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Csobonyeiova M, Polak S, Nicodemou A, Zamborsky R, Danisovic L. iPSCs in Modeling and Therapy of Osteoarthritis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:186. [PMID: 33673154 PMCID: PMC7917981 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) belongs to chronic degenerative disorders and is often a leading cause of disability in elderly patients. Typically, OA is manifested by articular cartilage erosion, pain, stiffness, and crepitus. Currently, the treatment options are limited, relying mostly on pharmacological therapy, which is often related to numerous complications. The proper management of the disease is challenging because of the poor regenerative capacity of articular cartilage. During the last decade, cell-based approaches such as implantation of autologous chondrocytes or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promising results. However, the mentioned techniques face their hurdles (cell harvesting, low proliferation capacity). The invention of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has created new opportunities to increase the efficacy of the cartilage healing process. iPSCs may represent an unlimited source of chondrocytes derived from a patient's somatic cells, circumventing ethical and immunological issues. Aside from the regenerative potential of iPSCs, stem cell-derived cartilage tissue models could be a useful tool for studying the pathological process of OA. In our recent article, we reviewed the progress in chondrocyte differentiation techniques, disease modeling, and the current status of iPSC-based regenerative therapy of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Csobonyeiova
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefan Polak
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Andreas Nicodemou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Radoslav Zamborsky
- National Institute of Children’s Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbova 1, 833 40 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Regenmed Ltd., Medena 29, 811 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Mead TJ, Apte SS. ADAMTS proteins in human disorders. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:225-239. [PMID: 29885460 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ADAMTS proteins are a superfamily of 26 secreted molecules comprising two related, but distinct families. ADAMTS proteases are zinc metalloendopeptidases, most of whose substrates are extracellular matrix (ECM) components, whereas ADAMTS-like proteins lack a metalloprotease domain, reside in the ECM and have regulatory roles vis-à-vis ECM assembly and/or ADAMTS activity. Evolutionary conservation and expansion of ADAMTS proteins in mammals is suggestive of crucial embryologic or physiological roles in humans. Indeed, Mendelian disorders or birth defects resulting from naturally occurring ADAMTS2, ADAMTS3, ADAMTS10, ADAMTS13, ADAMTS17, ADAMTS20, ADAMTSL2 and ADAMTSL4 mutations as well as numerous phenotypes identified in genetically engineered mice have revealed ADAMTS participation in major biological pathways. Important roles have been identified in a few acquired conditions. ADAMTS5 is unequivocally implicated in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis via degradation of aggrecan, a major structural proteoglycan in cartilage. ADAMTS7 is strongly associated with coronary artery disease and promotes atherosclerosis. Autoantibodies to ADAMTS13 lead to a platelet coagulopathy, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, which is similar to that resulting from ADAMTS13 mutations. ADAMTS proteins have numerous potential connections to other human disorders that were identified by genome-wide association studies. Here, we review inherited and acquired human disorders in which ADAMTS proteins participate, and discuss progress and prospects in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Mead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease characterized by pain and degenerative lesions of the cartilage, subchondral bone, and other joint tissues. The causes of OA remain incompletely understood. Over the years, it has become recognized that OA is a multifactorial disease. In particular, aging and trauma are the main risk factors identified for the development of OA; however, other factors such as genetic predisposition, obesity, inflammation, gender and hormones, or metabolic syndrome contribute to OA development and lead to a more severe outcome. While this disease mainly affects people older than 60 years, OA developed after joint trauma affects all range ages and has a particular impact on young individuals and people who have highest levels of physical activity such as athletes. Traumatic injury to the joint often results in joint instability or intra-articular fractures which lead to posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). In response to injury, several molecular mechanisms are activated, increasing the production and activation of different factors that contribute to the progression of OA.In this chapter, we have focused on the interactions and contribution of the multiple factors involved in joint destruction and progression of OA. In addition, we overview the main changes and molecular mechanisms related to OA pathogenesis.
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Xu J, Jiang C, Zhu W, Wang B, Yan J, Min Z, Geng M, Han Y, Ning Q, Zhang F, Sun J, Meng L, Lu S. NOD2 pathway via RIPK2 and TBK1 is involved in the aberrant catabolism induced by T-2 toxin in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1575-85. [PMID: 25917637 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the key intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and its role in the unbalanced extracellular matrix gene expressions of chondrocytes treated by T-2 toxin, a potential etiological factor for cartilage damages. DESIGN Differential expressions of intracellular PRRs after T-2 toxin treatment were screened by RT-qPCR in chondrocytes. RNAi was used to knockdown the expression of NOD2 and its two downstream signal molecules, RIPK2, and TBK1, for observing the effects of NOD2 pathway on regulation of metabolism gene expressions by RT-qPCR. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) activity was determined by gelatin zymography. The inhibitor of NF-κB and ROS scavenger were exploited to analyze the mechanism of NOD2 up-regulation in chondrocytes treated with T-2 toxin. RESULTS In chondrocytes treated with T-2 toxin, anabolism genes were down-regulated whereas catabolism genes were up-regulated, and NOD2 was identified as a significantly up-regulated gene. Intervening NOD2 expression via RNAi could ameliorate the down-regulation of anabolism genes, while inhibit the up-regulation of catablolism genes induced by T-2 toxin in chondrocytes. RNAi of RIPK2 and TBK1 in chondrocytes could obtain the similar outcome. Furthermore, up-regulation of NOD2 expression induced by T-2 toxin could be abrogated by pretreating the cells with inhibitors of NF-κB and scavenger of ROS. CONCLUSION T-2 toxin could up-regulate NOD2 expression via ROS/NF-κB pathway and activate NOD2 signaling pathway. The up-regulated NOD2 would affect the metabolism gene expressions and MMP activity in chondrocytes via RIPK2 and TBK1. The findings add new insights into understanding NOD2 effects on chondrocytes treated with T-2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - C Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - W Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - B Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - J Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Z Min
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - M Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Y Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Q Ning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - F Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - J Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - L Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - S Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
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Lu HT, Hsieh MS, Cheng CW, Yao LF, Hsu TY, Lan J, Kim KY, Oh SJ, Chang YH, Lee CH, Lin YF, Chen CH. Alterative effects of an oral alginate extract on experimental rabbit osteoarthritis. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:64. [PMID: 26239837 PMCID: PMC4524359 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease that causes disabilities in elderly. However, few agents with high efficacy and low side effects have been developed to treat OA. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the alginate extract named CTX in OA cell and rabbit models. Results CTX was formulated by hydrolyzing sodium alginate polymers with alginate lyase and then mixing with pectin. HPLC was used to analyze the CTX content. Human chondrosarcoma SW1353 cells treated with interleukin-1β were used as OA model cells to investigate the effects of CTX on chondrocyte inflammation and anabolism. CTX at concentrations up to 1000 μg/ml exerted low cytotoxicity. It inhibited the gene expression of proinflammatory matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) including MMP1, MMP3 and MMP13 in a dose-dependent manner and increased the mRNA level of aggrecan, the major proteoglycan in articular cartilage, at 1000 μg/ml. Thirteen-week-old New Zealand White rabbits underwent a surgical anterior cruciate ligament transection and were orally treated with normal saline, glucosamine or CTX for up to 7 weeks. Examinations of the rabbit femur and tibia samples demonstrated that the rabbits taking oral CTX at a dosage of 30 mg/kg/day suffered lesser degrees of articular stiffness and histological cartilage damage than the control rabbits. Conclusions The gene expression profiles in the cell and the examinations done on the rabbit cartilage suggest that the alginate extract CTX is a pharmaco-therapeutic agent applicable for OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Tseng Lu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shium Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fan Yao
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu Xing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsuey-Ying Hsu
- Mastervet International Marketing Limited, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jai Lan
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu Xing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Mastervet International Marketing Limited, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Yung-Hsiang Chang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Her Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Feng Lin
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu Xing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Ho Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu Xing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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Yang HY, Su SL, Peng YJ, Wang CC, Lee HS, Salter DM, Lee CH. An intron polymorphism of the fibronectin gene is associated with end-stage knee osteoarthritis in a Han Chinese population: two independent case-control studies. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:173. [PMID: 24886251 PMCID: PMC4050217 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease involving both biomechanical and metabolic factors that alter the tissue homeostasis of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. The catabolic activities of extracellular matrix degradation products, especially fibronectin (FN), have been implicated in mediating cartilage degradation. Chondrocytes express several members of the integrin family which can serve as receptors for FN including integrins α5β1, αvβ3, and αvβ5. The purpose of this study was to determine whether polymorphisms in the FN (FN-1) and integrin genes are markers of susceptibility to, or severity of, knee OA in a Han Chinese population. Methods Two independent case–control studies were conducted on 928 patients with knee OA and 693 healthy controls. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of FN-1 and the integrin αV gene (ITGAV) were detected using the ABI 7500 real-time PCR system. Results The AT heterozygote in FN-1 (rs940739A/T) was found to be significantly associated with knee OA (adjusted OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.16–1.80) in both stages of the study. FN-1 rs6725958C/A and ITGAV rs10174098A/G SNPs were only associated with knee OA when both study groups were combined. Stratifying the participants by Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) score identified significant differences in the FN-1 rs6725958C/A and rs940739 A/T genotypes between patients with grade 4 OA and controls. Haplotype analyses revealed that TGA and TAA were associated with a higher risk of OA, and that TAG conferred a lower risk of knee OA in the combined population. Conclusions Our study suggests that the FN-1 rs940739A/T polymorphism may be an important risk factor of genetic susceptibility to knee OA in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chian-Her Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, No,250, Wuxing St,, Xinyi Dist, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Liu HF, Zhang H, Qiao GX, Ning B, Hu YL, Wang DC, Hu YG. A novel rabbit disc degeneration model induced by fibronectin fragment. Joint Bone Spine 2013; 80:301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yi C, Ma C, Xie Z, Zhang G, Song W, Zhou X, Cao Y. Down-regulation of programmed cell death 5 by insulin-like growth factor 1 in osteoarthritis chondrocytes. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 37:937-43. [PMID: 23322062 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-012-1744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5) in osteoarthritis chondrocytes, and to explore the potential correlation between them in the apoptosis process of osteoarthritis chondrocytes. METHODS Patients with knee osteoarthritis were placed into four categories according to radiological staging. The mRNA and protein levels of IGF-1 and PDCD5 in osteoarthritis chondrocytes were respectively detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting. In addition, IGF-1 and PDCD5 protein expression in chondrocytes were also measured by immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic cells were measured by TUNEL staining. RESULTS Both the mRNA and protein levels of IGF-1 were down-regulated, while the levels of PDCD5 were up-regulated, and the mRNA and protein levels of IGF-1 were negatively correlated with those of PDCD5, respectively. The apoptotic cell was significantly increased in osteoarthritis chondrocytes compared with control. Importantly, the apoptosis rate was positively correlated with PDCD5 protein expression and negatively correlated with IGF-1 protein expression CONCLUSIONS We concluded that IGF-1 may down-regulate the expression of PDCD5 and thus inhibit the apoptosis of osteoarthritis chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqing Yi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, No. 650 New Songjiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Labat-Robert J. [Information exchanges between cells and extracellular matrix. Influence of aging]. Biol Aujourdhui 2012; 206:103-9. [PMID: 22748048 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Our interest, since a number of years, has focalized on the worldwide rapid expansion of the aging population, accompanied by a progressive increase of age-related pathologies. Most of these concern connective tissues, that are rich in extracellular matrix (ECM), such as osteoarticular, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Therefore age-related modifications of connective tissues become of increasing importance for the understanding of these diseases. In this article, we shall recapitulate some of our (and others') experiments on fibronectin, an important matrix glycoprotein mediating cell-matrix interactions. We studied the effect of age on fibronectin biosynthesis and also the effect of UV-radiation. Both conditions, age and radiation, produce a significant increase of fibronectin biosynthesis. Some results, when in vitro aging of skin fibroblasts was studied, exhibited also a passage-dependent regulation of fibronectin biosynthesis. A few studies, quoted in this review, were reported about the effect of age on integrin expression and function. An important finding was that novel biological fragments of fibronectin have proteolytic activities, pro-inflammatory activity in articular tissues, enhance malignant transformation as well as other activities. Proteolytic activity also increases with age-dependent increase of fibronectin fragmentation. This process exhibits positive feedback properties, forming a vicious circle, possibly important for the age-dependent aggravation of connective tissue diseases. Besides these observations, the recent demonstration of fibronectin elasticity suggests its implication in novel biological regulation as for instance mechano-transduction.
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Hyaluronan regulates PPARγ and inflammatory responses in IL-1β-stimulated human chondrosarcoma cells, a model for osteoarthritis. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:1168-75. [PMID: 22840054 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The carbohydrate polymer, hyaluronan, is a major component of the extracellular matrix in animal tissues. Exogenous hyaluronan has been used to treat osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disease involving inflammatory changes. The underlying mechanisms of hyaluronan in OA are not fully understood. Pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β downregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and increases expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) which are responsible for the degeneration of articular cartilage. The effects of low- and high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (oligo-HA and HMW-HA) on the inflammatory genes were determined in human SW-1353 chondrosarcoma cells. HMW-HA antagonized the effects of IL-1β by increasing PPARγ and decreasing cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, MMP-1, and MMP-13 levels. It promoted Akt, but suppressed mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. In contrast, the cells had overall opposite responses to oligo-HA. In conclusion, HMW-HA and oligo-HA exerted differential inflammatory responses via PPARγ in IL-1β-treated chondrosarcoma cells.
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Cell–Matrix interactions, the role of fibronectin and integrins. A survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 60:15-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shindle MK, Chen CCT, Robertson C, DiTullio AE, Paulus MC, Clinton CM, Cordasco FA, Rodeo SA, Warren RF. Full-thickness supraspinatus tears are associated with more synovial inflammation and tissue degeneration than partial-thickness tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2011; 20:917-27. [PMID: 21612944 PMCID: PMC3156316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine whether the tear size of a supraspinatus tendon correlated with synovial inflammation and tendon degeneration in patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy for rotator cuff repair. We hypothesized that increased synovial inflammation would correlate with greater tear size of the supraspinatus tendon at the time of surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue from the synovium, bursa, torn supraspinatus tendon, and subscapularis tendon was obtained from patients during shoulder arthroscopy to evaluate the messenger RNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tissue remodeling, and angiogenesis factors in the tendon, bursa, and synovium. Additional tissue was fixed to determine histologic changes including inflammation, vascular ingrowth, and collagen organization. RESULTS Increased expression of interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, cyclooxygenase 2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9, and vascular endothelial growth factor was found in the synovium of patients with full-thickness tears versus partial-thickness tears (P < .05). In the supraspinatus tendon, increased expression of MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-13, and vascular endothelial growth factor was found in the full-thickness group. The upregulation of these genes in the full-thickness group was consistent with enhanced synovial inflammation, greater vascular ingrowth, and the loss of collagen organization in both supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons as determined by histology. CONCLUSION Increased synovial inflammation and tissue degeneration correlate with the tear size of the supraspinatus tendon. A better understanding of the relationship between synovial inflammation and the progression of tendon degeneration can help in the design of novel and effective treatments to limit the advancement of rotator cuff disease and to improve their clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Shindle
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Christopher C. T. Chen
- Research division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, U.S.A
- Corresponding Author: Christopher C.T. Chen, Ph.D., UT Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8870, Tel: 214-648-2276, Fax: 214-648-3338,
| | - Catherine Robertson
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | | | - Megan C. Paulus
- Research division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Camille M. Clinton
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Frank A. Cordasco
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, U.S.A
- Research division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Scott A. Rodeo
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, U.S.A
- Research division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Russell F. Warren
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, U.S.A
- Research division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, U.S.A
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Developmental mechanisms in articular cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. ARTHRITIS 2010; 2011:683970. [PMID: 22046522 PMCID: PMC3199933 DOI: 10.1155/2011/683970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most common arthritic condition, which involves progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. The most recent accomplishments have significantly advanced our understanding on the mechanisms of the disease development and progression. The most intriguing is the growing evidence indicating that extracellular matrix destruction in osteoarthritic articular cartilage resembles that in the hypertrophic zone of fetal growth plate during endochondral ossification. This suggests common regulatory mechanisms of matrix degradation in OA and in the development and can provide new approaches for the treatment of the disease by targeting reparation of chondrocyte phenotype.
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Melrose J, Little CB. Immunolocalization of lymphatic vessels in human fetal knee joint tissues. Connect Tissue Res 2010; 51:289-305. [PMID: 20334573 DOI: 10.3109/03008200903318287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We immunolocalized lymphatic and vascular blood vessels in 12- and 14-week-old human fetal knee joint tissues using a polyclonal antibody to a lymphatic vascular endothelium specific hyaluronan receptor (LYVE-1) and a monoclonal antibody to podoplanin (mAb D2-40). A number of lymphatic vessels were identified in the stratified connective tissues surrounding the cartilaginous knee joint femoral and tibial rudiments. These tissues also contained small vascular vessels with entrapped red blood cells which were imaged using Nomarsky DIC microscopy. Neither vascular nor lymphatic vessels were present in the knee joint cartilaginous rudiments. The menisci in 12-week-old fetal knees were incompletely demarcated from the adjacent tibial and femoral cartilaginous rudiments which was consistent with the ongoing joint cavitation process at the femoral-tibial junction. At 14 weeks of age the menisci were independent structural entities; they contained a major central blood vessel containing red blood cells and numerous communicating vessels at the base of the menisci but no lymphatic vessels. In contrast to the 12-week-old menisci, the 14-week meniscal rudiments contained abundant CD-31 and CD-34 positive but no lymphatic vessels. Isolated 14-week-old meniscal cells also were stained with the CD-31 and CD 34 antibodies; CD-68 +ve cells, also abundant in the 14-week-old menisci, were detectable to a far lesser degree in the 12-week menisci and were totally absent from the femoral and tibial rudiments. The distribution of lymphatic vessels and tissue macrophages in the fetal joint tissues was consistent with their roles in the clearance of metabolic waste and extracellular matrix breakdown products arising from the rapidly remodelling knee joint tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Australia.
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Identification of a complex between fibronectin and aggrecan G3 domain in synovial fluid of patients with painful meniscal pathology. Clin Biochem 2010; 43:808-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kratz EM, Borysewicz K, Katnik-Prastowska I. Terminal monosaccharide screening of synovial immunoglobulins G and A for the early detection of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2009; 30:1285-92. [PMID: 19816690 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-009-1139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The expressions of some terminal glycotopes of synovial immunoglobulins G, A, and M were analysed in relation to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) progression defined according to early and advanced radiological changes in patients' hands. The relative amounts of terminal monosaccharides were determined by lectin-immunoblotting of immunoglobulin preparations using appropriate lectins able to recognize alpha2,6-linked (Sambucus nigra agglutinin) and alpha2,3-linked (Maackia amurensis agglutinin) sialic acid, galactose (Ricinus communis agglutinin I), N-acetylglucosamine (Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin II) as well as alpha1,6-linked (Aleuria aurantia lectin), alpha1,3-linked (Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin), and alpha1,2-linked (Ulex europaeus agglutinin) fucose. The results indicate differences between early and advanced RA stages in the terminal sugar exposition of synovial IgG and IgA, but not IgM. The galactose-deficient glycotope with exposed N-acetylglucosamine of the synovial 33.1-kDa IgG fragment appeared exclusively in the early stage of RA. In contrast, this glycotope of intact synovial IgG and IgA was present in both groups, although with higher proportions in advanced RA. The proportions of the sialyl and fucosyl determinants of intact synovial A and G immunoglobulins were clearly lower in the early RA group than in the advanced. The analysis of terminal oligosaccharide exposition in IgG, IgG fragments, and IgA present in the synovial fluid of RA patients might be applicable as a stage-specific marker in the diagnosis and therapy of RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Maria Kratz
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Bujwida 44a, 50-345, Wrocław, Poland.
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Kim HA, Yeo Y, Kim WU, Kim S. Phase 2 enzyme inducer sulphoraphane blocks matrix metalloproteinase production in articular chondrocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:932-8. [PMID: 19491303 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In addition to its chemopreventive activity, phase 2 enzyme inducers have been recently found to have anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we examined the influence of sulphoraphane (SPN), one of the most potent inducers of the phase II enzymes on the production of MMPs by pro-inflammatory cytokines in human articular chondrocytes. METHODS Articular cartilages were obtained from knee OA patients and were cultured in monolayers and explants. Induction of a phase II enzyme, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), in chondrocytes was assayed after incubation with various concentrations of SPN. Chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1 or TNF-alpha with or without pre-incubation with SPN. The expression and activation of MMP-1, -3 and -13 was evaluated by an ELISA, gel zymography and RT-PCR. MAP kinases [p38, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and C-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK)] and NF-kappaB activation were evaluated by western blotting and by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, respectively. RESULTS SPN significantly induced NQO1 activity in chondrocytes and the induction was maximal at 24 h. SPN inhibited the production of MMP-1, -3 and -13 protein and mRNA induced by either IL-1 or TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition of MMP by SPN was accompanied by the inhibition of NF-kappaB and JNK activation. CONCLUSIONS SPN was found to inhibit MMP production in pro-inflammatory cytokine-stimulated chondrocytes. Delineation of the biochemical mechanism regulating cartilage catabolism by SPN may identify safe and effective therapeutic targets for the inhibition of cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Dongan-Gu, Anyang, Korea.
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18
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Joseph RM. Osteoarthritis of the ankle: bridging concepts in basic science with clinical care. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2009; 26:169-84. [PMID: 19389591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trends in science are beginning to suggest that cartilage degeneration may be related to a chronic imbalance in extracellular matrix metabolism. In cartilage, a combination of biomechanical, biochemical, and matrix-related signaling pathways regulates the equilibrium between cartilage anabolism and catabolism. A potential limitation of many current treatments of osteoarthritis is that they may not comprehensively restore regulation of a balance between cartilage anabolism and catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Michael Joseph
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, 305 Oakwood Avenue, Dayton, OH 45409, USA.
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19
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Wu H, Du J, Zheng Q. Expression of MMP-1 in cartilage and synovium of experimentally induced rabbit ACLT traumatic osteoarthritis: immunohistochemical study. Rheumatol Int 2008; 29:31-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-008-0636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fukui N, Ikeda Y, Ohnuki T, Tanaka N, Hikita A, Mitomi H, Mori T, Juji T, Katsuragawa Y, Yamamoto S, Sawabe M, Yamane S, Suzuki R, Sandell LJ, Ochi T. Regional differences in chondrocyte metabolism in osteoarthritis: a detailed analysis by laser capture microdissection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:154-63. [PMID: 18163492 DOI: 10.1002/art.23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the change in metabolic activity of chondrocytes in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, considering regional difference and degree of cartilage degeneration. METHODS OA cartilage was obtained from knee joints with end-stage OA, at both macroscopically intact areas and areas with various degrees of cartilage degeneration. Control cartilage was obtained from age-matched donors. Using laser capture microdissection, cartilage samples were separated into superficial, middle, and deep zones, and gene expression was compared quantitatively in the respective zones between OA and control cartilage. RESULTS In OA cartilage, gene expression changed markedly with the site. The expression of cartilage matrix genes was highly enhanced in macroscopically intact areas, but the enhancement was less obvious in the degenerated areas, especially in the upper regions. In contrast, in those regions, the expression of type III collagen and fibronectin was most enhanced, suggesting that chondrocytes underwent a phenotypic change there. Within OA cartilage, the expression of cartilage matrix genes was significantly correlated with SOX9 expression, but not with SOX5 or SOX6 expression. In OA cartilage, the strongest correlation was observed between the expression of type III collagen and fibronectin, suggesting the presence of a certain link(s) between their expression. CONCLUSION The results of this study revealed a comprehensive view of the metabolic change of the chondrocytes in OA cartilage. The change of gene expression profile was most obvious in the upper region of the degenerated cartilage. The altered gene expression at that region may be responsible for the loss of cartilage matrix associated with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Fukui
- National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan.
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Przybysz M, Maszczak D, Borysewicz K, Szechiński J, Katnik-Prastowska I. Relative sialylation and fucosylation of synovial and plasma fibronectins in relation to the progression and activity of rheumatoid arthritis. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:543-50. [PMID: 17610063 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The expressions of terminal sugars in synovial and plasma fibronectins were studied in relation to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) progression defined according to the early, established and late radiological changes in the patients' hands. The relative amounts of sialic acid and fucose were analyzed by lectin-ELISA using appropriate sialic acid-linked alpha2-3 (Maackia amurensis) and alpha2-6 (Sambucus nigra) lectins as well as fucose-linked alpha1-6 (Aleuria aurantia), alpha1-2 (Ulex europaeus), and alpha1-3 (Tetragonolobus purpureus). In the early RA group, the synovial fibronectin reactivities were the lowest with the all lectins used. In the established and late groups, relative sialylation and fucosylation significantly increased. However, sialylation negligibly decreased, whereas fucosylation remained at nearly the same level in the late group. Moreover, the expression of alpha1-6-linked fucose was found to be related to disease activity. In contrast, plasma fibronectin reactivity with lectins showed different dynamic alterations. In the early RA group, the reactivity of fibronectin with the lectins used was similar to that of healthy individuals, whereas it increased significantly in the established RA group compared with the early and normal plasma groups. In the late RA group it decreased to a level similar to that of the normal group. The lower expressions of terminal sugars in synovial fibronectin were mainly associated with the early degenerative processes of RA. In conclusion, such alterations may be applicable as a stage-specific marker for diagnosis and therapy of RA patients. The higher expression of terminal sugars in fibronectin could be associated with repair and adaptation processes in longstanding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Przybysz
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Bujwida 44a, 50-345, Wrocław, Poland
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Labat-Robert J, Robert L. The effect of cell-matrix interactions and aging on the malignant process. Adv Cancer Res 2007; 98:221-59. [PMID: 17433912 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(06)98007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The malignant process, transformation of normal cells, proliferation, and metastasis formation, was considered as if originating from one single cell. Although the intrinsic mechanisms of transformation from the normal to the malignant state were both confirmed, an increasing body of evidence points to the surrounding matrix and cell-matrix interactions as major players in this process. Some of the most important arguments in favor of this contention are cited and commented in this chapter. Another important question concerns the relationship between the aging process and malignant transformation. A few decades ago, the frequency of clinically manifest tumors of several organs and tissues appeared to increase with age. As, however, average life expectancy increased rapidly over the last decades, clinical frequency of malignant tumors did not follow this tendency. It was argued that late in life the malignant process appears to decline. This justly inspired several teams to study the relationship between cellular senescence and malignant transformation. This is now an actively growing field which deserves special attention. Some of the pertinent experimental and theoretical arguments in favor of an antioncogene-mediated switch between these two processes are also reviewed with the caveat that this important and new subject of basic and clinical research on the malignant process is just at its beginning. It will certainly take an increasing importance during the coming years and decades with the hope to contribute to answer one of the most burning questions concerning the aging process: will life expectancy continue to increase linearly as predicted by some gerontologists, or will life expectancy level off or even decline as predicted by other epidemiologists. The relationship between cellular senescence and malignant transformation will play in this respect an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Labat-Robert
- Laboratoire de Recherche Ophtalmologique, Hôtel-Dieu, Université Paris V, 1 place du parvis Notre Dame, 75181 Paris cedex 04, France
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Tchetina EV, Kobayashi M, Yasuda T, Meijers T, Pidoux I, Poole AR. Chondrocyte hypertrophy can be induced by a cryptic sequence of type II collagen and is accompanied by the induction of MMP-13 and collagenase activity: implications for development and arthritis. Matrix Biol 2007; 26:247-58. [PMID: 17306969 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether a peptide of type II collagen which can induce collagenase activity can also induce chondrocyte terminal differentiation (hypertrophy) in articulate cartilage. Full depth explants of normal adult bovine articular cartilage were cultured with or without a 24 mer synthetic peptide of type II collagen (residues 195-218) (CB12-II). Peptide CB12-II lacks any RGD sequence and is derived from the CB12 fragment of type II collagen. Type II collagen cleavage by collagenase was measured by ELISA in cartilage and medium. Real-time RT-PCR was used to analyze gene expression of the chondrocyte hypertrophy markers COL10A1 and MMP-13. Immunostaining for anti-Ki67, anti-PCNA, (proliferation markers), type X collagen, cleavage of type II collagen by collagenases (hypertrophy markers) and TUNEL staining (hypertrophy and apoptosis markers) were used to detect progressive maturational stages of chondrocyte hypertrophy. At high but naturally occurring concentrations (10 microM and up) the collagen peptide CB12-II induced an increase in the expression of MMP-13 (24 h) and cleavage of type II collagen by collagenase in the mid zone (day 4) and also in the superficial zone (day 6). Furthermore the peptide induced an increase in proliferation on day 1 in the mid and deep zones extending to the superficial zone by day 4. There was also upregulation of COL10A1 expression at day 4 and of type X staining in the mid zone extending to the superficial zone by day 6. Apoptotic cell death was increased by day 4 in the lower deep zone and also in the superficial zone at day 7. The increase in apoptosis in the deep zone was also seen in controls. Our results show that the induction of collagenase activity by a cryptic peptide sequence of type II collagen, is accompanied by chondrocyte hypertrophy and associated with cellular and matrix changes. This induction occurs in the mid and superficial zones of previously healthy articular cartilage. This response of the chondrocyte to a cryptic sequence of denatured type II collagen may play a role in naturally occurring hypertrophy in endochondral ossification and in the development of cartilage pathology in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Tchetina
- Joint Diseases Laboratory, Shriners Hospitals for Children and Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Goldring MB. Update on the biology of the chondrocyte and new approaches to treating cartilage diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006; 20:1003-25. [PMID: 16980220 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease that involves degeneration of articular cartilage, limited intraarticular inflammation manifested by synovitis and changes in the subchondral bone. The aetiology of OA is largely unknown, but since it may involve multiple factors, including mechanical, biochemical and genetic factors, it has been difficult to identify unique targets for therapy. Chondrocytes, which are the unique cellular component of adult articular cartilage, are capable of responding to structural changes in the surrounding cartilage matrix. Since the initial stages of OA involve increased cell proliferation and synthesis of matrix proteins, proteinases and cytokines in the cartilage, laboratory investigations have focused on the chondrocyte as a target for therapeutic intervention. The capacity of the adult articular chondrocyte to regenerate the normal cartilage matrix architecture is limited, however, and the damage becomes irreversible unless the destructive process is interrupted. Current pharmacological interventions that address chronic pain are insufficient and no proven disease-modifying therapy is available. Identification of methods for early diagnosis is of key importance, since therapeutic interventions aimed at blocking or reversing structural damage will be more effective when there is the possibility of preserving normal homeostasis. At later stages, cartilage tissue engineering with or without gene therapy with anabolic factors will also require therapy to inhibit inflammation and block damage to newly repaired cartilage. This review will focus on experimental approaches currently under study that may lead to elucidation of effective strategies for therapy in OA, with emphasis on mediators that affect the function of chondrocytes and interactions with surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Goldring
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Anderson DG, Li X, Balian G. A fibronectin fragment alters the metabolism by rabbit intervertebral disc cells in vitro. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005; 30:1242-6. [PMID: 15928546 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000164097.47091.4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A biochemical and gene expression study was conducted to determine the effects of the 30-kDa N-terminal fibronectin fragment (Fn-f) on the glycosaminoglycan content of nucleus pulposus (NP) explant cultures, and on the gene expression profile of NP cells in alginate culture. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of Fn-f on NP cells in alginate culture and disc explant cultures. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The macroscopic and histologic features of disc degeneration have been well described, but the molecular biology of disc degeneration remains poorly understood. Although fibronectin and fibronectin fragments are known to accumulate in degenerative discs, the role of fibronectin fragments on the degenerative process has not been elucidated. This study sought to define the effects of Fn-f on the expression of key matrix and degradative genes and on disc matrix proteins. METHODS New Zealand white rabbits discs were harvested. NP cells were either isolated and grown in alginate culture or cultured as explanted tissue. The cultured cells were exposed to 10 nmol/L, 100 nmol/L, and 1 micromol/L concentrations of 30-kDa N-terminal Fn-f or a control substance and then analyzed histologically, biochemically, and with gene expression studies. RESULTS Alginate-cultured NP cells maintained a histologic appearance and phenotypic expression pattern similar to disc cells in vivo. Exposure of these cells to Fn-f led to the up-regulation of the MMP-9, MMP-13, and Fas genes and the down-regulation of the Type II collagen and aggrecan genes. In explant culture, Fn-f exposure led to a 60% reduction in glycosaminoglycan content compared with controls. CONCLUSION Treatment of NP cells in vitro with Fn-f led to changes in matrix proteins and gene expression similar to those seen during disc degeneration in vivo. This supports a possible detrimental role of the N-terminal fibronectin fragment in degenerative disc disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Greg Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Re: Fibronectin Upregulation in Human Temporomandibular Joint Disks With Internal Derangement. J Craniofac Surg 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/00001665-200407000-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Rees-Milton KJ, Terry D, Anastassiades TP. Hyperglycosylation of fibronectin by TGF-β1-stimulated chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 317:844-50. [PMID: 15081417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The addition of TGF-beta1 to bovine articular chondrocytes resulted in increased synthesis and secretion of two anionic glycoproteins, including a previously studied but unidentified high molecular weight anionic glycoconjugate (HMW-AG). Sequencing by mass spectroscopy identified these anionic glycoproteins as fibronectin. Western blot analysis confirmed the identity of these two overexpressed glycoproteins as fibronectin. In the presence and absence of TGF-beta1 both V(+) and V(-) isoforms of fibronectin, which are EDA(-) and EDB(-), are synthesized. Dual labeling experiments suggest that the HMW-AG, the larger of the two overexpressed glycoproteins (apparent molecular weight of monomer approximately 260,000 Da), is more heavily glycosylated than the lower molecular weight anionic glycoprotein. Since fibronectin proteolytic fragments appear to enhance matrix metalloproteinase synthesis, TGF-beta1-mediated hyperglycosylation of fibronectin could regulate cartilage metabolism by providing protection of fibronectin from proteolysis, a mechanism that would also favor articular cartilage health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Rees-Milton
- Division of Rheumatology and the Arthritis Centre, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada K7L 3N6.
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Greg Anderson D, Li X, Tannoury T, Beck G, Balian G. A fibronectin fragment stimulates intervertebral disc degeneration in vivo. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003; 28:2338-45. [PMID: 14560080 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000096943.27853.bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A radiographic, histologic, biochemical, and gene expression study was conducted in vivo in a rabbit model to determine the effect of injection of the N-terminal 30 kDa fibronectin fragment (Fn-f) into the intervertebral disc along with various control substances. OBJECTIVE To determine if the Fn-f is able to induce disc degeneration in vivo. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Animal models of disc degeneration are crucial to defining the molecular events involved in disc degeneration. Although spontaneous and induced models of disc degeneration have been described, none is ideal for molecular studies. A better understanding of disc degeneration at the molecular level is necessary to promote rational design of therapies for degenerative disc disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-one New Zealand white rabbits underwent injection of Fn-f and control substances into the central region of separate lumbar discs using a fine needle. Euthanasia was performed at the 2-, 4-, 8-, 12-, and 16-week time points and the discs were examined radiographically, histologically, biochemically, and with gene expression. RESULTS Radiographs demonstrated anterior osteophyte formation at Fn-f-injected disc spaces by the 12-week time point. Histology demonstrated a progressive loss of the normal architecture of the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus over the 16-week study period. A progressive loss of proteoglycans was documented using GAG assay but total collagen did not appear to change appreciably. Gene expression studies demonstrated a significant down-regulation of both aggrecan and type II collagen mRNA between the 8- and 16-week time points. CONCLUSION Fn-f appears to induce a progressive degenerative process within the intervertebral disc after injection that resembles degenerative disc disease. This model has several significant advantages for the study of disc degeneration at the molecular level. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanism and molecular events associated with Fn-f-mediated disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Greg Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Dang Y, Cole AA, Homandberg GA. Comparison of the catabolic effects of fibronectin fragments in human knee and ankle cartilages. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:538-47. [PMID: 12814617 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the response of knee and ankle cartilages to fibronectin fragments (Fn-f) in terms of kinetics of matrix proteoglycan (PG) degradation and synthesis, since previous data had shown that knee was more sensitive to Fn-f in terms of steady-state PG content. DESIGN Human knee and ankle cartilage explants were treated with the 29kDa Fn-f, and its effects on PG-degradation kinetics, on the half-lives of 35S-sulfate-labeled PG, on PG synthesis suppression and on matrix metalloproteinase -3 (MMP-3) were compared. Cultures were also treated with the interleukin (IL) receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) in order to determine whether IL-1 is involved in the Fn-f effect. RESULTS The Fn-f enhanced PG-degradation rates in both human knee and ankle cartilages. Knee cartilage showed a greater effect of Fn-f on half-lives of newly synthesized 35S-labeled PG than ankle. The extent of release of MMP-3 was similar for human ankle and knee cartilages. However, PG synthesis in knee cartilage was sensitive to 10- to 100-fold lower concentrations of Fn-f than was ankle cartilage. IRAP partially reversed Fn-f activity in ankle cartilages. CONCLUSIONS The role of Fn-f in proteolysis leading to cartilage damage appears to be minor in human cartilages than had previously been shown for bovine. This decreased proteolysis is true for both knee and ankle. The major difference between human ankle and knee cartilage appears to be greater sensitivity to PG synthesis suppression in knee cartilage. A further indication that IL-1 is involved in the pathway was provided by the partial reversal with IRAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dang
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612-3864, USA
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Abstract
Degenerative changes in the tall and femoral distal cartilages of more than 2,000 tissue donors were graded based on the appearance of articular cartilage and osteophytes. In the ankle and the knee the degenerative changes increased with age; however, the rate of degeneration in the ankle was slower than in the knee. The degenerative changes in the ankle were more severe in men than in women, were predominantly bilateral, and seemed to be correlated with weight. The slower rate of change in the ankle may be caused, in part, by the biochemical and biomechanical tissue properties that distinguish ankle cartilage from that of the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada A Cole
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Abstract
Fibronectin (Fn) was the first 'structural' glycoprotein intensively studied as an ubiquitous matrix component of early phylogenetic appearance. Its age-dependent increase in plasma and tissues may be accompanied in pathological states, especially in tumor growth, by its proteolytic breakdown by a number of neutral proteases. It was also shown that several of its proteolytic breakdown products exhibit unexpected and mostly harmful biological activities. The first of these effects was a potentiation of malignant transformation. Some fragments had proteolytic activity, others behaved as proinflammatory agents stimulating IL-1 and collagenolytic MMP up-regulation. This matricryptic potential of Fn was followed by several other examples of proteolytic production of biologically active peptides. The study of solid human tumors showed among the early signs of malignant transformation the fragmentation of pericellular Fn, concommitent with the increase of its production by the peritumoral stroma. These results should encourage further investigations concerning the potential importance of Fn production and breakdown during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Labat-Robert
- Laboratoire de Recherche Ophtalmologique, Université Paris 6, Hôtel-Dieu, 1 place du parvis Notre Dame,75181 Paris Cedex 04, France.
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Chon JH, Chaikof EL. A von Willebrand factor-derived heparin-binding peptide regulates cell--substrate adhesive strength and chemokinesis behavior. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1542:195-208. [PMID: 11853892 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(01)00181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a soluble heparin-binding oligopeptide sequence derived from the von Willebrand factor (vWF) to modulate the adhesion and chemokinetic migration behavior of arterial smooth muscle cells was assessed using a novel glass microsphere centrifugation assay and automated time-lapse fluorescence videomicroscopy, respectively. Treatment of cells grown on fibronectin-coated substrates with the heparin-binding peptide resulted in the disassembly of focal adhesions, as assessed by immunohistochemical staining. These observations were consistent with six-fold decrease in cell--substrate adhesive strength (P<0.001), a biphasic effect on migration speed (P<0.05), as well as a dose-dependent reduction in the percentage of motile cells and the cell dispersion coefficient (mu=S(2)T/2). The specificity of this response to the vWF-derived heparin-binding peptide was supported by the absence of an observed effect in the presence of either a scrambled peptide or a consensus heparin-binding peptide sequence of similar heparin affinity. These data support the notion that competitive interactions between cell surface heparan sulfates with heparin-binding peptide domains located in soluble peptide fragments may modulate chemokinetic cell migration behavior and other adhesion-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Chon
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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