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Kok ZY, Stoddart LA, Mistry SJ, Mocking TAM, Vischer HF, Leurs R, Hill SJ, Mistry SN, Kellam B. Optimization of Peptide Linker-Based Fluorescent Ligands for the Histamine H 1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8258-8288. [PMID: 35734860 PMCID: PMC9234962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The histamine H1 receptor (H1R) has recently been implicated in mediating cell proliferation and cancer progression; therefore, high-affinity H1R-selective fluorescent ligands are desirable tools for further investigation of this behavior in vitro and in vivo. We previously reported a H1R fluorescent ligand, bearing a peptide-linker, based on antagonist VUF13816 and sought to further explore structure-activity relationships (SARs) around the linker, orthostere, and fluorescent moieties. Here, we report a series of high-affinity H1R fluorescent ligands varying in peptide linker composition, orthosteric targeting moiety, and fluorophore. Incorporation of a boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) 630/650-based fluorophore conferred high binding affinity to our H1R fluorescent ligands, remarkably overriding the linker SAR observed in corresponding unlabeled congeners. Compound 31a, both potent and subtype-selective, enabled H1R visualization using confocal microscopy at a concentration of 10 nM. Molecular docking of 31a with the human H1R predicts that the optimized peptide linker makes interactions with key residues in the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yuan Kok
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Sarah J Mistry
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Tamara A M Mocking
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelean 1083, 1083 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelean 1083, 1083 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelean 1083, 1083 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Shailesh N Mistry
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
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Stoddart LA, Goulding J, Briddon SJ. Advances in the application of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to study detergent purified and encapsulated membrane proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 146:106210. [PMID: 35390493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a quantitative spectroscopy technique which could potentially increase throughput and sensitivity of screening for ligand, substrate and inhibitor binding to membrane proteins in solution. However, the purification of membrane proteins in their active forms is complex, as the lipid bilayer provides stability and its removal often causes the protein to become conformationally unstable. This has limited the application of biophysical techniques such as FCS to study the function of membrane proteins. The recent application of native extraction techniques such as styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) has resolved this issue and FCS has emerged as a powerful option for studying proteins extracted in this way. This review will discuss the application of FCS to study purified membrane proteins in detergent micelles, nanodiscs and SMALPs and its potential to be used routinely in membrane protein drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Joëlle Goulding
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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Cooper SL, Wragg ES, Pannucci P, Soave M, Hill SJ, Woolard J. Regionally selective cardiovascular responses to adenosine A 2A and A 2B receptor activation. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22214. [PMID: 35230706 PMCID: PMC9415116 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101945r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a local mediator that regulates changes in the cardiovascular system via activation of four G protein-coupled receptors (A1 , A2A , A2B , A3 ). Here, we have investigated the effect of A2A and A2B -selective agonists on vasodilatation in three distinct vascular beds of the rat cardiovascular system. NanoBRET ligand binding studies were used to confirm receptor selectivity. The regional hemodynamic effects of adenosine A2A and A2B selective agonists were investigated in conscious rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (350-450 g) were chronically implanted with pulsed Doppler flow probes on the renal artery, mesenteric artery, and the descending abdominal aorta. Cardiovascular responses were measured following intravenous infusion (3 min for each dose) of the A2A -selective agonist CGS 21680 (0.1, 0.3, 1 µg kg-1 min-1 ) or the A2B -selective agonist BAY 60-6583 (4,13.3, 40 µg kg-1 min-1 ) following predosing with the A2A -selective antagonist SCH 58261 (0.1 or 1 mg kg-1 min-1 ), the A2B /A2A antagonist PSB 1115 (10 mg kg-1 min-1 ) or vehicle. The A2A -selective agonist CGS 21680 produced a striking increase in heart rate (HR) and hindquarters vascular conductance (VC) that was accompanied by a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in conscious rats. In marked contrast, the A2B -selective agonist BAY 60-6583 significantly increased HR and VC in the renal and mesenteric vascular beds, but not in the hindquarters. Taken together, these data indicate that A2A and A2B receptors are regionally selective in their regulation of vascular tone. These results suggest that the development of A2B receptor agonists to induce vasodilatation in the kidney may provide a good therapeutic approach for the treatment of acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Cooper
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK,Centre of Membrane Proteins and ReceptorsUniversity of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
| | - Edward S. Wragg
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK,Centre of Membrane Proteins and ReceptorsUniversity of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
| | - Patrizia Pannucci
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK,Centre of Membrane Proteins and ReceptorsUniversity of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK,Centre of Membrane Proteins and ReceptorsUniversity of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK,Centre of Membrane Proteins and ReceptorsUniversity of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK,Centre of Membrane Proteins and ReceptorsUniversity of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
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Lucey M, Ashik T, Marzook A, Wang Y, Goulding J, Oishi A, Broichhagen J, Hodson DJ, Minnion J, Elani Y, Jockers R, Briddon SJ, Bloom SR, Tomas A, Jones B. Acylation of the Incretin Peptide Exendin-4 Directly Impacts Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Signaling and Trafficking. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:319-334. [PMID: 34315812 PMCID: PMC8626645 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor and mainstay therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Recent reports have highlighted how biased agonism at the GLP-1R affects sustained glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through avoidance of desensitization and downregulation. A number of GLP-1R agonists (GLP-1RAs) feature a fatty acid moiety to prolong their pharmacokinetics via increased albumin binding, but the potential for these chemical changes to influence GLP-1R function has rarely been investigated beyond potency assessments for cAMP. Here, we directly compare the prototypical GLP-1RA exendin-4 with its C-terminally acylated analog, exendin-4-C16. We examine relative propensities of each ligand to recruit and activate G proteins and β-arrestins, endocytic and postendocytic trafficking profiles, and interactions with model and cellular membranes in HEK293 and HEK293T cells. Both ligands had similar cAMP potency, but exendin-4-C16 showed ∼2.5-fold bias toward G protein recruitment and a ∼60% reduction in β-arrestin-2 recruitment efficacy compared with exendin-4, as well as reduced GLP-1R endocytosis and preferential targeting toward recycling pathways. These effects were associated with reduced movement of the GLP-1R extracellular domain measured using a conformational biosensor approach and a ∼70% increase in insulin secretion in INS-1 832/3 cells. Interactions with plasma membrane lipids were enhanced by the acyl chain. Exendin-4-C16 showed extensive albumin binding and was highly effective for lowering of blood glucose in mice over at least 72 hours. Our study highlights the importance of a broad approach to the evaluation of GLP-1RA pharmacology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Acylation is a common strategy to enhance the pharmacokinetics of peptide-based drugs. This work shows how acylation can also affect various other pharmacological parameters, including biased agonism, receptor trafficking, and interactions with the plasma membrane, which may be therapeutically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucey
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Tanyel Ashik
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Amaara Marzook
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Yifan Wang
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Joëlle Goulding
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Atsuro Oishi
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - David J Hodson
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - James Minnion
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Yuval Elani
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine (M.L., T.A., A.M., J.M., S.R.B., B.J.) and Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics (Y.W., A.T.), Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, and Department of Chemical Engineering (Y.E.), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (J.G., S.J.B.); Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (J.G., D.J.H., S.J.B.); Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France (A.O., R.J.); Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (A.O.); Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany (J.B.); Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom (D.J.H.)
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5
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The use of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to characterise the molecular mobility of G protein-coupled receptors in membrane microdomains: an update. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1547-1554. [PMID: 34436556 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent that some G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are not homogeneously expressed within the plasma membrane but may instead be organised within distinct signalling microdomains. These microdomains localise GPCRs in close proximity with other membrane proteins and intracellular signalling partners and could have profound implications for the spatial and temporal control of downstream signalling. In order to probe the molecular mechanisms that govern GPCR pharmacology within these domains, fluorescence techniques with effective single receptor sensitivity are required. Of these, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a technique that meets this sensitivity threshold. This short review will provide an update of the recent uses of FCS based techniques in conjunction with GPCR subtype selective fluorescent ligands to characterise dynamic ligand-receptor interactions in whole cells and using purified GPCRs.
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6
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Goulding J, Kondrashov A, Mistry SJ, Melarangi T, Vo NTN, Hoang DM, White CW, Denning C, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. The use of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to monitor cell surface β2-adrenoceptors at low expression levels in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21398. [PMID: 33710675 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002268r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The importance of cell phenotype in determining the molecular mechanisms underlying β2 -adrenoceptor (β2AR) function has been noted previously when comparing responses in primary cells and recombinant model cell lines. Here, we have generated haplotype-specific SNAP-tagged β2AR human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines and applied fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to study cell surface receptors in progenitor cells and in differentiated fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. FCS was able to quantify SNAP-tagged β2AR number and diffusion in both ES-derived cardiomyocytes and CRISPR/Cas9 genome-edited HEK293T cells, where the expression level was too low to detect using standard confocal microscopy. These studies demonstrate the power of FCS in investigating cell surface β2ARs at the very low expression levels often seen in endogenously expressing cells. Furthermore, the use of ES cell technology in combination with FCS allowed us to demonstrate that cell surface β2ARs internalize in response to formoterol-stimulation in ES progenitor cells but not following their differentiation into ES-derived fibroblasts. This indicates that the process of agonist-induced receptor internalization is strongly influenced by cell phenotype and this may have important implications for drug treatment with long-acting β2AR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Goulding
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexander Kondrashov
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah J Mistry
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tony Melarangi
- Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nguyen T N Vo
- Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Duc M Hoang
- Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Cellular Manufacturing, Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Carl W White
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Denning
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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7
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Borgarelli C, Klingl YE, Escamilla-Ayala A, Munck S, Van Den Bosch L, De Borggraeve WM, Ismalaj E. Lighting Up the Plasma Membrane: Development and Applications of Fluorescent Ligands for Transmembrane Proteins. Chemistry 2021; 27:8605-8641. [PMID: 33733502 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that transmembrane proteins represent the main therapeutic targets for decades, complete and in-depth knowledge about their biochemical and pharmacological profiling is not fully available. In this regard, target-tailored small-molecule fluorescent ligands are a viable approach to fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle. Such tools, coupled with the ability of high-precision optical techniques to image with an unprecedented resolution at a single-molecule level, helped unraveling many of the conundrums related to plasma proteins' life-cycle and druggability. Herein, we review the recent progress made during the last two decades in fluorescent ligand design and potential applications in fluorescence microscopy of voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels and G-coupled protein receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Borgarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yvonne E Klingl
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain &, Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abril Escamilla-Ayala
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, & VIB BioImaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 - box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Munck
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, & VIB BioImaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 - box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain &, Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim M De Borggraeve
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ermal Ismalaj
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Comeo E, Trinh P, Nguyen AT, Nowell CJ, Kindon ND, Soave M, Stoddart LA, White JM, Hill SJ, Kellam B, Halls ML, May LT, Scammells PJ. Development and Application of Subtype-Selective Fluorescent Antagonists for the Study of the Human Adenosine A 1 Receptor in Living Cells. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6670-6695. [PMID: 33724031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that provides important therapeutic opportunities for a number of conditions including congestive heart failure, tachycardia, and neuropathic pain. The development of A1AR-selective fluorescent ligands will enhance our understanding of the subcellular mechanisms underlying A1AR pharmacology facilitating the development of more efficacious and selective therapies. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and application of a novel series of A1AR-selective fluorescent probes based on 8-functionalized bicyclo[2.2.2]octylxanthine and 3-functionalized 8-(adamant-1-yl) xanthine scaffolds. These fluorescent conjugates allowed quantification of kinetic and equilibrium ligand binding parameters using NanoBRET and visualization of specific receptor distribution patterns in living cells by confocal imaging and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. As such, the novel A1AR-selective fluorescent antagonists described herein can be applied in conjunction with a series of fluorescence-based techniques to foster understanding of A1AR molecular pharmacology and signaling in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Comeo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Phuc Trinh
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anh T Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Kindon
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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9
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Stoddart LA, Kilpatrick LE, Corriden R, Kellam B, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. Efficient G protein coupling is not required for agonist-mediated internalization and membrane reorganization of the adenosine A 3 receptor. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21211. [PMID: 33710641 PMCID: PMC9328438 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001729rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Organization of G protein‐coupled receptors at the plasma membrane has been the focus of much recent attention. Advanced microscopy techniques have shown that these receptors can be localized to discrete microdomains and reorganization upon ligand activation is crucial in orchestrating their signaling. Here, we have compared the membrane organization and downstream signaling of a mutant (R108A, R3.50A) of the adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) to that of the wild‐type receptor. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) studies with a fluorescent agonist (ABEA‐X‐BY630) demonstrated that both wild‐type and mutant receptors bind agonist with high affinity but in subsequent downstream signaling assays the R108A mutation abolished agonist‐mediated inhibition of cAMP production and ERK phosphorylation. In further FCS studies, both A3AR and A3AR R108A underwent similar agonist‐induced increases in receptor density and molecular brightness which were accompanied by a decrease in membrane diffusion after agonist treatment. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation, experiments showed that the R108A mutant retained the ability to recruit β‐arrestin and these receptor/arrestin complexes displayed similar membrane diffusion and organization to that observed with wild‐type receptors. These data demonstrate that effective G protein signaling is not a prerequisite for agonist‐stimulated β‐arrestin recruitment and membrane reorganization of the A3AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.,School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ross Corriden
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.,School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
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10
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BRET- and fluorescence anisotropy-based assays for real-time monitoring of ligand binding to M 2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118930. [PMID: 33347921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BRET and fluorescence anisotropy (FA) are two fluorescence-based techniques used for the characterization of ligand binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and both allow monitoring of ligand binding in real time. In this study, we present the first direct comparison of BRET-based and FA-based binding assays using the human M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M2R) and two TAMRA (5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine)-labeled fluorescent ligands as a model system. The determined fluorescent ligand affinities from both assays were in good agreement with results obtained from radioligand competition binding experiments. The assays yielded real-time kinetic binding data revealing differences in the mechanism of binding for the investigated fluorescent probes. Furthermore, the investigation of various unlabeled M2R ligands yielded pharmacological profiles in accordance with earlier reported data. Taken together, this study showed that BRET- and FA-based binding assays represent valuable alternatives to radioactivity-based methods for screening purposes and for a precise characterization of binding kinetics supporting the exploration of binding mechanisms.
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11
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Calebiro D, Koszegi Z, Lanoiselée Y, Miljus T, O'Brien S. G protein-coupled receptor-G protein interactions: a single-molecule perspective. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:857-906. [PMID: 33331229 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many cellular and physiological processes, responding to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli including hormones, neurotransmitters, odorants, and light. Decades of biochemical and pharmacological studies have provided fundamental insights into the mechanisms of GPCR signaling. Thanks to recent advances in structural biology, we now possess an atomistic understanding of receptor activation and G protein coupling. However, how GPCRs and G proteins interact in living cells to confer signaling efficiency and specificity remains insufficiently understood. The development of advanced optical methods, including single-molecule microscopy, has provided the means to study receptors and G proteins in living cells with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. The results of these studies reveal an unexpected level of complexity, whereby GPCRs undergo transient interactions among themselves as well as with G proteins and structural elements of the plasma membrane to form short-lived signaling nanodomains that likely confer both rapidity and specificity to GPCR signaling. These findings may provide new strategies to pharmaceutically modulate GPCR function, which might eventually pave the way to innovative drugs for common diseases such as diabetes or heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsombor Koszegi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Lanoiselée
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Miljus
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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12
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Essential role of the C148–C227 disulphide bridge in the human 5-HT2A homodimeric receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Grime RL, Goulding J, Uddin R, Stoddart LA, Hill SJ, Poyner DR, Briddon SJ, Wheatley M. Single molecule binding of a ligand to a G-protein-coupled receptor in real time using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, rendered possible by nano-encapsulation in styrene maleic acid lipid particles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11518-11525. [PMID: 32428052 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01060j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental importance of membrane proteins in cellular processes has driven a marked increase in the use of membrane mimetic approaches for studying and exploiting these proteins. Nano-encapsulation strategies which preserve the native lipid bilayer environment are particularly attractive. Consequently, the use of poly(styrene co-maleic acid) (SMA) has been widely adopted to solubilise proteins directly from cell membranes by spontaneously forming "SMA Lipid Particles" (SMALPs). G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are ubiquitous "chemical switches", are central to cell signalling throughout the evolutionary tree, form the largest family of membrane proteins in humans and are a major drug discovery target. GPCR-SMALPs that retain binding capability would be a versatile platform for a wide range of down-stream applications. Here, using the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) as an archetypical GPCR, we show for the first time the utility of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to characterise the binding capability of GPCRs following nano-encapsulation. Unbound fluorescent ligand CA200645 exhibited a monophasic autocorrelation curve (dwell time, τD = 68 ± 2 μs; diffusion coefficient, D = 287 ± 15 μm2 s-1). In the presence of A2AR-SMALP, bound ligand was also evident (τD = 625 ± 23 μs; D = 30 ± 4 μm2 s-1). Using a non-receptor control (ZipA-SMALP) plus competition binding confirmed that this slower component represented binding to the encapsulated A2AR. Consequently, the combination of GPCR-SMALP and FCS is an effective platform for the quantitative real-time characterisation of nano-encapsulated receptors, with single molecule sensitivity, that will have widespread utility for future exploitation of GPCR-SMALPs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L Grime
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Joelle Goulding
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Romez Uddin
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - David R Poyner
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Mark Wheatley
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK and Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK.
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14
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Robers MB, Friedman-Ohana R, Huber KVM, Kilpatrick L, Vasta JD, Berger BT, Chaudhry C, Hill S, Müller S, Knapp S, Wood KV. Quantifying Target Occupancy of Small Molecules Within Living Cells. Annu Rev Biochem 2020; 89:557-581. [PMID: 32208767 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-011420-092302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The binding affinity and kinetics of target engagement are fundamental to establishing structure-activity relationships (SARs) for prospective therapeutic agents. Enhancing these binding parameters for operative targets, while minimizing binding to off-target sites, can translate to improved drug efficacy and a widened therapeutic window. Compound activity is typically assessed through modulation of an observed phenotype in cultured cells. Quantifying the corresponding binding properties under common cellular conditions can provide more meaningful interpretation of the cellular SAR analysis. Consequently, methods for assessing drug binding in living cells have advanced and are now integral to medicinal chemistry workflows. In this review, we survey key technological advancements that support quantitative assessments of target occupancy in cultured cells, emphasizing generalizable methodologies able to deliver analytical precision that heretofore required reductionist biochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Robers
- Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA; , ,
| | | | - K V M Huber
- Target Discovery Institute and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom; .,Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - L Kilpatrick
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , .,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - J D Vasta
- Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA; , ,
| | - B-T Berger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; ,
| | - C Chaudhry
- Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08648, USA;
| | - S Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , .,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - S Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; , .,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - S Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; , .,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; .,German Cancer Network (DKTK), Frankfurt/Mainz, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - K V Wood
- Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA; , , .,Current affiliation: Light Bio, Inc., Mount Horeb, Wisconsin 53572, USA;
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15
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Planes N, Vanderheyden PPML, Gratton E, Caballero-George C. Image mean square displacement to study the lateral mobility of Angiotensin II type 1 and Endothelin 1 type A receptors on living cells. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 83:381-392. [PMID: 31837080 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The lateral mobility of membrane receptors provides insights into the molecular interactions of protein binding and the complex dynamic plasma membrane. The image mean square displacement (iMSD) analysis is a method used to extract qualitative and quantitative information of the protein diffusion law and infers how diffusion dynamic processes may change when the cellular environment is modified. The aim of the study was to describe the membrane diffusing properties of two G-protein-coupled receptors namely Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1 ) and Endothelin 1 type A (ETA ) receptors and their corresponding receptor-ligand complexes in living cells using total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy and iMSD analysis. This study showed that both AT1 and ETA receptors displayed a mix of three modes of diffusion: free, confined, and partially confined. The confined mode was the predominant at the plasma membrane of living cells and was not affected by ligand binding. However, the local diffusivity and the confinement zone of AT1 receptors were reduced by the binding of its antagonist losartan, and the long-range diffusion with the local diffusivity coefficient of ETA receptors was reduced upon exposure to its antagonist BQ123. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study addressing the protein diffusion laws of these two receptors on living cells using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and iMSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Planes
- Center of Innovation and Technology Transfer, Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City, Panama.,Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Catherina Caballero-George
- Center of Innovation and Technology Transfer, Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City, Panama
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16
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Chemical Probes for the Adenosine Receptors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12040168. [PMID: 31726680 PMCID: PMC6958474 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the adenosine receptors has been supported by the continuous discovery of new chemical probes characterized by more and more affinity and selectivity for the single adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors). Furthermore, the development of new techniques for the detection of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) requires new specific probes. In fact, if in the past radioligands were the most important GPCR probes for detection, compound screening and diagnostic purposes, nowadays, increasing importance is given to fluorescent and covalent ligands. In fact, advances in techniques such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescent polarization, as well as new applications in flow cytometry and different fluorescence-based microscopic techniques, are at the origin of the extensive research of new fluorescent ligands for these receptors. The resurgence of covalent ligands is due in part to a change in the common thinking in the medicinal chemistry community that a covalent drug is necessarily more toxic than a reversible one, and in part to the useful application of covalent ligands in GPCR structural biology. In this review, an updated collection of available chemical probes targeting adenosine receptors is reported.
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17
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Cooper SL, Soave M, Jörg M, Scammells PJ, Woolard J, Hill SJ. Probe dependence of allosteric enhancers on the binding affinity of adenosine A 1 -receptor agonists at rat and human A 1 -receptors measured using NanoBRET. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:864-878. [PMID: 30644086 PMCID: PMC6433648 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adenosine is a local mediator that regulates a number of physiological and pathological processes via activation of adenosine A1 -receptors. The activity of adenosine can be regulated at the level of its target receptor via drugs that bind to an allosteric site on the A1 -receptor. Here, we have investigated the species and probe dependence of two allosteric modulators on the binding characteristics of fluorescent and nonfluorescent A1 -receptor agonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A Nano-luciferase (Nluc) BRET (NanoBRET) methodology was used. This used N-terminal Nluc-tagged A1 -receptors expressed in HEK293T cells in conjunction with both fluorescent A1 -receptor agonists (adenosine and NECA analogues) and a fluorescent antagonist CA200645. KEY RESULTS PD 81,723 and VCP171 elicited positive allosteric effects on the binding affinity of orthosteric agonists at both the rat and human A1 -receptors that showed clear probe dependence. Thus, the allosteric effect on the highly selective partial agonist capadenoson was much less marked than for the full agonists NECA, adenosine, and CCPA in both species. VCP171 and, to a lesser extent, PD 81,723, also increased the specific binding of three fluorescent A1 -receptor agonists in a species-dependent manner that involved increases in Bmax and pKD . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate the power of the NanoBRET ligand-binding approach to study the effect of allosteric ligands on the binding of fluorescent agonists to the adenosine A1 -receptor in intact living cells. Furthermore, our studies suggest that VCP171 and PD 81,723 may switch a proportion of A1 -receptors to an active agonist conformation (R*).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Cooper
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
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18
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Allikalt A, Kopanchuk S, Rinken A. Implementation of fluorescence anisotropy-based assay for the characterization of ligand binding to dopamine D1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 839:40-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Cui Y, Li X, Yu M, Li R, Fan L, Zhu Y, Lin J. Sterols regulate endocytic pathways during flg22-induced defense responses in Arabidopsis. Development 2018; 145:dev.165688. [PMID: 30228101 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant transmembrane receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) is crucial for innate immunity. Although previous studies have reported FLS2-mediated signal transduction and endocytosis via the clathrin-mediated pathway, whether additional endocytic pathways affect FLS2-mediated defense responses remains unclear. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana sterol-deficient mutant steroid methyltransferase 1 displays defects in immune responses induced by the flagellin-derived peptide flg22. Variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM) coupled with single-particle tracking showed that the spatiotemporal dynamics of FLS2-GFP changed on a millisecond time scale and that the FLS2-GFP dwell time at the plasma membrane increased in cells treated with a sterol-extracting reagent when compared with untreated counterparts. We further demonstrate that flg22-induced FLS2 clustering and endocytosis involves the sterol-associated endocytic pathway, which is distinct from the clathrin-mediated pathway. Moreover, flg22 enhanced the colocalization of FLS2-GFP with the membrane microdomain marker Flot 1-mCherry and FLS2 endocytosis via the sterol-associated pathway. This indicates that plants may respond to pathogen attacks by regulating two different endocytic pathways. Taken together, our results suggest the key role of sterol homeostasis in flg22-induced plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lusheng Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Jinming Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China .,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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20
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Xue Y, Xing J, Wan Y, Lv X, Fan L, Zhang Y, Song K, Wang L, Wang X, Deng X, Baluška F, Christie JM, Lin J. Arabidopsis Blue Light Receptor Phototropin 1 Undergoes Blue Light-Induced Activation in Membrane Microdomains. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:846-859. [PMID: 29689384 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin (phot)-mediated signaling initiated by blue light (BL) plays a critical role in optimizing photosynthetic light capture at the plasma membrane (PM) in plants. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of phot activity at the PM in response to BL remain largely unclear. In this study, by single-particle tracking and stepwise photobleaching analysis of phot1-GFP proteins we demonstrated that in the dark phot1 proteins remain in an inactive state and mostly exist as monomers. Dimerization and the diffusion rate of phot1-GFP increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to BL. In contrast, BL did not affect the lateral diffusion of kinase-inactive phot1D806N-GFP but did enhance its dimerization, suggesting that phot1 dimerization is independent of phosphorylation. Förster resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy analysis revealed that the interaction between phot1-GFP and a marker of sterol-rich lipid environments, AtRem1.3-mCherry, was enhanced with increased time of BL treatment. However, this BL-dependent interaction was not obvious in plants co-expressing phot1D806N-GFP and AtRem1.3-mCherry, indicating that BL facilitates the translocation of functional phot1-GFP into AtRem1.3-labeled microdomains to activate phot-mediated signaling. Conversely, sterol depletion attenuated phot1-GFP dynamics, dimerization, and phosphorylation. Taken together, these results indicate that membrane microdomains act as organizing platforms essential for the proper function of activated phot1 at the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Xue
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinglang Wan
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lusheng Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yongdeng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kai Song
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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21
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Qian M, Vasudevan L, Huysentruyt J, Risseeuw MDP, Stove C, Vanderheyden PML, Van Craenenbroeck K, Van Calenbergh S. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Bivalent Ligands Targeting Dopamine D 2 -Like Receptors and the μ-Opioid Receptor. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:944-956. [PMID: 29451744 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is mounting evidence that intermolecular receptor-receptor interactions may result in altered receptor recognition, pharmacology and signaling. Heterobivalent ligands have been proven useful as molecular probes for confirming and targeting heteromeric receptors. This report describes the design and synthesis of novel heterobivalent ligands for dopamine D2 -like receptors (D2 -likeR) and the μ-opioid receptor (μOR) and their evaluation using ligand binding and functional assays. Interestingly, we identified a potent bivalent ligand that contains a short 18-atom linker and combines good potency with high efficacy both in β-arrestin 2 recruitment for μOR and MAPK-P for D4 R. Furthermore, this compound was characterized by a biphasic competition binding curve for the D4 R-μOR heterodimer, indicative of a bivalent binding mode. As this compound possibly bridges the D4 R-μOR heterodimer, it could be used as a pharmacological tool to further investigate the interactions of D4 R and μOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcheng Qian
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lakshmi Vasudevan
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelle Huysentruyt
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn D P Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department Research Group of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB-MBFA, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Stoddart LA, Kilpatrick LE, Hill SJ. NanoBRET Approaches to Study Ligand Binding to GPCRs and RTKs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:136-147. [PMID: 29132917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of fluorescent ligands for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) have facilitated the study of these receptors in living cells. A limitation of these ligands is potential uptake into cells and increased nonspecific binding. However, this can largely be overcome by using proximity approaches, such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), which localise the signal (within 10nm) to the specific receptor target. The recent engineering of NanoLuc has resulted in a luciferase variant that is smaller and significantly brighter (up to tenfold) than existing variants. Here, we review the use of BRET from N-terminal NanoLuc-tagged GPCRs or a RTK to a receptor-bound fluorescent ligand to provide quantitative pharmacology of ligand-receptor interactions in living cells in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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23
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Stoddart LA, Vernall AJ, Bouzo-Lorenzo M, Bosma R, Kooistra AJ, de Graaf C, Vischer HF, Leurs R, Briddon SJ, Kellam B, Hill SJ. Development of novel fluorescent histamine H 1-receptor antagonists to study ligand-binding kinetics in living cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1572. [PMID: 29371669 PMCID: PMC5785503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The histamine H1-receptor (H1R) is an important mediator of allergy and inflammation. H1R antagonists have particular clinical utility in allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Here we have developed six novel fluorescent probes for this receptor that are very effective for high resolution confocal imaging, alongside bioluminescence resonance energy transfer approaches to monitor H1R ligand binding kinetics in living cells. The latter technology exploits the opportunities provided by the recently described bright bioluminescent protein NanoLuc when it is fused to the N-terminus of a receptor. Two different pharmacophores (mepyramine or the fragment VUF13816) were used to generate fluorescent H1R antagonists conjugated via peptide linkers to the fluorophore BODIPY630/650. Kinetic properties of the probes showed wide variation, with the VUF13816 analogues having much longer H1R residence times relative to their mepyramine-based counterparts. The kinetics of these fluorescent ligands could also be monitored in membrane preparations providing new opportunities for future drug discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Andrea J Vernall
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Monica Bouzo-Lorenzo
- Division of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Reggie Bosma
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, PO Box 7161, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Kooistra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, PO Box 7161, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, PO Box 7161, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, PO Box 7161, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, PO Box 7161, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Barrie Kellam
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.
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24
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Briddon SJ, Kilpatrick LE, Hill SJ. Studying GPCR Pharmacology in Membrane Microdomains: Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Comes of Age. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 39:158-174. [PMID: 29277246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are organised within the cell membrane into highly ordered macromolecular complexes along with other receptors and signalling proteins. Understanding how heterogeneity in these complexes affects the pharmacology and functional response of these receptors is crucial for developing new and more selective ligands. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and related techniques such as photon counting histogram (PCH) analysis and image-based FCS can be used to interrogate the properties of GPCRs in these membrane microdomains, as well as their interaction with fluorescent ligands. FCS analyses fluorescence fluctuations within a small-defined excitation volume to yield information about their movement, concentration and molecular brightness (aggregation). These techniques can be used on live cells with single-molecule sensitivity and high spatial resolution. Once the preserve of specialist equipment, FCS techniques can now be applied using standard confocal microscopes. This review describes how FCS and related techniques have revealed novel insights into GPCR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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25
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Kilpatrick LE, Friedman-Ohana R, Alcobia DC, Riching K, Peach CJ, Wheal AJ, Briddon SJ, Robers MB, Zimmerman K, Machleidt T, Wood KV, Woolard J, Hill SJ. Real-time analysis of the binding of fluorescent VEGF 165a to VEGFR2 in living cells: Effect of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and fate of internalized agonist-receptor complexes. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 136:62-75. [PMID: 28392095 PMCID: PMC5457915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator of angiogenesis. Here we have used a novel stoichiometric protein-labeling method to generate a fluorescent variant of VEGF (VEGF165a-TMR) labeled on a single cysteine within each protomer of the antiparallel VEGF homodimer. VEGF165a-TMR has then been used in conjunction with full length VEGFR2, tagged with the bioluminescent protein NanoLuc, to undertake a real time quantitative evaluation of VEGFR2 binding characteristics in living cells using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). This provided quantitative information on VEGF-VEGFR2 interactions. At longer incubation times, VEGFR2 is internalized by VEGF165a-TMR into intracellular endosomes. This internalization can be prevented by the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) cediranib, sorafenib, pazopanib or vandetanib. In the absence of RTKIs, the BRET signal is decreased over time as a consequence of the dissociation of agonist from the receptor in intracellular endosomes and recycling of VEGFR2 back to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Kilpatrick
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Diana C Alcobia
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chloe J Peach
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Wheal
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeanette Woolard
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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26
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Bernetti M, Cavalli A, Mollica L. Protein-ligand (un)binding kinetics as a new paradigm for drug discovery at the crossroad between experiments and modelling. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:534-550. [PMID: 30108770 PMCID: PMC6072069 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00581k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the last three decades, protein and nucleic acid structure determination and comprehension of the mechanisms, leading to their physiological and pathological functions, have become a cornerstone of biomedical sciences. A deep understanding of the principles governing the fates of cells and tissue at the molecular level has been gained over the years, offering a solid basis for the rational design of drugs aimed at the pharmacological treatment of numerous diseases. Historically, affinity indicators (i.e. Kd and IC50/EC50) have been assumed to be valid indicators of the in vivo efficacy of a drug. However, recent studies pointed out that the kinetics of the drug-receptor binding process could be as important or even more important than affinity in determining the drug efficacy. This eventually led to a growing interest in the characterisation and prediction of the rate constants of protein-ligand association and dissociation. For instance, a drug with a longer residence time can kinetically select a given receptor over another, even if the affinity for both receptors is comparable, thus increasing its therapeutic index. Therefore, understanding the molecular features underlying binding and unbinding processes is of central interest towards the rational control of drug binding kinetics. In this review, we report the theoretical framework behind protein-ligand association and highlight the latest advances in the experimental and computational approaches exploited to investigate the binding kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bernetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , via Belmeloro 6 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
- CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy .
| | - A Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , via Belmeloro 6 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
- CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy .
| | - L Mollica
- CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy .
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27
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The use of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to characterize the molecular mobility of fluorescently labelled G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:624-9. [PMID: 27068980 PMCID: PMC5264494 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The membranes of living cells have been shown to be highly organized into distinct microdomains, which has spatial and temporal consequences for the interaction of membrane bound receptors and their signalling partners as complexes. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a technique with single cell sensitivity that sheds light on the molecular dynamics of fluorescently labelled receptors, ligands or signalling complexes within small plasma membrane regions of living cells. This review provides an overview of the use of FCS to probe the real time quantification of the diffusion and concentration of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), primarily to gain insights into ligand–receptor interactions and the molecular composition of signalling complexes. In addition we document the use of photon counting histogram (PCH) analysis to investigate how changes in molecular brightness (ε) can be a sensitive indicator of changes in molecular mass of fluorescently labelled moieties.
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28
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Dynamics of ligand binding to GPCR: Residence time of melanocortins and its modulation. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:747-753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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Soave M, Stoddart LA, Brown A, Woolard J, Hill SJ. Use of a new proximity assay (NanoBRET) to investigate the ligand-binding characteristics of three fluorescent ligands to the human β1-adrenoceptor expressed in HEK-293 cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00250. [PMID: 27588207 PMCID: PMC4988514 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that allosteric interactions across the dimer interface of β1‐adrenoceptors may be responsible for a secondary low affinity binding conformation. Here we have investigated the potential for probe dependence, in the determination of antagonist pKi values at the human β1‐adenoceptor, which may result from such allosterism interactions. Three fluorescent β1‐adrenoceptor ligands were used to investigate this using bioluminescence energy transfer (BRET) between the receptor‐bound fluorescent ligand and the N‐terminal NanoLuc tag of a human β1‐adrenoceptor expressed in HEK 293 cells (NanoBRET). This proximity assay showed high‐affinity‐specific binding to the NanoLuc‐ β1‐adrenoceptor with each of the three fluorescent ligands yielding KD values of 87.1 ± 10 nmol/L (n = 8), 38.1 ± 12 nmol/L (n = 7), 13.4 ± 2 nmol/L (n = 14) for propranolol‐Peg8‐BY630, propranolol‐ β(Ala‐Ala)‐BY630 and CGP‐12177‐TMR, respectively. Parallel radioligand‐binding studies with 3H‐CGP12177 and TIRF microscopy, to monitor NanoLuc bioluminescence, confirmed a high cell surface expression of the NanoLuc‐ β1‐adrenoceptor in HEK 293 cells (circa 1500 fmol.mg protein−1). Following a 1 h incubation with fluorescent ligands and β1‐adrenoceptor competing antagonists, there were significant differences (P < 0.001) in the pKi values obtained for CGP20712a and CGP 12177 with the different fluorescent ligands and 3H‐CGP 12177. However, increasing the incubation time to 2 h removed these significant differences. The data obtained show that the NanoBRET assay can be applied successfully to study ligand‐receptor interactions at the human β1‐adrenoceptor. However, the study also emphasizes the importance of ensuring that both the fluorescent and competing ligands are in true equilibrium before interpretations regarding probe dependence can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Soave
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Brown
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. Bio Park Welwyn Garden City AL7 3AX United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
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30
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Tian H, Fürstenberg A, Huber T. Labeling and Single-Molecule Methods To Monitor G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dynamics. Chem Rev 2016; 117:186-245. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Tian
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Alexandre Fürstenberg
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Thomas Huber
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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31
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Di Virgilio F, Adinolfi E. Extracellular purines, purinergic receptors and tumor growth. Oncogene 2016; 36:293-303. [PMID: 27321181 PMCID: PMC5269532 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Virtually, all tumor cells as well as all immune cells express plasma membrane receptors for extracellular nucleosides (adenosine) and nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP and sugar UDP). The tumor microenvironment is characterized by an unusually high concentration of ATP and adenosine. Adenosine is a major determinant of the immunosuppressive tumor milieu. Sequential hydrolysis of extracellular ATP catalyzed by CD39 and CD73 is the main pathway for the generation of adenosine in the tumor interstitium. Extracellular ATP and adenosine mold both host and tumor responses. Depending on the specific receptor activated, extracellular purines mediate immunosuppression or immunostimulation on the host side, and growth stimulation or cytotoxicity on the tumor side. Recent progress in this field is providing the key to decode this complex scenario and to lay the basis to harness the potential benefits for therapy. Preclinical data show that targeting the adenosine-generating pathway (that is, CD73) or adenosinergic receptors (that is, A2A) relieves immunosuppresion and potently inhibits tumor growth. On the other hand, growth of experimental tumors is strongly inhibited by targeting the P2X7 ATP-selective receptor of cancer and immune cells. This review summarizes the recent data on the role played by extracellular purines (purinergic signaling) in host-tumor interaction and highlights novel therapeutic options stemming from recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - E Adinolfi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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32
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Guo D, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Kinetic Aspects of the Interaction between Ligand and G Protein-Coupled Receptor: The Case of the Adenosine Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:38-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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33
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Franco R, Martínez-Pinilla E, Lanciego JL, Navarro G. Basic Pharmacological and Structural Evidence for Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Heteromerization. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:76. [PMID: 27065866 PMCID: PMC4815248 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane receptors rarely work on isolation, often they form oligomeric complexes with other receptor molecules and they may directly interact with different proteins of the signal transduction machinery. For a variety of reasons, rhodopsin-like class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) seem an exception to the general rule of receptor-receptor direct interaction. In fact, controversy surrounds their potential to form homo- hetero-dimers/oligomers with other class A GPCRs; in a sense, the field is going backward instead of forward. This review focuses on the convergent, complementary and telling evidence showing that homo- and heteromers of class A GPCRs exist in transfected cells and, more importantly, in natural sources. It is time to decide between questioning the occurrence of heteromers or, alternatively, facing the vast scientific and technical challenges that class A receptor-dimer/oligomer existence pose to Pharmacology and to Drug Discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de OviedoAsturias, Spain; Neurosciences Division, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - José L Lanciego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Neurosciences Division, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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34
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Scarselli M, Annibale P, McCormick PJ, Kolachalam S, Aringhieri S, Radenovic A, Corsini GU, Maggio R. Revealing G-protein-coupled receptor oligomerization at the single-molecule level through a nanoscopic lens: methods, dynamics and biological function. FEBS J 2015; 283:1197-217. [PMID: 26509747 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy has allowed the visualization of single proteins in their biological environment. Recently, these techniques have been applied to determine the organization of class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and to determine whether they exist as monomers, dimers and/or higher-order oligomers. On this subject, this review highlights recent evidence from photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), which allows the visualization of single molecules in dense samples, and single-molecule tracking (SMT), which determines how GPCRs move and interact in living cells in the presence of different ligands. PALM has demonstrated that GPCR oligomerization depends on the receptor subtype, the cell type, the actin cytoskeleton, and other proteins. Conversely, SMT has revealed the transient dynamics of dimer formation, whereby receptors show a monomer-dimer equilibrium characterized by rapid association and dissociation. At steady state, depending on the subtype, approximately 30-50% of receptors are part of dimeric complexes. Notably, the existence of many GPCR dimers/oligomers is also supported by well-known techniques, such as resonance energy transfer methodologies, and by approaches that exploit fluorescence fluctuations, such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Future research using single-molecule methods will deepen our knowledge related to the function and druggability of homo-oligomers and hetero-oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Annibale
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Shivakumar Kolachalam
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Aringhieri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni U Corsini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, Italy
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35
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Hoffmann C, Castro M, Rinken A, Leurs R, Hill SJ, Vischer HF. Ligand Residence Time at G-protein–Coupled Receptors—Why We Should Take Our Time To Study It. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:552-60. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.099671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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36
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Vischer HF, Castro M, Pin JP. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Multimers: A Question Still Open Despite the Use of Novel Approaches. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:561-71. [PMID: 26138074 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.099440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteromerization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can significantly change the functional properties of involved receptors. Various biochemical and biophysical methodologies have been developed in the last two decades to identify and functionally evaluate GPCR heteromers in heterologous cells, with recent approaches focusing on GPCR complex stoichiometry and stability. Yet validation of these observations in native tissues is still lagging behind for the majority of GPCR heteromers. Remarkably, recent studies, particularly some involving advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques, are contributing to our current knowledge of aspects that were not well known until now, such as GPCR complex stoichiometry and stability. In parallel, a growing effort is being applied to move the field forward into native systems. This short review will highlight recent developments to study the stoichiometry and stability of GPCR complexes and methodologies to detect native GPCR dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F Vischer
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (H.F.V.); Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Biofarma Research Group (GI-1685), University of Santiago de Compostela, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.C.); and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.)
| | - Marián Castro
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (H.F.V.); Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Biofarma Research Group (GI-1685), University of Santiago de Compostela, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.C.); and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (H.F.V.); Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Biofarma Research Group (GI-1685), University of Santiago de Compostela, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (M.C.); and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.)
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37
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Stoddart LA, Kilpatrick LE, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. Probing the pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors with fluorescent ligands. Neuropharmacology 2015; 98:48-57. [PMID: 25979488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors control a wide range of physiological processes and are the target for many clinically used drugs. Understanding the way in which receptors bind agonists and antagonists, their organisation in the membrane and their regulation after agonist binding are important properties which are key to developing new drugs. One way to achieve this knowledge is through the use of fluorescent ligands, which have been used to study the expression and function of receptors in endogenously expressing systems. Fluorescent ligands with appropriate imaging properties can be used in conjunction with confocal microscopy to investigate the regulation of receptors after activation. Alternatively, through the use of single molecule microscopy, they can probe the spatial organisation of receptors within the membrane. This review focuses on the techniques in which fluorescent ligands have been used and the novel aspects of G protein-coupled receptor pharmacology which have been uncovered. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Fluorescent Tools in Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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38
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Zhang R, Kavana M. Quantitative analysis of receptor allosterism and its implication for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:763-80. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1041498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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39
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Ciruela F, Fernández-Dueñas V, Jacobson KA. Lighting up G protein-coupled purinergic receptors with engineered fluorescent ligands. Neuropharmacology 2015; 98:58-67. [PMID: 25890205 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of G protein-coupled receptors fluorescent ligands is undergoing continuous expansion. In line with this, fluorescent agonists and antagonists of high affinity for G protein-coupled adenosine and P2Y receptors have been shown to be useful pharmacological probe compounds. Fluorescent ligands for A1R, A2AR, and A3R (adenosine receptors) and P2Y2R, P2Y4R, P2Y6R, and P2Y14R (nucleotide receptors) have been reported. Such ligands have been successfully applied to drug discovery and to GPCR characterization by flow cytometry, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence polarization, fluorescence resonance energy transfer and scanning confocal microscopy. Here we summarize recently reported and readily available representative fluorescent ligands of purinergic receptors. In addition, we pay special attention on the use of this family of fluorescent ligands revealing two main aspects of purinergic receptor biology, namely ligand binding and receptor oligomerization. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Fluorescent Tools in Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ghent, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Víctor Fernández-Dueñas
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20892 Bethesda, USA.
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40
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Gherbi K, May LT, Baker JG, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. Negative cooperativity across β1-adrenoceptor homodimers provides insights into the nature of the secondary low-affinity CGP 12177 β1-adrenoceptor binding conformation. FASEB J 2015; 29:2859-71. [PMID: 25837585 PMCID: PMC4478806 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-265199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
At the β1-adrenoceptor, CGP 12177 potently antagonizes agonist responses at the primary high-affinity catecholamine conformation while also exerting agonist effects of its own through a secondary low-affinity conformation. A recent mutagenesis study identified transmembrane region (TM)4 of the β1-adrenoceptor as key for this low-affinity conformation. Others suggested that TM4 has a role in β1-adrenoceptor oligomerization. Here, assessment of the dissociation rate of a fluorescent analog of CGP 12177 [bordifluoropyrromethane-tetramethylrhodamine-(±)CGP 12177 (BODIPY-TMR-CGP)] at the human β1-adrenoceptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells revealed negative cooperative interactions between 2 distinct β1-adrenoceptor conformations. The dissociation rate of 3 nM BODIPY-TMR-CGP was 0.09 ± 0.01 min−1 in the absence of competitor ligands, and this was enhanced 2.2- and 2.1-fold in the presence of 1 µM CGP 12177 and 1 µM propranolol, respectively. These effects on the BODIPY-TMR-CGP dissociation rate were markedly enhanced in β1-adrenoceptor homodimers constrained by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (9.8- and 9.9-fold for 1 µM CGP 12177 and 1 µM propranolol, respectively) and abolished in β1-adrenoceptors containing TM4 mutations vital for the second conformation pharmacology. This study suggests that negative cooperativity across a β1-adrenoceptor homodimer may be responsible for generating the low-affinity pharmacology of the secondary β1-adrenoceptor conformation.—Gherbi, K., May, L. T., Baker, J. G., Briddon, S. J., Hill, S. J. Negative cooperativity across β1-adrenoceptor homodimers provides insights into the nature of the secondary low-affinity CGP 12177 β1-adrenoceptor binding conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Gherbi
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren T May
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jillian G Baker
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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41
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Kilpatrick LE, Humphrys LJ, Holliday ND. A G protein-coupled receptor dimer imaging assay reveals selectively modified pharmacology of neuropeptide Y Y1/Y5 receptor heterodimers. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:718-32. [PMID: 25637604 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to form dimers, and particularly heterodimers, offers potential for targeted therapeutics with improved selectivity. However, studying dimer pharmacology is challenging, because of signaling cross-talk or because dimerization may often be transient in nature. Here we develop a system to isolate the pharmacology of precisely defined GPCR dimers, trapped by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Specific effects of agonist activation on such dimers are quantified using automated imaging and analysis of their internalization, controlled for by simultaneous assessment of endocytosis of one coexpressed protomer population. We applied this BiFC system to study example neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor dimers. Incorporation of binding-site or phosphorylation-site mutations into just one protomer of a Y1/Y1 BiFC homodimer had no impact on efficient NPY-stimulated endocytosis, demonstrating that single-site agonist occupancy, and one phosphorylated monomer within this dimer, was sufficient. For two Y1 receptor heterodimer combinations (with the Y4 receptor or β2-adrenoceptor), agonist and antagonist pharmacology was explained by independent actions on the respective orthosteric binding sites. However, Y1/Y5 receptor BiFC dimers, compared with the constituent subtypes, were characterized by reduced potency and efficacy of Y5-selective peptide agonists, the inactivity of Y1-selective antagonists, and a change from surmountable to nonsurmountable antagonism for three unrelated Y5 antagonists. Thus, allosteric interactions between Y1 and Y5 receptors modify the pharmacology of the heterodimer, with implications for potential antiobesity agents that target centrally coexpressed Y1 and Y5 receptors to suppress appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Kilpatrick
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, The Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Humphrys
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, The Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Holliday
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, The Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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42
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Herrick-Davis K, Grinde E, Lindsley T, Teitler M, Mancia F, Cowan A, Mazurkiewicz JE. Native serotonin 5-HT2C receptors are expressed as homodimers on the apical surface of choroid plexus epithelial cells. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:660-73. [PMID: 25609374 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.096636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a prominent class of plasma membrane proteins that regulate physiologic responses to a wide variety of stimuli and therapeutic agents. Although GPCR oligomerization has been studied extensively in recombinant cells, it remains uncertain whether native receptors expressed in their natural cellular environment are monomers, dimers, or oligomers. The goal of this study was to determine the monomer/oligomer status of a native GPCR endogenously expressed in its natural cellular environment. Native 5-HT2C receptors in choroid plexus epithelial cells were evaluated using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) with photon counting histogram (PCH). An anti-5-HT2C fragment antigen binding protein was used to label native 5-HT2C receptors. A known monomeric receptor (CD-86) served as a control for decoding the oligomer status of native 5-HT2C receptors by molecular brightness analysis. FCS with PCH revealed molecular brightness values for native 5-HT2C receptors equivalent to the molecular brightness of a homodimer. 5-HT2C receptors displayed a diffusion coefficient of 5 × 10(-9) cm(2)/s and were expressed at 32 receptors/μm(2) on the apical surface of choroid plexus epithelial cells. The functional significance and signaling capabilities of the homodimer were investigated in human embryonic kidney 293 cells using agonists that bind in a wash-resistant manner to one or both protomers of the homodimer. Whereas agonist binding to one protomer resulted in G protein activation, maximal stimulation required occupancy of both protomers. This study is the first to demonstrate the homodimeric structure of 5-HT2C receptors endogenously expressed in their native cellular environment, and identifies the homodimer as a functional signaling unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Herrick-Davis
- Center for Neuropharmacology & Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (K.H.-D., E.G., T.L., M.T., J.E.M.); Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York (F.M.); and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut (A.C.)
| | - Ellinor Grinde
- Center for Neuropharmacology & Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (K.H.-D., E.G., T.L., M.T., J.E.M.); Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York (F.M.); and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut (A.C.)
| | - Tara Lindsley
- Center for Neuropharmacology & Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (K.H.-D., E.G., T.L., M.T., J.E.M.); Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York (F.M.); and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut (A.C.)
| | - Milt Teitler
- Center for Neuropharmacology & Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (K.H.-D., E.G., T.L., M.T., J.E.M.); Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York (F.M.); and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut (A.C.)
| | - Filippo Mancia
- Center for Neuropharmacology & Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (K.H.-D., E.G., T.L., M.T., J.E.M.); Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York (F.M.); and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut (A.C.)
| | - Ann Cowan
- Center for Neuropharmacology & Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (K.H.-D., E.G., T.L., M.T., J.E.M.); Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York (F.M.); and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut (A.C.)
| | - Joseph E Mazurkiewicz
- Center for Neuropharmacology & Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (K.H.-D., E.G., T.L., M.T., J.E.M.); Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York (F.M.); and Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut (A.C.)
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Hill S. Investigation of GPCR allosterism and dimerization in single living cells using fluorescent ligands. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:L8. [PMID: 27386225 PMCID: PMC4797649 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-4-s1-l8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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