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Safety and efficacy of G2-S16 dendrimer as microbicide in healthy human vaginal tissue explants. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:151. [PMID: 35307031 PMCID: PMC8935742 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The absence of an effective treatment and vaccine in HIV-1 pandemic place preventive strategies such as safety and effective microbicide development as a central therapeutic approach to control HIV-1 pandemic nowadays. RESULTS Studies of cytotoxicity, immune population status, inflammation or tissue damage and mainly prophylactic inhibition of HIV-1 infection in vaginal human explants demonstrate the biosafety and effectivity of G2-S16 dendrimer. Human explants treated with G2-S16 dendrimer or treated and HIV-1 infected do not presented signs of irritation, inflammation, immune activation or T cell populations deregulation. CONCLUSIONS Herein we conclude that G2-S16 dendrimer has demonstrated sufficient efficacy, biosafety, effectivity and behavior in the closest to the real-life condition model represented by the human healthy donor vaginal tissue explants, to raise G2-S16 dendrimer as a promising candidate to clinical trials to develop an effective microbicide against HIV-1 infection.
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Neutralizing Antibody-Based Prevention of Cell-Associated HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060333. [PMID: 29912167 PMCID: PMC6024846 DOI: 10.3390/v10060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved vaccine-mediated protection against HIV-1 requires a thorough understanding of the mode of HIV-1 transmission and how various immune responses control transmission. Cell-associated HIV-1 is infectious and contributes to HIV-1 transmission in humans. Non-human primate models of cell-associated SIV infection demonstrate that cell-associated SIV is more infectious than cell-free SIV. In a recently described chimeric simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) macaque model, it was demonstrated that an occult infection with cell-associated SHIV can be established that evades passive protection with a broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb). Indeed, considerable in vitro data shows that bnAbs have less efficacy against cell-associated HIV-1 than cell-free HIV-1. Optimizing the protective capacity of immune responses such as bnAbs against cell-associated infections may be needed to maximize their protective efficacy.
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Wu TJ, Chiu HY, Yu J, Cautela MP, Sarmento B, das Neves J, Catala C, Pazos-Perez N, Guerrini L, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Vranješ-Đurić S, Ignjatović NL. Nanotechnologies for early diagnosis, in situ disease monitoring, and prevention. NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN PREVENTIVE AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7156018 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48063-5.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an enabling technology with great potential for applications in stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Fluorescent nanodiamond (FND), an inherently biocompatible and nontoxic nanoparticle, is well suited for such applications. We had developed a prospective isolation method using CD157, CD45, and CD54 to obtain lung stem cells. Labeling of CD45−CD54+CD157+ cells with FNDs did not eliminate their abilities for self-renewal and differentiation. The FND labeling in combination with cell sorting, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, and immunostaining identified transplanted stem cells allowed tracking of their engraftment and regenerative capabilities with single-cell resolution. Time-gated fluorescence (TGF) imaging in mouse tissue sections indicated that they reside preferentially at the bronchoalveolar junctions of lungs, especially in naphthalene-injured mice. Our results presented in Subchapter 1.1 demonstrate not only the remarkable homing capacity and regenerative potential of the isolated stem cells, but also the ability of finding rare lung stem cells in vivo using FNDs. The topical use of antiretroviral-based microbicides, namely of a dapivirine ring, has been recently shown to partially prevent transmission of HIV through the vaginal route. Among different formulation approaches, nanotechnology tools and principles have been used for the development of tentative vaginal and rectal microbicide products. Subchapter 1.2 provides an overview of antiretroviral drug nanocarriers as novel microbicide candidates and discusses recent and relevant research on the topic. Furthermore, advances in developing vaginal delivery platforms for the administration of promising antiretroviral drug nanocarriers are reviewed. Although mostly dedicated to the discussion of nanosystems for vaginal use, the development of rectal nanomicrobicides is also addressed. Infectious diseases are currently responsible for over 8 million deaths per year. Efficient treatments require accurate recognition of pathogens at low concentrations, which in the case of blood infection (septicemia) can go as low as 1 mL–1. Detecting and quantifying bacteria at such low concentrations is challenging and typically demands cultures of large samples of blood (∼1 mL) extending over 24–72 h. This delay seriously compromises the health of patients and is largely responsible for the death toll of bacterial infections. Recent advances in nanoscience, spectroscopy, plasmonics, and microfluidics allow for the development of optical devices capable of monitoring minute amounts of analytes in liquid samples. In Subchapter 1.3 we critically discuss these recent developments that will, in the future, enable the multiplex identification and quantification of microorganisms directly on their biological matrix with unprecedented speed, low cost, and sensitivity. Radiolabeled nanoparticles (NPs) are finding an increasing interest in a broad range of biomedical applications. They may be used to detect and characterize diseases, to deliver relevant therapeutics, and to study the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters of nanomaterials. The use of radiotracer techniques in the research of novel NPs offers many advantages, but there are still some limitations. The binding of radionuclides to NPs has to be irreversible to prevent their escape to other tissues or organs. Due to the short half-lives of radionuclides, the manufacturing process is time limited and difficult, and there is also a risk of contamination. Subchapter 1.4 presents the main selection criteria for radionuclides and applicable radiolabeling procedures used for the radiolabeling of various NPs. Also, an overview of different types of NPs that have so far been labeled with radionuclides is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Jung Wu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kuei Shang, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yu Chiu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kuei Shang, Taiwan,China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - John Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kuei Shang, Taiwan,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
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das Neves J, Nunes R, Rodrigues F, Sarmento B. Nanomedicine in the development of anti-HIV microbicides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:57-75. [PMID: 26829288 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prevention plays an invaluable role in the fight against HIV/AIDS. The use of microbicides is considered an interesting potential approach for topical pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV sexual transmission. The prospects of having an effective product available are expected to be fulfilled in the near future as driven by recent and forthcoming results of clinical trials. Different dosage forms and delivery strategies have been proposed and tested for multiple microbicide drug candidates presently at different stages of the development pipeline. One particularly interesting approach comprises the application of nanomedicine principles to the development of novel anti-HIV microbicides, but its implications to efficacy and safety are not yet fully understood. Nanotechnology-based systems, either presenting inherent anti-HIV activity or acting as drug nanocarriers, may significantly influence features such as drug solubility, stability of active payloads, drug release, interactions between active moieties and virus/cells, intracellular drug delivery, drug targeting, safety, antiviral activity, mucoadhesive behavior, drug distribution and tissue penetration, and pharmacokinetics. The present manuscript provides a comprehensive and holistic overview of these topics as relevant to the development of vaginal and rectal microbicides. In particular, recent advances pertaining inherently active microbicide nanosystems and microbicide drug nanocarriers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José das Neves
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Rute Nunes
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gives rise to a chronic infection that progressively depletes CD4(+) T lymphocytes. CD4(+) T lymphocytes play a central coordinating role in adaptive cellular and humoral immune responses, and to do so they migrate and interact within lymphoid compartments and at effector sites to mount immune responses. While cell-free virus serves as an excellent prognostic indicator for patient survival, interactions of infected T cells or virus-scavenging immune cells with uninfected T cells can greatly enhance viral spread. HIV can induce interactions between infected and uninfected T cells that are triggered by cell surface expression of viral Env, which serves as a cell adhesion molecule that interacts with CD4 on the target cell, before it acts as the viral membrane fusion protein. These interactions are called virological synapses and promote replication in the face of selective pressure of humoral immune responses and antiretroviral therapy. Other infection-enhancing cell-cell interactions occur between virus-concentrating antigen-presenting cells and recipient T cells, called infectious synapses. The exact roles that these cell-cell interactions play in each stage of infection, from viral acquisition, systemic dissemination, to chronic persistence are still being determined. Infection-promoting immune cell interactions are likely to contribute to viral persistence and enhance the ability of HIV-1 to evade adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Law
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - N Satija
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - A M Esposito
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - B K Chen
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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6
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Ao Z, Huang J, Tan X, Wang X, Tian T, Zhang X, Ouyang Q, Yao X. Characterization of the single cycle replication of HIV-1 expressing Gaussia luciferase in human PBMCs, macrophages, and in CD4+ T cell-grafted nude mouse. J Virol Methods 2016; 228:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Marsden MD, Zack JA. Studies of retroviral infection in humanized mice. Virology 2015; 479-480:297-309. [PMID: 25680625 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many important aspects of human retroviral infections cannot be fully evaluated using only in vitro systems or unmodified animal models. An alternative approach involves the use of humanized mice, which consist of immunodeficient mice that have been transplanted with human cells and/or tissues. Certain humanized mouse models can support robust infection with human retroviruses including different strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV). These models have provided wide-ranging insights into retroviral biology, including detailed information on primary infection, in vivo replication and pathogenesis, latent/persistent reservoir formation, and novel therapeutic interventions. Here we describe the humanized mouse models that are most commonly utilized to study retroviral infections, and outline some of the important discoveries that these models have produced during several decades of intensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Marsden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jerome A Zack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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8
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Bernard-Stoecklin S, Gommet C, Cavarelli M, Le Grand R. Nonhuman primate models for cell-associated simian immunodeficiency virus transmission: the need to better understand the complexity of HIV mucosal transmission. J Infect Dis 2015; 210 Suppl 3:S660-6. [PMID: 25414421 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are extensively used to assess strategies to prevent infection from sexual exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to study mechanisms of mucosal transmission. However, although semen represents one of the most important vehicles for the virus, the vast majority of preclinical challenge studies have used cell-free simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) viral particles inoculated as diluted culture supernatants. Semen is a complex body fluid containing many factors that may facilitate or decrease HIV infectiousness. The virus in semen is present in different forms: as free virus particles or as cell-associated virus (ie, within infected leukocytes). Although cell-to-cell transmission of HIV is highly efficient, the role of cell-associated virus in semen has been surprisingly poorly investigated in nonhuman primate models. Mucosal exposure of macaques to cell-associated SIV by using infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells or spleen cells has been shown to be an efficient means of infection; however, it has yet to be shown that SIV- or SHIV-infected seminal leukocytes can transmit infection in vivo. Improvement of animal models to better recapitulate the complex microenvironment at portals of HIV entry is needed for testing candidate antiretrovirals, microbicides, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Bernard-Stoecklin
- CEA, Division of Immunovirology, IDMIT Center, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses UMR-E1, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - Céline Gommet
- CEA, Division of Immunovirology, IDMIT Center, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses UMR-E1, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - Mariangela Cavarelli
- CEA, Division of Immunovirology, IDMIT Center, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses UMR-E1, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France DIBIT, Hospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Division of Immunovirology, IDMIT Center, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses UMR-E1, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
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9
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Moench TR. Cell-associated transmission of HIV type 1 and other lentiviruses in small-animal models. J Infect Dis 2015; 210 Suppl 3:S654-9. [PMID: 25414420 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-animal models of lentivirus transmission have repeatedly demonstrated transmission by cell-associated virus via vaginal, rectal, and oral routes. The earliest experiments were in the cat/feline immunodeficiency virus model, followed a decade later by successful vaginal transmission of cell-associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in mice bearing transplanted human immune cells. After early unsuccessful attempts at cell-associated transmission in nonhuman primates, renewed investigation in diverse primate models has now confirmed the findings from the cat and humanized mouse models. Improvements in humanized mouse models have made them the preferred small-animal models to study HIV mucosal transmission. They provide complementary systems to nonhuman primate models to aid in the elucidation of the many remaining questions on the mechanism of and means to prevent both cell-associated and cell-free HIV transmission across mucosal barriers.
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10
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Barreto-de-Souza V, Arakelyan A, Margolis L, Vanpouille C. HIV-1 vaginal transmission: cell-free or cell-associated virus? Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:589-99. [PMID: 24730358 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of new HIV infections in male-to-female transmission occurs through semen, where HIV-1 is present in two different forms: as free and as cell-associated virus. In the female lower genital tract, semen mixes with female genital secretions that contain various factors, some of which facilitate or inhibit HIV-1 transmission. Next, HIV-1 crosses the genital epithelia, reaches the regional lymph nodes, and disseminates through the female host. Cervico-vaginal mucosa contains multiple barriers, resulting in a low probability of vaginal transmission. However, in some cases, HIV-1 is able to break these barriers. Although the exact mechanisms of how these barriers function remain unclear, their levels of efficiency against cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 are different, and both cell-free and cell-associated virions seem to use different strategies to overcome these barriers. Understanding the basic mechanisms of HIV-1 vaginal transmission is required for the development of new antiviral strategies to contain HIV-1 epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Barreto-de-Souza
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Bernard-Stoecklin S, Gommet C, Corneau AB, Guenounou S, Torres C, Dejucq-Rainsford N, Cosma A, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Le Grand R. Semen CD4+ T cells and macrophages are productively infected at all stages of SIV infection in macaques. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003810. [PMID: 24348253 PMCID: PMC3861532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal events of HIV transmission have been extensively studied, but the role of infected cells present in the genital and rectal secretions, and in the semen, in particular, remains a matter of debate. As a prerequisite to a thorough in vivo investigation of the early transmission events through infected cells, we characterized in detail by multi-parameter flow cytometry the changes in macaque seminal leukocytes during SIVmac251 infection, focusing on T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Using immunocytofluorescence targeting SIV proteins and real-time quantitative PCR targeting SIV DNA, we investigated the nature of the infected cells on sorted semen leukocytes from macaques at different stages of infection. Finally, we cocultured semen CD4+ T cells and macrophages with a cell line permissive to SIV infection to assess their infectivity in vitro. We found that primary infection induced strong local inflammation, which was associated with an increase in the number of leukocytes in semen, both factors having the potential to favor cell-associated virus transmission. Semen CD4+ T cells and macrophages were productively infected at all stages of infection and were infectious in vitro. Lymphocytes had a mucosal phenotype and expressed activation (CD69 & HLA-DR) and migration (CCR5, CXCR4, LFA-1) markers. CD69 expression was increased in semen T cells by SIV infection, at all stages of infection. Macrophages predominated at all stages and expressed CD4, CCR5, MAC-1 and LFA-1. Altogether, we demonstrated that semen contains the two major SIV-target cells (CD4+ T cells and macrophages). Both cell types can be productively infected at all stages of SIV infection and are endowed with markers that may facilitate transmission of infection during sexual exposure. Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection is predominantly transmitted by mucosal exposure, after sexual intercourse. Although substantial progresses have been recently achieved in our understanding of the mechanisms of HIV mucosal transmission, many questions remain. Semen is one of the major sources for HIV which contains both cell-free viral particles and viral infected cells. However, today, the role of cell-associated virus has been largely understudied. We provide here a detailed characterization of the semen leukocyte populations in the highly relevant experiment model of SIV infection of macaques. We demonstrate that the major target cells for the virus, CD4+ T cells and macrophages, are present in macaques semen at all stages of infection. Both cell types are productively infected in vivo and are endowed with adhesion and migration markers that may facilitate virus transmission during sexual exposure. The acute phase of infection is associated with a strong seminal inflammation that may increase semen leukocytes infectivity. This work supports for a role of cell-associated virus in HIV transmission which needs to be considered for the design of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Bernard-Stoecklin
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Céline Gommet
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Aurélien B. Corneau
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Sabrina Guenounou
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Claire Torres
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- INSERM U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Structure Fédérative Recherche Biosit, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Antonio Cosma
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR-E1, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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Antibody and antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis prevent cervicovaginal HIV-1 infection in a transgenic mouse model. J Virol 2013; 87:8535-44. [PMID: 23720722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00868-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine preventing HIV-1 infection remains elusive. Thus, the development of novel approaches capable of preventing HIV-1 transmission is of paramount importance. However, this is partly hindered by the lack of an easily accessible small-animal model to rapidly measure viral entry. Here, we report the generation of a human CD4- and human CCR5-expressing transgenic luciferase reporter mouse that facilitates measurement of peritoneal and genitomucosal HIV-1 pseudovirus entry in vivo. We show that antibodies and antiretrovirals mediate preexposure protection in this mouse model and that the serum antibody concentration required for protection from cervicovaginal infection is comparable to that required to protect macaques. Our results suggest that this system represents a model for the preclinical evaluation of prophylactic or vaccine candidates. It further supports the idea that broadly neutralizing antibodies should be evaluated for use as preexposure prophylaxis in clinical trials.
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Selhorst P, Grupping K, Tong T, Crooks ET, Martin L, Vanham G, Binley JM, Ariën KK. M48U1 CD4 mimetic has a sustained inhibitory effect on cell-associated HIV-1 by attenuating virion infectivity through gp120 shedding. Retrovirology 2013; 10:12. [PMID: 23375046 PMCID: PMC3571899 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infected cells can establish new infections by crossing the vaginal epithelia and subsequently producing virus in a milieu that avoids the high microbicide concentrations of the vaginal lumen. FINDINGS To address this problem, here, we report that pretreatment of HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a 27 amino acid CD4-mimetic, M48U1, causes dramatic and prolonged reduction of infectious virus output, due to its induction of gp120 shedding. CONCLUSIONS M48U1 may, therefore, be valuable for prophylaxis of mucosal HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Selhorst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, B-2000, Belgium
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Selective transmigration of monocyte-associated HIV-1 across a human cervical monolayer and its modulation by seminal plasma. AIDS 2012; 26:785-96. [PMID: 22495223 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328351426e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the transmigration of immune cells infected by HIV-1 across the epithelial monolayer using the endometrial human endometrial carcinoma (HEC)-1A cell line and to study the influence of seminal plasma in this process. DESIGN After sexual intercourse involving a male partner infected by HIV-1, a selection process has been shown to lead to a predominant transmission of the R5 phenotype despite the presence of X4 and R5 strains in semen. Transmigration of HIV-infected monocytes present in semen may represent a pertinent mechanism that could explain this tropism selection. METHODS Epithelial monolayer crossing was studied by using HEC-1A epithelial cells cultured on permeable support and monocyte-enriched or lymphocyte-enriched populations of cells infected or not by HIV R5 or X4 strains. Transmigrating cells were quantified and analysed for their ability to transmit HIV infection to immune target cells. The effect of HIV-negative seminal plasma on cell transmigration was analysed. RESULTS A preferential passage of the R5 strain associated with monocyte-enriched populations was observed together with the ability of this strain to transmit infection. Seminal plasma was found able to decrease the epithelial crossing of immune cells by enhancing transepithelial resistance and by increasing the adherence of immune cells to the monolayer. CONCLUSION The preferential transmigration of HIV R5 strains associated with monocytes across the endocervical monolayer may explain the predominant transmission of the R5 strains after sexual intercourse. By its capacity to modulate the tightness of the epithelial structure, seminal plasma reinforces this selection process.
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Neff CP, Kurisu T, Ndolo T, Fox K, Akkina R. A topical microbicide gel formulation of CCR5 antagonist maraviroc prevents HIV-1 vaginal transmission in humanized RAG-hu mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20209. [PMID: 21673796 PMCID: PMC3105981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For prevention of HIV infection many currently licensed anti-HIV drugs and new ones in the pipeline show potential as topically applied microbicides. While macaque models have been the gold standard for in vivo microbicide testing, they are expensive and sufficient numbers are not available. Therefore, a small animal model that facilitates rapid evaluation of potential candidates for their preliminary efficacy is urgently needed in the microbicide field. We previously demonstrated that RAG-hu humanized mouse model permits HIV-1 mucosal transmission via both vaginal and rectal routes and that oral pre-exposure chemo-prophylactic strategies could be tested in this system. Here in these proof-of-concept studies, we extended this system for topical microbicide testing using HIV-1 as the challenge virus. Maraviroc, a clinically approved CCR5 inhibitor drug for HIV treatment, was formulated as a microbicide gel at 5 mM concentration in 2.2% hydroxyl ethyl cellulose. Female RAG-hu mice were challenged vaginally with HIV-1 an hour after intravaginal application of the maraviroc gel. Our results showed that maraviroc gel treated mice were fully protected against vaginal HIV-1 challenge in contrast to placebo gel treated mice which all became infected. These findings highlight the utility of the humanized mouse models for microbicide testing and, together with the recent data from macaque studies, suggest that maraviroc is a promising candidate for future microbicide clinical trials in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Preston Neff
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Theresa Kurisu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas Ndolo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kami Fox
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Neff CP, Ndolo T, Tandon A, Habu Y, Akkina R. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis by anti-retrovirals raltegravir and maraviroc protects against HIV-1 vaginal transmission in a humanized mouse model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15257. [PMID: 21203568 PMCID: PMC3006206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual HIV-1 transmission by vaginal route is the most predominant mode of viral transmission, resulting in millions of new infections every year. In the absence of an effective vaccine, there is an urgent need to develop other alternative methods of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Many novel drugs that are currently approved for clinical use also show great potential to prevent viral sexual transmission when administered systemically. A small animal model that permits rapid preclinical evaluation of potential candidates for their systemic PrEP efficacy will greatly enhance progress in this area of investigation. We have previously shown that RAG-hu humanized mouse model permits HIV-1 mucosal transmission via both vaginal and rectal routes and displays CD4 T cell loss typical to that seen in the human. Thus far systemic PrEP studies have been primarily limited to RT inhibitors exemplified by tenofovir and emtricitabine. In these proof-of-concept studies we evaluated two new classes of clinically approved drugs with different modes of action namely, an integrase inhibitor raltegravir and a CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc as potential systemically administered chemo-prophylactics. Our results showed that oral administration of either of these drugs fully protects against vaginal HIV-1 challenge in the RAG-hu mouse model. Based on these results both these drugs show great promise for further development as orally administered PrEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Preston Neff
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas Ndolo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Apurva Tandon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yuichiro Habu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhu L, Zhang GH, Zheng YT. [Application studies of animal models in evaluating safety and efficacy of HIV-1 microbicides]. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2010; 31:66-76. [PMID: 20446456 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2010.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As the HIV/AIDS pandemic continues unabated, novel prophylactic strategy for the spread of HIV are urgently needed. Topical microbicides are designed to prevent transmission of HIV when applied vaginally or rectally. Although there are many microbicide candidates in the pipeline, animal models for evaluating their safety and efficacy are urgently needed. On the basis of comparing the non-primate small animal models and the non-human primate animal models in evaluating safety and efficacy of HIV microbicides, this review summarizes the major advantages and disadvantages of the relevant animal models. The suggested direction of research that would benefit the development of microbicides is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
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Gali Y, Ariën KK, Praet M, Van den Bergh R, Temmerman M, Delezay O, Vanham G. Development of an in vitro dual-chamber model of the female genital tract as a screening tool for epithelial toxicity. J Virol Methods 2010; 165:186-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Buckheit RW, Watson KM, Morrow KM, Ham AS. Development of topical microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. Antiviral Res 2010; 85:142-58. [PMID: 19874851 PMCID: PMC2815091 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Women comprise almost 50% of the population of people living with HIV and the majority of these women contracted the virus through sexual transmission in monogamous relationships in the developing world. In these environments, where women are not empowered to protect themselves through the negotiation of condom use, effective means of preventing HIV transmission are urgently needed. In the absence of an approved and effective vaccine, microbicides have become the strategy of choice to provide women with the ability to prevent HIV transmission from their infected partners. Topical microbicides are agents specifically developed and formulated for use in either the vaginal or rectal environment that prevent infection by sexually transmitted infectious organisms, including pathogenic viruses, bacteria and fungi. Although a microbicidal product will have many of the same properties as other anti-infective agents and would be similarly developed through human clinical trials, microbicide development bears its own challenges related to formulation and delivery and the unique environment in which the product must act, as well as the requirement to develop a product that is acceptable to the user. Herein, perspectives based on preclinical and clinical microbicide development experience, which have led to an evolving microbicide development algorithm, will be discussed. This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of anti-retroviral drug discovery and development, Vol 85, issue 1, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Buckheit
- ImQuest BioSciences, Inc., 7340 Executive Way, Suite R, Frederick, MD 21704, USA.
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Van Duyne R, Pedati C, Guendel I, Carpio L, Kehn-Hall K, Saifuddin M, Kashanchi F. The utilization of humanized mouse models for the study of human retroviral infections. Retrovirology 2009; 6:76. [PMID: 19674458 PMCID: PMC2743631 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of novel techniques and systems to study human infectious diseases in both an in vitro and in vivo settings is always in high demand. Ideally, small animal models are the most efficient method of studying human afflictions. This is especially evident in the study of the human retroviruses, HIV-1 and HTLV-1, in that current simian animal models, though robust, are often expensive and difficult to maintain. Over the past two decades, the construction of humanized animal models through the transplantation and engraftment of human tissues or progenitor cells into immunocompromised mouse strains has allowed for the development of a reconstituted human tissue scaffold in a small animal system. The utilization of small animal models for retroviral studies required expansion of the early CB-17 scid/scid mouse resulting in animals demonstrating improved engraftment efficiency and infectivity. The implantation of uneducated human immune cells and associated tissue provided the basis for the SCID-hu Thy/Liv and hu-PBL-SCID models. Engraftment efficiency of these tissues was further improved through the integration of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mutation leading to the creation of NODSCID, NOD/Shi-scid IL2rγ-/-, and NOD/SCID β2-microglobulinnull animals. Further efforts at minimizing the response of the innate murine immune system produced the Rag2-/-γc-/- model which marked an important advancement in the use of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Together, these animal models have revolutionized the investigation of retroviral infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Van Duyne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Denton PW, Estes JD, Sun Z, Othieno FA, Wei BL, Wege AK, Powell DA, Payne D, Haase AT, Garcia JV. Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis prevents vaginal transmission of HIV-1 in humanized BLT mice. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e16. [PMID: 18198941 PMCID: PMC2194746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, vaginal transmission now accounts for more than half of newly acquired HIV-1 infections. Despite the urgency to develop and implement novel approaches capable of preventing HIV transmission, this process has been hindered by the lack of adequate small animal models for preclinical efficacy and safety testing. Given the importance of this route of transmission, we investigated the susceptibility of humanized mice to intravaginal HIV-1 infection. METHODS AND FINDINGS We show that the female reproductive tract of humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) mice is reconstituted with human CD4+ T and other relevant human cells, rendering these humanized mice susceptible to intravaginal infection by HIV-1. Effects of HIV-1 infection include CD4+ T cell depletion in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) that closely mimics what is observed in HIV-1-infected humans. We also show that pre-exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs is a highly effective method for preventing vaginal HIV-1 transmission. Whereas 88% (7/8) of BLT mice inoculated vaginally with HIV-1 became infected, none of the animals (0/5) given pre-exposure prophylaxis of emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) showed evidence of infection (Chi square = 7.5, df = 1, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The fact that humanized BLT mice are susceptible to intravaginal infection makes this system an excellent candidate for preclinical evaluation of both microbicides and pre-exposure prophylactic regimens. The utility of humanized mice to study intravaginal HIV-1 transmission is particularly highlighted by the demonstration that pre-exposure prophylaxis can prevent intravaginal HIV-1 transmission in the BLT mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Denton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zhifeng Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Florence A Othieno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bangdong L Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anja K Wege
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel A Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deborah Payne
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashley T Haase
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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D'Cruz OJ, Uckun FM. Limitations of the Human-PBL-SCID Mouse Model for Vaginal Transmission of HIV-1. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 57:353-60. [PMID: 17430499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM SCID mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) are amenable to vaginal transmission of HIV-1. We investigated the effectiveness of this model to establish systemic HIV-1 infection. METHOD OF STUDY Eighty progesterone-primed C.B-17 SCID mice were reconstituted with human-PBLs and intravaginally inoculated with CCR5 HIV-1 (BaL or 92BR09) infected human-PBLs in the presence of human semen. After two weeks, viral RNA load in spleen, peritoneal lavage (PL), and serum was quantitated by the nucleic acid sequence-based amplification method. RESULTS In five independent experiments, spleen from 8/60 (13.3%), PL from 7/60 (11.6%), and serum from 16/56 (28.5%) mice were positive for BaL HIV-1 infection. Similarly, spleen from 4/20 (20%), PL from 1/20 (5%) and serum from 5/20 (25%) mice vaginally inoculated with 92BR09-infected human-PBLs were positive for HIV-1. A one-sided power analysis using normal approximation revealed that at 5% significance level, the overall response rate need to increase form 0.29 to 0.9 and 80% of the control groups needs to achieve a response rate between 6/10 and 9/10 to make the assay feasible. CONCLUSION The incidence of vaginal transmission of CCR5 HIV-1 in the human-PBL-SCID mouse was low and variable, which constitutes a major disadvantage for preclinical evaluation of vaginal microbicides.
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McGowan I. Microbicides: a new frontier in HIV prevention. Biologicals 2006; 34:241-55. [PMID: 17097303 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV-1. Despite more than two decades of HIV-1 vaccine research, there is still no efficacious HIV-1 vaccine, and the scientific community appears skeptical about the short or long-term feasibility of developing a vaccine that has the ability to induce sterilizing immunity against HIV-1. In this setting, microbicide research has gathered momentum. Currently, 16 candidate microbicides are in clinical development and five products are being evaluated in large-scale Phase 2B/3 effectiveness studies. Initial data from these trials will be available within the next 2-3 years, and it is feasible that there could be one or more licensed microbicides by the end of the decade. The first generation of surfactant microbicides had a non-specific mechanism of action. However, subsequent candidate microbicides have been developed to target specific steps in the process of viral transmission. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of microbicide development and an update on the candidate pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian McGowan
- Center for Prevention Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, 10940 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 1250, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.
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Lederman MM, Offord RE, Hartley O. Microbicides and other topical strategies to prevent vaginal transmission of HIV. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:371-82. [PMID: 16639430 DOI: 10.1038/nri1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The HIV epidemic is, by many criteria, the worst outbreak of infectious disease in history. The rate of new infections is now approximately 5 million per year, mainly in the developing world, and is increasing. Women are now substantially more at risk of infection with HIV than men. With no cure or effective vaccine in sight, a huge effort is required to develop topical agents (often called microbicides) that, applied to the vaginal mucosa, would prevent infection of these high-risk individuals. We discuss the targets for topical agents that have been identified by studies of the biology of HIV infection and provide an overview of the progress towards the development of a usable agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Lederman
- Case Western Reserve University, 2061 Cornell Road, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Olmsted SS, Khanna KV, Ng EM, Whitten ST, Johnson ON, Markham RB, Cone RA, Moench TR. Low pH immobilizes and kills human leukocytes and prevents transmission of cell-associated HIV in a mouse model. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:79. [PMID: 16194280 PMCID: PMC1262719 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both cell-associated and cell-free HIV virions are present in semen and cervical secretions of HIV-infected individuals. Thus, topical microbicides may need to inactivate both cell-associated and cell-free HIV to prevent sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS. To determine if the mild acidity of the healthy vagina and acid buffering microbicides would prevent transmission by HIV-infected leukocytes, we measured the effect of pH on leukocyte motility, viability and intracellular pH and tested the ability of an acidic buffering microbicide (BufferGel®) to prevent the transmission of cell-associated HIV in a HuPBL-SCID mouse model. Methods Human lymphocyte, monocyte, and macrophage motilities were measured as a function of time and pH using various acidifying agents. Lymphocyte and macrophage motilities were measured using video microscopy. Monocyte motility was measured using video microscopy and chemotactic chambers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) viability and intracellular pH were determined as a function of time and pH using fluorescent dyes. HuPBL-SCID mice were pretreated with BufferGel, saline, or a control gel and challenged with HIV-1-infected human PBMCs. Results Progressive motility was completely abolished in all cell types between pH 5.5 and 6.0. Concomitantly, at and below pH 5.5, the intracellular pH of PBMCs dropped precipitously to match the extracellular medium and did not recover. After acidification with hydrochloric acid to pH 4.5 for 60 min, although completely immotile, 58% of PBMCs excluded ethidium homodimer-1 (dead-cell dye). In contrast, when acidified to this pH with BufferGel, a microbicide designed to maintain vaginal acidity in the presence of semen, only 4% excluded dye at 10 min and none excluded dye after 30 min. BufferGel significantly reduced transmission of HIV-1 in HuPBL-SCID mice (1 of 12 infected) compared to saline (12 of 12 infected) and a control gel (5 of 7 infected). Conclusion These results suggest that physiologic or microbicide-induced acid immobilization and killing of infected white blood cells may be effective in preventing sexual transmission of cell-associated HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart S Olmsted
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Jenkins Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- RAND Corporation, 201 N. Craig St #202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Erina M Ng
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Jenkins Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Steven T Whitten
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Jenkins Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Owen N Johnson
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Jenkins Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Richard B Markham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Suite E5132, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Richard A Cone
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Jenkins Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- ReProtect, Inc., 703 Stags Head Rd, Baltimore, MD 21286, USA
| | - Thomas R Moench
- ReProtect, Inc., 703 Stags Head Rd, Baltimore, MD 21286, USA
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D'Cruz OJ, Samuel P, Uckun FM. PHI-443: A Novel Noncontraceptive Broad-Spectrum Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Microbicide1. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:2037-47. [PMID: 15306558 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.032870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PHI-443 (N'-[2-(2-thiophene)ethyl]-N'-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)] thiourea) is a rationally designed novel thiophene thiourea nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with potent anti-HIV activity against the wild-type and drug-resistant primary clinical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) isolates. This study examined the potential utility of PHI-443 as a nonspermicidal microbicide for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV. Our goal in this study was to test the effects of PHI-443 on in vivo sperm functions under conditions shown to inactivate viruses in human cells. PHI-443 completely prevented the vaginal transmission of a genotypically and phenotypically drug-resistant HIV-1 isolate in the humanized severe combined immunodeficient (Hu-SCID) mouse model of sexually transmitted AIDS. Exposure of human sperm to PHI-443 at doses 30 000 times higher than those that yield effective concentrations against the AIDS virus had no adverse effect on sperm motility, kinematics, cervical mucus penetrability, or the viability of vaginal and cervical epithelial cells. Exposure of rabbit semen to PHI-443 either ex vivo or in vivo had no adverse impact on in vivo fertilizing ability in the rabbit model. Reproductive indices (i.e., pregnancy rate, embryo implantation, and preimplantation losses) were not affected by pretreatment of rabbit semen with PHI-443. Likewise, intravaginal application of 2% PHI-443 via a self-emulsifying gel at the time of artificial insemination resulted in healthy offspring with no apparent peri- or postnatal repercussions. Repeated intravaginal administration of 0.5%- 2% PHI-443 gel was found to be safe in rabbits and lacked systemic absorption. PHI-443 has clinical potential as a prophylactic broad-spectrum anti-HIV microbicide without contraceptive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Reproductive Biology, Parker Hughes Institute, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA.
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Balzarini J, Hatse S, Vermeire K, Princen K, Aquaro S, Perno CF, De Clercq E, Egberink H, Vanden Mooter G, Peumans W, Van Damme E, Schols D. Mannose-specific plant lectins from the Amaryllidaceae family qualify as efficient microbicides for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3858-70. [PMID: 15388446 PMCID: PMC521907 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.10.3858-3870.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant lectins derived from Galanthus nivalis (Snowdrop) (GNA) and Hippeastrum hybrid (Amaryllis) (HHA) selectively inhibited a wide variety of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 strains and clinical (CXCR4- and CCR5-using) isolates in different cell types. They also efficiently inhibited infection of T lymphocytes by a variety of mutant virus strains. GNA and HHA markedly prevented syncytium formation between persistently infected HUT-78/HIV cells and uninfected T lymphocytes. The plant lectins did not measurably affect the antiviral activity of other clinically approved anti-HIV drugs used in the clinic when combined with these drugs. Short exposure of the lectins to cell-free virus particles or persistently HIV-infected HUT-78 cells markedly decreased HIV infectivity and increased the protective (microbicidal) activity of the plant lectins. Flow cytometric analysis and monoclonal antibody binding studies and a PCR-based assay revealed that GNA and HHA do not interfere with CD4, CXCR4, CCR5, and DC-SIGN and do not specifically bind with the membrane of uninfected cells. Instead, GNA and HHA likely interrupt the virus entry process by interfering with the virus envelope glycoprotein. HHA and GNA are odorless, colorless, and tasteless, and they are not cytotoxic, antimetabolically active, or mitogenic to human primary T lymphocytes at concentrations that exceed their antivirally active concentrations by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. GNA and HHA proved stable at high temperature (50 degrees C) and low pH (5.0) for prolonged time periods and can be easily formulated in gel preparations for microbicidal use; they did not agglutinate human erythrocytes and were not toxic to mice when administered intravenously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Willits RK, Saltzman WM. The effect of synthetic polymers on the migration of monocytes through human cervical mucus. Biomaterials 2004; 25:4563-71. [PMID: 15120501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2003] [Accepted: 11/22/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the vaginal mucosa is critical to protecting women from infection, particularly sexually transmitted diseases. For example, breakdown of the mucosa, including the cell lining and/or mucus layer, due to vaginal infections has been shown to increase the risk of HIV infection. There is considerable interest in the development of new topical microbicides for women; many of these topical agents contain polymers. One potential mechanism for altering the barrier properties of a three-dimensional fibrous gel, such as cervical mucus, to cell penetration is to alter the fiber structure. In previous studies, we have shown that addition of synthetic polymers, such as polyvinyl pyridine (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), modify the fiber structure and mechanical properties of human cervical mucus. Here we investigated the ability of peripheral blood monocytes to migrate through structurally altered mucus gels. Adding PVP to mucus increased both the average fiber spacing and the rate of random migration of monocytes; addition of PEG to mucus also caused an increased random migration rate, although changes in overall fiber spacing were not obvious. In both cases, the addition of small amounts of polymer to cervical mucus decreased the barrier property of mucus with respect to cell migration. This result raises questions about the safety of polymeric agents as ingredients in topical microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kuntz Willits
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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Lard-Whiteford SL, Matecka D, O'Rear JJ, Yuen IS, Litterst C, Reichelderfer P. Recommendations for the Nonclinical Development of Topical Microbicides for Prevention of HIV Transmission: An Update. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36:541-52. [PMID: 15097296 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200405010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of methods to prevent HIV infection is critical to curbing the rising epidemic. Topical microbicides represent a potential new strategy for reduction of HIV transmission. The purpose of this article is to update and expand upon the nonclinical recommendations of a previously published document on the development of microbicides prepared by the International Working Group on Microbicides. The nonclinical studies discussed here represent general concepts and regulatory considerations that are pertinent to the development of topical microbicides for prevention or reduction of HIV transmission. Essential early steps in product development include the determination of antiviral activity, cytotoxicity, mechanism of action, pathways to resistance, and cross-resistance to approved drugs. Other parameters to consider include activity against vaginal microflora and pathogens that cause sexually transmitted diseases. Before and during clinical trials, nonclinical data on toxicology and pharmacokinetics should be obtained. Finally, product quality issues, including microbicide formulation characteristics, interaction with other products, and stability, should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl L Lard-Whiteford
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 20857, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sexually active teens are at significant risk from sexually transmitted infections and girls and women bear the greatest burden of these infections. New methods, such as vaginal microbicides, would provide female controlled options. Microbicides are currently in development and thus it is timely to discuss the progress made and factors that may influence acceptability for teens. RECENT FINDINGS Microbicide development presents many challenges, and several different potential mechanisms of action are being explored. There is interest in these products from women and men, and specific preferences are being investigated. Adolescents, due to reproductive system immaturity, developing cognitive abilities and the psychosocial context of their relationships, present a special set of challenges in efforts to foster microbicide use. SUMMARY Vaginal microbicides are on the horizon. Further study into teen issues is required to develop successful strategies for marketing and encouraging adolescent use of microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Rupp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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Di Fabio S, Van Roey J, Giannini G, van den Mooter G, Spada M, Binelli A, Pirillo MF, Germinario E, Belardelli F, de Bethune MP, Vella S. Inhibition of vaginal transmission of HIV-1 in hu-SCID mice by the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor TMC120 in a gel formulation. AIDS 2003; 17:1597-604. [PMID: 12853741 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200307250-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of drugs that can be used as topical microbicides is currently recognized as a priority area of research. DESIGN A preclinical evaluation of the potential effectiveness of TMC120, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), as a topical microbicide to prevent vaginal HIV-1 transmission in a humanized severe combined immunodeficient (hu-SCID) mouse model. METHODS Reconstituted mice received an intravaginal application of a TMC120-containing gel 20 min prior to a non-invasive vaginal challenge with cell-associated HIV. The possible cytotoxic effect of TMC120-containing-gel on lymphocytes was assessed and their in vivo migration was followed using fluorescently labelled human lymphocytes. Systemic infection was monitored by p24 antigen detection in culture supernatant from cocultured intraperitoneal cells using antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test and by the presence of integrated proviral HIV-1 DNA in DNA extracted from spleen cells. In vivo migration of labelled lymphocytes was examined by analysis of cells isolated from regional lymph nodes. RESULTS In this model, systemic infection was successfully inhibited by the presence of TMC120-containing gel at vaginal level. The in vivo migration of human lymphocytes from the vagina to regional lymph nodes, following the deposition of TMC120-containing gel, excluded the possibility that inhibition of systemic infection was a result of NNRTI toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Vaginal transmission of HIV was successfully prevented by the application of a gel formulation containing TMC120. This is the first evidence of the in vivo effectiveness of a microbicide preparation containing an NNRTI against cell-associated HIV.
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Stone A. Microbicides: a new approach to preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002; 1:977-85. [PMID: 12461519 DOI: 10.1038/nrd959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many chemical agents can block human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the laboratory. Scientists are investigating which of these, used intravaginally by women, will safely prevent the sexual transmission of HIV in humans. Several such products - microbicides - will soon be tested in populations at high risk for HIV, and others are waiting in the wings. Microbicides will provide a low-cost method, controlled by women, for protection against HIV, other sexually transmitted pathogens and unwanted pregnancy, and will therefore have global public-health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Stone
- International Family Health, Cityside House, 40 Adler Street, London E1 1EE, UK.
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Turpin JA. Considerations and development of topical microbicides to inhibit the sexual transmission of HIV. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2002; 11:1077-97. [PMID: 12150703 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.11.8.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The increased incidence of HIV/AIDS disease in women aged 15 - 49 years has identified the urgent need for a female-controlled, efficacious and safe vaginal topical microbicide. To meet this challenge, new topical microbicide candidates consisting of molecules or formulations that modify the genital environment (BufferGel, engineered Lactobacillus, over-the-counter lubricants), surfactants (C31D/Savvy, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate), polyanionic polymers (PRO 2000, beta-cyclodextrin, Carraguard, CAP, D2S, SPL-7013), proteins (cyanovirin-N, monoclonal antibodies, thromspondin-1 peptides, Pokeweed antiviral protein and others), reverse transcription inhibitors (PMPA [Tenofovir ]), UC-781, SJ-3366, DABO and thiourea) and other molecules (NCp7-specific virucides, chemokine receptor agonists/antagonists, WHI-05 and WHI-07) are currently being investigated for activity, safety and efficacy. This review will assess the development of these molecules in the context of cervicovaginal defences and the clinical failure of nonoxynol-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim A Turpin
- TherImmune Research Corporation, Infectious Disease and Immunology Department, 18761 North Frederick Avenue, Suite A, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA.
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