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Xu H, Wu D, Xiao M, Lei Y, Lei Y, Yu X, Shi S. PP2A complex disruptor SET prompts widespread hypertranscription of growth-essential genes in the pancreatic cancer cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk6633. [PMID: 38277454 PMCID: PMC10816699 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk6633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the oncogenic transcription reflects the epigenetic plasticity of the cancer cells. Su(var)3-9, enhancer of zeste, Trithorax (SET) was described as a nuclear factor that stimulated transcription from the chromatin template. However, the mechanisms of SET-dependent transcription are unknown. Here, we found that overexpression of SET and CDK9 induced very similar transcriptome signatures in multiple cancer cell lines. SET localized in the transcription start site (TSS)-proximal regions and supported the RNA transcription. SET specifically bound the PP2A-C subunit and induced PP2A-A subunit repulsion from the C subunit, which indicated the role of SET as a PP2A-A/C complex disruptor in the TSS-proximal regions. Through blocking PP2A activity, SET assisted CDK9 to maintain Pol II CTD phosphorylation and activated mRNA transcription. Our findings position SET as a key factor that modulates chromatin PP2A activity, promoting the oncogenic transcription in the pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingming Xiao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yubin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Yalan Lei
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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2
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Di Mambro A, Arroyo-Berdugo Y, Fioretti T, Randles M, Cozzuto L, Rajeeve V, Cevenini A, Austin MJ, Esposito G, Ponomarenko J, Lucas CM, Cutillas P, Gribben J, Williams O, Calle Y, Patel B, Esposito MT. SET-PP2A complex as a new therapeutic target in KMT2A (MLL) rearranged AML. Oncogene 2023; 42:3670-3683. [PMID: 37891368 PMCID: PMC10709139 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
KMT2A-rearranged (KMT2A-R) is an aggressive and chemo-refractory acute leukemia which mostly affects children. Transcriptomics-based characterization and chemical interrogation identified kinases as key drivers of survival and drug resistance in KMT2A-R leukemia. In contrast, the contribution and regulation of phosphatases is unknown. In this study we uncover the essential role and underlying mechanisms of SET, the endogenous inhibitor of Ser/Thr phosphatase PP2A, in KMT2A-R-leukemia. Investigation of SET expression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples demonstrated that SET is overexpressed, and elevated expression of SET is correlated with poor prognosis and with the expression of MEIS and HOXA genes in AML patients. Silencing SET specifically abolished the clonogenic ability of KMT2A-R leukemic cells and the transcription of KMT2A targets genes HOXA9 and HOXA10. Subsequent mechanistic investigations showed that SET interacts with both KMT2A wild type and fusion proteins, and it is recruited to the HOXA10 promoter. Pharmacological inhibition of SET by FTY720 disrupted SET-PP2A interaction leading to cell cycle arrest and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in KMT2A-R-leukemic models. Phospho-proteomic analyses revealed that FTY720 reduced the activity of kinases regulated by PP2A, including ERK1, GSK3β, AURB and PLK1 and led to suppression of MYC, supporting the hypothesis of a feedback loop among PP2A, AURB, PLK1, MYC, and SET. Our findings illustrate that SET is a novel player in KMT2A-R leukemia and they provide evidence that SET antagonism could serve as a novel strategy to treat this aggressive leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tiziana Fioretti
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michael Randles
- Chester Centre for Leukaemia Research, Chester Medical School, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Centre Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Armando Cevenini
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael J Austin
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Esposito
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Julia Ponomarenko
- Centre Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claire M Lucas
- Chester Centre for Leukaemia Research, Chester Medical School, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Owen Williams
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London, UCL, London, UK
| | - Yolanda Calle
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Bela Patel
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Maria Teresa Esposito
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
- School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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3
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Xing D, Wells JM. Putting a Novel Emphysema Treatment on the SMAP. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:491-492. [PMID: 37552790 PMCID: PMC10633842 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0263ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Xing
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine
- Lung Health Center
- Cardiopulmonary Research Program University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
| | - J Michael Wells
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine
- Lung Health Center
- Cardiopulmonary Research Program University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Veterans Affairs Birmingham VA Healthcare System Birmingham, Alabama
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4
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Hisham Shady N, Zhang J, Khalid Sobhy S, Hisham M, Glaeser SP, Alsenani F, Kämpfer P, El-Katatny MH, Abdelmohsen UR. Metabolomic profiling and cytotoxic potential of three endophytic fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium isolated from Nigella sativa seeds assisted with docking studies. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:2905-2910. [PMID: 36305731 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2136660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of our study is to investigate the anticancer potential of our cultivated entophytic fungal strains from Nigella sativa seeds. The strains were identified by sequencing of the partial 18S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as Aspergillus sp. (SA4), Penicillium sp. (SA5), and Fusarium sp. (SA6). We carried out metabolic profiling for three fungal strains to investigate their metabolites diversity. Profiling of the different extracts revealed their richness in diverse metabolites and consequently fourteen compounds (1-14) were annotated. In addition, the obtained extracts were examined against three cell lines HepG2, MCF-7 and Caco-2 showed activity with IC50 values in the range of 1.95-39.7 μg/mL. Finally, molecular docking study was performed showing questinol as the lowest glide binding score value (-5.925 kcal/mol) among all identified compounds. Our results showed Nigella sativa-associated endophytes as a promising source for further studies to look for anticancer secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Hisham Shady
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sara Khalid Sobhy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hisham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Stefanie P Glaeser
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Faisal Alsenani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Kämpfer
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Mo'men H El-Katatny
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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5
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Zhao W, Xu C, Peng L, Ma L, Du M. cAMP/PKA signaling promotes AKT deactivation by reducing CIP2A expression, thereby facilitating decidualization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 571:111946. [PMID: 37127088 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
cAMP signaling is widely known to be indispensable for decidualization, but the details are not fully understood. Here, we show that cAMP signaling promotes AKT deactivation in endometrial stromal cells, which favors their decidualization. The deactivation of AKT is found to be a consequence of the reduced expression of several inhibitors of PP2A, the major phosphatase of AKT, with CIP2A being the most prominent. CIP2A reduction is obligatory for decidualization, as persistent CIP2A expression impairs chromatin remodeling and the expression of several decidualization markers (IGFBP1, PRL, MAOA, and IL-15). Furthermore, analyses of the responsiveness of the CIP2A promoter to cAMP signaling suggest the ETS family to be a bridge between cAMP signaling and CIP2A reduction. Our results provide novel insights into the role of cAMP signaling in decidualization and might benefit the development of novel therapies for decidualization deficiency, AKT-driven tumors, and the reverse, insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chunfang Xu
- Laboratory of Reproduction Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Lijin Peng
- Laboratory of Reproduction Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Meirong Du
- Laboratory of Reproduction Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200090, China.
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6
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Arribas RL, Viejo L, Bravo I, Martínez M, Ramos E, Romero A, García-Frutos EM, Janssens V, Montiel C, de Los Ríos C. C-glycosides analogues of the okadaic acid central fragment exert neuroprotection via restoration of PP2A-phosphatase activity: A rational design of potential drugs for Alzheimer's disease targeting tauopathies. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115245. [PMID: 36905916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is an important Ser/Thr phosphatase that participates in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. This implies that any deficient activity of PP2A is the responsible of severe pathologies. For instance, one of the main histopathological features of Alzheimer's disease is neurofibrillary tangles, which are mainly comprised by hyperphosphorylated forms of tau protein. This altered rate of tau phosphorylation has been correlated with PP2A depression AD patients. With the goal of preventing PP2A inactivation in neurodegeneration scenarios, we have aimed to design, synthesize and evaluate new ligands of PP2A capable of preventing its inhibition. To achieve this goal, the new PP2A ligands present structural similarities with the central fragment C19-C27 of the well-established PP2A inhibitor okadaic acid (OA). Indeed, this central moiety of OA does not exert inhibitory actions. Hence, these compounds lack PP2A-inhibiting structural motifs but, in contrast, compete with PP2A inhibitors, thus recovering phosphatase activity. Proving this hypothesis, most compounds showed a good neuroprotective profile in neurodegeneration models related to PP2A impairment, highlighting derivative 10, named ITH12711, as the most promising one. This compound (1) restored in vitro and cellular PP2A catalytic activity, measured on a phospho-peptide substrate and by western-blot analyses, (2) proved good brain penetration measured by PAMPA, and (3) prevented LPS-induced memory impairment of mice in the object recognition test. Thus, the promising outcomes of the compound 10 validate our rational approach to design new PP2A-activating drugs based on OA central fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Arribas
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Lucía Viejo
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/ Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isaac Bravo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/ Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Minerva Martínez
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Ramos
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M García-Frutos
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km.33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; LBI (KU Leuven Brain Institute), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Montiel
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristóbal de Los Ríos
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/ Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Targeting protein phosphatases in cancer immunotherapy and autoimmune disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:273-294. [PMID: 36693907 PMCID: PMC9872771 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases act as key regulators of multiple important cellular processes and are attractive therapeutic targets for various diseases. Although extensive effort has been dedicated to phosphatase-targeted drug discovery, early expeditions for competitive phosphatase inhibitors were plagued by druggability issues, leading to the stigmatization of phosphatases as difficult targets. Despite challenges, persistent efforts have led to the identification of several drug-like, non-competitive modulators of some of these enzymes - including SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase and protein phosphatase 1 - reigniting interest in therapeutic targeting of phosphatases. Here, we discuss recent progress in phosphatase drug discovery, with emphasis on the development of selective modulators that exhibit biological activity. The roles and regulation of protein phosphatases in immune cells and their potential as powerful targets for immuno-oncology and autoimmunity indications are assessed.
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8
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Di Mambro A, Esposito M. Thirty years of SET/TAF1β/I2PP2A: from the identification of the biological functions to its implications in cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20221280. [PMID: 36345878 PMCID: PMC9679398 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding for the protein SE translocation (SET) was identified for the first time 30 years ago as part of a chromosomal translocation in a patient affected by leukemia. Since then, accumulating evidence have linked overexpression of SET, aberrant SET splicing, and cellular localization to cancer progression and development of neurodegenerative tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease. Molecular biology tools, such as targeted genetic deletion, and pharmacological approaches based on SET antagonist peptides, have contributed to unveil the molecular functions of SET and its implications in human pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the functions of SET as inhibitor of histone and non-histone protein acetylation and as a potent endogenous inhibitor of serine-threonine phosphatase PP2A. We discuss the role of SET in multiple cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling and gene transcription, DNA repair, oxidative stress, cell cycle, apoptosis cell migration and differentiation. We review the molecular mechanisms linking SET dysregulation to tumorigenesis and discuss how SET commits neurons to progressive cell death in Alzheimer's disease, highlighting the rationale of exploiting SET as a therapeutic target for cancer and neurodegenerative tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Mambro
- The Centre for Integrated Research in Life and Health Sciences, School of Health and Life Science, University of Roehampton, London, U.K
| | - Maria Teresa Esposito
- The Centre for Integrated Research in Life and Health Sciences, School of Health and Life Science, University of Roehampton, London, U.K
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9
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Narayan S, Raza A, Mahmud I, Koo N, Garrett TJ, Law ME, Law BK, Sharma AK. Sensitization of FOLFOX-resistant colorectal cancer cells via the modulation of a novel pathway involving protein phosphatase 2A. iScience 2022; 25:104518. [PMID: 35754740 PMCID: PMC9218363 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) with FOLFOX shows some efficacy, but these tumors quickly develop resistance to this treatment. We have observed increased phosphorylation of AKT1/mTOR/4EBP1 and levels of p21 in FOLFOX-resistant CRC cells. We have identified a small molecule, NSC49L, that stimulates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, downregulates the AKT1/mTOR/4EBP1-axis, and inhibits p21 translation. We have provided evidence that NSC49L- and TRAIL-mediated sensitization is synergistically induced in p21-knockdown CRC cells, which is reversed in p21-overexpressing cells. p21 binds with procaspase 3 and prevents the activation of caspase 3. We have shown that TRAIL induces apoptosis through the activation of caspase 3 by NSC49L-mediated downregulation of p21 translation, and thereby cleavage of procaspase 3 into caspase 3. NSC49L does not affect global protein synthesis. These studies provide a mechanistic understanding of NSC49L as a PP2A agonist, and how its combination with TRAIL sensitizes FOLFOX-resistant CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Asif Raza
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Iqbal Mahmud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nayeong Koo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mary E. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brian K. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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10
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Casado-Combreras MÁ, Rivero-Rodríguez F, Elena-Real CA, Molodenskiy D, Díaz-Quintana A, Martinho M, Gerbaud G, González-Arzola K, Velázquez-Campoy A, Svergun D, Belle V, De la Rosa MA, Díaz-Moreno I. PP2A is activated by cytochrome c upon formation of a diffuse encounter complex with SET/TAF-Iβ. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3695-3707. [PMID: 35891793 PMCID: PMC9293736 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic protein flexibility is of overwhelming relevance for intermolecular recognition and adaptability of highly dynamic ensemble of complexes, and the phenomenon is essential for the understanding of numerous biological processes. These conformational ensembles-encounter complexes-lack a unique organization, which prevents the determination of well-defined high resolution structures. This is the case for complexes involving the oncoprotein SET/template-activating factor-Iβ (SET/TAF-Iβ), a histone chaperone whose functions and interactions are significantly affected by its intrinsic structural plasticity. Besides its role in chromatin remodeling, SET/TAF-Iβ is an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which is a key phosphatase counteracting transcription and signaling events controlling the activity of DNA damage response (DDR) mediators. During DDR, SET/TAF-Iβ is sequestered by cytochrome c (Cc) upon migration of the hemeprotein from mitochondria to the cell nucleus. Here, we report that the nuclear SET/TAF-Iβ:Cc polyconformational ensemble is able to activate PP2A. In particular, the N-end folded, globular region of SET/TAF-Iβ (a.k.a. SET/TAF-Iβ ΔC)-which exhibits an unexpected, intrinsically highly dynamic behavior-is sufficient to be recognized by Cc in a diffuse encounter manner. Cc-mediated blocking of PP2A inhibition is deciphered using an integrated structural and computational approach, combining small-angle X-ray scattering, electron paramagnetic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, calorimetry and molecular dynamics simulations.
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Key Words
- ANP32B, Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein family member B
- BTFA, 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone
- CD, Circular dichroism
- CDK9, Cyclin-dependent kinase 9
- CW, Continuous wave
- Cc, Cytochrome c
- Cytochrome c
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DEER, Double electron–electron resonance
- DLS, Dynamic light scattering
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DTT, Dithiotreitol
- Dmax, Maximum dimension
- EDTA, Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- EGTA, Ethyleneglycol tetraacetic acid
- EPR, Electron paramagnetic resonance
- Encounter complex
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- GUI, Graphical user interface
- HEK, Human embryonic kidney cells
- HRP, Horseradish peroxidase
- I2PP2A, Inhibitor 2 of the protein phosphatase 2A
- I3PP2A, Inhibitor 3 of the protein phosphatase 2A
- INTAC, Integrator-PP2A complex
- IPTG, Isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
- ITC, Isothermal titration calorimetry
- Ip/Id, Intensity ratio of NMR resonances between paramagnetic and diamagnetic samples
- LB, Luria-Bertani
- MD, Molecular dynamics
- MTS, (1-acetoxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-δ-3-pyrroline-3-methyl) methanethiosulfonate
- MTSL, (1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl- δ −3-pyrroline-3-methyl) methanethiosulfonate
- MW, Molecular weight
- Molecular dynamics
- NAP1, Nucleosome assembly protein 1
- NAPL, Nucleosome assembly protein L
- NMA, Normal mode analysis
- NMR, Nuclear magnetic resonance
- NPT, Constant number, pressure and temperature
- NVT, Constant number, volume and temperature
- Nuclear magnetic resonance
- OD600, Optical density measured at 600 nm
- OPC, Optimal 3-charge, 4-point rigid water model
- PCR, Polymerase chain reaction
- PME, Particle mesh Ewald
- PMSF, Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- PP2A, Protein phosphatase 2A
- PRE, Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement
- PVDF, Polyvinylidene fluoride
- Protein phosphatase 2A
- RNA, Ribonucleic acid
- RNApol II, RNA polymerase II
- Rg, Radius of gyration
- SAXS, Small-angle X-ray scattering
- SC, Sample changer
- SDS-PAGE, Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SDSL, Site-directed spin labeling
- SEC, Size-exclusion chromatography
- SET/TAF-Iβ
- SET/TAF-Iβ ΔC, SET/template-activating factor-Iβ construct lacking its C-terminal domain
- SET/TAF-Iβ, SET/template-activating factor-Iβ
- SPRi, Surface plasmon resonance imaging
- TAF-Iα, Template-activating factor-Iα
- TPBS, Tween 20-phosphate buffered saline
- VPS75, Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 75
- WT, Wild type
- XRD, X-ray diffraction
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á. Casado-Combreras
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre “Isla de la Cartuja” (cicCartuja), University of Seville and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Rivero-Rodríguez
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre “Isla de la Cartuja” (cicCartuja), University of Seville and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos A. Elena-Real
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre “Isla de la Cartuja” (cicCartuja), University of Seville and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Université de Montpellier. 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Dmitry Molodenskiy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre “Isla de la Cartuja” (cicCartuja), University of Seville and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Marlène Martinho
- Aix Marseille Univ. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), BIP UMR7281, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des protéines, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Gerbaud
- Aix Marseille Univ. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), BIP UMR7281, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des protéines, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Katiuska González-Arzola
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre “Isla de la Cartuja” (cicCartuja), University of Seville and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Adrián Velázquez-Campoy
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physic of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Unit GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza. C. de Mariano Esquillor Gómez, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C. Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dmitri Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valérie Belle
- Aix Marseille Univ. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), BIP UMR7281, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des protéines, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Miguel A. De la Rosa
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre “Isla de la Cartuja” (cicCartuja), University of Seville and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre “Isla de la Cartuja” (cicCartuja), University of Seville and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
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11
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Janneh AH, Ogretmen B. Targeting Sphingolipid Metabolism as a Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2183. [PMID: 35565311 PMCID: PMC9104917 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive molecules that have key roles in regulating tumor cell death and survival through, in part, the functional roles of ceramide accumulation and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) production, respectively. Mechanistic studies using cell lines, mouse models, or human tumors have revealed crucial roles of sphingolipid metabolic signaling in regulating tumor progression in response to anticancer therapy. Specifically, studies to understand ceramide and S1P production pathways with their downstream targets have provided novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. In this review, we present recent evidence of the critical roles of sphingolipids and their metabolic enzymes in regulating tumor progression via mechanisms involving cell death or survival. The roles of S1P in enabling tumor growth/metastasis and conferring cancer resistance to existing therapeutics are also highlighted. Additionally, using the publicly available transcriptomic database, we assess the prognostic values of key sphingolipid enzymes on the overall survival of patients with different malignancies and present studies that highlight their clinical implications for anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Hollings Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
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12
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Bownes LV, Marayati R, Quinn CH, Beierle AM, Hutchins SC, Julson JR, Erwin MH, Stewart JE, Mroczek-Musulman E, Ohlmeyer M, Aye JM, Yoon KJ, Beierle EA. Pre-Clinical Study Evaluating Novel Protein Phosphatase 2A Activators as Therapeutics for Neuroblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1952. [PMID: 35454859 PMCID: PMC9026148 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) functions as an inhibitor of cancer cell proliferation, and its tumor suppressor function is attenuated in many cancers. Previous studies utilized FTY720, an immunomodulating compound known to activate PP2A, and demonstrated a decrease in the malignant phenotype in neuroblastoma. We wished to investigate the effects of two novel PP2A activators, ATUX-792 (792) and DBK-1154 (1154). METHODS Long-term passage neuroblastoma cell lines and human neuroblastoma patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cells were used. Cells were treated with 792 or 1154, and viability, proliferation, and motility were examined. The effect on tumor growth was investigated using a murine flank tumor model. RESULTS Treatment with 792 or 1154 resulted in PP2A activation, decreased cell survival, proliferation, and motility in neuroblastoma cells. Immunoblotting revealed a decrease in MYCN protein expression with increasing concentrations of 792 and 1154. Treatment with 792 led to tumor necrosis and decreased tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS PP2A activation with 792 or 1154 decreased survival, proliferation, and motility of neuroblastoma in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Both compounds resulted in decreased expression of the oncogenic protein MYCN. These findings indicate a potential therapeutic role for these novel PP2A activators in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Bownes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.V.B.); (R.M.); (C.H.Q.); (A.M.B.); (J.R.J.); (M.H.E.); (J.E.S.)
| | - Raoud Marayati
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.V.B.); (R.M.); (C.H.Q.); (A.M.B.); (J.R.J.); (M.H.E.); (J.E.S.)
| | - Colin H. Quinn
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.V.B.); (R.M.); (C.H.Q.); (A.M.B.); (J.R.J.); (M.H.E.); (J.E.S.)
| | - Andee M. Beierle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.V.B.); (R.M.); (C.H.Q.); (A.M.B.); (J.R.J.); (M.H.E.); (J.E.S.)
| | - Sara C. Hutchins
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (S.C.H.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Janet R. Julson
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.V.B.); (R.M.); (C.H.Q.); (A.M.B.); (J.R.J.); (M.H.E.); (J.E.S.)
| | - Michael H. Erwin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.V.B.); (R.M.); (C.H.Q.); (A.M.B.); (J.R.J.); (M.H.E.); (J.E.S.)
| | - Jerry E. Stewart
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.V.B.); (R.M.); (C.H.Q.); (A.M.B.); (J.R.J.); (M.H.E.); (J.E.S.)
| | | | | | - Jamie M. Aye
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (S.C.H.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Karina J. Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Elizabeth A. Beierle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.V.B.); (R.M.); (C.H.Q.); (A.M.B.); (J.R.J.); (M.H.E.); (J.E.S.)
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13
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Pournajaf S, Dargahi L, Javan M, Pourgholami MH. Molecular Pharmacology and Novel Potential Therapeutic Applications of Fingolimod. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:807639. [PMID: 35250559 PMCID: PMC8889014 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.807639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod is a well-tolerated, highly effective disease-modifying therapy successfully utilized in the management of multiple sclerosis. The active metabolite, fingolimod-phosphate, acts on sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) to bring about an array of pharmacological effects. While being initially recognized as a novel agent that can profoundly reduce T-cell numbers in circulation and the CNS, thereby suppressing inflammation and MS, there is now rapidly increasing knowledge on its previously unrecognized molecular and potential therapeutic effects in diverse pathological conditions. In addition to exerting inhibitory effects on sphingolipid pathway enzymes, fingolimod also inhibits histone deacetylases, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7 (TRMP7), cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), reduces lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) plasma levels, and activates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Furthermore, fingolimod induces apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest, epigenetic regulations, macrophages M1/M2 shift and enhances BDNF expression. According to recent evidence, fingolimod modulates a range of other molecular pathways deeply rooted in disease initiation or progression. Experimental reports have firmly associated the drug with potentially beneficial therapeutic effects in immunomodulatory diseases, CNS injuries, and diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, and even cancer. Attractive pharmacological effects, relative safety, favorable pharmacokinetics, and positive experimental data have collectively led to its testing in clinical trials. Based on the recent reports, fingolimod may soon find its way as an adjunct therapy in various disparate pathological conditions. This review summarizes the up-to-date knowledge about molecular pharmacology and potential therapeutic uses of fingolimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safura Pournajaf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Sergienko NM, Donner DG, Delbridge LMD, McMullen JR, Weeks KL. Protein phosphatase 2A in the healthy and failing heart: New insights and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Signal 2021; 91:110213. [PMID: 34902541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases have emerged as critical regulators of phosphoprotein homeostasis in settings of health and disease. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) encompasses a large subfamily of enzymes that remove phosphate groups from serine/threonine residues within phosphoproteins. The heterogeneity in PP2A structure, which arises from the grouping of different catalytic, scaffolding and regulatory subunit isoforms, creates distinct populations of catalytically active enzymes (i.e. holoenzymes) that localise to different parts of the cell. This structural complexity, combined with other regulatory mechanisms, such as interaction of PP2A heterotrimers with accessory proteins and post-translational modification of the catalytic and/or regulatory subunits, enables PP2A holoenzymes to target phosphoprotein substrates in a highly specific manner. In this review, we summarise the roles of PP2A in cardiac physiology and disease. PP2A modulates numerous processes that are vital for heart function including calcium handling, contractility, β-adrenergic signalling, metabolism and transcription. Dysregulation of PP2A has been observed in human cardiac disease settings, including heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Efforts are underway, particularly in the cancer field, to develop therapeutics targeting PP2A activity. The development of small molecule activators of PP2A (SMAPs) and other compounds that selectively target specific PP2A holoenzymes (e.g. PP2A/B56α and PP2A/B56ε) will improve understanding of the function of different PP2A species in the heart, and may lead to the development of therapeutics for normalising aberrant protein phosphorylation in settings of cardiac remodelling and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Sergienko
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel G Donner
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lea M D Delbridge
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Kate L Weeks
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
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15
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Cancer stem cell phosphatases. Biochem J 2021; 478:2899-2920. [PMID: 34319405 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are involved in the initiation and progression of human malignancies by enabling cancer tissue self-renewal capacity and constituting the therapy-resistant population of tumor cells. However, despite the exhausting characterization of CSC genetics, epigenetics, and kinase signaling, eradication of CSCs remains an unattainable goal in most human malignancies. While phosphatases contribute equally with kinases to cellular phosphoregulation, our understanding of phosphatases in CSCs lags severely behind our knowledge about other CSC signaling mechanisms. Many cancer-relevant phosphatases have recently become druggable, indicating that further understanding of the CSC phosphatases might provide novel therapeutic opportunities. This review summarizes the current knowledge about fundamental, but yet poorly understood involvement of phosphatases in the regulation of major CSC signaling pathways. We also review the functional roles of phosphatases in CSC self-renewal, cancer progression, and therapy resistance; focusing particularly on hematological cancers and glioblastoma. We further discuss the small molecule targeting of CSC phosphatases and their therapeutic potential in cancer combination therapies.
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16
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Vainonen JP, Momeny M, Westermarck J. Druggable cancer phosphatases. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/588/eabe2967. [PMID: 33827975 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation status of oncoproteins is regulated by both kinases and phosphatases. Kinase inhibitors are rarely sufficient for successful cancer treatment, and phosphatases have been considered undruggable targets for cancer drug development. However, innovative pharmacological approaches for targeting phosphatases have recently emerged. Here, we review progress in the therapeutic targeting of oncogenic Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2) and tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and select other druggable oncogenic and tumor suppressor phosphatases. We describe the modes of action for currently available small molecules that target phosphatases, their use in drug combinations, and advances in clinical development toward future cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Vainonen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Majid Momeny
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland. .,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
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17
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Serifi I, Besta S, Karetsou Z, Giardoglou P, Beis D, Niewiadomski P, Papamarcaki T. Targeting of SET/I2PP2A oncoprotein inhibits Gli1 transcription revealing a new modulator of Hedgehog signaling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13940. [PMID: 34230583 PMCID: PMC8260731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh)/Gli signaling pathway controls cell proliferation and differentiation, is critical for the development of nearly every tissue and organ in vertebrates and is also involved in tumorigenesis. In this study, we characterize the oncoprotein SET/I2PP2A as a novel regulator of Hh signaling. Our previous work has shown that the zebrafish homologs of SET are expressed during early development and localized in the ciliated organs. In the present work, we show that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown of setb gene in zebrafish embryos resulted in cyclopia, a characteristic patterning defect previously reported in Hh mutants. Consistent with these findings, targeting setb gene using CRISPR/Cas9 or a setb morpholino, reduced Gli1-dependent mCherry expression in the Hedgehog reporter zebrafish line Tg(12xGliBS:mCherry-NLS). Likewise, SET loss of function by means of pharmacological inhibition and gene knockdown prevented the increase of Gli1 expression in mammalian cells in vitro. Conversely, overexpression of SET resulted in an increase of the expression of a Gli-dependent luciferase reporter, an effect likely attributable to the relief of the Sufu-mediated inhibition of Gli1. Collectively, our data support the involvement of SET in Gli1-mediated transcription and suggest the oncoprotein SET/I2PP2A as a new modulator of Hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Serifi
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece.,Department of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Simoni Besta
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Zoe Karetsou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Panagiota Giardoglou
- Developmental Biology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Developmental Biology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Thomais Papamarcaki
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece. .,Department of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece.
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18
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The Role of Ceramide Metabolism and Signaling in the Regulation of Mitophagy and Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102475. [PMID: 34069611 PMCID: PMC8161379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sphingolipids are membrane-associated lipids that are involved in signal transduction pathways regulating cell death, growth, and migration. In cancer cells, sphingolipids regulate pathways relevant to cancer therapy, such as invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and lethal mitophagy. Notable sphingolipids include ceramide, a sphingolipid that induces death and lethal mitophagy, and sphingosine-1 phosphate, a sphingolipid that induces survival and chemotherapeutic resistance. These sphingolipids participate in regulating the process of mitophagy, where cells encapsulate damaged mitochondria in double-membrane vesicles (called autophagosomes) for degradation. Lethal mitophagy is an anti-tumorigenic mechanism mediated by ceramide, where cells degrade many mitochondria until the cancer cell dies in an apoptosis-independent manner. Abstract Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids responsible for regulating diverse cellular functions such as proliferation, migration, senescence, and death. These lipids are characterized by a long-chain sphingosine backbone amide-linked to a fatty acyl chain with variable length. The length of the fatty acyl chain is determined by specific ceramide synthases, and this fatty acyl length also determines the sphingolipid’s specialized functions within the cell. One function in particular, the regulation of the selective autophagy of mitochondria, or mitophagy, is closely regulated by ceramide, a key regulatory sphingolipid. Mitophagy alterations have important implications for cancer cell proliferation, response to chemotherapeutics, and mitophagy-mediated cell death. This review will focus on the alterations of ceramide synthases in cancer and sphingolipid regulation of lethal mitophagy, concerning cancer therapy.
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19
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Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is a major hallmark of cancer cells and believed to drive tumor progression. Several cellular defects including weak centromeric cohesion are proposed to promote CIN, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these defects are poorly understood. In a screening for SET protein levels in various cancer cell lines, we found that most of the cancer cells exhibit higher SET protein levels than nontransformed cells, including RPE-1. Cancer cells with elevated SET often show weak centromeric cohesion, revealed by MG132-induced cohesion fatigue. Partial SET knockdown largely strengthens centromeric cohesion in cancer cells without increasing overall phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. Pharmacologically increased PP2A activity in these cancer cells barely ameliorates centromeric cohesion. These results suggest that compromised PP2A activity, a common phenomenon in cancer cells, may not be responsible for weak centromeric cohesion. Furthermore, centromeric cohesion in cancer cells can be strengthened by ectopic Sgo1 overexpression and weakened by SET WT, not by Sgo1-binding-deficient mutants. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that SET overexpression contributes to impaired centromeric cohesion in cancer cells and illustrate misregulated SET-Sgo1 pathway as an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Tianhua Niu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112.,Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112.,Tulane Aging Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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20
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Zhang L, Wang H. FTY720 in CNS injuries: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Wei H, Zhang HL, Wang XC, Xie JZ, An DD, Wan L, Wang JZ, Zeng Y, Shu XJ, Westermarck J, Lu YM, Ohlmeyer M, Liu R. Direct Activation of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) by Tricyclic Sulfonamides Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis in Cell and Animal Models. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1087-1103. [PMID: 32096091 PMCID: PMC7609734 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease for which there are limited therapeutic strategies. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity is decreased in AD brains, which promotes the hyperphosphorylation of Tau and APP, thus participate in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and β-amyloid (Aβ) overproduction. In this study, the effect of synthetic tricyclic sulfonamide PP2A activators (aka SMAPs) on reducing AD-like pathogenesis was evaluated in AD cell models and AD-like hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) rat models. SMAPs effectively increased PP2A activity, and decreased tau phosphorylation and Aβ40/42 levels in AD cell models. In HHcy-AD rat models, cognitive impairments induced by HHcy were rescued by SMAP administration. HHcy-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ overproduction were ameliorated through increasing PP2A activity on compound treatment. Importantly, SMAP therapy also prevented neuronal cell spine loss and neuronal synapse impairment in the hippocampus of HHcy-AD rats. In summary, our data reveal that pharmacological PP2A reactivation may be a novel therapeutic strategy for AD treatment, and that the tricyclic sulfonamides constitute a novel candidate class of AD therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Liang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Zhao Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan-Dan An
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Wan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Clinical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi-Ji Shu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - You-Ming Lu
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Ohlmeyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Atux Iskay LLC, Plainsboro, NJ, USA.
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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22
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Arribas RL, Bordas A, Domènech Omella J, Cedillo JL, Janssens V, Montiel C, de Los Ríos C. An okadaic acid fragment analogue prevents nicotine-induced resistance to cisplatin by recovering PP2A activity in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103874. [PMID: 32361056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the design, synthesis, and functional impact of an okadaic acid (OA) small analogue, ITH12680, which restores the activity of phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), whose deficient activity has been implicated in nicotine-mediated tumor progression and chemoresistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For its design, we paid attention to the structure of the PP2A-OA complex, where the C16-C38 OA fragment confers PP2A affinity and selectivity, but it is not involved in the inhibitory effect. Confirming this hypothesis, PP2A activity was not inhibited by ITH12680. By contrast, the compound partially restored OA-exerted PP2A inhibition in vitro. Moreover, flow cytometry and immunoblotting experiments revealed that ITH12680 reversed nicotine-induced cisplatin resistance in NSCLC cells, as it prevented nicotine-induced reduction of Bax expression and inhibited nicotine-mediated activation of cell survival and proliferation kinases, Akt and ERK1/2. Our findings suggest that the rescue of nicotine-inhibited PP2A activity could diminish the resistance to cisplatin treatment observed in NSCLC patients who continue smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Arribas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Bordas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Judit Domènech Omella
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, & LKI (Leuven Cancer Institute), Belgium
| | - Jose Luis Cedillo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, & LKI (Leuven Cancer Institute), Belgium
| | - Carmen Montiel
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristóbal de Los Ríos
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/ Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Abdelhameed RFA, Habib ES, Eltahawy NA, Hassanean HA, Ibrahim AK, Mohammed AF, Fayez S, Hayallah AM, Yamada K, Behery FA, Al-Sanea MM, Alzarea SI, Bringmann G, Ahmed SA, Abdelmohsen UR. New Cytotoxic Natural Products from the Red Sea Sponge Stylissa carteri. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18050241. [PMID: 32375235 PMCID: PMC7281077 DOI: 10.3390/md18050241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactivity-guided isolation supported by LC-HRESIMS metabolic profiling led to the isolation of two new compounds, a ceramide, stylissamide A (1), and a cerebroside, stylissoside A (2), from the methanol extract of the Red Sea sponge Stylissa carteri. Structure elucidation was achieved using spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS. The bioactive extract’s metabolomic profiling showed the existence of various secondary metabolites, mainly oleanane-type saponins, phenolic diterpenes, and lupane triterpenes. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds was tested against two human cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and HepG2. Both compounds, 1 and 2, displayed strong cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line, with IC50 values at 21.1 ± 0.17 µM and 27.5 ± 0.18 µM, respectively. They likewise showed a promising activity against HepG2 with IC50 at 36.8 ± 0.16 µM for 1 and IC50 30.5 ± 0.23 µM for 2 compared to the standard drug cisplatin. Molecular docking experiments showed that 1 and 2 displayed high affinity to the SET protein and to inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A (I2PP2A), which could be a possible mechanism for their cytotoxic activity. This paper spreads light on the role of these metabolites in holding fouling organisms away from the outer surface of the sponge, and the potential use of these defensive molecules in the production of novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda F. A. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (R.F.A.A.); (E.S.H.); (N.A.E.); (H.A.H.); (A.K.I.)
| | - Eman S. Habib
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (R.F.A.A.); (E.S.H.); (N.A.E.); (H.A.H.); (A.K.I.)
| | - Nermeen A. Eltahawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (R.F.A.A.); (E.S.H.); (N.A.E.); (H.A.H.); (A.K.I.)
| | - Hashim A. Hassanean
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (R.F.A.A.); (E.S.H.); (N.A.E.); (H.A.H.); (A.K.I.)
| | - Amany K. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (R.F.A.A.); (E.S.H.); (N.A.E.); (H.A.H.); (A.K.I.)
| | - Anber F. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt; (A.F.M.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Shaimaa Fayez
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (S.F.); (G.B.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Alaa M. Hayallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt; (A.F.M.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Koji Yamada
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan;
| | - Fathy A. Behery
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 11681, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (S.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Safwat A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (R.F.A.A.); (E.S.H.); (N.A.E.); (H.A.H.); (A.K.I.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.A.); (U.R.A.)
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia 61111, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.A.A.); (U.R.A.)
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24
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The Role of MYC and PP2A in the Initiation and Progression of Myeloid Leukemias. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030544. [PMID: 32110991 PMCID: PMC7140463 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYC transcription factor is one of the best characterized PP2A substrates. Deregulation of the MYC oncogene, along with inactivation of PP2A, are two frequent events in cancer. Both proteins are essential regulators of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, and they, directly and indirectly, regulate each other’s activity. Studies in cancer suggest that targeting the MYC/PP2A network is an achievable strategy for the clinic. Here, we focus on and discuss the role of MYC and PP2A in myeloid leukemias.
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25
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Kemp JA, Keebaugh A, Edson JA, Chow D, Kleinman MT, Chew YC, McCracken AN, Edinger AL, Kwon YJ. Biocompatible Chemotherapy for Leukemia by Acid-Cleavable, PEGylated FTY720. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:673-684. [PMID: 31986014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the inability of cancerous cells to adapt to metabolic stress is a promising alternative to conventional cancer chemotherapy. FTY720 (Gilenya), an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, has recently been shown to inhibit cancer progression through the down-regulation of essential nutrient transport proteins, selectively starving cancer cells to death. However, the clinical use of FTY720 for cancer therapy is prohibited because of its capability of inducing immunosuppression (lymphopenia) and bradycardia when phosphorylated upon administration. A prodrug to specifically prevent phosphorylation during circulation, hence avoiding bradycardia and lymphopenia, was synthesized by capping its hydroxyl groups with polyethylene glycol (PEG) via an acid-cleavable ketal linkage. Improved aqueous solubility was also accomplished by PEGylation. The prodrug reduces to fully potent FTY720 upon cellular uptake and induces metabolic stress in cancer cells. Enhanced release of FTY720 at a mildly acidic endosomal pH and the ability to substantially down-regulate cell-surface nutrient transporter proteins in leukemia cells only by an acid-cleaved drug were confirmed. Importantly, the prodrug demonstrated nearly identical efficacy to FTY720 in an animal model of BCR-Abl-driven leukemia without inducing bradycardia or lymphopenia in vivo, highlighting its potential clinical value. The prodrug formulation of FTY720 demonstrates the utility of precisely engineering a drug to avoid undesirable effects by tackling specific molecular mechanisms as well as a financially favorable alternative to new drug development. A multitude of existing cancer therapeutics may be explored for prodrug formulation to avoid specific side effects and preserve or enhance therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yap Ching Chew
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, California 92604, United States
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26
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Druggable Sphingolipid Pathways: Experimental Models and Clinical Opportunities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:101-135. [PMID: 32894509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research in the field of sphingolipids has revealed diverse roles in cell biological responses and human health and disease. This immense molecular family is primarily represented by the bioactive molecules ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). The flux of sphingolipid metabolism at both the subcellular and extracellular levels provides multiple opportunities for pharmacological intervention. The caveat is that perturbation of any single node of this highly regulated flux may have effects that propagate throughout the metabolic network in a dramatic and sometimes unexpected manner. Beginning with S1P, the receptors for which have thus far been the most clinically tractable pharmacological targets, this review will describe recent advances in therapeutic modulators targeting sphingolipids, their chaperones, transporters, and metabolic enzymes.
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27
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FTY720 induces non-canonical phosphatidylserine externalization and cell death in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:847. [PMID: 31699964 PMCID: PMC6838108 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
FTY720 (fingolimod) is a FDA-approved sphingosine analog that is phosphorylated in vivo to modulate sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) signaling for immunosuppression in patients with refractory multiple sclerosis. FTY720 also exhibits promising anticancer efficacy in several preclinical models. While FTY720-induced cytotoxicity is not due to S1PR signaling, the mechanism remains unclear and is reported to occur through various cell death pathways. Here, we performed a systematic, mechanistic study of FTY720-induced cell death in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We found that FTY720 induced cell death in a panel of genetically diverse AML cell lines that was accompanied by rapid phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization. Importantly, FTY720-induced PS exposure was not due to any direct effects on plasma membrane integrity and was independent of canonical signaling by regulated cell death pathways known to activate lipid flip-flop, including caspase-dependent apoptosis/pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and reactive oxygen species-mediated cell death. Notably, PS exposure required cellular vacuolization induced by defects in endocytic trafficking and was suppressed by the inhibition of PP2A and shedding of Annexin V-positive subcellular particles. Collectively, our studies reveal a non-canonical pathway underlying PS externalization and cell death in AML to provide mechanistic insight into the antitumor properties of FTY720.
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28
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Remmerie M, Janssens V. PP2A: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Endometrial Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:462. [PMID: 31214504 PMCID: PMC6558005 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the use of targeted therapies has immensely increased in the treatment of cancer. However, treatment for endometrial carcinomas (ECs) has lagged behind, although potential molecular markers have been identified. This is particularly problematic for the type II ECs, since these aggressive tumors are usually not responsive toward the current standard therapies. Therefore, type II ECs are responsible for most EC-related deaths, indicating the need for new treatment options. Interestingly, molecular analyses of type II ECs have uncovered frequent genetic alterations (up to 40%) in PPP2R1A, encoding the Aα subunit of the tumor suppressive heterotrimeric protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A). PPP2R1A mutations were also reported in type I ECs and other common gynecologic cancers, albeit at much lower frequencies (0-7%). Nevertheless, PP2A inactivation in the latter cancer types is common via other mechanisms, in particular by increased expression of Cancerous Inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) and PP2A Methylesterase-1 (PME-1) proteins. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of direct and indirect PP2A targeting compounds, possibly in combination with other anti-cancer drugs, in EC. Furthermore, we investigate the potential of the PP2A status as a predictive and/or prognostic marker for type I and II ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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