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Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus among intravenous drug users: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Virol Sin 2017; 32:415-422. [PMID: 29038977 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous drug users (IDUs) have been demonstrated to be highly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Nevertheless, the prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV), an important co-infected agent with HIV, among this population remained obscure. We conducted a systematic review on the epidemiological features of KSHV among IDUs worldwide. Eligible studies were retrieved from 6 electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CBM, CNKI and Wanfang). We calculated the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) overall and among subgroups using either random-effects model or fixed-effects model depending on between-study heterogeneity. The potential publication bias was assessed by the Egger's test. A meta-regression analysis was performed to explore the sources of heterogeneity. Finally, twenty-two studies with a total sample of 7881 IDUs were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of KSHV was 14.71% (95% CI 11.12%-19.46%) among IDUs. Specifically, KSHV prevalence was 10.86% (95% CI 6.95%-16.96%) in HIV-negative IDUs, and 13.56% (95% CI 10.57%-17.38%) in HIV-positive IDUs. Moreover, prevalence among IDUs from the three continents involved in the current study was similar: 16.10% (95%CI 7.73%-33.54%) in Asia; 14.22% (95%CI 8.96%-22.57%) in Europe and 14.06% (95%CI 11.38%-17.37%) in America. Globally, IDUs are at higher risk of the KSHV infection when compared with the general population, regardless of geographical region or HIV-infection status.
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Abstract
Introduction The complications of HIV/AIDS can produce grossly abnormal pathology. In low-resourced settings, women can present late with huge lesions. Massive vulval pathology copresenting in pregnancy produces difficulties in managing the patients and may lead to poor maternal or fetal outcomes. Case report A 27-year-old P1 G2 (second pregnancy one live birth) patient presented at 30 weeks gestation with a massive vulval lesion. She was HIV seropositive and taking anti-retroviral therapy. She was anemic with a hemoglobin level of 5.9 and was transfused 4.0 of packed cells. She underwent examination under anesthesia and vulval biopsy. She went into preterm labor and was delivered by cesarean section. Unfortunately, the baby had died while receiving corticosteroid therapy. The histopathological report confirmed a Kaposi’s sarcoma, and she was referred to oncologists for chemotherapy. Conclusion Kaposi’s sarcoma can occur in pregnancy in both seropositive and seronegative patients. Kaposi’s sarcoma causes significant fetal and maternal health complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solwayo Ngwenya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mpilo Central Hospital, Mzilikazi; Royal Women's Clinic, Bulawayo, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe
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Zhang T, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Minhas V, Wood C, He N. Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 and hepatitis C virus among drug users in Shanghai, China. Viruses 2014; 6:2519-30. [PMID: 24960274 PMCID: PMC4074941 DOI: 10.3390/v6062519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate and compare the seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among Chinese drug users, a cross-sectional study of 441 participants, was conducted in Shanghai, China, from 2012 through 2013. Seventy-seven (17.5%) participants were found to be positive for HHV8 antibodies, while 271 (61.5%) participants were positive for HCV. No significant association between HHV8 seropositivity and drug use characteristics, sexual behaviors, HCV, or syphilis was observed. In contrast, a statistically significant association between HCV seropositivity and injected drug history (OR, 2.18, 95% CI 1.41–3.37) was detected, whereas no statistically significant association between HCV seropositivity and syphilis infection (OR, 7.56, 95% CI 0.94–60.57) were observed. Pairwise comparisons showed no significant differences between latent and lytic antibodies regarding HCV and HHV8 serostatus. The study demonstrated a moderate but elevated prevalence of HHV8 infection among drug users. The discordance between HHV8 and HCV infections suggests that blood borne transmission of HHV8 might not be the predominant mode of transmission in this population, which is in contrast to HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- Putuo District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Veenu Minhas
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Na He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Zhang T, He N, Ding Y, Crabtree K, Minhas V, Wood C. Prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 and hepatitis C virus in a rural community with a high risk for blood-borne infections in central China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:395-401. [PMID: 20545961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Illegal blood donation in the past decade has caused human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outbreaks in some rural areas in China. Other HIV-associated virus infections, such as those caused by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), in such areas are still not well defined. In order to explore HHV8 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroprevalence and potential risk factors in such areas, a cross-sectional study with 305 HIV-positive and 315 HIV-negative subjects recruited from a rural county in Shanxi province was conducted, in which illegal blood collection was reported. Interview questionnaires and serum testing were carried out with these participants. HCV and HHV8 seroprevalence were found to be higher in the HIV-positive than in the HIV-negative group (76.4% vs. 2.5% and 15.4% vs. 4.8%, respectively), whereas the difference in HBV seroprevalence was not significant. Co-infection with HCV and HHV8 was also more prevalent in the HIV-positive group. HIV status (OR 2.71; 95% CI 1.16-6.30) and HBV status (OR 2.56; 95% CI 1.14-5.75) were independently associated with HHV8 infection. HIV status (OR 23.03; 95% CI 9.95-53.27) and blood/plasma selling history (OR 14.57; 95% CI 7.49-28.23) were strongly associated with HCV infection. These findings demonstrate that both HHV8 and HCV infections are prevalent in this community. HIV infection is an important risk factor for both HHV8 and HCV infection. HBV infection is associated with HHV8 infection but not with HCV infection. It is possible that HHV8 and hepatitis B virus, but not HCV, have similar modes of transmission in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Minhas V, Crabtree KL, Chao A, Wojcicki JM, Sifuniso AM, Nkonde C, Kankasa C, Mitchell CD, Wood C. The Zambia Children's KS-HHV8 Study: rationale, study design, and study methods. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173:1085-92. [PMID: 21447476 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus in Zambia has led to a dramatic rise in the incidence of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8)-associated Kaposi's sarcoma in both adults and children. However, there is a paucity of knowledge about the routes of HHV-8 transmission to young children. The Zambia Children's KS-HHV8 Study, a large, prospective cohort study in Lusaka, Zambia, was launched in 2004 to investigate the role of household members as a source of HHV-8 infection in young children and social behaviors that may modify the risk of HHV-8 acquisition. This cohort is distinct from other epidemiologic studies designed to investigate HHV-8 incidence and transmission because it recruited and followed complete households in the urban central African context. Between July 2004 and March 2007, 1,600 households were screened; 368 households comprising 464 children and 1,335 caregivers and household members were enrolled. Follow-up of this population continued for 48 months postrecruitment, affording a unique opportunity to study horizontal transmission of HHV-8 and understand the routes and sources of transmission to young children in Zambia. The authors describe the study rationale, design, execution, and characteristics of this cohort, which provides critical data on the epidemiology and transmission of HHV-8 to young children in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Minhas
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA
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Seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection in injecting drug users. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 138:403-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809990628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA cross-sectional study was carried out in injecting drug users (IDUs) from Greece to assess the seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and to identify potentially associated risk factors. A total of 288 IDUs were tested for K8.1 antibodies to HHV-8 lytic antigen. Associations between HHV-8 serostatus and potential risk factors were examined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Seroprevalence of HHV-8 was 24·3% (95% CI 19·5–29·7), increasing with age from 19·4% in those aged <30 years to 52·9% in those aged ⩾40 years (Pfor trend=0·003). No statistically significant associations between HHV-8-positive status and gender, educational level, age at first drug injection, needle sharing, number of imprisonments, complications from drug overdose, HIV and HCV were observed. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, older age (⩾40vs. <40 years, OR 3·30, 95% CI 1·14–9·56) and report of septicaemia/abscess (yesvs. no, OR 1·80, 95% CI 1·01–3·18) were each independently associated with higher HHV-8 seroprevalence. HHV-8 is highly prevalent in the IDU population in Greece. The independent association between HHV-8 and reported abscess or septicaemia supports the hypothesis that poor hygiene conditions in the setting of drug injection may contribute to HHV-8 transmission.
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McDonald AC, Ragin CC, Jenkins FJ, Weissfeld J, Wilson J, Wheeler VW, Wilson JB, Bunker CH, Taioli E. Human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence among Tobago women and the role of sexual lifestyle behavior. J Med Virol 2009; 81:264-70. [PMID: 19107975 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is present in 22.9% of Tobago men. However, seroprevalence and modes of transmission of HHV-8 among Tobago women are not known. HHV-8 seropositivity rates in Tobago women were examined and compared rates to Tobago men of similar ages. To assess possible modes of transmission, sexual behavior among Tobago women was examined to determine its association with HHV-8 seropositivity. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 213 Tobago women, ages 18-65 years, who participated in the Tobago Cervical and Oral Cancer Screening Study. HHV-8 seropositivity was determined by a monoclonal immunofluorescence assay. Age-specific rates were compared to those previously observed in men. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between HHV-8 seropositivity and sexual behavior among the women. HHV-8 seroprevalence among Tobago women was 14.1% (95% CI, 10-19%), with no significant difference with men of similar age (P-value = 0.741). Age <or=17 years at first sexual intercourse was found to have a minimal significant association with HHV-8 seropositivity (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.09-5.78) in women. HHV-8 age-specific rates were similar between genders. Sexual activity may not be a major contributor to HHV-8 infection among Tobago women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C McDonald
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Recombinant ORF66 and ORFK12 antigens for the detection of human herpesvirus 8 antibodies in HIV-positive and -negative patients. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:629-37. [PMID: 19142585 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-9918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is not routinely isolated in cell cultures, and thus detection of HHV-8-specific antibodies is usually performed. In this study, we performed recombinant antigens ORF66- and ORFK12-based Western blot strip assays and ELISA, and surveyed the seroprevalence of HHV-8 antibodies in HIV-positive and -negative patients. In serum samples from patients with positive plasma HHV-8 DNA, the sensitivity of the Western blot strip assay was 100% for the anti-ORF66 antibodies and 83.3% for the anti-ORFK12 antibodies. In addition, ORF66-based ELISA showed higher levels of specificity (87.3%) and sensitivity (84.8%) than ORFK12-based ELISA. Moreover, the area under the receiver-operating characteristics curves (AUROC) was 0.76 for ORF66-based ELISA and 0.66 for ORFK12-based ELISA. The seroprevalence of HHV-8 antibodies to ORF66 and/or ORFK12 in the HIV-infected patients (55%, 97/176) was significantly higher than in the DM patients (45%, 135/301) (P = 0.03) and the HIV-/DM-negative group (11%, 11/100) (P < 0.01). In the HIV-infected patients, the seropositivity of the HHV-8-specific antibody was 30% to both antigens, 19% to ORFK12 and 5.7% to ORF66. Importantly, HHV-8 seropositivity in the HIV-infected patients was significantly associated with the transmission method of intravenous injection and high levels of HIV RNA loading (P < 0.01), but not with gender, CD4 cell numbers or AIDS symptoms. This study assessed the sensitivity and specificity of ORF66 and ORFK12 for the detection of HHV-8 antibodies, providing novel antigens for the diagnosis of HHV-8 infection and epidemiology of HHV-8 seroprevalence.
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Mbulaiteye SM, Pfeiffer RM, Dolan B, Tsang VCW, Noh J, Mikhail NNH, Abdel-Hamid M, Hashem M, Whitby D, Thomas Strickland G, Goedert JJ. Seroprevalence and risk factors for human herpesvirus 8 infection, rural Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:586-91. [PMID: 18394276 PMCID: PMC2570936 DOI: 10.3201/eid1404.070935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection, Rural Egypt, Salivary and nosocomial transmission are possible. To determine whether human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with schistosomal and hepatitis C virus infections in Egypt, we surveyed 965 rural household participants who had been tested for HHV-8 and schistosomal infection (seroprevalence 14.2% and 68.6%, respectively, among those <15 years of age, and 24.2% and 72.8%, respectively, among those ≥15 years of age). Among adults, HHV-8 seropositivity was associated with higher age, lower education, dental treatment, tattoos, >10 lifetime injections, and hepatitis C virus seropositivity. In adjusted analyses, HHV-8 seropositivity was associated with dental treatment among men (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–5.2) and hepatitis C virus seropositivity among women (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.4–7.9). HHV-8 association with antischistosomal antibodies was not significant for men (OR 2.1, 95% CI 0.3–16.4), but marginal for women (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0–2.5). Our findings suggest salivary and possible nosocomial HHV-8 transmission in rural Egypt.
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Abstract
We measured human herpesvirus-8 antibodies (K8.1 and orf73 enzyme immunoassays) in 4166 children, aged 6-17 years, in a U.S. cross-sectional survey. Forty-six were K8.1 seropositive (weighted seroprevalence: 1.1%) and 20 were orf73 seropositive (weighted seroprevalence 0.4%). K8.1 seropositivity was associated with asthma (odds ratio: 6.3; 95% confidence interval: 2.4-16.9) and hay fever (3.5; 1.1-11.0), and there were borderline associations with measures of crowding and low socioeconomic status.
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Fiore J, Volpe A, Di Stefano M, Vimercati A, Tateo M, Cantatore S, Ingrassia F, Greco P, Pastore G, Dentico P. Detection of Antibodies to Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) among Women of Child-Bearing Age in the Apulia Region (South-Eastern Italy). EUR J INFLAMM 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0600400106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the authors investigated the presence of serum antibodies to Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) in a group of women of child-bearing age in the Apulia region (South Eastern Italy). A seroprevalence of 16.8% was observed, increasing, although non significantly, with the age of the women (10.6% in women between 19 and 25 years, 25.3% in women aging more than 35 years). The presence of antibodies to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) was significantly associated to the detection of antibodies to HHV-8. Possible mother-to-child transmission of HHV-8 as well as the outcome of fetuses or children born to HHV-8 positive mothers are still a matter of debate. This study, showing the wide diffusion of HHV-8 infection in healthy women of child-bearing age in our geographical area, highlights the urgency of studies aimed to better clarify these relevant topics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Volpe
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Foggia and University of Bari
| | | | - A. Vimercati
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and University of Foggia
| | - M. Tateo
- Laboratory of Morphology, University of Foggia
| | - S. Cantatore
- Obstetric and Gynaecological Clinic, University of Bari, Italy
| | - F. Ingrassia
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Foggia and University of Bari
| | | | | | - P. Dentico
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Foggia and University of Bari
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Abstract
In 1994, Chang and Moore reported on the latest of the gammaherpesviruses to infect humans, human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) [1]. This novel herpesvirus has and continues to present challenges to define its scope of involvement in human disease. In this review, aspects of HHV-8 infection are discussed, such as, the human immune response, viral pathogenesis and transmission, viral disease entities, and the virus's epidemiology with an emphasis on HHV-8 diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Edelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Dollard SC, Nelson KE, Ness PM, Stambolis V, Kuehnert MJ, Pellett PE, Cannon MJ. Possible transmission of human herpesvirus-8 by blood transfusion in a historical United States cohort. Transfusion 2005; 45:500-3. [PMID: 15819669 DOI: 10.1111/j.0041-1132.2005.04334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) by blood transfusion in the United States appears plausible but has not been demonstrated. The objective of this study was to evaluate evidence of HHV-8 transmission via blood transfusion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Serum specimens were collected before and 6 months after surgery from 406 patients who enrolled in the Frequency of Agents Communicable by Transfusion study (FACTS) in Baltimore, Maryland, from 1986 to 1990. The change in HHV-8 serostatus was measured by a lytic-antigen immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS Of the 284 patients who were initially HHV-8-seronegative and who received transfusions, 2 seroconverted, 1 with a postsurgery antibody titer of 1:160 and the other with a titer of 1:1280. These patients received 12 and 13 units of blood, respectively. None of the HHV-8-seronegative patients who did not receive transfusions seroconverted. If seroconversion was caused by transfused blood, the transmission risk per transfused component was 0.082 percent. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report suggesting transmission of HHV-8 via blood components in the United States. Because linked donor specimens were not available, other routes of transmission cannot be excluded; however, the evidence is consistent with infection being caused by transfusion. Future studies should include contemporary US populations with linked donor specimens and populations at higher risk for HHV-8 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila C Dollard
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Atkinson JO, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ, Engels EA. The Incidence of Kaposi Sarcoma Among Injection Drug Users With AIDS in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 37:1282-7. [PMID: 15385736 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000120807.43677.b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Some studies report increased prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), the causative agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), among injection drug users (IDUs), suggesting that HHV-8 may be transmitted through blood-borne or other exposures common in this population. Since an elevated HHV-8 prevalence in IDUs would likely lead to increased KS incidence, KS incidence was studied in IDUs and non-IDU's with AIDS. AIDS-related KS cases were identified using linked US AIDS and cancer registry data for 25,891 women, 47,782 heterosexual men, and 90,616 men who have sex with men (MSM). KS arose in 7099 persons with AIDS. KS incidence was highest for MSM (5.7 per 100 person-years), substantially lower for heterosexual men (0.7 per 100 person-years), and lowest for women (0.4 per 100 person-years). After adjustment for age, race, registry location, and year of AIDS onset, relative risks for KS associated with injection drug use were 1.3 (95% CI, 0.9-1.8) among women, 1.1 (0.7-1.6) among heterosexual men, and 0.9 (0.8-0.9) among MSM. It is concluded that injection drug use was not associated with an increased risk of AIDS-related KS. Thus, these data suggest that IDUs' risk of acquiring HHV-8, through needle sharing or other behaviors related to injection drug use, is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonnae O Atkinson
- Viral Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
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Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhibits lytic replication of gamma oncogenic herpesviruses in vitro. BMC Med 2004; 2:34. [PMID: 15369590 PMCID: PMC521080 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-2-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major psychoactive cannabinoid compound of marijuana, delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has been shown to modulate immune responses and lymphocyte function. After primary infection the viral DNA genome of gamma herpesviruses persists in lymphoid cell nuclei in a latent episomal circular form. In response to extracellular signals, the latent virus can be activated, which leads to production of infectious virus progeny. Therefore, we evaluated the potential effects of THC on gamma herpesvirus replication. METHODS Tissue cultures infected with various gamma herpesviruses were cultured in the presence of increasing concentrations of THC and the amount of viral DNA or infectious virus yield was compared to those of control cultures. The effect of THC on Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication was measured by the Gardella method and replication of herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) of monkeys, murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (MHV 68), and herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) was measured by yield reduction assays. Inhibition of the immediate early ORF 50 gene promoter activity was measured by the dual luciferase method. RESULTS Micromolar concentrations of THC inhibit KSHV and EBV reactivation in virus infected/immortalized B cells. THC also strongly inhibits lytic replication of MHV 68 and HVS in vitro. Importantly, concentrations of THC that inhibit virus replication of gamma herpesviruses have no effect on cell growth or HSV-1 replication, indicating selectivity. THC was shown to selectively inhibit the immediate early ORF 50 gene promoter of KSHV and MHV 68. CONCLUSIONS THC specifically targets viral and/or cellular mechanisms required for replication and possibly shared by these gamma herpesviruses, and the endocannabinoid system is possibly involved in regulating gamma herpesvirus latency and lytic replication. The immediate early gene ORF 50 promoter activity was specifically inhibited by THC. These studies may also provide the foundation for the development of antiviral strategies utilizing non-psychoactive derivatives of THC.
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Cottoni F, Santarelli R, Gentile G, Gallisai D, Capobianchi A, Masala MV, Montesu MA, Coinu M, Piras D, Martino P, Girelli G, Satta R, Cerimele D, Frati L, Faggioni A, Angeloni A. High rate of human herpesvirus-8 seroprevalence in thalassemic patients in Italy. J Clin Virol 2004; 30:106-9. [PMID: 15072763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2003.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Revised: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 09/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential risk of acquiring infection by the novel human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) through blood derivatives is still debated. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we determined HHV-8 seroprevalence in beta-thalassemic patients living in Italy. STUDY DESIGN We have analysed 86 patients from Sardinia, an island characterised by a high diffusion of HHV-8, as well as 33 thalassemics from the area of Rome, where a lower rate of HHV-8 infection has been reported. These data have been compared with HHV-8 seroprevalence found in healthy controls living in the same areas of the assayed patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A three-fold increase in HHV-8 seroprevalence was found among thalassemic patients when compared to control groups taken from the same regions (17.6% versus 5.1%). This risk factor was statistically significant when considering the Sardinians alone (P = 0.01) and the entire population analysed in the present survey (P = 0.0006). In the Roman area also an increased seroprevalence in thalassemic subjects was found (12.1% versus 4.6%) but it was not statistically significant (P = 0.2). HHV-8 is sporadically present in the blood of healthy individuals and it is unknown whether the virus eventually present in donors' blood is completely cleared by the treatments which blood undergoes before red cells are transfused. Based on these considerations, we hypothesise that multiply transfused subjects living in areas at high HHV-8 prevalence present an increased risk of being infected.
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Henke-Gendo C, Schulz TF. Transmission and disease association of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: recent developments. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17:53-7. [PMID: 15090892 DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200402000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus or human herpesvirus 8, common in sub-Saharan Africa and around the Mediterranean Sea but rare in most other countries, is known to be transmitted in childhood within families in endemic regions, and through sexual contacts among high-risk groups in Western countries. Nevertheless recent developments on other modes of transmission of the virus have been made during the last years and are summarized in this review. Furthermore, recent published disease associations are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS The last year has seen research addressing the question of parenteral transmission, sexual transmission through heterosexual contact, transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected cells from organ donors to recipient, as well as the first suggestion that host genetic factors may facilitate infection in childhood. Additional clinical manifestations of infection with the virus such as primary pulmonary hypertension and germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder have been identified. SUMMARY Evidence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus transmission other than between homosexual adults and during childhood - namely transmission through heterosexual contact or injection drug use - is growing although these issues are still incompletely analysed and far away from being fully understood. Despite our increasing knowledge on transmission and disease associations of the virus, implications on the clinical management of associated diseases and public health have to be further evaluated in the coming years.
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Montella M, Serraino D, Crispo A, Romano N, Fusco M, Goedert JJ. Infection with human herpes virus type 8 in an area at high prevalence for hepatitis C virus infection in southern Italy. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:268-70. [PMID: 15117330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2004.00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The Campania Region is a geographical area of southern Italy characterized by high incidence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma and of classic Kaposi's sarcoma. Epidemiological investigations carried out among different population groups in this region have found high prevalence rates of both hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8). To assess co-infection rates of HCV and HHV-8, we carried out a cross-sectional seroepidemiological study prevalence in Pomigliano d'Arco, a Health District of Campania located 20 km away from Naples. The overall rate of HCV/HHV-8 co-infection was 3.1%, 3.5% among men and 2.7% among women. No difference emerged in the HCV/HHV-8 co-infection rates according to seropositivity for HCV infection, either overall (Mantel Haenszel odds ratio = 1.2, 95% CI: 0.6-2.6) or when the analysis was stratified by gender. These findings support the hypothesis that in Campania common routes of transmission are rarely shared by HCV and HHV-8 infections. Local factors may result in different epidemiological patterns for these two viral infections. However, our findings have important public health implications, especially in Mediterranean countries where HCV and HHV-8 infections are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Montella
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, Rome, Italy.
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Mbulaiteye SM, Parkin DM, Rabkin CS. Epidemiology of AIDS-related malignancies an international perspective. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2003; 17:673-96, v. [PMID: 12852650 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(03)00048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with HIV infection are at increased risk for developing Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and several other cancers. The relative risks for the most common epithelial cancers in the general population--lung, breast, colon/rectum, stomach, liver, and prostate--are not increased substantially in people with AIDS, however. Accumulating data suggest that HIV-infected patients also are at increased risk for developing Hodgkin's lymphoma, cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS), other anogenital neoplasms (invasive cancer and CIS), leiomyosarcoma, and conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma. There is inconclusive evidence, however, with regard to HIV infection being associated with invasive cervical cancer, testicular seminoma, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Notably, other viral infections have been implicated in the etiology of many of these conditions. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has decreased the incidence of AIDS-associated cancers in Western countries, but less than 1% of AIDS patients are receiving HAART in the HIV epicenter of sub-Saharan Africa. Further therapeutic advances that extend survival with HIV infection with varying reconstitution of immune competence may lead to additional alterations in cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Viral Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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