism as well as mitochondrial transporters were identified as potential partners in this complex. The data are consistent with the known location of protein components and support a model of transient protein-protein interactions within a dynamic protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Medlock
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- GRU-UGA Medical Partnership, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mesafint T. Shiferaw
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- GRU-UGA Medical Partnership, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Marcero
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ajay A. Vashisht
- Department of Biological Chemistry and the Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James A. Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry and the Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - John D. Phillips
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Harry A. Dailey
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Kobayashi K, Masuda T, Tajima N, Wada H, Sato N. Molecular phylogeny and intricate evolutionary history of the three isofunctional enzymes involved in the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 6:2141-55. [PMID: 25108393 PMCID: PMC4231631 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles such as heme and chlorophyll are essential for biological processes, including oxygenation, respiration, and photosynthesis. In the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway, protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (Protox) catalyzes the formation of protoporphyrin IX, the last common intermediate for the biosynthesis of heme and chlorophyll. Three nonhomologous isofunctional enzymes, HemG, HemJ, and HemY, for Protox have been identified. To reveal the distribution and evolution of the three Protox enzymes, we identified homologs of each along with other heme biosynthetic enzymes by whole-genome clustering across three domains of life. Most organisms possess only one of the three Protox types, with some exceptions. Detailed phylogenetic analysis revealed that HemG is mostly limited to γ-Proteobacteria whereas HemJ may have originated within α-Proteobacteria and transferred to other Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria. In contrast, HemY is ubiquitous in prokaryotes and is the only Protox in eukaryotes, so this type may be the ancestral Protox. Land plants have a unique HemY homolog that is also shared by Chloroflexus species, in addition to the main HemY homolog originating from Cyanobacteria. Meanwhile, organisms missing any Protox can be classified into two groups; those lacking most heme synthetic genes, which necessarily depend on external heme supply, and those lacking only genes involved in the conversion of uroporphyrinogen III into heme, which would use a precorrin2-dependent alternative pathway. However, hemN encoding coproporphyrinogen IX oxidase was frequently found in organisms lacking Protox enzyme, which suggests a unique role of this gene other than in heme biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuru Masuda
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Tajima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan CREST, JST, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan CREST, JST, Saitama, Japan
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Noncanonical coproporphyrin-dependent bacterial heme biosynthesis pathway that does not use protoporphyrin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2210-5. [PMID: 25646457 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416285112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been generally accepted that biosynthesis of protoheme (heme) uses a common set of core metabolic intermediates that includes protoporphyrin. Herein, we show that the Actinobacteria and Firmicutes (high-GC and low-GC Gram-positive bacteria) are unable to synthesize protoporphyrin. Instead, they oxidize coproporphyrinogen to coproporphyrin, insert ferrous iron to make Fe-coproporphyrin (coproheme), and then decarboxylate coproheme to generate protoheme. This pathway is specified by three genes named hemY, hemH, and hemQ. The analysis of 982 representative prokaryotic genomes is consistent with this pathway being the most ancient heme synthesis pathway in the Eubacteria. Our results identifying a previously unknown branch of tetrapyrrole synthesis support a significant shift from current models for the evolution of bacterial heme and chlorophyll synthesis. Because some organisms that possess this coproporphyrin-dependent branch are major causes of human disease, HemQ is a novel pharmacological target of significant therapeutic relevance, particularly given high rates of antimicrobial resistance among these pathogens.
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Hao GF, Tan Y, Xu WF, Cao RJ, Xi Z, Yang GF. Understanding resistance mechanism of protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides: insights from computational mutation scanning and site-directed mutagenesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7209-15. [PMID: 24983412 DOI: 10.1021/jf5018115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The potential of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) to develop resistance against five PPO-inhibiting herbicides has been studied using computational mutation scanning (CMS) protocol, leading to valuable insights into the resistance mechanisms and structure-resistance relationship of the PPO inhibitors. The calculated shifts in the binding free energies caused by the mutations correlated very well with those derived from the corresponding experimental data obtained from site-directed mutagenesis of PPO, leading to valuable insights into the resistance mechanisms of PPO inhibitors. The calculated entropy change was related to the conformational flexibility of the inhibitor, which demonstrated that inhibitors with appropriate conformational flexibility may inhibit both the wild type and mutants simultaneously. The reasonable correlation between the computational and experimental data further validate that CMS protocol is valuable for predicting resistance associated with amino acid mutations on target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan, P. R. China
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Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), variegate porphyria (VP), and hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) are caused by mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX), and coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX) genes, respectively. This study aimed to identify mutations in seven Bulgarian families with AIP, six with VP, and one with HCP. A total of 33 subjects, both symptomatic (n = 21) and asymptomatic (n = 12), were included in this study. The identification of mutations was performed by direct sequencing of all the coding exons of the corresponding enzymes in the probands. The available relatives were screened for the possible mutations. A total of six different mutations in HMBS were detected in all seven families with AIP, three of which were previously described: c.76C>T [p.R26C] in exon 3, c.287C>T [p.S96F] in exon 7, and c.445C>T [p.R149X] in exon 9. The following three novel HMBS mutations were found: c.345-2A>C in intron 7-8, c.279-280insAT in exon 7, and c.887delC in exon 15. A total of three different novel mutations were identified in the PPOX gene in the VP families: c.441-442delCA in exon 5, c.917T>C [p.L306P] in exon 9, and c.1252T>C [p.C418R] in exon 12. A novel nonsense mutation, c.364G>T [p.E122X], in exon 1 of the CPOX gene was identified in the HCP family. This study, which identified mutations in Bulgarian families with AHP for the first time, established seven novel mutation sites. Seven latent carriers were also diagnosed and, therefore, were able to receive crucial counseling to prevent attacks.
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Yang S, Hao G, Dayan FE, Tranel PJ, Yang G. Insight into the Structural Requirements of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors: Molecular Docking and CoMFA of Diphenyl Ether, Isoxazole Phenyl, and Pyrazole Phenyl Ether. CHINESE J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201300449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hao GF, Tan Y, Yang SG, Wang ZF, Zhan CG, Xi Z, Yang GF. Computational and experimental insights into the mechanism of substrate recognition and feedback inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69198. [PMID: 23935953 PMCID: PMC3720618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO; EC 1.3.3.4) is an essential enzyme catalyzing the last common step in the pathway leading to heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Great interest in PPO inhibitors arises from both its significance to agriculture and medicine. However, the discovery of PPO inhibitors with ultrahigh potency and selectivity is hampered due to lack of structural and mechanistic understanding about the substrate recognition, which remains a longstanding question central in porphyrin biology. To understand the mechanism, a novel binding model of protogen (protoporphyrinogen IX, the substrate) was developed through extensive computational simulations. Subsequently, amino acid residues that are critical for protogen binding identified by computational simulations were substituted by mutagenesis. Kinetic analyses of these mutants indicated that these residues were critical for protogen binding. In addition, the calculated free energies of protogen binding with these mutants correlated well with the experimental data, indicating the reasonability of the binding model. On the basis of this novel model, the fundamental mechanism of substrate recognition was investigated by performing potential of mean force (PMF) calculations, which provided an atomic level description of conformational changes and pathway intermediates. The free energy profile revealed a feedback inhibition mechanism of proto (protoporphyrin IX, the product), which was also in agreement with experimental evidence. The novel mechanistic insights obtained from this study present a new starting point for future rational design of more efficient PPO inhibitors based on the product-bound PPO structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Lienhart WD, Gudipati V, Macheroux P. The human flavoproteome. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 535:150-62. [PMID: 23500531 PMCID: PMC3684772 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is an essential dietary compound used for the enzymatic biosynthesis of FMN and FAD. The human genome contains 90 genes encoding for flavin-dependent proteins, six for riboflavin uptake and transformation into the active coenzymes FMN and FAD as well as two for the reduction to the dihydroflavin form. Flavoproteins utilize either FMN (16%) or FAD (84%) while five human flavoenzymes have a requirement for both FMN and FAD. The majority of flavin-dependent enzymes catalyze oxidation-reduction processes in primary metabolic pathways such as the citric acid cycle, β-oxidation and degradation of amino acids. Ten flavoproteins occur as isozymes and assume special functions in the human organism. Two thirds of flavin-dependent proteins are associated with disorders caused by allelic variants affecting protein function. Flavin-dependent proteins also play an important role in the biosynthesis of other essential cofactors and hormones such as coenzyme A, coenzyme Q, heme, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, steroids and thyroxine. Moreover, they are important for the regulation of folate metabolites by using tetrahydrofolate as cosubstrate in choline degradation, reduction of N-5.10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to N-5-methyltetrahydrofolate and maintenance of the catalytically competent form of methionine synthase. These flavoenzymes are discussed in detail to highlight their role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Macheroux
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biochemistry, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Abstract
Heme, which is composed of iron and the small organic molecule protoporphyrin, is an essential component of hemoglobin as well as a variety of physiologically important hemoproteins. During erythropoiesis, heme synthesis is induced before, and is essential for, globin synthesis. Although all cells possess the ability to synthesize heme, there are distinct differences between regulation of the pathway in developing erythroid cells and all other types of cells. Disorders that compromise the ability of the developing red cell to synthesize heme can have profound medical implications. The biosynthetic pathway for heme and key regulatory features are reviewed herein, along with specific human genetic disorders that arise from defective heme synthesis such as X-linked sideroblastic anemia and erythropoietic protoporphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Dailey
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Wang B, Wen X, Qin X, Wang Z, Tan Y, Shen Y, Xi Z. Quantitative structural insight into human variegate porphyria disease. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11731-40. [PMID: 23467411 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.459768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in the human protoporphyrinogen oxidase (hPPO) gene, resulting in ~50% decreased activity of hPPO, is responsible for the dominantly inherited disorder variegate porphyria (VP). To understand the molecular mechanism of VP, we employed the site-directed mutagenesis, biochemical assays, structural biology, and molecular dynamics simulation studies to investigate VP-causing hPPO mutants. We report here the crystal structures of R59Q and R59G mutants in complex with acifluorfen at a resolution of 2.6 and 2.8 Å. The r.m.s.d. of the Cα atoms of the active site structure of R59G and R59Q with respect to the wild-type was 0.20 and 0.15 Å, respectively. However, these highly similar static crystal structures of mutants with the wild-type could not quantitatively explain the observed large differences in their enzymatic activity. To understand how the hPPO mutations affect their catalytic activities, we combined molecular dynamics simulation and statistical analysis to quantitatively understand the molecular mechanism of VP-causing mutants. We have found that the probability of the privileged conformations of hPPO can be correlated very well with the k(cat)/K(m) of PPO (correlation coefficient, R(2) > 0.9), and the catalytic activity of 44 clinically reported VP-causing mutants can be accurately predicted. These results indicated that the VP-causing mutation affect the catalytic activity of hPPO by affecting the ability of hPPO to sample the privileged conformations. The current work, together with our previous crystal structure study on the wild-type hPPO, provided the quantitative structural insight into human variegate porphyria disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Rhee HW, Zou P, Udeshi ND, Martell JD, Mootha VK, Carr SA, Ting AY. Proteomic mapping of mitochondria in living cells via spatially restricted enzymatic tagging. Science 2013; 339:1328-1331. [PMID: 23371551 DOI: 10.1126/science.1230593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 893] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) are complementary techniques: The former provides spatiotemporal information in living cells, but only for a handful of recombinant proteins at a time, whereas the latter can detect thousands of endogenous proteins simultaneously, but only in lysed samples. Here, we introduce technology that combines these strengths by offering spatially and temporally resolved proteomic maps of endogenous proteins within living cells. Our method relies on a genetically targetable peroxidase enzyme that biotinylates nearby proteins, which are subsequently purified and identified by MS. We used this approach to identify 495 proteins within the human mitochondrial matrix, including 31 not previously linked to mitochondria. The labeling was exceptionally specific and distinguished between inner membrane proteins facing the matrix versus the intermembrane space (IMS). Several proteins previously thought to reside in the IMS or outer membrane, including protoporphyrinogen oxidase, were reassigned to the matrix by our proteomic data and confirmed by electron microscopy. The specificity of peroxidase-mediated proteomic mapping in live cells, combined with its ease of use, offers biologists a powerful tool for understanding the molecular composition of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peng Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D Martell
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alice Y Ting
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Hamza I, Dailey HA. One ring to rule them all: trafficking of heme and heme synthesis intermediates in the metazoans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1617-32. [PMID: 22575458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of heme, an organic ring surrounding an iron atom, in evolution forever changed the efficiency with which organisms were able to generate energy, utilize gasses and catalyze numerous reactions. Because of this, heme has become a near ubiquitous compound among living organisms. In this review we have attempted to assess the current state of heme synthesis and trafficking with a goal of identifying crucial missing information, and propose hypotheses related to trafficking that may generate discussion and research. The possibilities of spatially organized supramolecular enzyme complexes and organelle structures that facilitate efficient heme synthesis and subsequent trafficking are discussed and evaluated. Recently identified players in heme transport and trafficking are reviewed and placed in an organismal context. Additionally, older, well established data are reexamined in light of more recent studies on cellular organization and data available from newer model organisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cell Biology of Metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Zuo Y, Yang SG, Jiang LL, Hao GF, Wang ZF, Wu QY, Xi Z, Yang GF. Quantitative structure–activity relationships of 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-ones and 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones as human protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:296-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Functional Characterization of Five Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Missense Mutations Found in Argentinean Variegate Porphyria Patients. JIMD Rep 2011. [PMID: 23430901 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2011_77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
Abstract
A partial deficiency in protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX) produces the acute/cutaneous (or mixed) variegate porphyria (VP), the third most frequent porphyria in Argentina. This autosomal dominant disorder is clinically characterized by skin lesions and/or acute neurovisceral attacks. The precise diagnosis of patients with a symptomatic VP is essential to provide accurate treatment. It is also critical to identify asymptomatic relatives to avoid precipitating factors and prevent acute attacks.Functional consequences of five PPOX missense mutations were evaluated in a prokaryotic expression system. Three mutations were found in families previously reported c.101A>T (p.E34V), c.670T>G (W224G), c.995G>C (G332A) and two were novel findings c.227C>T (p.S76F), c.1265A>G (p.Y422C). All mutations were identified in heterozygotes with reduced PPOX activity and variable clinical expression of the disease, including asymptomatic cases. Prokaryotic expression showed that all five missense mutations decreased the PPOX activity, demonstrating their detrimental effect on enzyme function, and thus, providing evidence for their causative role in VP. These results reinforce the importance of molecular genetic analysis for VP diagnosis and especially the usefulness of prokaryotic expression of missense mutations to assess their deleterious effect on PPOX activity.MM and BXG contributed equally to the publication. RES and MVR share senior authorship.
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