1
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Li DZ, Duan SG, Yang RN, Yi SC, Liu A, Abdelnabby HE, Wang MQ. BarH1 regulates odorant-binding proteins expression and olfactory perception of Monochamus alternatus Hope. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 140:103677. [PMID: 34763091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are a class of small soluble proteins that can be found in various tissues wherein binding and transport of small molecules are required. Thus, OBPs are not only involved in typical olfactory function by specific activities with odorants but also participate in other physiological processes in non-chemosensory tissues. To better understand the complex biological functions of OBPs, it is necessary to study the transcriptional regulation of their expression patterns. In this paper, an apparent gradient expression pattern of Obp19, that was highly and specifically expressed in antennae and played an essential role in the detection of camphene, was defined in the antennae of the Japanese pine sawyer. Further, the transcription factor BarH1, that also presented gradient expression pattern in antennae, was found to regulate expression of Obp19 directly through binding to its upstream DNA sequence. The condition of BarH1 gene silence, the gene expression levels of Obp19 significantly decreased. At the same time, additional olfactory genes also were regulated and thus influence camphene reception. These findings provide us an opportunity to incorporate Obps in the gene regulatory networks of insects, which contribute to a better understanding of the multiplicity and diversity of OBPs and the olfactory mediated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Zhen Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Shuang-Gang Duan
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Rui-Nan Yang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Shan-Cheng Yi
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Ao Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Hazem Elewa Abdelnabby
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Banha, Qalyubia, 13736, Egypt
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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2
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Mika K, Benton R. Olfactory Receptor Gene Regulation in Insects: Multiple Mechanisms for Singular Expression. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:738088. [PMID: 34602974 PMCID: PMC8481607 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.738088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The singular expression of insect olfactory receptors in specific populations of olfactory sensory neurons is fundamental to the encoding of odors in patterns of neuronal activity in the brain. How a receptor gene is selected, from among a large repertoire in the genome, to be expressed in a particular neuron is an outstanding question. Focusing on Drosophila melanogaster, where most investigations have been performed, but incorporating recent insights from other insect species, we review the multilevel regulatory mechanisms of olfactory receptor expression. We discuss how cis-regulatory elements, trans-acting factors, chromatin modifications, and feedback pathways collaborate to activate and maintain expression of the chosen receptor (and to suppress others), highlighting similarities and differences with the mechanisms underlying singular receptor expression in mammals. We also consider the plasticity of receptor regulation in response to environmental cues and internal state during the lifetime of an individual, as well as the evolution of novel expression patterns over longer timescales. Finally, we describe the mechanisms and potential significance of examples of receptor co-expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Jafari S, Henriksson J, Yan H, Alenius M. Stress and odorant receptor feedback during a critical period after hatching regulates olfactory sensory neuron differentiation in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001101. [PMID: 33793547 PMCID: PMC8043390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we reveal that the regulation of Drosophila odorant receptor (OR) expression during the pupal stage is permissive and imprecise. We found that directly after hatching an OR feedback mechanism both directs and refines OR expression. We demonstrate that, as in mice, dLsd1 and Su(var)3-9 balance heterochromatin formation to direct OR expression. We show that the expressed OR induces dLsd1 and Su(var)3-9 expression, linking OR level and possibly function to OR expression. OR expression refinement shows a restricted duration, suggesting that a gene regulatory critical period brings olfactory sensory neuron differentiation to an end. Consistent with a change in differentiation, stress during the critical period represses dLsd1 and Su(var)3-9 expression and makes the early permissive OR expression permanent. This induced permissive gene regulatory state makes OR expression resilient to stress later in life. Hence, during a critical period OR feedback, similar to in mouse OR selection, defines adult OR expression in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Jafari
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Henriksson
- Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mattias Alenius
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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4
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Villagra C, Frías-Lasserre D. Epigenetic Molecular Mechanisms in Insects. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:615-642. [PMID: 32514997 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insects are the largest animal group on Earth both in biomass and diversity. Their outstanding success has inspired genetics and developmental research, allowing the discovery of dynamic process explaining extreme phenotypic plasticity and canalization. Epigenetic molecular mechanisms (EMMs) are vital for several housekeeping functions in multicellular organisms, regulating developmental, ontogenetic trajectories and environmental adaptations. In Insecta, EMMs are involved in the development of extreme phenotypic divergences such as polyphenisms and eusocial castes. Here, we review the history of this research field and how the main EMMs found in insects help to understand their biological processes and diversity. EMMs in insects confer them rapid response capacity allowing insect either to change with plastic divergence or to keep constant when facing different stressors or stimuli. EMMs function both at intra as well as transgenerational scales, playing important roles in insect ecology and evolution. We discuss on how EMMs pervasive influences in Insecta require not only the control of gene expression but also the dynamic interplay of EMMs with further regulatory levels, including genetic, physiological, behavioral, and environmental among others, as was earlier proposed by the Probabilistic Epigenesis model and Developmental System Theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Villagra
- Instituto de Entomología, Univ Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile.
| | - D Frías-Lasserre
- Instituto de Entomología, Univ Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Yan H, Jafari S, Pask G, Zhou X, Reinberg D, Desplan C. Evolution, developmental expression and function of odorant receptors in insects. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb208215. [PMID: 32034042 PMCID: PMC7790194 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.208215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animals rely on their chemosensory system to discriminate among a very large number of attractive or repulsive chemical cues in the environment, which is essential to respond with proper action. The olfactory sensory systems in insects share significant similarities with those of vertebrates, although they also exhibit dramatic differences, such as the molecular nature of the odorant receptors (ORs): insect ORs function as heteromeric ion channels with a common Orco subunit, unlike the G-protein-coupled olfactory receptors found in vertebrates. Remarkable progress has recently been made in understanding the evolution, development and function of insect odorant receptor neurons (ORNs). These studies have uncovered the diversity of olfactory sensory systems among insect species, including in eusocial insects that rely extensively on olfactory sensing of pheromones for social communication. However, further studies, notably functional analyses, are needed to improve our understanding of the origins of the Orco-OR system, the mechanisms of ORN fate determination, and the extraordinary diversity of behavioral responses to chemical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste (UFCST), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shadi Jafari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Gregory Pask
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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6
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Chai PC, Cruchet S, Wigger L, Benton R. Sensory neuron lineage mapping and manipulation in the Drosophila olfactory system. Nat Commun 2019; 10:643. [PMID: 30733440 PMCID: PMC6367400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems exhibit myriad cell types, but understanding how this diversity arises is hampered by the difficulty to visualize and genetically-probe specific lineages, especially at early developmental stages prior to expression of unique molecular markers. Here, we use a genetic immortalization method to analyze the development of sensory neuron lineages in the Drosophila olfactory system, from their origin to terminal differentiation. We apply this approach to define a fate map of nearly all olfactory lineages and refine the model of temporal patterns of lineage divisions. Taking advantage of a selective marker for the lineage that gives rise to Or67d pheromone-sensing neurons and a genome-wide transcription factor RNAi screen, we identify the spatial and temporal requirements for Pointed, an ETS family member, in this developmental pathway. Transcriptomic analysis of wild-type and Pointed-depleted olfactory tissue reveals a universal requirement for this factor as a switch-like determinant of fates in these sensory lineages. Few tools exist to study molecular diversity during neurodevelopment. Here the authors apply a genetic immortalization method in Drosophila to generate a fate map of olfactory sensory lineages, examine the relationships of this map and the neuroanatomical, molecular and evolutionary properties of the mature circuits, and identify a novel factor controlling lineage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phing Chian Chai
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode Building, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steeve Cruchet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode Building, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonore Wigger
- Lausanne Genomic Technologies Facility, Génopode Building, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode Building, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Gomez-Diaz C, Martin F, Garcia-Fernandez JM, Alcorta E. The Two Main Olfactory Receptor Families in Drosophila, ORs and IRs: A Comparative Approach. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:253. [PMID: 30214396 PMCID: PMC6125307 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most insect species rely on the detection of olfactory cues for critical behaviors for the survival of the species, e.g., finding food, suitable mates and appropriate egg-laying sites. Although insects show a diverse array of molecular receptors dedicated to the detection of sensory cues, two main types of molecular receptors have been described as responsible for olfactory reception in Drosophila, the odorant receptors (ORs) and the ionotropic receptors (IRs). Although both receptor families share the role of being the first chemosensors in the insect olfactory system, they show distinct evolutionary origins and several distinct structural and functional characteristics. While ORs are seven-transmembrane-domain receptor proteins, IRs are related to the ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) family. Both types of receptors are expressed on the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of the main olfactory organ, the antenna, but they are housed in different types of sensilla, IRs in coeloconic sensilla and ORs in basiconic and trichoid sensilla. More importantly, from the functional point of view, they display different odorant specificity profiles. Research advances in the last decade have improved our understanding of the molecular basis, evolution and functional roles of these two families, but there are still controversies and unsolved key questions that remain to be answered. Here, we present an updated review on the advances of the genetic basis, evolution, structure, functional response and regulation of both types of chemosensory receptors. We use a comparative approach to highlight the similarities and differences among them. Moreover, we will discuss major open questions in the field of olfactory reception in insects. A comprehensive analysis of the structural and functional convergence and divergence of both types of receptors will help in elucidating the molecular basis of the function and regulation of chemoreception in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gomez-Diaz
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Martin
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Esther Alcorta
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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8
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Li H, Shuster SA, Li J, Luo L. Linking neuronal lineage and wiring specificity. Neural Dev 2018; 13:5. [PMID: 29653548 PMCID: PMC5899351 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain function requires precise neural circuit assembly during development. Establishing a functional circuit involves multiple coordinated steps ranging from neural cell fate specification to proper matching between pre- and post-synaptic partners. How neuronal lineage and birth timing influence wiring specificity remains an open question. Recent findings suggest that the relationships between lineage, birth timing, and wiring specificity vary in different neuronal circuits. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the cellular, molecular, and developmental mechanisms linking neuronal lineage and birth timing to wiring specificity in a few specific systems in Drosophila and mice, and review different methods employed to explore these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Li
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Andrew Shuster
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Jiefu Li
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Hueston CE, Olsen D, Li Q, Okuwa S, Peng B, Wu J, Volkan PC. Chromatin Modulatory Proteins and Olfactory Receptor Signaling in the Refinement and Maintenance of Fruitless Expression in Olfactory Receptor Neurons. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002443. [PMID: 27093619 PMCID: PMC4836687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, sensory neurons must choose identities that allow them to detect specific signals and connect with appropriate target neurons. Ultimately, these sensory neurons will successfully integrate into appropriate neural circuits to generate defined motor outputs, or behavior. This integration requires a developmental coordination between the identity of the neuron and the identity of the circuit. The mechanisms that underlie this coordination are currently unknown. Here, we describe two modes of regulation that coordinate the sensory identities of Drosophila melanogaster olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) involved in sex-specific behaviors with the sex-specific behavioral circuit identity marker fruitless (fru). The first mode involves a developmental program that coordinately restricts to appropriate ORNs the expression of fru and two olfactory receptors (Or47b and Ir84a) involved in sex-specific behaviors. This regulation requires the chromatin modulatory protein Alhambra (Alh). The second mode relies on the signaling from the olfactory receptors through CamK and histone acetyl transferase p300/CBP to maintain ORN-specific fru expression. Our results highlight two feed-forward regulatory mechanisms with both developmentally hardwired and olfactory receptor activity-dependent components that establish and maintain fru expression in ORNs. Such a dual mechanism of fru regulation in ORNs might be a trait of neurons driving plastic aspects of sex-specific behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Hueston
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Douglas Olsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sumie Okuwa
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jianni Wu
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pelin Cayirlioglu Volkan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Institute for Brain Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Li Q, Barish S, Okuwa S, Maciejewski A, Brandt AT, Reinhold D, Jones CD, Volkan PC. A Functionally Conserved Gene Regulatory Network Module Governing Olfactory Neuron Diversity. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005780. [PMID: 26765103 PMCID: PMC4713227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neuron diversity is required for organisms to decipher complex environmental cues. In Drosophila, the olfactory environment is detected by 50 different olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) classes that are clustered in combinations within distinct sensilla subtypes. Each sensilla subtype houses stereotypically clustered 1-4 ORN identities that arise through asymmetric divisions from a single multipotent sensory organ precursor (SOP). How each class of SOPs acquires a unique differentiation potential that accounts for ORN diversity is unknown. Previously, we reported a critical component of SOP diversification program, Rotund (Rn), increases ORN diversity by generating novel developmental trajectories from existing precursors within each independent sensilla type lineages. Here, we show that Rn, along with BarH1/H2 (Bar), Bric-à-brac (Bab), Apterous (Ap) and Dachshund (Dac), constitutes a transcription factor (TF) network that patterns the developing olfactory tissue. This network was previously shown to pattern the segmentation of the leg, which suggests that this network is functionally conserved. In antennal imaginal discs, precursors with diverse ORN differentiation potentials are selected from concentric rings defined by unique combinations of these TFs along the proximodistal axis of the developing antennal disc. The combinatorial code that demarcates each precursor field is set up by cross-regulatory interactions among different factors within the network. Modifications of this network lead to predictable changes in the diversity of sensilla subtypes and ORN pools. In light of our data, we propose a molecular map that defines each unique SOP fate. Our results highlight the importance of the early prepatterning gene regulatory network as a modulator of SOP and terminally differentiated ORN diversity. Finally, our model illustrates how conserved developmental strategies are used to generate neuronal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott Barish
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sumie Okuwa
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Abigail Maciejewski
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alicia T. Brandt
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dominik Reinhold
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Corbin D. Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pelin Cayirlioglu Volkan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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11
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Kim DH, Han MR, Lee G, Lee SS, Kim YJ, Adams ME. Rescheduling Behavioral Subunits of a Fixed Action Pattern by Genetic Manipulation of Peptidergic Signaling. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005513. [PMID: 26401953 PMCID: PMC4581697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecdysis behavioral sequence in insects is a classic fixed action pattern (FAP) initiated by hormonal signaling. Ecdysis triggering hormones (ETHs) release the FAP through direct actions on the CNS. Here we present evidence implicating two groups of central ETH receptor (ETHR) neurons in scheduling the first two steps of the FAP: kinin (aka drosokinin, leucokinin) neurons regulate pre-ecdysis behavior and CAMB neurons (CCAP, AstCC, MIP, and Bursicon) initiate the switch to ecdysis behavior. Ablation of kinin neurons or altering levels of ETH receptor (ETHR) expression in these neurons modifies timing and intensity of pre-ecdysis behavior. Cell ablation or ETHR knockdown in CAMB neurons delays the switch to ecdysis, whereas overexpression of ETHR or expression of pertussis toxin in these neurons accelerates timing of the switch. Calcium dynamics in kinin neurons are temporally aligned with pre-ecdysis behavior, whereas activity of CAMB neurons coincides with the switch from pre-ecdysis to ecdysis behavior. Activation of CCAP or CAMB neurons through temperature-sensitive TRPM8 gating is sufficient to trigger ecdysis behavior. Our findings demonstrate that kinin and CAMB neurons are direct targets of ETH and play critical roles in scheduling successive behavioral steps in the ecdysis FAP. Moreover, temporal organization of the FAP is likely a function of ETH receptor density in target neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Mi-Ran Han
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Gyunghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Michael E. Adams
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
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12
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Barish S, Volkan PC. Mechanisms of olfactory receptor neuron specification in Drosophila. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:609-21. [PMID: 26088441 PMCID: PMC4744966 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Detection of a broad range of chemosensory signals is necessary for the survival of multicellular organisms. Chemical signals are the main facilitators of foraging, escape, and social behaviors. To increase detection coverage, animal sensory systems have evolved to create a large number of neurons with highly specific functions. The olfactory system, much like the nervous system as a whole, is astonishingly diverse. The mouse olfactory system has millions of neurons with over a thousand classes, whereas the more compact Drosophila genome has approximately 80 odorant receptor genes that give rise to 50 neuronal classes and 1300 neurons in the adult.(4) Understanding how neuronal diversity is generated remains one of the central questions in developmental neurobiology. Here, we review the current knowledge on the development of the adult Drosophila olfactory system and the progress that has been made toward answering this central question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Barish
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pelin Cayirlioglu Volkan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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13
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Jafari S, Alenius M. Cis-regulatory mechanisms for robust olfactory sensory neuron class-restricted odorant receptor gene expression in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005051. [PMID: 25760344 PMCID: PMC4356613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor perception requires that each olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) class continuously express a single odorant receptor (OR) regardless of changes in the environment. However, little is known about the control of the robust, class-specific OR expression involved. Here, we investigate the cis-regulatory mechanisms and components that generate robust and OSN class-specific OR expression in Drosophila. Our results demonstrate that the spatial restriction of expression to a single OSN class is directed by clusters of transcription-factor DNA binding motifs. Our dissection of motif clusters of differing complexity demonstrates that structural components such as motif overlap and motif order integrate transcription factor combinations and chromatin status to form a spatially restricted pattern. We further demonstrate that changes in metabolism or temperature perturb the function of complex clusters. We show that the cooperative regulation between motifs around and within the cluster generates robust, class-specific OR expression. Our neurons can become over a hundred years old. Even if neurons are restructured and remodeled by their constant work of receiving, storing and sending information, they stay devoted to one single task and retain their identity for their whole life. How a neuron keeps its identity is not well understood. In the olfactory system, the identity of the olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) is a result of the expression of a single odorant receptor (OR) from a large receptor gene repertoire in the genome. Neurons that share an expressed receptor make a functional class. Here, we identify clusters of transcription factor binding motifs to be the smallest unit that drive expression in a single olfactory sensory neuron class. We further demonstrate that it is the structure of the cluster that determines the class specific expression. However, environmental stress, such as temperature changes or starvation, destabilizes the expression produced by the cluster. Our results demonstrate that stable expression is generated from redundant motifs outside the cluster and suggest that cooperative regulation generates robust expression of the genes that determine neuronal identity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Jafari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mattias Alenius
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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14
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Paternal diet defines offspring chromatin state and intergenerational obesity. Cell 2015; 159:1352-64. [PMID: 25480298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global rise in obesity has revitalized a search for genetic and epigenetic factors underlying the disease. We present a Drosophila model of paternal-diet-induced intergenerational metabolic reprogramming (IGMR) and identify genes required for its encoding in offspring. Intriguingly, we find that as little as 2 days of dietary intervention in fathers elicits obesity in offspring. Paternal sugar acts as a physiological suppressor of variegation, desilencing chromatin-state-defined domains in both mature sperm and in offspring embryos. We identify requirements for H3K9/K27me3-dependent reprogramming of metabolic genes in two distinct germline and zygotic windows. Critically, we find evidence that a similar system may regulate obesity susceptibility and phenotype variation in mice and humans. The findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying intergenerational metabolic reprogramming and carry profound implications for our understanding of phenotypic variation and evolution.
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15
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Taniguchi H, Moore AW. Chromatin regulators in neurodevelopment and disease: Analysis of fly neural circuits provides insights. Bioessays 2014; 36:872-83. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Taniguchi
- Laboratory for Genetic Code; Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences; Doshisha University; Kyotanabe Kyoto Japan
| | - Adrian W. Moore
- Laboratory for Genetic Control of Neuronal Architecture; RIKEN Brain Science Institute; Wako-shi Saitama Japan
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