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Mao LM, Mathur N, Mahmood T, Rajan S, Chu XP, Wang JQ. Phosphorylation and regulation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2/3) in neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1022544. [PMID: 36407098 PMCID: PMC9669598 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1022544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors (mGlu2/3) are Gαi/o-coupled receptors and are primarily located on presynaptic axonal terminals in the central nervous system. Like ionotropic glutamate receptors, group II mGlu receptors are subject to regulation by posttranslational phosphorylation. Pharmacological evidence suggests that several serine/threonine protein kinases possess the ability to regulate mGlu2/3 receptors. Detailed mapping of phosphorylation residues has revealed that protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates mGlu2/3 receptors at a specific serine site on their intracellular C-terminal tails in heterologous cells or neurons, which underlies physiological modulation of mGlu2/3 signaling. Casein kinases promote mGlu2 phosphorylation at a specific site. Tyrosine protein kinases also target group II receptors to induce robust phosphorylation. A protein phosphatase was found to specifically bind to mGlu3 receptors and dephosphorylate the receptor at a PKA-sensitive site. This review summarizes recent progress in research on group II receptor phosphorylation and the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of group II receptor functions. We further explore the potential linkage of mGlu2/3 phosphorylation to various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, and discuss future research aimed at analyzing novel biochemical and physiological properties of mGlu2/3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Mao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Nirav Mathur
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Tayyibah Mahmood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Sri Rajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Xiang-Ping Chu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - John Q. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States,*Correspondence: John Q. Wang,
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Srivastava A, Das B, Yao AY, Yan R. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease Synaptic Dysfunction: Therapeutic Opportunities and Hope for the Future. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1345-1361. [PMID: 33325389 PMCID: PMC8439550 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The impaired synaptic plasticity and dendritic loss at the synaptic level is an early event associated with the AD pathogenesis. The abnormal accumulation of soluble oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβ), the major toxic component in amyloid plaques, is viewed to trigger synaptic dysfunctions through binding to several presynaptic and postsynaptic partners and thus to disrupt synaptic transmission. Over time, the abnormalities in neural transmission will result in cognitive deficits, which are commonly manifested as memory loss in AD patients. Synaptic plasticity is regulated through glutamate transmission, which is mediated by various glutamate receptors. Here we review recent progresses in the study of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in AD cognition. We will discuss the role of mGluRs in synaptic plasticity and their modulation as a possible strategy for AD cognitive improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Srivastava
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Brati Das
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Annie Y. Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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Specific activation of mGlu2 induced IGF-1R transactivation in vitro through FAK phosphorylation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:460-467. [PMID: 29946167 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) belongs to the group-II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors and is a neurotransmitter G protein-coupled receptor. The group-II mGlu receptors are promising antipsychotic targets, but the specific role of mGlu2 signaling remains unclear. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are also believed to participate in brain pathogenesis. To investigate whether there is any communication between mGlu2 and RTKs, we generated a CHO-mGlu2 cell line that stably expresses mGlu2 and showed that activation of mGlu2 by LY379268, a group II mGlu agonist, was able to transactivate insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). We further determined that the Gi/o protein, Gβγ subunits, phospholipase C, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were involved in the IGF-1R transactivation signaling axis, which further induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and cAMP response element-binding protein. In primary mouse cortical neurons, similar signaling pathways were observed when mGlu2 were stimulated by LY487379, an mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator. Transactivation of IGF-1R through FAK in response to mGlu2 should provide a better understanding of the association of mGlu2 with brain disease.
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Zhang H, Cilz NI, Yang C, Hu B, Dong H, Lei S. Depression of neuronal excitability and epileptic activities by group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in the medial entorhinal cortex. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1299-313. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota; Grand Forks North Dakota
- Department of Anesthesiology; Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province China
| | - Nicholas I. Cilz
- Department of Basic Sciences; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota; Grand Forks North Dakota
| | - Chuanxiu Yang
- Department of Basic Sciences; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota; Grand Forks North Dakota
| | - Binqi Hu
- Department of Basic Sciences; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota; Grand Forks North Dakota
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology; Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province China
| | - Saobo Lei
- Department of Basic Sciences; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota; Grand Forks North Dakota
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Cheng X, Wu J, Geng M, Xiong J. Role of synaptic activity in the regulation of amyloid beta levels in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1217-32. [PMID: 24368087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides is regarded as the critical component associated with AD pathogenesis, which is derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage. Recent studies suggest that synaptic activity is one of the most important factors that regulate Aβ levels. It has been found that synaptic activity facilitates APP internalization and influences APP cleavage. Glutamatergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, leptin, adrenergic, orexin, and gamma-amino butyric acid receptors, as well as the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) are all involved in these processes. The present review summarizes the evidence for synaptic activity-modulated Aβ levels and the mechanisms underlying this regulation. Interestingly, the immediate early gene product Arc may also be the downstream signaling molecule of several receptors in the synaptic activity-modulated Aβ levels. Elucidating how Aβ levels are regulated by synaptic activity may provide new insights in both the understanding of the pathogenesis of AD and in the development of therapies to slow down the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Geng
- Institute of Geriatrics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxiang Xiong
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Thathiah A, De Strooper B. The role of G protein-coupled receptors in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:73-87. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor stimulation triggers production and release of Alzheimer's amyloid(beta)42 from isolated intact nerve terminals. J Neurosci 2010; 30:3870-5. [PMID: 20237257 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4717-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant accumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta) oligomers may underlie the cognitive failure of Alzheimer's disease (AD). All species of Abeta peptides are produced physiologically during normal brain activity. Therefore, elucidation of mechanisms that interconnect excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission, synaptic amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and production of its metabolite, Abeta, may reveal synapse-specific strategies for suppressing the pathological accumulation of Abeta oligomers and fibrils that characterize AD. To study synaptic APP processing, we used isolated intact nerve terminals (cortical synaptoneurosomes) from TgCRND8 mice, which express a human APP with familial AD mutations. Potassium chloride depolarization caused sustained release from synaptoneurosomes of Abeta(42) as well as Abeta(40), and appeared to coactivate alpha-, beta- and gamma-secretases, which are known to generate a family of released peptides, including Abeta(40) and Abeta(42). Stimulation of postsynaptic group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluRs) with DHPG (3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine) induced a rapid accumulation of APP C-terminal fragments (CTFs) in the synaptoneurosomes, a family of membrane-bound intermediates generated from APP metabolized by alpha- and beta-secretases. Following stimulation with the group II mGluR agonist DCG-IV, levels of APP CTFs in the synaptoneurosomes initially increased but then returned to baseline by 10 min after stimulation. This APP CTF degradation phase was accompanied by sustained accumulation of Abeta(42) in the releasate, which was blocked by the group II mGluR antagonist LY341495. These data suggest that group II mGluR may trigger synaptic activation of all three secretases and that suppression of group II mGluR signaling may be a therapeutic strategy for selectively reducing synaptic generation of Abeta(42).
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Lee HG, Zhu X, Casadesus G, Pallàs M, Camins A, O'Neill MJ, Nakanishi S, Perry G, Smith MA. The effect of mGluR2 activation on signal transduction pathways and neuronal cell survival. Brain Res 2008; 1249:244-50. [PMID: 19026996 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In earlier studies, we found profound alterations in specific signal transduction pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway that mirrored neuronal cell death in Alzheimer disease (AD). To further delineate the mechanism(s) involved in such aberrant signaling, we subsequently showed that mGluR2 is increased in pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus of AD and often co-localizes with neurofibrillary pathology. Based on these data, we suggested that selective neuronal degeneration in AD may arise through the differential expression and activation of specific receptor populations, such as, mGluR2. In this study, to examine the mechanistic relevance of the above-mentioned in vivo findings, we used cell culture models to show that the activation of mGluR2 leads to the activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathways. Importantly, attesting to the in vivo significance of our findings, this pro-survival signaling pathway is also found to be ectopically activated in AD. We also found that the activation of mGluR2 increases the phosphorylation of tau and that the specific activation of mGluR2 reduces oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity in neuronal cells. Taken together our findings strongly suggest that mGluR2 may participate in mediating the survival of neurons in the face of selective neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in AD. Additionally, our findings lend support to the notion that tau phosphorylation is a neuroprotective antioxidant response to cellular insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-gon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Kim CH, Lee J, Lee JY, Roche KW. Metabotropic glutamate receptors: phosphorylation and receptor signaling. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:1-10. [PMID: 17663464 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) play important roles in neurotransmission, neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and neurological disorders. Recent studies have revealed a sophisticated interplay between mGluRs and protein kinases: activation of mGluRs regulates the activity of a number of kinases, and direct phosphorylation of mGluRs affects receptor signaling, trafficking, and desensitization. Here we review the emerging literature on mGluR phosphorylation, signaling, and synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Wang JQ, Tang Q, Parelkar NK, Liu Z, Samdani S, Choe ES, Yang L, Mao L. Glutamate signaling to Ras-MAPK in striatal neurons: mechanisms for inducible gene expression and plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2004; 29:1-14. [PMID: 15034219 DOI: 10.1385/mn:29:1:01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2003] [Accepted: 06/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signals can regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades through a receptor-mediated mechanism in postmitotic neurons of adult mammalian brain. Both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are found to possess such an ability in striatal neurons. NMDA and AMPA receptor signals seem to share a largely common route to MAPK phosphorylation which involves first activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) via Ca2+ influx, followed by subsequent induction of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). Through its lipid and protein kinase activity, active PI3-kinase may transduce signals to Ras-MAPK cascades via at least two distinct pathways. A novel, Ca(2+)-independent pathway is believed to mediate mGluR signals to Ras-MAPK activation. As an information superhighway between the surface membrane and the nucleus, Ras-MAPK cascades, through activating their specific nuclear transcription factor targets, are actively involved in the regulation of gene expression. Emerging evidence shows that MAPK-mediated genomic responses in striatal neurons to drug exposure contribute to the development of neuroplasticity related to addictive properties of drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Q Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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Mao L, Tang Q, Samdani S, Liu Z, Wang JQ. Regulation of MAPK/ERK phosphorylation via ionotropic glutamate receptors in cultured rat striatal neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:1207-16. [PMID: 15016079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signals may regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades through a receptor-mediated mechanism. As a signaling superhighway to the nucleus, active Ras-MAPK cascades phosphorylate transcription factors and facilitate gene expression. In cultured rat striatal neurons, the present work systemically examined the linkage between glutamate receptors and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) subclass of MAPK. We found that glutamate induced a rapid and transient phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Similar responses of ERK1/2 phosphorylation were also induced by the ligands selective for each of three subtypes of ionotropic receptors (NMDA, AMPA and kainate), although not by the subgroup-selective agonists for three subgroups of metabotropic glutamate receptors after 8-9 days in culture. The ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by all ionotropic receptor agents was dose-, time- and Ca(2+) influx-dependent and occurred in neurons, but not glia. The NMDA-, AMPA- and kainate-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was blocked only by the antagonists selective for respective subtypes. The ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by these agents was also sensitive to the MAPK kinase 1 (MEK1) inhibitor PD98059 and the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. In a further attempt to evaluate the role of active ERK1/2 in activating a downstream transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), NMDA, AMPA, and kainate were found to increase CREB phosphorylation. The NMDA- and AMPA/kainate-induced CREB phosphorylation was completely and partially blocked by U0126, respectively. These results revealed a positive linkage between ionotropic glutamate receptors and MEK-sensitive ERK1/2 phosphorylation in striatal neurons. The active ERK1/2 cascade activates the downstream transcription factor CREB to participate in the regulation of gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Female
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- Receptors, AMPA/agonists
- Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/agonists
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Rm. M3-225, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
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Varney MA, Suto CM. Discovery of subtype-selective metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands using functional HTS assays. Drug Discov Today 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(00)01499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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