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Kaganovich N, Christ S. Event-related potentials evidence for long-term audiovisual representations of phonemes in adults. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:7860-7875. [PMID: 34750895 PMCID: PMC8815308 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of long-term auditory representations for phonemes has been well-established. However, since speech perception is typically audiovisual, we hypothesized that long-term phoneme representations may also contain information on speakers' mouth shape during articulation. We used an audiovisual oddball paradigm in which, on each trial, participants saw a face and heard one of two vowels. One vowel occurred frequently (standard), while another occurred rarely (deviant). In one condition (neutral), the face had a closed, non-articulating mouth. In the other condition (audiovisual violation), the mouth shape matched the frequent vowel. Although in both conditions stimuli were audiovisual, we hypothesized that identical auditory changes would be perceived differently by participants. Namely, in the neutral condition, deviants violated only the audiovisual pattern specific to each block. By contrast, in the audiovisual violation condition, deviants additionally violated long-term representations for how a speaker's mouth looks during articulation. We compared the amplitude of mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3 components elicited by deviants in the two conditions. The MMN extended posteriorly over temporal and occipital sites even though deviants contained no visual changes, suggesting that deviants were perceived as interruptions in audiovisual, rather than auditory only, sequences. As predicted, deviants elicited larger MMN and P3 in the audiovisual violation compared to the neutral condition. The results suggest that long-term representations of phonemes are indeed audiovisual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Kaganovich
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sharon Christ
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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2
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Csizmadia P, Petro B, Kojouharova P, Gaál ZA, Scheiling K, Nagy B, Czigler I. Older Adults Automatically Detect Age of Older Adults' Photographs: A Visual Mismatch Negativity Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:707702. [PMID: 34489665 PMCID: PMC8417827 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.707702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human face is one of the most frequently used stimuli in vMMN (visual mismatch negativity) research. Previous studies showed that vMMN is sensitive to facial emotions and gender, but investigations of age-related vMMN differences are relatively rare. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the models' age in photographs were automatically detected, even if the photographs were not parts of the ongoing task. Furthermore, we investigated age-related differences, and the possibility of different sensitivity to photographs of participants' own versus different ages. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) to faces of young and old models in younger (N = 20; 18-30 years) and older groups (N = 20; 60-75 years). The faces appeared around the location of the field of a tracking task. In sequences the young or the old faces were either frequent (standards) or infrequent (deviants). According to the results, a regular sequence of models' age is automatically registered, and faces violating the models' age elicited the vMMN component. However, in this study vMMN emerged only in the older group to same-age deviants. This finding is explained by the less effective inhibition of irrelevant stimuli in the elderly, and corresponds to own-age bias effect of recognition studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Csizmadia
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology (Cognitive Science), Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bela Petro
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petia Kojouharova
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Anna Gaál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Scheiling
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Nagy
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology (Cognitive Science), Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Czigler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Kaganovich N, Schumaker J, Christ S. Impaired Audiovisual Representation of Phonemes in Children with Developmental Language Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11040507. [PMID: 33923647 PMCID: PMC8073635 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether children with developmental language disorder (DLD) differed from their peers with typical development (TD) in the degree to which they encode information about a talker’s mouth shape into long-term phonemic representations. Children watched a talker’s face and listened to rare changes from [i] to [u] or the reverse. In the neutral condition, the talker’s face had a closed mouth throughout. In the audiovisual violation condition, the mouth shape always matched the frequent vowel, even when the rare vowel was played. We hypothesized that in the neutral condition no long-term audiovisual memory traces for speech sounds would be activated. Therefore, the neural response elicited by deviants would reflect only a violation of the observed audiovisual sequence. In contrast, we expected that in the audiovisual violation condition, a long-term memory trace for the speech sound/lip configuration typical for the frequent vowel would be activated. In this condition then, the neural response elicited by rare sound changes would reflect a violation of not only observed audiovisual patterns but also of a long-term memory representation for how a given vowel looks when articulated. Children pressed a response button whenever they saw a talker’s face assume a silly expression. We found that in children with TD, rare auditory changes produced a significant mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential (ERP) component over the posterior scalp in the audiovisual violation condition but not in the neutral condition. In children with DLD, no MMN was present in either condition. Rare vowel changes elicited a significant P3 in both groups and conditions, indicating that all children noticed auditory changes. Our results suggest that children with TD, but not children with DLD, incorporate visual information into long-term phonemic representations and detect violations in audiovisual phonemic congruency even when they perform a task that is unrelated to phonemic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Kaganovich
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, 715 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2038, USA;
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2038, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(765)-494-4233; Fax: +1-(765)-494-0771
| | - Jennifer Schumaker
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, 715 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2038, USA;
| | - Sharon Christ
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, 250 N. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2066, USA;
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2055, USA
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Kojouharova P, Gaál ZA, Nagy B, Czigler I. Age Effects on Distraction in a Visual Task Requiring Fast Reactions: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:596047. [PMID: 33324195 PMCID: PMC7726357 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.596047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of distractors in older and younger participants in choice and simple reaction time tasks with concurrent registration of event-related potentials. In the task the participants had to prevent a disk from falling into a bin after a color or luminosity change (target stimuli). Infrequently, task-irrelevant stimuli (schematic faces or threatening objects) were superimposed on the target stimuli (distractors), or the bin disappeared which required no response (Nogo trials). Reaction time was delayed to the distractors, but this effect was similar in the two age groups. As a robust age-related difference, in the older group a large anterior positivity and posterior negativity emerged to the distractors within the 100-200 ms post-stimulus range, and these components were larger for schematic faces than for threatening objects. sLORETA localized the age-specific effect to the ventral stream of the visual system and to anterior structures considered as parts of the executive system. The Nogo stimuli elicited a late positivity (Nogo P3) with longer latency in the older group. We interpreted the age-related differences as decreased but compensated resistance to task-irrelevant change of the target stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Kojouharova
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Anna Gaál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Nagy
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology (Cognitive Science), Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Czigler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Sulykos I, Gaál ZA, Czigler I. Automatic Change Detection in Older and Younger Women: A Visual Mismatch Negativity Study. Gerontology 2018; 64:318-325. [PMID: 29698946 DOI: 10.1159/000488588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In comparison to controlled (attentional) processing, relatively little is known about the age-related changes of the earlier (preattentive) processes. An event-related potential (ERP) index of preattentive (automatic) visual processing, the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) is a good candidate for analyzing age-related differences in the automatic processing of visual events. OBJECTIVE So far results concerning age-related changes in vMMN have been equivocal. Our aim was to develop a method resulting in a reliable vMMN in a paradigm short enough to use in the applied field. METHODS We investigated an older (mean age: 66.4 years, n = 15) and a younger (mean age: 22.4 years, n = 15) group of healthy women. ERPs were obtained for checkerboard onset patterns in a passive oddball condition (during which participants performed a tracking task). One of the checkerboards was frequent (standard; p = 0.8), and the other was rare (deviant; p = 0.2). RESULTS vMMN emerged over posterior locations in the latency range of 100-300 ms in both age groups. The amplitude of the earlier part of the vMMN was similar in the older and the younger participants, but latency was longer in the older group. The later part of the vMMN was slightly diminished in the elderly. CONCLUSION Automatic detection of violated sequential regularities, reflected by the vMMN, emerged in the two age groups (earlier vMMN). However, detection of stimulus change, a preattentive visual process delayed in the elderly, and identification of the specific change was compromised in the older participants.
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Sulykos I, Gaál ZA, Czigler I. Visual mismatch negativity to vanishing parts of objects in younger and older adults. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188929. [PMID: 29228033 PMCID: PMC5724827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) to vanishing parts of continuously present objects by comparing the event-related potentials (ERPs) to infrequently (deviant) and frequently (standard) disappearing parts of the objects. This paradigm both excludes low-level stimulus-specific adaptation differences between the responses to deviants and standards, and increases the ecological validity of the stimuli. In comparison to frequently disappearing parts of the stimulus objects, infrequently vanishing parts elicited posterior negative event-related brain activity (vMMN). However, no vMMN emerged to the reappearance of the same parts of the objects. We compared the ERPs of an older and a younger sample of participants. In the 120-180 ms time period vMMN was similar in the two age groups, but in the 180-220 ms time period vMMN emerged only in the younger participants. We consider this difference as an index of more elaborate automatic processing of infrequent stimulus changes in younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Sulykos
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Centre for Natural Sciences, HAS, Budapest, Hungary
- Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Anna Gaál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Centre for Natural Sciences, HAS, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Czigler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Centre for Natural Sciences, HAS, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Corticothalamic network dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2017; 1702:38-45. [PMID: 28919464 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by progressive cognitive decline and a prominent loss of hippocampal-dependent memory. Therefore, much focus has been placed on understanding the function and dysfunction of the hippocampus in AD. However, AD is also accompanied by a number of other debilitating cognitive and behavioral alterations including deficits in attention, cognitive processing, and sleep maintenance. The underlying mechanisms that give rise to impairments in such diverse behavioral domains are unknown, and identifying them would shed insight into the multifactorial nature of AD as well as reveal potential new therapeutic targets to improve overall function in AD. We present here several lines of evidence that suggest that dysregulation of the corticothalamic network may be a common denominator that contributes to the diverse cognitive and behavioral alterations in AD. First, we will review the mechanisms by which this network regulates processes that include attention, cognitive processing, learning and memory, and sleep maintenance. Then we will review how these behavioral and cognitive domains are altered in AD. We will also discuss how dysregulation of tightly regulated activity in the corticothalamic network can give rise to non-convulsive seizures and other forms of epileptiform activity that have also been documented in both AD patients and transgenic mouse models of AD. In summary, the corticothalamic network has the potential to be a master regulator of diverse cognitive and behavioral domains that are affected in AD.
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Gaál ZA, Bodnár F, Czigler I. When Elderly Outperform Young Adults-Integration in Vision Revealed by the Visual Mismatch Negativity. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:15. [PMID: 28197097 PMCID: PMC5281596 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the possibility of age-related differences of visual integration at an automatic and at a task-related level. Data of 15 young (21.9 ± 1.8 years) and 15 older (66.6 ± 3.5 years) women were analyzed in our experiment. Automatic processing was investigated in a passive oddball paradigm, and the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) of event-related brain potentials was measured. Letters and pseudo-letters were presented either as single characters, or the characters were presented successively in two fragments. In case of simultaneous presentation of the two fragments (whole character) vMMN emerged in both age groups. However, in successive presentation vMMN was elicited only by the deviant pseudo-letters, and only in the older group. The longest stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) in this group was 50 ms, indicating longer information persistence in elderly. In a psychophysical experiment, the task was to indicate, which member of a character pair was a legal letter. Again, the letters and pseudo-letters were presented as fragments. We obtained successful integration at 30 ms (0 ms interstimulus interval), but not at longer SOAs in both age groups, showing that in case of task-relevant stimulation level there was no detectable age-related performance difference. We interpreted the results as the efficiency of local inhibitory circuits is compromised in elderly, leading to longer stimulus persistence, and hence better visual perception in this particular case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Anna Gaál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Flóra Bodnár
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest, Hungary; Institue of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - István Czigler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Institue of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest, Hungary
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Flynn M, Liasis A, Gardner M, Towell T. Visual mismatch negativity to masked stimuli presented at very brief presentation rates. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:555-563. [PMID: 27812749 PMCID: PMC5272894 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) has been characterised as a 'pre-attentive' component of an event-related potential (ERP) that is related to discrimination and error prediction processes. The aim of the current experiment was to establish whether visual MMN could be recorded to briefly presented, backward and forward masked visual stimuli, given both below and above levels of subjective experience. Evidence of visual MMN elicitation in the absence of the ability to consciously report stimuli would provide strong evidence for the automaticity of the visual MMN mechanism. Using an oddball paradigm, two stimuli that differed in orientation from each other, a + and an ×, were presented on a computer screen. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from nine participants (six females), mean age 21.4 years. Results showed that for stimuli that were effectively masked at 7 ms presentation, there was little variation in the ERPs evoked to standard and deviant stimuli or in the subtraction waveform employed to delineate the visual MMN. At 14 ms stimulus presentation, when participants were able to report stimulus presence, an enhanced negativity at around 175 and 305 ms was observed to the deviant and was evident in the subtraction waveform. However, some of the difference observed in the ERPs can be attributed to stimulus characteristics, as the use of a 'lonely' deviant protocol revealed attenuated visual MMN components at 14 ms stimulus presentation. Overall, results suggest that some degree of conscious attention is required before visual MMN components emerge, suggesting visual MMN is not an entirely pre-attentive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Flynn
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Alki Liasis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Mark Gardner
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Tony Towell
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
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Kremláček J, Kreegipuu K, Tales A, Astikainen P, Põldver N, Näätänen R, Stefanics G. Visual mismatch negativity (vMMN): A review and meta-analysis of studies in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Cortex 2016; 80:76-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kieffaber PD, Okhravi HR, Hershaw JN, Cunningham EC. Evaluation of a clinically practical, ERP-based neurometric battery: Application to age-related changes in brain function. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:2192-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Strömmer JM, Tarkka IM, Astikainen P. Somatosensory mismatch response in young and elderly adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:293. [PMID: 25386140 PMCID: PMC4209888 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with cognitive decline and alterations in early perceptual processes. Studies in the auditory and visual sensory modalities have shown that the mismatch negativity [or the mismatch response (MMR)], an event-related potential (ERP) elicited by a deviant stimulus in a background of homogenous events, diminishes with aging and cognitive decline. However, the effects of aging on the somatosensory MMR (sMMR) are not known. In the current study, we recorded ERPs to electrical pulses to different fingers of the left hand in a passive oddball experiment in young (22–36 years) and elderly (66–95 years) adults engaged in a visual task. The MMR was found to deviants as compared to standards at two latency ranges: 180–220 ms and 250–290 ms post-stimulus onset. At 180–220 ms, within the young, the MMR was found at medial electrode sites, whereas aged did not show any amplitude difference between the stimulus types at the same latency range. At 250–290 ms, the MMR was evident with attenuated amplitude and narrowed scalp distribution among aged (Fz) compared to young (fronto-centrally and lateral parietal sites). Hence, the results reveal that the somatosensory change detection mechanism is altered in aging. The sMMR can be used as a reliable measure of age-related changes in sensory-cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho M Strömmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ina M Tarkka
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Piia Astikainen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä, Finland
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Stefanics G, Kremláček J, Czigler I. Visual mismatch negativity: a predictive coding view. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:666. [PMID: 25278859 PMCID: PMC4165279 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies investigate the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) or use the vMMN as a tool to probe various aspects of human cognition. This paper reviews the theoretical underpinnings of vMMN in the light of methodological considerations and provides recommendations for measuring and interpreting the vMMN. The following key issues are discussed from the experimentalist's point of view in a predictive coding framework: (1) experimental protocols and procedures to control "refractoriness" effects; (2) methods to control attention; (3) vMMN and veridical perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Stefanics
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of ZurichETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Kremláček
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in PragueHradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - István Czigler
- Research Center for Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary
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Horschig JM, Zumer JM, Bahramisharif A. Hypothesis-driven methods to augment human cognition by optimizing cortical oscillations. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:119. [PMID: 25018706 PMCID: PMC4072086 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical oscillations have been shown to represent fundamental functions of a working brain, e.g., communication, stimulus binding, error monitoring, and inhibition, and are directly linked to behavior. Recent studies intervening with these oscillations have demonstrated effective modulation of both the oscillations and behavior. In this review, we collect evidence in favor of how hypothesis-driven methods can be used to augment cognition by optimizing cortical oscillations. We elaborate their potential usefulness for three target groups: healthy elderly, patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and healthy young adults. We discuss the relevance of neuronal oscillations in each group and show how each of them can benefit from the manipulation of functionally-related oscillations. Further, we describe methods for manipulation of neuronal oscillations including direct brain stimulation as well as indirect task alterations. We also discuss practical considerations about the proposed techniques. In conclusion, we propose that insights from neuroscience should guide techniques to augment human cognition, which in turn can provide a better understanding of how the human brain works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn M. Horschig
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour and CognitionNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johanna M. Zumer
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour and CognitionNijmegen, Netherlands
- School of Psychology, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Ali Bahramisharif
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour and CognitionNijmegen, Netherlands
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Kimura M, Takeda Y. Task difficulty affects the predictive process indexed by visual mismatch negativity. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:267. [PMID: 23781189 PMCID: PMC3679470 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related brain potential (ERP) component that is elicited by prediction-incongruent events in successive visual stimulation. Previous oddball studies have shown that visual MMN in response to task-irrelevant deviant stimuli is insensitive to the manipulation of task difficulty, which supports the notion that visual MMN reflects attention-independent predictive processes. In these studies, however, visual MMN was evaluated in deviant-minus-standard difference waves, which may lead to an underestimation of the effects of task difficulty due to the possible superposition of N1-difference reflecting refractory effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of task difficulty on visual MMN, less contaminated by N1-difference. While the participant performed a size-change detection task regarding a continuously-presented central fixation circle, we presented oddball sequences consisting of deviant and standard bar stimuli with different orientations (9.1 and 90.9%) and equiprobable sequences consisting of 11 types of control bar stimuli with different orientations (9.1% each) at the surrounding visual fields. Task difficulty was manipulated by varying the magnitude of the size-change. We found that the peak latencies of visual MMN evaluated in the deviant-minus-control difference waves were delayed as a function of task difficulty. Therefore, in contrast to the previous understanding, the present findings support the notion that visual MMN is associated with attention-demanding predictive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Kimura
- Cognition and Action Research Group, Human Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukuba, Japan
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Stothart G, Tales A, Kazanina N. Evoked potentials reveal age-related compensatory mechanisms in early visual processing. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1302-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Cléry H, Roux S, Houy-Durand E, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Bruneau N, Gomot M. Electrophysiological evidence of atypical visual change detection in adults with autism. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:62. [PMID: 23507615 PMCID: PMC3589704 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although atypical change detection processes have been highlighted in the auditory modality in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), little is known about these processes in the visual modality. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate visual change detection in adults with ASD, taking into account the salience of change, in order to determine whether this ability is affected in this disorder. Thirteen adults with ASD and 13 controls were presented with a passive visual three stimuli oddball paradigm. The findings revealed atypical visual change processing in ASD. Whereas controls displayed a vMMN in response to deviant and a novelty P3 in response to novel stimuli, patients with ASD displayed a novelty P3 in response to both deviant and novel stimuli. These results thus suggested atypical orientation of attention toward unattended minor changes in ASD that might contribute to the intolerance of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cléry
- UMR 930 Imagerie et Cerveau, Inserm, Université François Rabelais de Tours CHRU de Tours, France
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The mismatch negativity (MMN)--a unique window to disturbed central auditory processing in ageing and different clinical conditions. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 123:424-58. [PMID: 22169062 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review clinical research using the mismatch negativity (MMN), a change-detection response of the brain elicited even in the absence of attention or behavioural task. In these studies, the MMN was usually elicited by employing occasional frequency, duration or speech-sound changes in repetitive background stimulation while the patient was reading or watching videos. It was found that in a large number of different neuropsychiatric, neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as in normal ageing, the MMN amplitude was attenuated and peak latency prolonged. Besides indexing decreased discrimination accuracy, these effects may also reflect, depending on the specific stimulus paradigm used, decreased sensory-memory duration, abnormal perception or attention control or, most importantly, cognitive decline. In fact, MMN deficiency appears to index cognitive decline irrespective of the specific symptomatologies and aetiologies of the different disorders involved.
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Naatanen R, Kujala T, Kreegipuu K, Carlson S, Escera C, Baldeweg T, Ponton C. The mismatch negativity: an index of cognitive decline in neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases and in ageing. Brain 2011; 134:3435-53. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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21
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Qiu X, Yang X, Qiao Z, Wang L, Ning N, Shi J, Zhao L, Yang Y. Impairment in processing visual information at the pre-attentive stage in patients with a major depressive disorder: A visual mismatch negativity study. Neurosci Lett 2011; 491:53-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractDetection of a change in face is a socially important skill. Both event-related potential (ERP) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) measurements were conducted using face stimuli presented in an oddball paradigm to investigate detection of a change in face identity and facial expression. In condition 1, a nontarget deviant neutral face was presented among standard happy faces. In condition 2, the same deviant neutral face was presented with a standard neutral face of another person. The task in both conditions was silent counting of a second deviant (face with glasses). Non-target deviants elicited more negative ERP and corresponding MEG responses than standards in both conditions. This negativity was strongest at lateral posterior channels around 280 ms. Responses to the same deviant neutral face differed in two conditions. Deviance-related negativity resembled auditory mismatch negativity (MMN). Different responses to the same deviant in the two conditions suggest the existence of a sensory-memory trace for the standard to which the deviant was compared.
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Maekawa T, Tobimatsu S, Ogata K, Onitsuka T, Kanba S. Preattentive visual change detection as reflected by the mismatch negativity (MMN)—Evidence for a memory-based process. Neurosci Res 2009; 65:107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hugenschmidt CE, Peiffer AM, McCoy TP, Hayasaka S, Laurienti PJ. Preservation of crossmodal selective attention in healthy aging. Exp Brain Res 2009; 198:273-85. [PMID: 19404621 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to determine if older adults benefited from attention to a specific sensory modality in a voluntary attention task and evidenced changes in voluntary or involuntary attention when compared to younger adults. Suppressing and enhancing effects of voluntary attention were assessed using two cued forced-choice tasks, one that asked participants to localize and one that asked them to categorize visual and auditory targets. Involuntary attention was assessed using the same tasks, but with no attentional cues. The effects of attention were evaluated using traditional comparisons of means and Cox proportional hazards models. All analyses showed that older adults benefited behaviorally from selective attention in both visual and auditory conditions, including robust suppressive effects of attention. Of note, the performance of the older adults was commensurate with that of younger adults in almost all analyses, suggesting that older adults can successfully engage crossmodal attention processes. Thus, age-related increases in distractibility across sensory modalities are likely due to mechanisms other than deficits in attentional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Hugenschmidt
- Department of Radiology, ANSIR Laboratory, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Tales A, Haworth J, Wilcock G, Newton P, Butler S. Visual mismatch negativity highlights abnormal pre-attentive visual processing in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:1224-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Czigler I, Weisz J, Winkler I. Backward masking and visual mismatch negativity: Electrophysiological evidence for memory-based detection of deviant stimuli. Psychophysiology 2007; 44:610-9. [PMID: 17521378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sequences composed of two different colored checkerboard patterns (standard and deviant) were presented to adults. Each pattern was followed by a mask with stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) varying between 14 and 174 ms. ERPs were recorded to the deviant and standard stimuli while the participants detected changes of a cross, which was continuously present at the center of the screen. In further experiments, the participants performed a Go-NoGo task detecting the deviant checkerboards. Deviant stimuli elicited an occipital negative component with 124-132 ms mean latency (the visual mismatch negativity, vMMN) at test (standard or deviant)-to-mask SOAs longer than 27 ms. No vMMN amplitude increase was observed beyond 40 ms test-to-mask intervals, whereas detection of deviant checkerboard patterns improved up to 174-ms SOA. Therefore the processes underlying vMMN elicitation cannot fully explain the overt detection of visual deviance.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Czigler
- Institute for Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Abstract
The visual homolog of the (auditory) mismatch negativity, the vMMN, has already been reviewed ( Pazo-Alvarez, Cadaveira, & Amenedo, 2003 ), but a considerable body of more recent research exists. The present paper concentrates on two crucial issues of vMMN research. These issues are the memory-dependence of the vMMN and the problem of attentive vs. nonattentive processing in vMMN research. While both issues require further clarification, vMMN seems to be a promising index of the nonattentional registration of the violation of environmental rules in the visual word.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Czigler
- Institute for Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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Czigler I, Winkler I, Pató L, Várnagy A, Weisz J, Balázs L. Visual temporal window of integration as revealed by the visual mismatch negativity event-related potential to stimulus omissions. Brain Res 2006; 1104:129-40. [PMID: 16822480 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We studied whether, similarly to the auditory modality, short-period temporal integration processes occur in vision. Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded for occasional stimulus omissions from sequences of patterned visual stimuli. A posterior negative component emerged only when the constant stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was shorter than 150 ms. This upper limit is comparable with the duration of the temporal window of integration observed in the auditory modality (including experiments studying the effects of stimulus omissions). Parameters of the posterior negativity were highly similar irrespective of whether the stimuli were task-relevant or not (Experiment 1). Thus, we identified this potential as the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) component, which reflects task-independent detection of violating regularities of the stimulation. vMMN was followed by an anterior positivity (the P3a), indicating attentional shifts induced by the stimulus omissions. In Experiment 2, a posterior negativity similar to that observed in Experiment 1 emerged after the termination of short trains of stimuli, again only when the SOA was shorter than 150 ms. These results support the notion of a temporal integration window in the visual modality, the duration of which is between 150 and 180 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Czigler
- Institute for Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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29
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Tales A, Butler S. Visual mismatch negativity highlights abnormal preattentive visual processing in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2006; 17:887-90. [PMID: 16738482 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000223383.42295.fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch negativity has been found to decline in amplitude with increasing age and also in Alzheimer's disease. It has been suggested that the reduction in amplitude of mismatch negativity in Alzheimer's disease is the result of fatigue rather than a generalized decline in neuronal response. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the effect of time on task on the visual mismatch negativity in both normal aging and in Alzheimer's disease. In older adults, visual mismatch negativity showed a reduction in amplitude, which did not vary with time on task. This argues against fatigue as the cause of visual mismatch negativity amplitude reduction in normal ageing. In Alzheimer's disease, visual mismatch negativity was virtually absent in responses to the first 16 deviant stimuli but present in response to subsequent deviants. This is opposite to the effect predicted by the fatigue hypothesis. It suggests that individuals with Alzheimer's disease are initially refractory to stimulus change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tales
- Department of Care of the Elderly, The BRACE Centre, University of Bristol, Blackberry Hill Hospital, Bristol, UK
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30
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Czigler I, Weisz J, Winkler I. ERPs and deviance detection: Visual mismatch negativity to repeated visual stimuli. Neurosci Lett 2006; 401:178-82. [PMID: 16600495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed a visual analogue of the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential (ERP), which is elicited by violating some sensory regularity. Separating physical change from violating a regularity, here we show that the visual MMN (vMMN) is elicited by regularity violations that do not involve physical stimulus change. Adult participants were presented with a series of red-black and green-black checkerboard patterns delivered regularly in an RRGGRRGG ... order. Infrequently (p=0.1) this regularity was broken by repeating a stimulus one additional time (e.g. RRGGRRR). ERPs elicited by irregular stimulus repetitions were negatively displaced compared to those elicited both by regular repetition and regular change in two latency ranges: 100-140 ms and 220-260 ms. Whereas the first of these two negative ERP differences appears to be sensitive to stimulus repetition per se, the second difference can be identified as a vMMN response to violating the sequential regularity. Thus, similarly to its auditory counterpart, vMMN reflects deviance-(regularity-violation) rather than change-detection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Czigler
- Institute for Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Maekawa T, Goto Y, Kinukawa N, Taniwaki T, Kanba S, Tobimatsu S. Functional characterization of mismatch negativity to a visual stimulus. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116:2392-402. [PMID: 16122977 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2004] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To record mismatch negativity (MMN) to a visual stimulus fulfilling similar criteria to those of auditory MMN (A-MMN). METHODS Twelve normal adults were instructed to simultaneously listen to a story and to pay attention to a visual target. Three windmill patterns that differed in the number of vanes (standard, deviant, or target) were used as visual stimuli, and were randomly presented. To ensure endogeneity, standard and deviant stimuli were alternated. To vary differences between frequent (standard) and infrequent (deviant) stimuli, deviants were changed by modulating the number of vanes. To examine effects of physical features of the target stimulus on changes in detection, two target conditions were used. The deviant-related component (DRC) was obtained by subtracting event-related potentials (ERPs) to the deviant stimulus from those to the standard stimulus. RESULTS Seven subjects completed all phases of the experiment. Behavioral performances indicated that subjects' attention was directed by auditory context and identification of the target stimulus. Visual DRC appeared 150-300 ms after stimulus onset, and consisted of an early (DRN1) and a late (DRN2) component. Magnitude of deviancy from standard stimulus significantly influenced latency of DRN2 but not its magnitude, while changes in target stimulus affected latencies of both DRN1 and DRN2. CONCLUSIONS Our DRCs satisfied criteria for A-MMN. In contrast to A-MMN, only latency of the DRC was associated with visual sensory discrimination and attentional reorienting. SIGNIFICANCE It is possible to record valid MMN to a visual stimulus, which allows the study of preattentive visual information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Maekawa
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Neurological Institute,Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Lorenzo-López L, Amenedo E, Pazo-Alvarez P, Cadaveira F. Pre-attentive detection of motion direction changes in normal aging. Neuroreport 2004; 15:2633-6. [PMID: 15570167 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200412030-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Effects of normal aging on pre-attentive detection of changes in motion direction were evaluated. Young, middle-aged, and older subjects performed a visual central task while standard and deviant gratings varying in motion direction were presented outside the focus of attention. A greater negativity in the event-related potentials (ERPs) to deviants was observed in all groups at posterior sites within the N2 latency range. Visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) reached its peak between 145 and 165 ms irrespective of age. However, significant age-related changes observed in vMMN mean amplitude may suggest that the pre-attentive visual detection become less efficient in older subjects. This could lead to age-related deficits in switching attention to potentially salient visual changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lorenzo-López
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology. University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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33
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Czigler I, Balázs L, Pató LG. Visual change detection: event-related potentials are dependent on stimulus location in humans. Neurosci Lett 2004; 364:149-53. [PMID: 15196665 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrequent colored patterns within sequences of patterns of frequent color elicited a posterior negative event-related potential component only in case of lower half-field stimulation. This negativity in the 140-200 ms latency range is considered as a correlate of automatic visual change detection (visual mismatch negativity, vMMN). Retinotopic prestriate visual areas are suggested to be the generating loci of vMMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Czigler
- Institute for Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 398, 1394 Budapest, Hungary.
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34
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Mao W, Wang Y, Shi L, Wang D. Event-related potentials elicited by visual stimulus-duration discrimination tasks. Clin EEG Neurosci 2004; 35:78-83. [PMID: 15164814 DOI: 10.1177/155005940403500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded on subjects who discriminated the stimulus duration of two sequentially presented spots (S1 and S2). Four kinds of trials were included: short-duration match (S1 and S2 lasting 300 ms), short-duration conflict (S1 and S2 lasting 300 ms and 600 ms, respectively), long-duration match (S1 and S2 were 600 ms) and long-duration conflict (S1 and S2 were 600 ms and 900 ms, respectively). When S1 was equal to S2, components of P1, N1, P2, N2 and a delayed late positive component were recorded after the onset of S2. The other three negativities were elicited in both short and long duration conflict conditions. The three negative components peaked at 475, 600 and 900 ms in the short-duration condition, and they peaked at 805, 900 and 1200 ms in the long-duration condition. The first negativity was considered a visual mis-match negativity (vMMN), followed by a delayed N270 reflecting the conflict processing for duration in the brain. The last negativity, similar to N270, possibly reflects the second conflict processing activity evoked by stimulus offset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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35
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Abstract
The mismatch negativity (MMN) component is an event-related potential (ERP) that can be elicited by any change in the acoustic environment, and it is related to memory-based, automatic processing mechanisms, and attentional capture processes. This component is well defined in the auditory modality. However, there is still a great controversy about its existence in the visual modality. This paper reviews the studies that are relevant with regard to memory-based, automatic deviance detection ERPs in the visual system. The paper discusses the main strengths and limitations of those studies and suggests what directions should be taken for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pazo-Alvarez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, S/N, 15782, Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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